Changes in farming practice provide an opportunity to restore once extensive forested wetlands on agricultural land. In some parts of the world, however, it has proved difficult to restore the full complement of plant species through natural regeneration. Similarly, the restoration of forested wetlands by replanting has often resulted in ecosystems of low diversity. Better methods of restoring these important ecosystems are now required and baldcypress swamps provide an opportunity to investigate alternative approaches to the restoration of forested wetlands. This study examined the composition of seed banks of farmed fields to determine their value in restoring swamps in the south-eastern United States.
A seed bank assay of soils from baldcypress swamps was conducted to determine the extent to which seeds are maintained during farming for various lengths of time. Soils from swamps that were farmed for 0–50 years were collected near the northern boundary of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley along the Cache River, Illinois. Soils were placed in a glasshouse setting in flooded and freely drained conditions, and the numbers and species of seeds germinating were recorded.
Woody species including trees, shrubs, and vines were poorly represented in seed banks of both farmed and intact sites (51 and 9 sites, respectively). Missing dominants in the seed banks included tree species with short-lived seeds such as Taxodium distichum and Nyssa aquatica. Cephalanthus occidentalis constituted the most abundantly dispersed seed of all woody species.
Herbaceous species were well represented in the seed banks of both farmed and intact swamps (species richness of 207 vs. 173 species, respectively) suggesting that herbaceous species may live longer than woody species in seed banks. Few of the herbaceous species decreased in seed density in seed banks with time under cultivation, although seed density was lower at sites that had not been farmed. Species that relied on vegetative organs for dispersal were absent in the seed banks of farmed sites including Heteranthera dubia, Hottonia inflata, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca and Wolffia columbiana. These species may require active reintroduction during restoration.
Synthesis and applications. Both restoration ecologists and managers of nature conservation areas need to be cognisant of seed bank and dispersal characteristics of species to effectively restore and manage forested wetlands. In the case of baldcypress swamps, critical components of the vegetation are not maintained in seed banks, which may make these floodplain wetlands difficult to restore via natural recolonization. Ultimately, the successful restoration of abandoned farm fields to forested wetlands may depend on the re-engineering of flood pulsing across landscapes to reconnect dispersal pathways.
No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, 21st International Cartographic Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings, 21st International Cartographic Conference","conferenceDate":"August 10-16, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Durban, South Africa","language":"English","publisher":"Spatial Sciences Institute","publisherLocation":"Australia","usgsCitation":"Varanka, D.E., 2003, National topographic survey for long-term land surface change studies: A case involving carbon sequestration, in Proceedings, 21st International Cartographic Conference, Durban, South Africa, August 10-16, 2003, p. 80-83.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c064ee5e4b0815414cecb1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varanka, Dalia E. 0000-0003-2857-9600 dvaranka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-9600","contributorId":1296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanka","given":"Dalia","email":"dvaranka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70240592,"text":"70240592 - 2003 - Shallow water table fluctuations in relation to soil penetration resistance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-09T20:31:04.2917","indexId":"70240592","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T14:23:10","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow water table fluctuations in relation to soil penetration resistance","docAbstract":"Hydrologic modeling of catchments is frequently hampered by lack of information on subsurface stratigraphy and zones of preferred flow. We evaluated the usefulness of soil penetration resistance, easily measured by a dynamic cone penetrometer, together with measurements of ground water level fluctuations, as a cost-effective means to infer subsurface flow patterns. At our field site at Sleepers River, Vermont, penetration resistance was lowest in the surficial 10 to 30 cm, then typically increased to a local maximum at 60 to 80 cm, which we interpreted as the soil/till interface. Below this depth usually lies a zone of decreased resistance in the till, giving way to either a gradual or abrupt increase in resistance toward the bedrock surface at 1 to 4.5 m depth. Penetration resistance had a weak but significant negative correlation with saturated hydraulic conductivity determined by bail tests (r2= 0.25, p < 0.05). At many wells, monthly ground water levels tended to cluster at or just above the resistant zone near the soil/till interface. Chemical and isotopic dynamics in nested wells finished above and below the resistant zone suggest that the zone may temporarily isolate the deeper ground water reservoir from meltwater inputs, which were clearly identified by low δ18O values. In ground water discharge zones, δ18O values tended to converge throughout the profile. In contrast, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) maintained a gradient of increasing concentration toward land surface, even in otherwise well-mixed waters, reflecting its rapid release from organic horizons. Understanding the effect of soil penetration resistance on ground water behavior may be useful in future catchment modeling efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., Hjerdt, K.N., McDonnell, J.J., and Kendall, C., 2003, Shallow water table fluctuations in relation to soil penetration resistance: Groundwater, v. 41, no. 7, p. 964-972.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"964","endPage":"972","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Sleepers River Research Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.80107041929911,\n 44.807565523241294\n ],\n [\n -72.80107041929911,\n 44.35469178581053\n ],\n [\n -72.03477403258064,\n 44.35469178581053\n ],\n [\n -72.03477403258064,\n 44.807565523241294\n ],\n [\n -72.80107041929911,\n 44.807565523241294\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, James B. 0000-0002-4234-3437 jshanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3437","contributorId":1953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"James","email":"jshanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":864000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hjerdt, K. Niclas","contributorId":302313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hjerdt","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Niclas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":864001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":202934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36551,"text":"University of Saskatchewan, Canada, and University of Aberdeen, Scotland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":864002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":864003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70240587,"text":"70240587 - 2003 - The effect of time on the weathering of silicate minerals: Why do weathering rates differ in the laboratory and field?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-09T20:13:25.597292","indexId":"70240587","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T14:07:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of time on the weathering of silicate minerals: Why do weathering rates differ in the laboratory and field?","docAbstract":"The correlation between decreasing reaction rates of silicate minerals and increasing duration of chemical weathering was investigated for both experimental and field conditions. Column studies, using freshly prepared Panola Granite, produced ambient plagioclase weathering rates that decreased parabolically over 6 years to a final rate of 7.0×10−14 mol m−2 s−1. In contrast, the corresponding plagioclase reaction rate for partially kaolinized Panola Granite, after reaching steady-state weathering after 2 months of reactions, was significantly less (2.1×10−15 mol m−2 s−1). Both rates were normalized to plagioclase content and BET surface area. Extrapolation of decreasing rates for the fresh plagioclase with time indicated that several thousand years of reaction would be required to replicate the rate of the naturally weathered plagioclase under identical experimental conditions. Both rates would remain orders of magnitude faster than field weathering rates previously measured for a weathering profile in the Panola Granite.
Additional trends in weathering rates with time were established from a tabulation of previously reported experimental and field rates for plagioclase, K-feldspar, hornblende and biotite. Discrepancies in the literature, produced by normalization of weathering rates with respect to surface areas measured by gas absorption (BET) and geometric methods, were overcome by developing a time-dependent roughness factor. Regression curves through the corrected rates produced strong correlations with time that were similar for the four silicate minerals. The average silicate weathering rate R (mol m−2 s−1) was described by the power function
which was similar to the relationship describing the decrease in the fresh Panola plagioclase with time and suggesting control by transport-limited reaction.
The time dependency of silicate weathering is discussed in terms of processes intrinsic to the silicate mineral and those extrinsic to the weathering environment. Intrinsic surface area, which increases with the duration of weathering, was shown to account for a third of the exponential decrease in the weathering rate shown by the above equation. Other factors, including progressive depletion of energetically reactive surfaces and accumulation of leached layers and secondary precipitates, must explain differences for fresh and weathered plagioclase reacting under identical experimental conditions. Extrinsic controls, including low permeability, high mineral/fluid ratios and increased solute concentrations, produce weathering reactions close to thermodynamic equilibrium under field conditions compared to highly unsaturated conditions during experimental reaction of fresh and weathered plagioclase. These differences explain the time-dependent difference in field and lab rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.03.001","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., and Brantley, S., 2003, The effect of time on the weathering of silicate minerals: Why do weathering rates differ in the laboratory and field?: Chemical Geology, v. 202, no. 3-4, p. 479-506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.03.001.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"506","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"202","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Arthur F. afwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":3718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Arthur","email":"afwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":863996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brantley, Susan L.","contributorId":38461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"Susan L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":863997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70263738,"text":"70263738 - 2003 - A strategy for mapping mid-scale existing vegetation in support of national fire fuel assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T17:32:19.678199","indexId":"70263738","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T11:28:29","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A strategy for mapping mid-scale existing vegetation in support of national fire fuel assessment","docAbstract":"Geospatial distribution of natural vegetation is among the very important environmental parameters required for applications ranging from global climate change to monitoring of natural hazards, monitoring of ecosystem vitality, and fire management practices. Increasingly sophisticated applications require vegetation datasets to cover large areas at a suitable scale and provide sufficiently detailed information. In this paper, we describe a research effort to develop a remote sensing methodology capable of producing 30-meter resolution, wall-to-wall coverage of existing vegetation types and structure variables in support of a multi-agency fire fuels and fire risks assessment project. Success of this remote sensing research effort is dependent on improved sensor and data qualities, a thorough understanding of regional and local vegetation ecology, successful integration of remote sensing with a large amount of field plot data, and flexible mapping algorithms. Preliminary results produced in the Wasatch Range and Uinta Mountains of central Utah include 28 vegetation types with an overall accuracy of 60% (average by life forms), percent canopy density (sub-pixel density) of forest, shrub, and herbaceous cover (correlation coefficient of 89, 60, and 55% respectively), and average top canopy height of forest, shrub, and herbaceous cover (correlation coefficient of 73, 50, 20% respectively). Techniques to improve the first-round results are discussed, including refinements of mapping models and use of relevant environmental gradients and potential vegetation classification associated with actual vegetation types.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology- Converging at the top of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Huang, C., Vogelmann, J., Tolk, B.L., Menakis, J.P., and Moisen, G.G., 2003, A strategy for mapping mid-scale existing vegetation in support of national fire fuel assessment, in Technology- Converging at the top of the world, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, Chengquan","contributorId":25378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tolk, Brian L. 0000-0002-9060-0266 tolk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-0266","contributorId":2992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolk","given":"Brian","email":"tolk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Menakis, James P.","contributorId":344955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Menakis","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moisen, Gretchen G.","contributorId":15781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moisen","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70263737,"text":"70263737 - 2003 - Exploration of satellite-measured vegetation seasonality for Landfire land cover","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T17:26:06.845735","indexId":"70263737","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T11:21:52","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Exploration of satellite-measured vegetation seasonality for Landfire land cover","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to explore the use of satellite data and other sources of spatial data for large area classification in the western United States to support research on potential fire hazards. Extensive field information was made available to this project from two sources: Forest Inventory and Assessment (FIA) and Utah State University. Seasonal spectral patterns of reflectance generated for select vegetation communities indicated that substantial spectral changes occurred through the growing season for most land cover types. In many cases, pronounced spectral differences characterized different types of vegetation, indicating a high probability that classification will accurately separate these particular types of land cover. However, spectral similarities between other types of land cover, such as Douglas fir and white fir, indicate potential classification challenges. Results from this study also show that decision tree analysis is highly effective for assessing quality of input field data and for generating large area land cover classification data sets. It was found that a 5-7% improvement in classification results could be achieved simply by not using those field plots that appeared to be sub-optimal for classification purposes based on image interpretation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology- Converging at the top of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., Huang, C., Tolk, B.L., Moisen, G.G., and Zhu, Z., 2003, Exploration of satellite-measured vegetation seasonality for Landfire land cover, in Technology- Converging at the top of the world, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan 0000-0003-0055-9798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-9798","contributorId":198972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tolk, Brian L. 0000-0002-9060-0266 tolk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-0266","contributorId":2992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolk","given":"Brian","email":"tolk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moisen, Gretchen G.","contributorId":15781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moisen","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70263736,"text":"70263736 - 2003 - Deriving rangeland structural attributes using Landsat ETM+, ERS-1/ERS-2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T21:20:16.95806","indexId":"70263736","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T11:17:31","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Deriving rangeland structural attributes using Landsat ETM+, ERS-1/ERS-2","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to determine if Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can be used independently, or in conjunction with Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) to improve the classification accuracy of structural attributes of rangeland vegetation, particularly percent shrub cover and top shrub canopy height. Such information, if mapped accurately, can be used in models to better characterize fuel conditions and fire regimes, as well as to evaluate fire hazard status, called for by the U.S. National Fire Plan. The input datasets utilized in this investigation included eighteen bands of Landsat ETM+ path 38 / row 32 (three image dates, six bands each), backscattering and interferometic data derived from tandem ERS-1/2 SAR image pairs (C-band), and extensive field point data. The results showed the use of SAR data provided no significant improvement over the ETM+ data for estimating percent cover or shrub canopy height. The lack of improvement in classification accuracy is possibly due to the influence of topography on the radar backscattering signal. Additional results demonstrated improved model accuracies when a 3x3-averaging filter was applied to the eighteen bands of ETM+ imagery.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology- Converging at the top of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Tolk, B.L., Huang, C., Lu, Z., Rykhus, R.P., and Vogelmann, J., 2003, Deriving rangeland structural attributes using Landsat ETM+, ERS-1/ERS-2, in Technology- Converging at the top of the world, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tolk, Brian L. 0000-0002-9060-0266 tolk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-0266","contributorId":2992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolk","given":"Brian","email":"tolk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan 0000-0003-0055-9798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-9798","contributorId":198972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":928010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rykhus, Russell P.","contributorId":27337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rykhus","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70240967,"text":"70240967 - 2003 - A simplified algorithm for temperature conversions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T18:20:45.41297","indexId":"70240967","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T11:14:56","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2206,"text":"Journal of Chemical Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simplified algorithm for temperature conversions","docAbstract":"The author is surprised that those who teach temperature conversion formulas have not introduced the easier-to-retain relationship based on the fact that –40 F° is the same temperature as –40 C°.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ed080p1380.2","usgsCitation":"Mossotti, V.G., 2003, A simplified algorithm for temperature conversions: Journal of Chemical Education, v. 80, no. 12, p. 1380-1380, https://doi.org/10.1021/ed080p1380.2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1380","endPage":"1380","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mossotti, Victor G. mossotti@usgs.gov","contributorId":3494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mossotti","given":"Victor","email":"mossotti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":865522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70263735,"text":"70263735 - 2003 - A comparison of spectral and spatial characteristics of Landsat 7 ETM+ with Terra ASTER imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T17:16:10.782122","indexId":"70263735","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T11:09:53","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A comparison of spectral and spatial characteristics of Landsat 7 ETM+ with Terra ASTER imagery","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology- Converging at the top of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Smit, P., Zhang, Z., and Ramachandran, B., 2003, A comparison of spectral and spatial characteristics of Landsat 7 ETM+ with Terra ASTER imagery, in Technology- Converging at the top of the world, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smit, Paula F.","contributorId":351154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smit","given":"Paula F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Zheng","contributorId":345022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Zheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramachandran, Bhaskar bhaskar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"Bhaskar","email":"bhaskar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70263734,"text":"70263734 - 2003 - Studies of Alaskan volcanoes using synthetic aperature radar and Landsat imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T17:09:03.925353","indexId":"70263734","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T11:05:37","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Studies of Alaskan volcanoes using synthetic aperature radar and Landsat imagery","docAbstract":"Approximately 10 percent of the world’s active volcanoes are located in the Alaskan Aleutian arc and produce about 3-4 explosive eruptions per year. Even with this high amount of volcanic activity, the remote locations and harsh environments of the Aleutian volcanoes conspire to keep them among some of the most poorly studied volcanoes in the world. Space-borne remote sensed imagery can play a significant role in improving our understanding of activity at these volcanoes. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Landsat imagery, and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from SRTM and the National Elevation Database (NED) are used to study several Alaskan volcanoes. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques with ERS-1 and ERS-2 SAR imagery are used to measure ground-surface deformation, which enables the construction of detailed mechanical models that enhance the study of magmatic and tectonic processes. The 30-year historical archive of Landsat data is used to study land cover change, visualize the ash plumes of Aleutian volcanic eruptions, and to map the extent of lava flows. Differencing two DEMs that represent volcano topography before and after an eruption makes it possible to calculate the volume of extruded materials. This paper provides a progress report on how InSAR, Landsat imagery and digital elevation data can be used to better understand the volcanic processes at three Aleutian volcanoes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology- Converging at the top of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Rykhus, R.P., and Lu, Z., 2003, Studies of Alaskan volcanoes using synthetic aperature radar and Landsat imagery, in Technology- Converging at the top of the world, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482286,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.33036874483844,\n 59.70347743188694\n ],\n [\n -169.1695521105382,\n 59.70347743188694\n ],\n [\n -169.1695521105382,\n 52.600812738063496\n ],\n [\n -152.33036874483844,\n 52.600812738063496\n ],\n [\n -152.33036874483844,\n 59.70347743188694\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rykhus, Russell P.","contributorId":27337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rykhus","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":928004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70263733,"text":"70263733 - 2003 - Delivering data for The National Map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T17:04:11.451073","indexId":"70263733","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T10:58:37","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"displayTitle":"Delivering data for The National Map","title":"Delivering data for The National Map","docAbstract":"The National Map aims at delivering current, nationwide views of regional and local data, synthesized into a single presentation. A key method of achieving this is the use of satellite data, aerial photographs, and derivative products to maintain up-to-date maps. The Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center (EDC) archives several large orthoimagery datasets, along with reference datasets, and is the main distributor of elevation data for this effort.
The EDC is using the raster and reference datasets to create OpenGIS Consortium and ArcGIS** compatible map services. The datasets are processed into seamless tables within an Arc Spatial Database Engine residing on an Oracle database. This database resides on a Solaris server accessed through an Arc Internet Map Server running on Windows 2000 machines to create online map services. A Cisco switch that uses load balancing for reliability handles client requests.
This system has a theoretical capacity to render of 300,000 to 400,000 images and to provide 600 to 1,500 data extractions per day. Over the last 6 months, this system has delivered more than 4.8 million maps online and 2.6 terabytes of actual data in downloads and media.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology- Converging at the top of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Rusanowski, C., 2003, Delivering data for The National Map, in Technology- Converging at the top of the world, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rusanowski, Chris 0000-0001-6215-4003","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-4003","contributorId":351153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rusanowski","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70263459,"text":"70263459 - 2003 - Predictive modeling of forest cover type and tree canopy height in the central Rocky Mountains of Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-11T17:01:06.536601","indexId":"70263459","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T10:56:32","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Predictive modeling of forest cover type and tree canopy height in the central Rocky Mountains of Utah","docAbstract":"Maps of forest cover type and canopy height are needed for LANDFIRE, a multi-scale fire risk assessment project designed to generate intermediate-resolution data of vegetation and fire fuel characteristics for the U.S. Here we describe an evaluation study in the central Rockies of Utah, comparing tree-based methods, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), and a hybrid method for mapping forest cover and canopy height on the basis of more than 2,000 forest inventory ground plots in the seven million ha mapping zone. The two forest attributes were modeled as functions of a variety of predictor variables, including: Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images acquired at three different seasons; Tasseled-cap brightness, greenness, and wetness; a forest type group map; and topographic variables derived from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs); and other ancillary variables. The hybrid modeling approach showed a marked increase in overall and within forest cover type accuracies, outperforming the tree-based and MARS approaches. Little difference was seen in global performance measures of forest canopy height models, but patterns in residual plots resulting from different modeling approaches raise questions about utility of height predictions in different applications.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology—Converging at the top of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Moisen, G.G., Frescino, T., Huang, C., Vogelmann, J., and Zhu, Z., 2003, Predictive modeling of forest cover type and tree canopy height in the central Rocky Mountains of Utah, in Technology—Converging at the top of the world, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.0738784907244,\n 38.225155891159375\n ],\n [\n -112.61007871413581,\n 37.098860827796145\n ],\n [\n -110.96829079907438,\n 37.62290231925077\n ],\n [\n -109.23145339633764,\n 40.90410931035362\n ],\n [\n -109.90854382084767,\n 41.713850737183066\n ],\n [\n -111.22792548102528,\n 41.75190845730722\n ],\n [\n -111.55059786157618,\n 42.97031458161342\n ],\n [\n -112.42823065667831,\n 42.94139537473612\n ],\n [\n -112.34462551318505,\n 40.397107371779725\n ],\n [\n -113.0738784907244,\n 38.225155891159375\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moisen, Gretchen G.","contributorId":15781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moisen","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frescino, T.S.","contributorId":94485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frescino","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan","contributorId":25378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70258647,"text":"70258647 - 2003 - Multiple causes for the malformed frog phenomenon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T16:08:23.818212","indexId":"70258647","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T10:50:40","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Multiple causes for the malformed frog phenomenon","docAbstract":"Progress has been made in understanding the malformed frog problem, yet we still cannot identify with assurance specific causes of malformations at particular locations. To address this problem we assembled a team of specialists and present here results on geographic distribution, water quality, parasite infection, and morphological patterns from Minnesota malformed frog sites and reference sites. Malformed frog hotspots (> 5% malformed animals) tend to occur in a broad line from northwest to southeast across Minnesota associated with the North Central Hardwoods and Driftless Area ecoregions, and are less associated with Lake Agassiz Plain, Northern Glaciated Plain, and Western Corn Belt Plain ecoregions. Few hotspots occur in the southwestern grassland and northeastern boreal forested portions of the state. There is a tendency for hotspots to occur at ecoregion junctions. No single water quality feature correlates with hotspots. Heavy Ribeiroia infections always indicate hotspots, but lesser Ribeiroia infections may or may not. Conversely, certain hotspots show no evidence of the presence of Ribeiroia. Among reference sites, two have no evidence of 5 Ribeiroia. The most common hindlimb malformation type was ectromelia, followed by micromelia and the presence of spongiform bone. Limb hyperextension, amelia, and polymelia were the least common malformation types. Malformed frog hotspots are typically associated with altered wetlands and any solution to the malformed frog problem must include restoring these sites.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Testing Materials International","doi":"10.1520/STP11186S","usgsCitation":"Lannoo, M., Sutherland, D., Jones, P., Rosenberry, D., Klaver, R.W., Hoppe, D., Johnson, P., Lunde, K., Facemire, C., and Kapfer, J., 2003, Multiple causes for the malformed frog phenomenon, chap. of Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations, p. 233-262, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP11186S.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"262","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913546,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krest, S.","contributorId":44332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913547,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparling, D.","contributorId":344342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913548,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Lannoo, M.J.","contributorId":17937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannoo","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutherland, D.R.","contributorId":15376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutherland","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, P.","contributorId":344338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":257638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klaver, Robert W. 0000-0002-3263-9701 bklaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-9701","contributorId":3285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaver","given":"Robert","email":"bklaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hoppe, D.M.","contributorId":344339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoppe","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, P.T.J.","contributorId":344340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lunde, K.B.","contributorId":10200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunde","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Facemire, C.","contributorId":344341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Facemire","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kapfer, J.M.","contributorId":68505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapfer","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70263457,"text":"70263457 - 2003 - Deriving annual integrated NDVI greenness at 30 m spatial resolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-12T14:18:18.839655","indexId":"70263457","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T10:40:52","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Deriving annual integrated NDVI greenness at 30 m spatial resolution","docAbstract":"Temporal greenness matrics have been found useful for characterizing vegetation phenology, and have been used to discriminate vegetation cover types and to estimate key vegetation attributes including percent cover and green biomass. So far, however, such matrics have been calculated only from coarse resolution satellite data. Intermediate spatial resolution satellites like Landsat cannot provide the temporal resolutions needed for directly calculating such greenness matrics. In this study, we developed a method to indirectly derive annual integrated NDVI at 30 m spatial resolution using 250 m MODIS data and 30 m Landsat ETM+ imagery. Results showed that more than 90% of the variance of the annual integrated NDVI calculated using one full year’s MODIS data could be explained using as few as 3 appropriately selected observations, demonstrating the feasibility of indirectly estimating the annual integrated NDVI at intermediate spatial resolutions, as normally only limited number of useful observations would be available within the life cycle of a typical project at such spatial resolutions. The developed method was applied to two ETM+ paths/rows, for each of which 3 ETM+ images were acquired in roughly spring, summer and fall/winter seasons around the year 2000. Of the total variance of the MODIS annual integrated NDVI, 81% was explained by the three ETM+ images for one path/row and 74% for the other.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology - Converging at the top of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Huang, C., Tolk, B.L., Vogelmann, J., Knuppe, M., and Zhu, Z., 2003, Deriving annual integrated NDVI greenness at 30 m spatial resolution, in Technology - Converging at the top of the world, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, Chengquan","contributorId":25378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tolk, Brian L. 0000-0002-9060-0266 tolk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-0266","contributorId":2992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolk","given":"Brian","email":"tolk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knuppe, Michelle L. 0000-0002-0374-9477 knuppe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0374-9477","contributorId":5148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knuppe","given":"Michelle L.","email":"knuppe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":927044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70263366,"text":"70263366 - 2003 - Image processing for the removal and data generation of cloud covered areas through classification and regression tree (cart) analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-11T17:02:49.802928","indexId":"70263366","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T09:37:18","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Image processing for the removal and data generation of cloud covered areas through classification and regression tree (cart) analysis","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology- Converging at the top of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Herold, N., Cunningham, D., and Wylie, B.K., 2003, Image processing for the removal and data generation of cloud covered areas through classification and regression tree (cart) analysis, in Technology- Converging at the top of the world, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herold, Nathaniel","contributorId":140258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herold","given":"Nathaniel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12641,"text":"NOAA NMFS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":926654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, D.","contributorId":25738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":926655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":926656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70263365,"text":"70263365 - 2003 - Comparing satellite rainfall estimates and reanalysis precipitation fields with station data for western Kenya","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-07T15:36:06.933509","indexId":"70263365","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T09:31:10","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparing satellite rainfall estimates and reanalysis precipitation fields with station data for western Kenya","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"International Workshop on Crop Monitoring and Early Warning for Food Security","conferenceDate":"January 28-30, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Nairobi, Kenya","language":"English","publisher":"European Joint Research Centre and UN Food and Agriculture Organization","usgsCitation":"Funk, C., and Verdin, J., 2003, Comparing satellite rainfall estimates and reanalysis precipitation fields with station data for western Kenya, International Workshop on Crop Monitoring and Early Warning for Food Security, Nairobi, Kenya, January 28-30, 2003, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481779,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35.55,\n 1\n ],\n [\n 34.15,\n 1\n ],\n [\n 34.15,\n -1\n ],\n [\n 35.55,\n -1\n ],\n [\n 35.55,\n 1\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Funk, Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":167070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Chris","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":926652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, James 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":145830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":926653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53218,"text":"ofr03404 - 2003 - Alaska resource data file: McCarthy quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T12:36:52.732797","indexId":"ofr03404","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-404","title":"Alaska resource data file: McCarthy quadrangle","docAbstract":"Descriptions of the mineral occurrences shown on the accompanying figure follow. See U.S. Geological Survey (1996) for a description of the information content of each field in the records. The data presented here are maintained as part of a statewide database on mines, prospects and mineral occurrences throughout Alaska.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03404","usgsCitation":"Hudson, T.L., 2003, Alaska resource data file: McCarthy quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-404, 442 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03404.","productDescription":"442 p.","numberOfPages":"443","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":484025,"rank":5,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD"},{"id":484024,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_61998.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03404.jpg"},{"id":4845,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0404/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283926,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0404/pdf/of03-404.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -144.0,61.0 ], [ -144.0,62.0 ], [ -141.0,62.0 ], [ -141.0,61.0 ], [ -144.0,61.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Travis L.","contributorId":28288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53210,"text":"ofr03446 - 2003 - Alaska resource data file: Nabesna quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T12:03:17.911095","indexId":"ofr03446","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-446","title":"Alaska resource data file: Nabesna quadrangle","docAbstract":"Descriptions of the mineral occurrences shown on the accompanying figure follow. See U.S. Geological Survey (1996) for a description of the information content of each field in the records. The data presented here are maintained as part of a statewide database on mines, prospects and mineral occurrences throughout Alaska.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03446","usgsCitation":"Hudson, T.L., 2003, Alaska resource data file: Nabesna quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-446, 230 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03446.","productDescription":"230 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":283947,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0446/pdf/of03-446.pdf","text":"Report","size":"860 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-466 PDF"},{"id":4837,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0446/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":484074,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_61997.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":484075,"rank":5,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03446.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Nabesna quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -144,62.0 ], [ -144,63.0 ], [ -141,63.0 ], [ -141,62.0 ], [ -144,62.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Travis L. 0000-0003-1588-2280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1588-2280","contributorId":329722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":78701,"text":"Applied Geology, Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":246928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53206,"text":"ofr03458 - 2003 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground water investigation: 11. Geochemistry of composited material from alteration scars and mine-waste piles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-02T22:48:07.014629","indexId":"ofr03458","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-458","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground water investigation: 11. Geochemistry of composited material from alteration scars and mine-waste piles","docAbstract":"Composited, surficial material was collected from alteration scars, a less intensely altered site, and mine-waste piles. All samples were analyzed for forty elements by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, total sulfur and quantitative X-ray diffraction. This work was performed in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03458","usgsCitation":"Briggs, P., Sutley, S.J., and Livo, K.E., 2003, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground water investigation: 11. Geochemistry of composited material from alteration scars and mine-waste piles (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-458, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03458.","productDescription":"17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392423,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62044.htm"},{"id":4833,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-458/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.5378,\n 36.6842\n ],\n [\n -105.4286,\n 36.6842\n ],\n [\n -105.4286,\n 36.7161\n ],\n [\n -105.5378,\n 36.7161\n ],\n [\n -105.5378,\n 36.6842\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685aed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutley, S. J.","contributorId":91484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Livo, Keith Eric 0000-0001-7331-8130","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":39422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":52924,"text":"wri034035 - 2003 - Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-02T14:15:01.692846","indexId":"wri034035","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4035","title":"Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","docAbstract":"One of the major water-quality problems in the Chesapeake Bay is an overabundance of nutrients from the streams and rivers that discharge to the Bay. Some of these nutrients are from nonpoint sources such as atmospheric deposition, agricultural manure and fertilizer, and septic systems. The effects of efforts to control nonpoint sources, however, can be difficult to quantify because of the lag time between changes at the land surface and the response in the base-flow (ground water) component of streams. To help resource managers understand the lag time between implementation of management practices and subsequent response in the nutrient concentrations in the base-flow component of streamflow, a study of ground-water discharge, residence time, and nitrate transport in springs throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and in four smaller watersheds in selected hydrogeomorphic regions (HGMRs) was conducted. The four watersheds were in the Coastal Plain Uplands, Piedmont crystalline, Valley and Ridge carbonate, and Valley and Ridge siliciclastic HGMRs.
A study of springs to estimate an apparent age of the ground water was based on analyses for concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons in water samples collected from 48 springs in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Results of the analysis indicate that median age for all the samples was 10 years, with the 25th percentile having an age of 7 years and the 75th percentile having an age of 13 years. Although the number of samples collected in each HGMR was limited, there did not appear to be distinct differences in the ages between the HGMRs. The ranges were similar between the major HGMRs above the Fall Line (modern to about 50 years), with only two HGMRs of small geographic extent (Piedmont carbonate and Mesozoic Lowland) having ranges of modern to about 10 years. The median values of all the HGMRs ranged from 7 to 11 years. Not enough samples were collected in the Coastal Plain for comparison. Spring samples showed slightly younger water under wet conditions than under dry conditions. The apparent age of water from wells, springs, and other ground-water discharge points in the four targeted watersheds was modern to 60 years, which was similar to the apparent ages from the spring study. In the Pocomoke River Watershed in the Coastal Plain Uplands HGMR, the apparent age of ground-water samples ranged from 0 to 60 years; the ages in the vicinity of the streams ranged from 0 to 23 years.
The apparent ages of ground water in the Polecat Creek Watershed in the Piedmont crystalline HGMR ranged from 2 to 30 years. The apparent ages of water from wells in the Muddy Creek Watershed in the Valley and Ridge carbonate HGMR ranged from 10 to 20 years (except for a single sample that was 45 years). The ages in the East Mahantango Creek Watershed in the Valley and Ridge siliciclastic HGMR ranged from 0 to 50 years. The distribution in apparent age of water from wells in the targeted watersheds, however, generally is older than that for water from the springs. The median age of water from wells in the Muddy Creek Watershed, for example, was 15 years, compared to 11 years for the water from the springs in that watershed, and less than 10 years for water from all springs in the spring study. The similarity in the ranges in apparent age of water from the wells and from the springs shows that the samples from the targeted watersheds and springs have bracketed the range of apparent ages that would be expected in the shallow ground-water-flow systems throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.
The apparent age of water from individual wells does not necessarily represent the entire distribution of ages of the discharging ground water, and it is this distribution of ages that affects the response of nutrient concentrations in stream base flow. Nutrient-reduction scenarios were modeled for two watersheds for which the distribution of apparent ground-water ages was available, the East Mahantango Creek Watershed in the Valley and Ridge siliciclastic HGMR and the Locust Grove Watershed in the Coastal Plain Uplands HGMR. A nutrient-reduction scenario was created for East Mahantango Creek, where the average residence time was determined to be approximately 10 years on the basis of the output of particle tracking from a ground-water-flow model. This scenario showed decreases of nearly 50 percent in base-flow concentrations of nitrate in streams within the first year after the reduction in nitrogen input; smaller reductions in nitrate concentration occurred in each subsequent year. A second scenario for that same watershed, in which the same 10-year average residence time was assumed and an exponential model was used for analysis, showed that a 50-percent reduction in base-flow concentrations of nitrate could take up to 5 years. For the Locust Grove Watershed, in which an average residence time of 32 years was assumed, simulation with the exponential model showed that it may take more than 20 years to achieve a 50-percent reduction in base-flow concentra-tions of nitrate. Although it was not possible to construct such scenarios for all watersheds, these examples show the range of possible responses to changes in nutrient inputs in two very different types of watersheds.
Findings from this study include information on factors that affect ground-water age, spatial distribution of ages, and nitrogen transport. In the East Mahantango Creek Watershed and the Polecat Creek Watershed, the residence time varied spatially depending on the position of the flow path, and temporally depending on the recharge conditions. Generally, ground water in areas near the stream had short residence times and the water in upland areas had longer residence times. Water traveling through deep layers had longer residence times than water traveling through shallow layers, and residence times were faster under high recharge conditions than low recharge conditions. Ground water in the Pocomoke Watershed exhibits a similar pattern: younger water discharges to small order streams in headwater basins and older water discharges to larger streams near the basin outlet.
Factors affecting nitrogen transport in ground water include spatial and temporal variation in input sources, ground-water age, and aquifer processes that lead to denitrification. Spatial and temporal variations in nitrogen sources affect all the watersheds. Tributaries with higher inputs of nitrogen have higher concentrations in stream base flow. Areas where nitrogen application rates have increased over time show an age-nitrate relation in ground-water samples. The age-nitrate relation can be affected by denitrification, which occurs in Pocomoke and East Mahantango Creeks but is not evident in Polecat and Muddy Creeks. In East Mahantango Creek, the level of denitrification is significant in water with residence times greater than 20 years, but because this is a small component of overall ground-water discharge to a stream, it may not remove a significant quantity of nitrogen from the system. Denitrification in Pocomoke Creek is significant and appears to affect mostly older water discharging to streams. Therefore, if most of the nitrogen entering these two streams is associated with the discharge of younger ground water, denitrification may not greatly affect the overall nitrogen delivery to these streams.
Other findings of this study show that nitrate in ground water discharging along preferential flow paths may not be affected by natural processes, such as denitrification or uptake by riparian vegetation. Seeps to swales and ditches beneath the north uplands at Polecat Creek indicate a shallow water table and discharge of young ground water whereas the absence of such seeps on the south side indicates a deep water table and a lack of young ground water. Similarly, discharge at the base of the slope and to the valley wetland south of the creek but not north of the creek indicates a different role for the riparian forest on the two sides of the creek. In many of the systems where water discharges at the base of slopes to wetlands, ditches have been dug to drain the valley. Such drainage circumvents possible removal of nitrate by riparian vegetation.
Because ground-water residence times do not appear directly related to the HGMRs, the targeting of management practices will achieve the most rapid response in water quality if directed at 1) watersheds with large agricultural sources of nitrate, 2) areas with the shortest ground-water-flow paths and 3) areas not affected by significant denitrification. The fastest response in stream base-flow concentrations of nitrogen to implementation of management practices would be to implement practices in those areas with the highest loads rather than attempt to target practices on the basis of HGMR stratification. Overall findings of the study indicate that 1) ground-water contributions to nitrogen in streamflow are significant, 2) some response to management practices should be evident in base-flow concentrations of nitrogen and loads within 1 to 5 years in watersheds with the shortest average residence times, but response time may be closer to 20 years in watersheds with longer average ground-water residence times, 3) the majority of the response in ground-water discharge to any changes in management practices will be distributed over a 10-year time period even in the watersheds with the fastest response times, and 4) given that half the streamflow is from ground-water discharge and the other half is runoff or soil water, about 90 percent of total water being discharged to a stream will be less than about a decade old; therefore, full implementation of nutrient reductions may result in improved streamwater quality in about a decade. In the more-likely scenario of gradual source reduction, the reduction in concentrations of nitrate in streams and aquifers would take longer than the examples shown here.
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215 Limekiln Road
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No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03140","usgsCitation":"Abraham, J., Smith, D.V., and Wright, D.L., 2003, Final report VETEM (Very Early Time Electromagnetic) system survey of Pit 4 and Pit 10 subsurface disposal area, Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-140, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03140.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4891,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388375,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_61942.htm"},{"id":178132,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.09051513671875,\n 43.44494295526125\n ],\n [\n -112.99644470214842,\n 43.44494295526125\n ],\n [\n -112.99644470214842,\n 43.509717009288075\n ],\n [\n -113.09051513671875,\n 43.509717009288075\n ],\n [\n -113.09051513671875,\n 43.44494295526125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f479d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abraham, Jared D.","contributorId":42630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"Jared D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David Von G.","contributorId":57936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Von G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, David L. dwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"David","email":"dwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":247017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53209,"text":"ofr03447 - 2003 - Alaska resource data file: Wiseman quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T19:11:35.500947","indexId":"ofr03447","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-447","title":"Alaska resource data file: Wiseman quadrangle","docAbstract":"Descriptions of the mineral occurrences shown on the accompanying figure follow. See U.S. Geological Survey (1996) for a description of the information content of each field in the records. The data presented here are maintained as part of a statewide database on mines, prospects and mineral occurrences throughout Alaska.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03447","usgsCitation":"Britton, J.M., 2003, Alaska resource data file: Wiseman quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-447, 331 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03447.","productDescription":"331 p.","numberOfPages":"332","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":484204,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_61996.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177213,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03447.jpg"},{"id":4836,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0447/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":484205,"rank":5,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD"},{"id":283948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0447/pdf/of03-447.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 03-447 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Wiseman quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153.0,67.0 ], [ -153.0,68.0 ], [ -150.0,68.0 ], [ -150.0,67.0 ], [ -153.0,67.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Britton, Joe M.","contributorId":87807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britton","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69713,"text":"i2809 - 2003 - Hawaii's volcanoes revealed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T13:18:56","indexId":"i2809","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2809","title":"Hawaii's volcanoes revealed","docAbstract":"Hawaiian volcanoes typically evolve in four stages as volcanism waxes and wanes: (1) early alkalic, when volcanism originates on the deep sea floor; (2) shield, when roughly 95 percent of a volcano's volume is emplaced; (3) post-shield alkalic, when small-volume eruptions build scattered cones that thinly cap the shield-stage lavas; and (4) rejuvenated, when lavas of distinct chemistry erupt following a lengthy period of erosion and volcanic quiescence. During the early alkalic and shield stages, two or more elongate rift zones may develop as flanks of the volcano separate. Mantle-derived magma rises through a vertical conduit and is temporarily stored in a shallow summit reservoir from which magma may erupt within the summit region or be injected laterally into the rift zones. The ongoing activity at Kilauea's Pu?u ?O?o cone that began in January 1983 is one such rift-zone eruption. The rift zones commonly extend deep underwater, producing submarine eruptions of bulbous pillow lava.
\nOnce a volcano has grown above sea level, subaerial eruptions produce lava flows of jagged, clinkery ?a?a or smooth, ropy pahoehoe. If the flows reach the ocean they are rapidly quenched by seawater and shatter, producing a steep blanket of unstable volcanic sediment that mantles the upper submarine slopes. Above sea level then, the volcanoes develop the classic shield profile of gentle lava-flow slopes, whereas below sea level slopes are substantially steeper. While the volcanoes grow rapidly during the shield stage, they may also collapse catastrophically, generating giant landslides and tsunami, or fail more gradually, forming slumps. Deformation and seismicity along Kilauea's south flank indicate that slumping is occurring there today.
\nLoading of the underlying Pacific Plate by the growing volcanic edifices causes subsidence, forming deep basins at the base of the volcanoes. Once volcanism wanes and lava flows no longer reach the ocean, the volcano continues to submerge, while erosion incises deep river valleys, such as those on the Island of Kaua?i. The edges of the submarine terraces that ring the islands, thus, mark paleocoastlines that are now as much as 2,000 m underwater, many of which are capped by drowned coral reefs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2809","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, the University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.","usgsCitation":"Eakins, B., Robinson, J., Kanamatsu, T., Naka, J., Smith, J., Takahashi, E., and Clague, D.A., 2003, Hawaii's volcanoes revealed: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2809, Map: 38 x 25.03 inches; Bathymetry image: 24.54 x 18.96 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2809.","productDescription":"Map: 38 x 25.03 inches; Bathymetry image: 24.54 x 18.96 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110452,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59473.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"59473"},{"id":191480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6384,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2809/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":280472,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2809/pdf/i2809.pdf"},{"id":280473,"type":{"id":14,"text":"Image"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2809/pdf/bathy.pdf"}],"scale":"0","projection":"Mercator map projection","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160.9973,17.9899 ], [ -160.9973,23.1811 ], [ -153.9977,23.1811 ], [ -153.9977,17.9899 ], [ -160.9973,17.9899 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eakins, Barry W.","contributorId":18462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eakins","given":"Barry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kanamatsu, Toshiya","contributorId":108203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamatsu","given":"Toshiya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naka, Jiro","contributorId":64347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naka","given":"Jiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, John R.","contributorId":13321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"John R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Takahashi, Eiichi","contributorId":79966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"Eiichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":52668,"text":"cir1260 - 2003 - Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground water near streams","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194921,"text":"70194921 - 2003 - Determining temperature and thermal properties for heat-based studies of surface-water ground-water interactions: Appendix A of Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground water near streams (Cir1260)","indexId":"70194921","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"chapter":"Appendix A","title":"Determining temperature and thermal properties for heat-based studies of surface-water ground-water interactions: Appendix A of Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground water near streams (Cir1260)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":52668,"text":"cir1260 - 2003 - Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground water near streams","indexId":"cir1260","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground water near streams"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T20:01:42.588471","indexId":"cir1260","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1260","title":"Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground water near streams","docAbstract":"Stream temperature has long been recognized as an important water quality parameter. Temperature plays a key role in the health of a stream’s aquatic life, both in the water column and in the benthic habitat of streambed sediments. Many fish are sensitive to temperature. For example, anadromous salmon require specific temperature ranges to successfully develop, migrate, and spawn [see Halupka and others, 2000]. Metabolic rates, oxygen requirements and availability, predation patterns, and susceptibility of organisms to contaminants are but a few of the many environmental responses regulated by temperature.
Hydrologists traditionally treated streams and ground water as distinct, independent resources to be utilized and managed separately. With increasing demands on water supplies, however, hydrologists realized that streams and ground water are parts of a single, interconnected resource [see Winter and others, 1998]. Attempts to distinguish these resources for analytical or regulatory purposes are fraught with difficulty because each domain can supply (or drain) the other, with attendant possibilities for contamination exchange. Sustained depletion of one resource usually results in depletion of the other, propagating adverse effects within the watershed.
An understanding of the interconnections between surface water and ground water is therefore essential. This understanding is still incomplete, but receiving growing attention from the research community. Exchanges between streams and shallow ground-water systems play a key role in controlling temperatures not only in streams, but also in their underlying sediments. As a result, analyses of subsurface temperature patterns provide information about surface-water/ground-water interactions.
Chemical tracers are commonly used for tracing flow between streams and ground water. Introduction of chemical tracers in near-stream environments is, however, limited by real and perceived issues regarding introduced contamination and practical constraints. As an alternative, naturally occurring variations in temperature can be used to track (or trace) the heat carried by flowing water. The hydraulic transport of heat enables its use as a tracer.
Differences between temperatures in the stream and surrounding sediments are now being analyzed to trace the movement of ground water to and from streams. As shown in the subsequent chapters of this circular, tracing the transport of heat leads to a better understanding of the magnitudes and mechanisms of stream/ground-water exchanges, and helps quantify the resulting effects on stream and streambed temperatures.
Chapter 1 describes the general principals and procedures by which the natural transport of heat can be utilized to infer the movement of subsurface water near streams. This information sets the foundation for understanding the advanced applications in chapters 2 through 8. Each of these chapters provides a case study, using heat tracing as a tool, of interactions between surface water and ground water for a different location in the western United States. Technical details of the use of heat as an environmental tracer appear in appendices.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5164","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., 2003, Dams and downstream ground water: Hydrological Processes, v. 17, no. 17, p. 3533-3535, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5164.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"3533","endPage":"3535","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c945e4b0f37a93ee9b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}