Habitat loss and modification have played a significant role in the decline of amphibian populations and species. Loss of wetlands, which are used as breeding sites for many amphibians, has contributed to the decline. The protection of small, isolated wetlands and core areas of associated uplands is one way in which population declines in certain species can be slowed or prevented. Nevertheless, migration distances of individuals of most amphibian species from their breeding sites are unknown. Using drift fences and pitfall traps, I studied migration distance and orientation of striped newts (Notophthalmus perstriatus) at a breeding pond in northern Florida, USA. Newts entered (immigration) and exited (emigration) the pond basin in a nonrandom fashion but no obvious effects of upland habitat were apparent. Patterns of emigration and immigration differed significantly between sexes, life-history stages, and migration events. Individuals tended to exit and enter the pond basin within the same quadrant, sometimes leaving and returning at the same point. Newts moved hundreds of meters into the sandhill uplands surrounding the pond. I found an inverse relationship between the proportion of newts migrating and distance from the pond. Nonetheless, I estimated that at least 16% of individuals breeding at the pond migrated in excess of 500 m from the pond. Thus, a core of protected upland with a radius of approximately 800 m from the pond would be needed to preserve the area used by the vast majority of individuals that breed at the pond. These data underscore the need to study upland habitat requirements for amphibians; findings for one taxon (e.g. ambystomatids) may not be applicable to others (e.g., salamandrids). Without such data, designating terrestrial core habitat to conserve aquatic-breeding amphibians will be difficult or impossible. However, without better protection of small, isolated wetlands, arguments to preserve surrounding uplands are irrelevant.
","language":"English","issn":"07534973","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.A., 2003, Orientation and migration distances of a pond-breeding salamander (Notophthalmus perstriatus, Salamandridae): Alytes, v. 21, no. 1-2, p. 3-22.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236163,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7090e4b0c8380cd760d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. A.","contributorId":120848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025557,"text":"70025557 - 2003 - Deformation near the Casa Diablo geothermal well field and related processes Long Valley caldera, Eastern California, 1993-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T11:02:24","indexId":"70025557","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation near the Casa Diablo geothermal well field and related processes Long Valley caldera, Eastern California, 1993-2000","docAbstract":"Regional first-order leveling lines, which extend from Lee Vining, CA, to Tom's Place, CA, have been surveyed periodically since 1957 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), and Caltrans. Two of the regional survey lines, or leveling networks, intersect at the Casa Diablo geothermal well field. These leveling networks, referenced to a distant bench mark (C916) near Lee Vining, provide time-series vertical control data of land-surface deformation that began around 1980. These data are also useful for delineating localized subsidence at Casa Diablo related to reservoir pressure and temperature changes owing to geothermal development that began in 1985. A comparison of differences in bench-mark elevations for five time periods between 1983 and 1997 shows the development and expansion of a subsidence bowl at Casa Diablo. The subsidence coincides spatially with the geothermal well field and temporally with the increased production rates and the deepening of injection wells in 1991, which resulted in an increase in the rate of pressure decline. The subsidence, superimposed on a broad area of uplift, totaled about 310 mm by 1997. The USGS established orthogonal tilt arrays in 1983 to better monitor deformation across the caldera. One tilt array (DBR) was established near what would later become the Casa Diablo geothermal well field. This array responded to magmatic intrusions prior to geothermal development, tilting away from the well field. With the start of geothermal fluid extraction in 1985, tilt at the DBR array reversed direction and began tilting into the well field. In 1991, geothermal power production was increased by a factor of four, and reservoir pressures began a period of steep decline. These changes caused a temporary three-fold increase in the tilt rate. The tilt rate became stable in 1993 and was about 40% lower than that measured in 1991-1992, but still greater than the rates measured during 1985-1990. Data from the local leveling networks spanning the well field and the bounding graben were analyzed for several 2-year periods (1993-1995, 1995-1997, and 1997-1999). Annual rates of change across the normal faults bounding the graben have steadily decreased for each 2-year period between 1993 and 1999, reflecting the slowing decline in geothermal reservoir pressure. Horizontal control data from a two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) defined the lateral extent of subsidence at Casa Diablo. The EDM and leveling data elucidate the localized effect of the shallow source of subsidence and the broader effect of the deeper magmatic inflation source. Data from bench marks common to both the vertical and the horizontal control networks were used to assess the effect of subsidence on the EDM base station (CASA). Modeling of geodetic data collected during periods of little or no magmatic inflation indicated that the CASA two-color EDM station is being drawn toward the well field at a rate of 3-5 mm/yr. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00177-X","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Howle, J., Langbein, J.O., Farrar, C.D., and Wilkinson, S., 2003, Deformation near the Casa Diablo geothermal well field and related processes Long Valley caldera, Eastern California, 1993-2000: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 127, no. 3-4, p. 365-390, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00177-X.","startPage":"365","endPage":"390","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209595,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00177-X"}],"volume":"127","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe48e4b0c8380cd4ec3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howle, J. F. 0000-0003-0491-6203","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-6203","contributorId":66294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howle","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farrar, C. D.","contributorId":71978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilkinson, S.K.","contributorId":25719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025564,"text":"70025564 - 2003 - Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the southern Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T14:27:02","indexId":"70025564","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the southern Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"Patterns of native and alien plant diversity in response to disturbance were examined along an elevational gradient in blue oak savanna, chaparral, and coniferous forests. Total species richness, alien species richness, and alien cover declined with elevation, at scales from 1 to 1000 m2. We found no support for the hypothesis that community diversity inhibits alien invasion. At the 1-m2 point scale, where we would expect competitive interactions between the largely herbaceous flora to be most intense, alien species richness as well as alien cover increased with increasing native species richness in all communities. This suggests that aliens are limited not by the number of native competitors, but by resources that affect establishment of both natives and aliens.
Blue oak savannas were heavily dominated by alien species and consistently had more alien than native species at the 1-m2 scale. All of these aliens are annuals, and it is widely thought that they have displaced native bunchgrasses. If true, this means that aliens have greatly increased species richness. Alternatively, there is a rich regional flora of native annual forbs that could have dominated these grasslands prior to displacement by alien grasses. On our sites, livestock grazing increased the number of alien species and alien cover only slightly over that of sites free of livestock grazing for more than a century, indicating some level of permanency to this invasion.
In chaparral, both diversity and aliens increased markedly several years after fire. Invasive species are rare in undisturbed shrublands, and alien propagules fail to survive the natural crown fires in these ecosystems. Thus, aliens necessarily must colonize after fire and, as a consequence, time since fire is an important determinant of invasive presence. Blue oak savannas are an important propagule source for alien species because they maintain permanent populations of all alien species encountered in postfire chaparral, and because the vegetation mosaic in this region places them in proximity to chaparral. The speed at which alien propagules reach a burned site and the speed at which the shrublands return to their former closed-canopy condition determine alien invasion. Frequent burning of this vegetation alters the balance in favor of alien invasion.
In the higher-elevation coniferous forests, species diversity was a function of fire severity and time since fire. High-intensity fires create gaps that decrease canopy coverage and increase light levels and nutrients for an ephemeral successional flora. Few species have persistent seed banks, so the time since fire is an important determinant of colonization success. There was a highly significant interaction between fire severity and time since fire for understory cover, species richness, and alien richness and cover. Understory was sparse in the first year after fire, particularly in low-severity burns, and increased substantially several years after fire, particularly on high-severity burns. Both fire severity and time since fire affected alien species richness and dominance. Coniferous forests had about one-third as many alien species as the foothill oak savannas, and fewer than half of the species were shared between these communities. Unburned coniferous forests were largely free of alien species, whereas some burned sites had a significant alien presence, which presents a challenge for fire restoration of these forests.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/02-5002","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Lubin, D., and Fotheringham, C.J., 2003, Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the southern Sierra Nevada: Ecological Applications, v. 13, no. 5, p. 1355-1374, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5002.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1355","endPage":"1374","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1037e4b0c8380cd53b9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lubin, Daniel","contributorId":174974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lubin","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fotheringham, C. J.","contributorId":63334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fotheringham","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025567,"text":"70025567 - 2003 - Time‐lapse imaging of saline‐tracer transport in fractured rock using difference‐attenuation radar tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T11:17:05","indexId":"70025567","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time‐lapse imaging of saline‐tracer transport in fractured rock using difference‐attenuation radar tomography","docAbstract":"Accurate characterization of fractured‐rock aquifer heterogeneity remains one of the most challenging and important problems in groundwater hydrology. We demonstrate a promising strategy to identify preferential flow paths in fractured rock using a combination of geophysical monitoring and conventional hydrogeologic tests. Cross‐well difference‐attenuation ground‐penetrating radar was used to monitor saline‐tracer migration in an experiment at the U.S. Geological Survey Fractured Rock Hydrology Research Site in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Radar data sets were collected every 10 min in three adjoining planes for 5 hours during each of 12 tracer tests. An innovative inversion method accounts for data acquisition times and temporal changes in attenuation during data collection. The inverse algorithm minimizes a combination of two functions. The first is the sum of weighted squared data residuals. Second is a measure of solution complexity based on an a priori space‐time covariance function, subject to constraints that limit radar‐attenuation changes to regions of the tomograms traversed by high difference‐attenuation ray paths. The time series of tomograms indicate relative tracer concentrations and tracer arrival times in the image planes; from these we infer the presence and location of a preferential flow path within a previously identified zone of transmissive fractures. These results provide new insights into solute channeling and the nature of aquifer heterogeneity at the site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001722","usgsCitation":"Day-Lewis, F.D., Lane, J.W., Harris, J.M., and Gorelick, S.M., 2003, Time‐lapse imaging of saline‐tracer transport in fractured rock using difference‐attenuation radar tomography: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 10, 1290; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001722.","productDescription":"1290; 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001722","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Grafton County","otherGeospatial":"Fractured Rock Hydrology Research Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.70199155807495,\n 43.94251415472796\n ],\n [\n -71.69903039932251,\n 43.94251415472796\n ],\n [\n -71.69903039932251,\n 43.94412096473373\n ],\n [\n -71.70199155807495,\n 43.94412096473373\n ],\n [\n -71.70199155807495,\n 43.94251415472796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3c5e4b08c986b325fb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X jwlane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":189168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, Jerry M.","contributorId":4116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025572,"text":"70025572 - 2003 - Immobilization of free-ranging male pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) with carfentanil citrate and naltrexone hydrochloride","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-16T17:51:06","indexId":"70025572","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immobilization of free-ranging male pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) with carfentanil citrate and naltrexone hydrochloride","docAbstract":"The major challenges in immobilization of free-ranging walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) are to produce a deep level of anesthesia very quickly (to avoid darted animals from entering the water and drowning), and to find a drug or drug combination that requires only a small volume to be delivered by dart, is safe, reversible, and that provides an adequate period of immobilization to permit attachment of instruments, phlebotomy, and measuring. Tiletamine-zolazepam is recommended for immobilization of pinnipeds, with inhalant anesthesia recommended for more extensive procedures requiring better analgesia (Gales 1989). Drugs that have been used on free-ranging walruses include ketamine (Hagenbeck et al. 1975), phencyclidine combined with acepromazine (DeMaster et al. 1981), etorphine (Born and Knutsen 1990, Hills 1992, Griffiths et al. 1993), tiletamine-zolazepam (Stirling and Sjare 1988, Griffiths et al. 1993), medetomidine and ketamine (Lydersen et al. 1992), and carfentanil (Hills 1992, Lanthier et al. 1999). Carfentanil but not etorphine is presently licensed and available in the United States.
Forty-eight adult male walruses were immobilized with carfentanil citrate in the summers of 1995-1997 at Maggy Beach (58°57’N, 161°76’W), a land haul-out located at Cape Peirce within the Togiak National Wildlife Refuge in southwest Alaska. The number of animals present during immobilizations ranged from three to several thousand. Criteria for choosing individual walruses included good body condition, the presence of two tusks of sufficient diameter for the attachment of radio transmitters, and presence of the animal at the edge of the herd. In addition, we chose animals that were resting quietly and which had not recently hauled out (as judged by skin color). Walruses were darted from ranges of approximately 10-15 m using a Cap-Chur rifle (Palmer Chemical and Equipment Co., Douglasville, Georgia, GA 30133). Carfentanil citrate (Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Fort Collins, CO 80524) was administered by dart with a 10-cm needle to the lumbar region. Most animals received a dose of 2.7 or 3.0 mg of carfentanil. One animal received a second dose after the first syringe apparently burst on impact. Induction times were measured as being the time at which the animal collapsed, failed to respond to external stimuli, or as the time when the darter stood up and moved towards the animal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01135.x","issn":"08240469","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D.M., Tuomi, P., Garner, G.W., and Jay, C.V., 2003, Immobilization of free-ranging male pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) with carfentanil citrate and naltrexone hydrochloride: Marine Mammal Science, v. 19, no. 4, p. 846-850, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01135.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"846","endPage":"850","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3890e4b0c8380cd615ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuomi, P.A.","contributorId":58070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuomi","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jay, Chadwick V. 0000-0002-9559-2189 cjay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-2189","contributorId":192736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jay","given":"Chadwick","email":"cjay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025576,"text":"70025576 - 2003 - A comparison of conservation reserve program habitat plantings with respect to arthropod prey for grassland birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-14T22:20:38.185026","indexId":"70025576","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of conservation reserve program habitat plantings with respect to arthropod prey for grassland birds","docAbstract":"The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was designed to reduce soil erosion and curb agricultural overproduction by converting highly erodible agricultural land to various forms of perennial habitat. It has had an incidental benefit of providing habitat for wildlife and has been beneficial in reversing population declines of several grassland bird species. However, the mechanisms behind these reversals remain unknown. One such mechanism may be differences in food availability on CRP vs. non-CRP land or between different types of CRP. The influence of CRP habitat type on the abundance of arthropod prey used by grassland birds has not been previously explored. We compared the abundance and diversity of arthropods among four CRP habitat types in Texas [replicated plots of exotic lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula), Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum), mixed native grasses with buffalograss (Buchloë dactyloides) and mixed native grasses without buffalograss] and native shortgrass prairie. Attention was focused on adult and juvenile spiders (Order Araneae), beetles (Coleoptera), orthopterans (Orthroptera: grasshoppers and crickets) and lepidopterans (Lepidoptera: butterflies and moths), as these taxa are the primary prey items of grassland birds during the breeding season. Arthropod diversity and abundance were higher on indigenous prairie compared to CRP, reflecting differences in vegetative diversity and structure, but there were no differences in arthropod richness or abundance among CRP types. These results indicate that, although CRP is not equivalent to native prairie in terms of vegetation or arthropod diversity, CRP lands do support arthropod prey for grassland birds. More direct assays of the survivorship and fitness of birds on CRP compared to native shortgrass prairie are clearly warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0291:ACOCRP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030031","usgsCitation":"McIntyre, N., and Thompson, T.R., 2003, A comparison of conservation reserve program habitat plantings with respect to arthropod prey for grassland birds: American Midland Naturalist, v. 150, no. 2, p. 291-301, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0291:ACOCRP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"301","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"150","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2cfe4b0c8380cd45c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIntyre, N.E.","contributorId":18091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Thomas R.","contributorId":105896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025579,"text":"70025579 - 2003 - Setting an effective TMDL: Sediment loading and effects of suspended sediment on fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T18:10:49.561709","indexId":"70025579","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Setting an effective TMDL: Sediment loading and effects of suspended sediment on fish","docAbstract":"The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model was used to examine the relationship between fish and suspended sediment in the context of a proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) in two agricultural watersheds in Minnesota. During a 50-year simulation, Wells Creek, a third-order cold water stream, had an estimated 1,164 events (i.e., one or more consecutive days of estimated sediment loading) and the Chippewa River, a fourth-order warm water stream, had 906 events of measurable suspended sediment. Sublethal thresholds were exceeded for 970 events and lethal levels for 194 events for brown trout in Wells Creek, whereas adult nonsalmonidis would have experienced sublethal levels for 923 events and lethal levels for 241 events. Sublethal levels were exceeded for 756 events and lethal thresholds were exceeded for 150 events in the Chippewa River. Nonsalmonids would have experienced 15 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent in Wells Creek. In the Chippewa River, there were 35 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent and one event in which mortality could have exceeded 20 percent. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has proposed listing stream reaches as being impaired for turbidity at 25 NTU, which is approximately 46 mg suspended sediment/l. We estimated that 46 mg/l would be exceeded approximately 30 days in a year (d/yr) in both systems. A TMDL of 46 mg SS/l may be too high to ensure that stream fishes are not negatively affected by suspended sediment. We recommend that an indicator incorporating the duration of exposure be applied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03688.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Vondracek, B., Zimmerman, J.K., and Westra, J., 2003, Setting an effective TMDL: Sediment loading and effects of suspended sediment on fish: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 5, p. 1005-1015, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03688.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1005","endPage":"1015","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03688.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388288,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d6fe4b08c986b3183db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vondracek, B.","contributorId":69930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vondracek","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, J. K. H.","contributorId":105898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Westra, J.V.","contributorId":86159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westra","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025581,"text":"70025581 - 2003 - Influence of Ribeiroia ondatrae (Trematoda: Digenea) infection on limb development and survival of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens): effects of host stage and parasite-exposure level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-22T16:16:51","indexId":"70025581","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of Ribeiroia ondatrae (Trematoda: Digenea) infection on limb development and survival of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens): effects of host stage and parasite-exposure level","docAbstract":"Recent evidence suggests that infection by larvae of the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae accounts for a significant proportion of limb malformations currently observed in amphibian populations of North America. However, the effects of R. ondatrae infection on northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens), one of the species most frequently reported with malformations, have not been adequately explored. Moreover, the risk factors associated with R. ondatrae-induced malformations have not been clearly identified. We examined the effects of timing of infection on tadpole survival and limb development. Rana pipiens tadpoles were individually exposed to R. ondatrae cercariae at the pre-limb-bud (Gosner stages 24 and 25), limb-bud (Gosner stages 27 and 28), or paddle (Gosner stages 3133) stages of development and monitored through metamorphosis. The effects of infection were stage-specific. Infections acquired at the pre-limb-bud stage resulted in a high mortality rate (47.597.5%), whereas tadpoles infected at the limb-bud stage displayed a high malformation rate (16% overall), and the magnitude of effects increased with the level of exposure to cercariae. In contrast, infections acquired at the paddle stage had no effect on limb development or tadpole survival, which suggests that the timing of R. ondatrae infection in relation to the stage structure of tadpole populations in the wild is an important determinant of the degree to which populations are affected by R. ondatrae.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z03-099","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Schotthoefer, A.M., Koehler, A., Meteyer, C.U., and Cole, R.A., 2003, Influence of Ribeiroia ondatrae (Trematoda: Digenea) infection on limb development and survival of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens): effects of host stage and parasite-exposure level: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1144-1153, https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-099.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1144","endPage":"1153","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health 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\"}}]}","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b04e4b0c8380cd6216f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schotthoefer, Anna M.","contributorId":12184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schotthoefer","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koehler, Anson V.","contributorId":73740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koehler","given":"Anson V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meteyer, Carol U. 0000-0002-4007-3410 cmeteyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"Carol","email":"cmeteyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622 rcole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":2873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"rcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025589,"text":"70025589 - 2003 - Short-term bird response to harvesting switchgrass for biomass in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T12:06:55","indexId":"70025589","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short-term bird response to harvesting switchgrass for biomass in Iowa","docAbstract":"The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) provides habitat for grassland birds, but as contracts expire, some CRP fields might be returned to rowcrop production. One alternative to returning CRP fields to rowcrops is to produce switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) for use as a biomass fuel. Because the biomass is harvested during the fall and winter, breeding birds would not be directly affected by mowing the fields bur might be influenced by changes in vegetation structure resulting from the harvest. We evaluated bird abundances and nest success in totally harvested, partially harvested (alternating cut and uncut strips), and nonharvested CRP switchgrass fields in southern Iowa, USA, in 1999 and 2000. Species richness did not differ among harvest treatments. Abundances of most species (16 of 18) were not affected by the harvesting of switchgrass fields, and strip width did not affect bird numbers in strip-harvested fields. Grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) were more abundant in harvested portions of fields, and more sedge wrens (Cistothorus platensis) were recorded in nonharvested areas. The residual vegetation in nonharvested areas provided nest cover for species that begin nesting early in the season (e.g., northern harrier [Circus cyaneus] and ring-necked pheasant [Phasianus colchicus]). Nest success rates of grasshopper sparrows and common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) were similar to those reported by other studies in switchgrass fields and might be sufficient to maintain stable populations. In general, switchgrass biomass fields create breeding habitat for some grassland birds, and a mixture of harvested and nonharvested fields would be more beneficial to grassland birds than totally harvesting or partially harvesting all switchgrass fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802718","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Murray, L., and Best, L.B., 2003, Short-term bird response to harvesting switchgrass for biomass in Iowa: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 67, no. 3, p. 611-621, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802718.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"611","endPage":"621","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3802718","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8eb4e4b08c986b318abc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, L.D.","contributorId":70976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, Louis B.","contributorId":52525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025591,"text":"70025591 - 2003 - Density and distribution of water boatmen and brine shrimp at a major shorebird wintering area in Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025591","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density and distribution of water boatmen and brine shrimp at a major shorebird wintering area in Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The Cabo Rojo salt flats are an important wintering area for migratory shorebirds. Their quality is intimately related to prey availability, as prey are needed to meet energetic requirements. Understanding prey dynamics is, therefore, a key element of shorebird conservation plans. To this end, we monitored the density and distribution of water-boatmen (Trichocorixa spp.) and brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) in relation to water salinity from September to November of 1994 and 1995. Salinity ranged from 4 to 292 ppt, and gradients were related to hydrological alterations (e.g., salt extraction) and connection to the ocean. Brine shrimp were restricted to areas of highest salinity (??? 106 ppt), whereas water-boatmen to areas of lowest salinity (< 65 ppt). We used aquaria experiments to discern potential mechanisms influencing density and distribution of water boatmen. We focused on this species because its caloric value is similar to the brine shrimp's, but it occurs in areas of lower salinity where shorebirds are less prone to hyperosmotic stress. We hypothesized that areas devoid of water boatmen exceeded their tolerance limit, and that these limits could hamper survival as individuals move among areas. Experiments showed that an increase of 8.5 ?? 2.1 ppt, when the base salinity was 40 ppt, induced a 50% mortality rate. From a base salinity of 55 ppt, median survival time decreased curvilinearly across salinity concentrations of 65 to 195 ppt. Median survival was lowest > 100 ppt. Lowering water salinity did not result in osmolal related mortality. Results underscored the sensitivity of water boatmen to high salinity, particularly when the difference in salinity between the 'source' and 'destination' localities widened. Water boatmen density increased in one lagoon as salinity decreased from 65 to 47 ppt. On the basis of our experiments, local adult survivorship improved and immigration and subsequent survival of adults, if any, was not hindered. The density of nymphs also suggested that hatching occurred concurrently. The foraging value of the salt flats can be enhanced by maintaining salinity at < 65 ppt in selected management units and minimizing differences in salinity concentrations among them.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:WETL.0000005542.46697.1d","issn":"09234861","usgsCitation":"Tripp, K., and Collazo, J., 2003, Density and distribution of water boatmen and brine shrimp at a major shorebird wintering area in Puerto Rico: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 11, no. 5, p. 331-341, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WETL.0000005542.46697.1d.","startPage":"331","endPage":"341","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209349,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:WETL.0000005542.46697.1d"},{"id":235677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe9fe4b0c8380cd4ee2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tripp, K.J.","contributorId":74933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collazo, J.A.","contributorId":35039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collazo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025598,"text":"70025598 - 2003 - Estimation of hectare-scale soil-moisture characteristics from aquifer-test data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T07:37:44","indexId":"70025598","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of hectare-scale soil-moisture characteristics from aquifer-test data","docAbstract":"Analysis of a 72-h, constant-rate aquifer test conducted in a coarse-grained and highly permeable, glacial outwash deposit on Cape Cod, Massachusetts revealed that drawdowns measured in 20 piezometers located at various depths below the water table and distances from the pumped well were significantly influenced by effects of drainage from the vadose zone. The influence was greatest in piezometers located close to the water table and diminished with increasing depth. The influence of the vadose zone was evident from a gap, in the intermediate-time zone, between measured drawdowns and drawdowns computed under the assumption that drainage from the vadose zone occurred instantaneously in response to a decline in the elevation of the water table. By means of an analytical model that was designed to account for time-varying drainage, simulated drawdowns could be closely fitted to measured drawdowns regardless of the piezometer locations. Because of the exceptional quality and quantity of the data and the relatively small aquifer heterogeneity, it was possible by inverse modeling to estimate all relevant aquifer parameters and a set of three empirical constants used in the upper-boundary condition to account for the dynamic drainage process. The empirical constants were used to define a one-dimensional (1D) drainage versus time curve that is assumed to be representative of the bulk material overlying the water table. The curve was inverted with a parameter estimation algorithm and a 1D numerical model for variably saturated flow to obtain soil-moisture retention curves and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity relationships defined by the Brooks and Corey equations. Direct analysis of the aquifer-test data using a parameter estimation algorithm and a two-dimensional, axisymmetric numerical model for variably saturated flow yielded similar soil-moisture characteristics. Results suggest that hectare-scale soil-moisture characteristics are different from core-scale predictions and even relatively small amounts of fine-grained material and heterogeneity can dominate the large-scale soil-moisture characteristics and aquifer response.
[1] Infrasonic array data collected at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, during November 12–21, 2002 indicate that the active vents and lava tube system near the Pu'u 'Ō'ō vent complex emit almost continuous infrasound in the 0.3–10 Hz frequency band. The spectral content of these infrasonic signals matches well that of synchronous seismic tremor. In sites protected from wind noise, significant signal to noise ratios were recorded as far as ∼13 km from the crater of Pu'u 'Ō'ō. The infrasonic recordings suggest that one or more tremor sources may be close to the surface. In addition, these results demonstrate that adequate site and instrument selections for infrasonic arrays are essential in order to obtain consistent and reliable infrasonic detections.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2003GL018038","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Garces, M., Harris, A., Hetzer, C., Johnson, J., Rowland, S., Marchetti, E., and Okubo, P., 2003, Infrasonic tremor observed at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 20, 2, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018038.","productDescription":"2, 4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018038","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.397225320423033\n ],\n [\n -155.28659820556638,\n 19.398844488980487\n ],\n [\n -155.28033256530762,\n 19.40013981222548\n ],\n [\n -155.27741432189939,\n 19.39981598238101\n ],\n [\n -155.27329444885254,\n 19.39876353093527\n ],\n [\n -155.26883125305173,\n 19.39997789738381\n ],\n [\n -155.2668571472168,\n 19.40208277775666\n ],\n [\n -155.25870323181152,\n 19.406373411096283\n ],\n [\n -155.25750160217285,\n 19.408235348838843\n ],\n [\n -155.25492668151855,\n 19.410097265263875\n ],\n [\n -155.25054931640625,\n 19.410906787494763\n ],\n [\n -155.25080680847168,\n 19.417463769018042\n ],\n [\n -155.2565574645996,\n 19.423372920825656\n ],\n [\n -155.25681495666504,\n 19.425072774013827\n ],\n [\n -155.25750160217285,\n 19.427015441594985\n ],\n [\n -155.2587890625,\n 19.42920091485609\n ],\n [\n -155.26239395141602,\n 19.43081976498137\n ],\n [\n -155.26728630065918,\n 19.4303341116379\n ],\n [\n -155.27114868164062,\n 19.430981649106492\n ],\n [\n -155.2738094329834,\n 19.43187200891054\n ],\n [\n -155.27990341186523,\n 19.42928185774553\n ],\n [\n -155.28101921081543,\n 19.427905823139497\n ],\n [\n -155.28573989868164,\n 19.422482514439473\n ],\n [\n -155.29149055480957,\n 19.41794946083209\n ],\n [\n -155.29483795166016,\n 19.415520987249117\n ],\n [\n -155.29483795166016,\n 19.413011526433195\n ],\n [\n -155.29698371887207,\n 19.40977345524309\n ],\n [\n -155.2961254119873,\n 19.405725775580528\n ],\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.397225320423033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bc8e4b0c8380cd62833","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garces, M.","contributorId":42406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garces","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A.","contributorId":67703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hetzer, C.","contributorId":17812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hetzer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, J.","contributorId":31719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowland, S.","contributorId":38341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marchetti, E.","contributorId":19355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marchetti","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025606,"text":"70025606 - 2003 - Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T15:03:40.049062","indexId":"70025606","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5718,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","onlineIssn":"2169-9100","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm","docAbstract":"[1] Estimates of spectrometer band pass, sampling interval, and signal‐to‐noise ratio required for identification of pure minerals and plants were derived using reflectance spectra convolved to AVIRIS, HYDICE, MIVIS, VIMS, and other imaging spectrometers. For each spectral simulation, various levels of random noise were added to the reflectance spectra after convolution, and then each was analyzed with the Tetracorder spectral identification algorithm [Clark et al., 2003]. The outcome of each identification attempt was tabulated to provide an estimate of the signal‐to‐noise ratio at which a given percentage of the noisy spectra were identified correctly. Results show that spectral identification is most sensitive to the signal‐to‐noise ratio at narrow sampling interval values but is more sensitive to the sampling interval itself at broad sampling interval values because of spectral aliasing, a condition when absorption features of different materials can resemble one another. The band pass is less critical to spectral identification than the sampling interval or signal‐to‐noise ratio because broadening the band pass does not induce spectral aliasing. These conclusions are empirically corroborated by analysis of mineral maps of AVIRIS data collected at Cuprite, Nevada, between 1990 and 1995, a period during which the sensor signal‐to‐noise ratio increased up to sixfold. There are values of spectrometer sampling and band pass beyond which spectral identification of materials will require an abrupt increase in sensor signal‐to‐noise ratio due to the effects of spectral aliasing. Factors that control this threshold are the uniqueness of a material's diagnostic absorptions in terms of shape and wavelength isolation, and the spectral diversity of the materials found in nature and in the spectral library used for comparison. Array spectrometers provide the best data for identification when they critically sample spectra. The sampling interval should not be broadened to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio in a photon‐noise‐limited system when high levels of accuracy are desired. It is possible, using this simulation method, to select optimum combinations of band‐pass, sampling interval, and signal‐to‐noise ratio values for a particular application that maximize identification accuracy and minimize the volume of imaging data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002JE001975","usgsCitation":"Swayze, G.A., Clark, R.N., Goetz, A., Chrien, T.G., and Gorelick, N.S., 2003, Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, v. 108, no. E9, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE001975.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"E9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07d7e4b0c8380cd51879","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swayze, Gregg A. 0000-0002-1814-7823 gswayze@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Gregg","email":"gswayze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goetz, Alexander F.H.","contributorId":89805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Alexander F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chrien, Thomas G.","contributorId":244617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chrien","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37233,"text":"Raytheon Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gorelick, Noel S.","contributorId":244618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Noel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025609,"text":"70025609 - 2003 - Comparative study of the dust emission of 19P/Borrelly (Deep Space 1) and 1P/Halley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025609","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative study of the dust emission of 19P/Borrelly (Deep Space 1) and 1P/Halley","docAbstract":"Images obtained by the Miniature Integrated Camera and Imaging Spectrometer (MICAS) experiment onboard the Deep Space 1 spacecraft which encountered comet 19P/Borrelly on September 22nd 2001 show a dust coma dominated by jets. In particular a major collimated dust jet on the sunward side of the nucleus was observed. Our approach to analyse these features is to integrate the observed intensity in concentric envelopes around the nucleus. The same procedures has been used on the Halley Multicolour Camera images of comet 1P/Halley acquired on March 14th 1986. We are able to show that at Borrelly the dust brightness dependence as a function of radial distance is different to that of Halley. At large distances both comets show constant values as the size of the concentric envelopes increases (as one would expect for force free radial outflow). For Halley the integral decreases as one gets closer to the nucleus. Borrelly shows opposite behaviour. The main cause for Halley's intensity distribution is either high optical thickness or particle fragmentation. For Borrelly, we have constructed a simple model of the brightness distribution near the nucleus. This indicates that the influence of deviations from point source geometry is insufficient to explain the observed steepening of the intensity profile close to the nucleus. Dust acceleration or fragmentation into submicron particles appear to be required. We also estimate the dust production rate of Borrelly with respect to Halley and compare their dust to gas ratios. ?? 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Space Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00580-5","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Ho, T., Thomas, N., Boice, D.C., Kollein, C., and Soderblom, L., 2003, Comparative study of the dust emission of 19P/Borrelly (Deep Space 1) and 1P/Halley: Advances in Space Research, v. 31, no. 12, p. 2583-2589, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00580-5.","startPage":"2583","endPage":"2589","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209482,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00580-5"}],"volume":"31","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f829e4b0c8380cd4cefe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ho, T.-M.","contributorId":101434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"T.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, N.","contributorId":72490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boice, D. C.","contributorId":103043,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boice","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kollein, C.","contributorId":59222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kollein","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025623,"text":"70025623 - 2003 - Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70025623","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate","docAbstract":"If the large Late Hesperian outflow channels were eroded by extensive floods, as appears likely, then large bodies of water must have once occupied the northern plains during that period. Previous estimates of the sizes of bodies of water in the northern lowlands range up to 3 ?? 108 km3. Several contacts have been previously mapped around the edges of the northern plains and interpreted to be shorelines remaining from these former standing bodies of water. We examine the elevations and geologic relations along these contacts in detail and find little support for their interpretation as shorelines. Some contacts are clearly of volcanic origin, and all have significant variations in elevation. Better support for the former presence of water over large parts of the northern plains is provided by the Vastitas Borealis Formation (VBF). Most of the post-Noachian fill within the northern basin is ridged plains of Lower Hesperian age, interpreted to be volcanic in origin. Overlying the ridged plains is the VBF, a thin veneer of material of Upper Hesperian age. The VBF may have been deposited from large floods. Support for this interpretation is the similarity in age between the outflow channels and the VBF, the presence of the VBF at the lower ends of the outflow channels, and identification of numerous features in the outcrop areas of the VBF that are suggestive of basal melting of an ice sheet. To cover all the area over which the VBF is exposed would require ???2.3 ?? 107 km3 of water. Spread over the entire surface of Mars, this volume is equal to a global layer (global equivalent layer, or GEL) ???156 m deep. We find no support for the larger estimates of ocean volumes that range up to 3 ?? 108 km3 and which imply comparable amounts of water per unit area as are currently present on the surface of the Earth. Under present climatic conditions on Mars an ocean would freeze in a geologically short time period (???104 years), then would sublimate away at rates strongly dependent on the presence or absence of debris on the ice surface. The present VBF is interpreted as a sublimation residue from the ponded outflow channel effluents. The fate of a volume of water thought to have been emplaced by the outflow channels (???2.3 ?? 107 km3) is largely accounted for by the presence of other existing reservoirs on the planet. An approximately 20-30 m GEL of water is estimated to be in the present polar caps, and a 50 m GEL may have escaped to space since the Hesperian, leaving ???80 m GEL unaccounted for. This amount may be partly trapped in other volatile-rich deposits on the surface, and a significant amount could have reentered the groundwater system by south polar basal melting and been progressively cold-trapped at the base of a growing cryosphere. On the basis of our assessment of the Hesperian-aged deposits, we predict that testing of the Clifford and Parker [2001] hypothesis that a Noachian-aged ocean covered up to one third of the surface of Mars will be made very difficult by the enhanced degradation rates in the Noachian and subsequent geological events in the northern lowlands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., and Head, J.W., 2003, Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 108, no. 5, p. 8-1.","startPage":"8","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c9fe4b0c8380cd74d1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Head, J. W. III","contributorId":106267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025644,"text":"70025644 - 2003 - An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:34:18","indexId":"70025644","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery","docAbstract":"A wide range of urban ecosystem studies, including urban hydrology, urban climate, land use planning, and resource management, require current and accurate geospatial data of urban impervious surfaces. We developed an approach to quantify urban impervious surfaces as a continuous variable by using multisensor and multisource datasets. Subpixel percent impervious surfaces at 30-m resolution were mapped using a regression tree model. The utility, practicality, and affordability of the proposed method for large-area imperviousness mapping were tested over three spatial scales (Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Richmond, Virginia, and the Chesapeake Bay areas of the United States). Average error of predicted versus actual percent impervious surface ranged from 8.8 to 11.4%, with correlation coefficients from 0.82 to 0.91. The approach is being implemented to map impervious surfaces for the entire United States as one of the major components of the circa 2000 national land cover database.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute","doi":"10.5589/m02-098","issn":"07038992","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Huang, C., Homer, C.G., Wylie, B.K., and Coan, M., 2003, An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 29, no. 2, p. 230-240, https://doi.org/10.5589/m02-098.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea0ae4b0c8380cd485c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan 0000-0003-0055-9798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-9798","contributorId":198972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coan, Michael mcoan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coan","given":"Michael","email":"mcoan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":406000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025646,"text":"70025646 - 2003 - Rime and graupel: Description and characterization as revealed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T13:23:29","indexId":"70025646","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3334,"text":"Scanning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rime and graupel: Description and characterization as revealed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy","docAbstract":"Snow crystals, which form by vapor deposition, occasionally come in contact with supercooled cloud droplets during their formation and descent. When this occurs, the droplets adhere and freeze to the snow crystals in a process known as accretion. During the early stages of accretion, discrete snow crystals exhibiting frozen cloud droplets are referred to as rime. If this process continues, the snow crystal may become completely engulfed in frozen cloud droplets. The resulting particle is known as graupel. Light microscopic investigations have studied rime and graupel for nearly 100 years. However, the limiting resolution and depth of field associated with the light microscope have prevented detailed descriptions of the microscopic cloud droplets and the three-dimensional topography of the rime and graupel particles. This study uses low-temperature scanning electron microscopy to characterize the frozen precipitates that are commonly known as rime and graupel. Rime, consisting of frozen cloud droplets, is observed on all types of snow crystals including needles, columns, plates, and dendrites. The droplets, which vary in size from 10 to 100 μm, frequently accumulate along one face of a single snow crystal, but are found more randomly distributed on aggregations consisting of two or more snow crystals (snowflakes). The early stages of riming are characterized by the presence of frozen cloud droplets that appear as a layer of flattened hemispheres on the surface of the snow crystal. As this process continues, the cloud droplets appear more sinuous and elongate as they contact and freeze to the rimed crystals. The advanced stages of this process result in graupel, a particle 1 to 3 mm across, composed of hundreds of frozen cloud droplets interspersed with considerable air spaces; the original snow crystal is no longer discernible. This study increases our knowledge about the process and characteristics of riming and suggests that the initial appearance of the flattened hemispheres may result from impact of the leading face of the snow crystal with cloud droplets. The elongated and sinuous configurations of frozen cloud droplets that are encountered on the more advanced stages suggest that aerodynamic forces propel cloud droplets to the trailing face of the descending crystal where they make contact and freeze.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/sca.4950250304","issn":"01610457","usgsCitation":"Rango, A., Foster, J., Josberger, E., Erbe, E., Pooley, C., and Wergin, W., 2003, Rime and graupel: Description and characterization as revealed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy: Scanning, v. 25, no. 3, p. 121-131, https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.4950250304.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"131","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad6be4b0c8380cd86ed0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rango, A.","contributorId":94449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rango","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, J.","contributorId":89687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erbe, E.F.","contributorId":33877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erbe","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pooley, C.","contributorId":55185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pooley","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wergin, W.P.","contributorId":106280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wergin","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025647,"text":"70025647 - 2003 - P-T-t paths and differential Alleghanian loading and uplift of the Bronson Hill terrane south central New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T10:33:56","indexId":"70025647","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"P-T-t paths and differential Alleghanian loading and uplift of the Bronson Hill terrane south central New England","docAbstract":"Late Paleozoic U-Pb ages of sphene and 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages of amphibole and muscovite from rocks of the Bronson Hill terrane in Connecticut and central Massachusetts reflect a late Paleozoic (Alleghanian) overprint on Acadian metamorphic rocks. Prograde Alleghanian sphenes crystallized during the Late Pennsylvanian, and eliminate the possibility that amphibole ages reflect delayed Permian cooling from Devonian Acadian metamorphism. Fourteen new amphibole ages from Connecticut form a north-to-south trend of decreasing age from 294 to 245 Ma, while in Massachusetts four new amphibole ages together with three others from the literature produce a random Carboniferous pattern. Seven new muscovite ages support existing data indicating uniform cooling throughout the Bronson Hill terrane through ∼350°C in the Early Triassic. The rate of Permian cooling defined by amphibole-muscovite pairs increases from ∼4°C/my in northern Connecticut to ∼50°C/my near Long Island Sound.
Hinged loading and hinged but delayed exhumation in the southern part of the Bronson Hill terrane (with the hinge in central Connecticut) explain these ages and cooling rates as well as a southerly increasing metamorphic field gradient. One-dimensional thermal modeling indicates that loading of Bronson Hill rocks must have begun by the Late Mississippian. The time of peak Alleghanian metamorphic temperature decreases southward from Early Permian in northern Connecticut to Late Permian to the south. These results demonstrate that the metamorphic effects of the Alleghanian orogeny are not restricted to the Avalon terrane of southeastern New England. On the contrary, the Alleghanian orogeny reset 40Ar/39Ar mineral ages, recrystallized minerals, partially melted felsic rocks, and transposed fabrics at least as far west as the Bronson Hill terrane in south-central New England.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.303.5.410","usgsCitation":"Wintsch, R., Kunk, M.J., Boyd, J., and Aleinikoff, J.N., 2003, P-T-t paths and differential Alleghanian loading and uplift of the Bronson Hill terrane south central New England: American Journal of Science, v. 303, no. 5, p. 410-446, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.303.5.410.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"446","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.303.5.410","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"303","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7319e4b0c8380cd76e64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wintsch, R. P.","contributorId":104921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wintsch","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[{"id":13366,"text":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyd, J.L.","contributorId":38586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025677,"text":"70025677 - 2003 - Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, do not extrude eggs annually in southeastern Alaska: An in situ study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T18:15:08","indexId":"70025677","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2235,"text":"Journal of Crustacean Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, do not extrude eggs annually in southeastern Alaska: An in situ study","docAbstract":"The reproductive biology of female Dungeness crabs was studied with crab-pot and dive-transect sampling in five bays within or near Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, southeastern Alaska, in April and September yearly from 1992 to 1998. A large percentage of nonovigerous, mature females was found in April, a time when females were expected to be brooding eggs that hatch in May and June. Our study examined differences between ovigerous and nonovigerous females collected in April and September samples to corroborate our previous laboratory study in which we found nonannual egg extrusion among Dungeness crabs. Seasonal differences in the catches of ovigerous and nonovigerous females, crab sizes, shell condition, and appendage injury were examined. Additionally, all crabs collected from two bays were tagged beginning in the fall of 1995; tagging was conducted twice annually. Our pot and dive data indicate that females, particularly larger ones, do not extrude eggs annually. Larger females have lower molting probabilities, which limits mating potential and increases reliance on stored sperm. The tagging study confirmed that at least some females do not extrude eggs in one year and then extrude eggs at a later time without molting, thus skipping at least one reproductive season. A reproductive cycle of Dungeness crabs in Alaska is introduced which includes earlier egg extrusion by larger females and nonannual egg extrusion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Crustacean Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0280:DCCMDN]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02780372","usgsCitation":"Swiney, K., Shirley, T.C., Taggart, S.J., and O’Clair, C.E., 2003, Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, do not extrude eggs annually in southeastern Alaska: An in situ study: Journal of Crustacean Biology, v. 23, no. 2, p. 280-288, https://doi.org/10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0280:DCCMDN]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"280","endPage":"288","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0417e4b0c8380cd50799","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swiney, K.M.","contributorId":95243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swiney","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirley, Thomas C.","contributorId":17409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shirley","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12548,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taggart, S. James","contributorId":30131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025684,"text":"70025684 - 2003 - Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the denali fault earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025684","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the denali fault earthquake","docAbstract":"The 3 November 2002 moment magnitude 7.9 Denali fault earthquake generated large, permanent surface displacements in Alaska and large-amplitude surface waves throughout western North America. We find good agreement between strong ground-motion records integrated to displacement and 1-hertz Global Positioning System (GPS) position estimates collected ??? 140 kilometers from the earthquake epicenter. One-hertz GPS receivers also detected seismic surface waves 750 to 3800 kilometers from the epicenter, whereas these waves saturated many of the seismic instruments in the same region. High-frequency GPS increases the dynamic range and frequency bandwidth of ground-motion observations, providing another tool for studying earthquake processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1084531","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Larson, K., Bodin, P., and Gomberg, J., 2003, Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the denali fault earthquake: Science, v. 300, no. 5624, p. 1421-1424, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084531.","startPage":"1421","endPage":"1424","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208807,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1084531"},{"id":234816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"300","issue":"5624","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc00ae4b08c986b329ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, K.M.","contributorId":84949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodin, P.","contributorId":29554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025686,"text":"70025686 - 2003 - A vegetation history from the arid prepuna of northern Chile (22-23°S) over the last 13,500 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T12:48:40","indexId":"70025686","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A vegetation history from the arid prepuna of northern Chile (22-23°S) over the last 13,500 years","docAbstract":"The Quaternary paleoclimate of the central Andes is poorly understood due to numerous discrepancies among the diverse proxy records that span this geographically and climatically complex region. The exact timing, duration and magnitude of wet and dry phases are seldom duplicated from one proxy type to another, and there have been few opportunities to compare climatic records from the same proxy along environmental gradients. Vegetation histories from fossil rodent middens provide one such opportunity on the Pacific slope of the Andes. We previously reported a vegetation history from the upper margin (2400–3000 m) of the absolute desert in the central Atacama Desert of northern Chile. That record identified a distinct wet phase that peaked between 11.8 and 10.5 ka, when steppe grasses and other upland elements expanded as much as 1000 m downslope, and a secondary wet period during the middle to late Holocene (7.1–3.5 ka). The latter wet phase remains controversial and is not as readily apparent in our low-elevation midden record. We thus sought to replicate both phases in a midden record from the mid-elevations (3100–3300 m) of the arid prepuna, where slight precipitation increases would be amplified. Midden records from these elevations identify conditions wetter than today at 13.5–9.6, 7.6–6.3, 4.4–3.2 and possibly 1.8–1.2 ka. Dry phases occurred at 9.4–8.4 ka and possibly at ca. 5.1 ka. Present floras and modern hyperarid conditions were established after 3.2 ka. The records from the two elevational bands generally match with some important differences. These differences could reflect both the discontinuous aspect of the midden record and the episodic nature of precipitation and plant establishment in this hyperarid desert.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00279-7","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Latorre, C., Betancourt, J.L., Rylander, K., Quade, J., and Matthei, O., 2003, A vegetation history from the arid prepuna of northern Chile (22-23°S) over the last 13,500 years: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 194, no. 1-3, p. 223-246, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00279-7.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"246","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487516,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://americanae.aecid.es/americanae/es/registros/registro.do?tipoRegistro=MTD&idBib=3267128","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208827,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00279-7"}],"volume":"194","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e610e4b0c8380cd47139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Latorre, Claudio","contributorId":94019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latorre","given":"Claudio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rylander, Kate A.","contributorId":73324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rylander","given":"Kate A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matthei, Oscar","contributorId":26866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthei","given":"Oscar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025690,"text":"70025690 - 2003 - Lead isotopes in North Pacific deep water - Implications for past changes in input sources and circulation patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025690","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead isotopes in North Pacific deep water - Implications for past changes in input sources and circulation patterns","docAbstract":"The sources of non-anthropogenic Pb in seawater have been the subject of debate. Here we present Pb isotope time-series that indicate that the non-anthropogenic Pb budget of the northernmost Pacific Ocean has been governed by ocean circulation and riverine inputs, which in turn have ultimately been controlled by tectonic processes. Despite the fact that the investigated locations are situated within the Asian dust plume, and proximal to extensive arc volcanism, eolian contributions have had little impact. We have obtained the first high-resolution and high-precision Pb isotope time-series of North Pacific deep water from two ferromanganese crusts from the Gulf of Alaska in the NE Pacific Ocean, and from the Detroit Seamount in the NW Pacific Ocean. Both crusts were dated applying 10 Be/9Be ratios and yield continuous time-series for the past 13.5 and 9.6 Myr, respectively. Lead isotopes show a monotonic evolution in 206Pb/204Pb from low values in the Miocene (??? 18.57) to high values at present day (??? 18.84) in both crusts, even though they are separated by more than 3000 km along the Aleutian Arc. The variation exceeds the amplitude found in Equatorial Pacific deep water records by about three-fold. There also is a striking similarity in 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/ 204Pb ratios of the two crusts, indicating the existence of a local circulation cell in the sub-polar North Pacific, where efficient lateral mixing has taken place but only limited exchange (in terms of Pb) with deep water from the Equatorial Pacific has occurred. Both crusts display well-defined trends with age in Pb-Pb isotope mixing plots, which require the involvement of at least four distinct Pb sources for North Pacific deep water. The Pb isotope time-series reveal that eolian supplies (volcanic ash and continent-derived loess) have only been of minor importance for the dissolved Pb budget of marginal sites in the deep North Pacific over the past 6 Myr. The two predominant sources have been young volcanic arcs, one located in the northeastern part and one located in the northwestern part of the Pacific margin, from where material has been eroded and delivered to the ocean, most likely via riverine pathways. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00069-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"van de Flierdt, T., Frank, M., Halliday, A.N., Hein, J., Hattendorf, B., Gunther, D., and Kubik, P., 2003, Lead isotopes in North Pacific deep water - Implications for past changes in input sources and circulation patterns: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 209, no. 1-2, p. 149-164, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00069-4.","startPage":"149","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208866,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00069-4"},{"id":234932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45c4e4b0c8380cd674b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van de Flierdt, T.","contributorId":55613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van de Flierdt","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frank, M.","contributorId":103396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halliday, A. N.","contributorId":87663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halliday","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hattendorf, B.","contributorId":80052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattendorf","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gunther, D.","contributorId":35491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunther","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kubik, P.W.","contributorId":21691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubik","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025697,"text":"70025697 - 2003 - The economics of protecting tiger populations: Linking household behavior to poaching and prey depletion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70025697","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2598,"text":"Land Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The economics of protecting tiger populations: Linking household behavior to poaching and prey depletion","docAbstract":"The tiger (Panthera tigris) is classified as endangered and populations continue to decline. This paper presents a formal economic analysis of the two most imminent threats to the survival of wild tigers: poaching tigers and hunting their prey. A model is developed to examine interactions between tigers and farm households living in and around tiger habitats. The analysis extends the existing literature on tiger demography, incorporating predator-prey interactions and exploring the sensitivity of tiger populations to key economic parameters. The analysis aims to contribute to policy debates on how best to protect one of the world's most endangered wild cats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land Economics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00237639","usgsCitation":"Damania, R., Stringer, R., Karanth, K.U., and Stith, B., 2003, The economics of protecting tiger populations: Linking household behavior to poaching and prey depletion: Land Economics, v. 79, no. 2, p. 198-216.","startPage":"198","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab0ce4b08c986b322b99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Damania, R.","contributorId":105095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damania","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stringer, R.","contributorId":72182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karanth, K. U.","contributorId":23645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stith, B.","contributorId":25331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025710,"text":"70025710 - 2003 - Survival of captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots released in Parque Nacional del Este, Dominican Republic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T14:45:18.03746","indexId":"70025710","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots released in Parque Nacional del Este, Dominican Republic","docAbstract":"We report first-year survival rates of 49 captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis) released in Parque Nacional del Este, Dominican Republic. Our goal was to learn about factors affecting postrelease survival. Specifically, we tested if survival was related to movements and whether modifying prerelease protocols influenced survival rates. We also estimated survival in the aftermath of Hurricane Georges (22 September 1998). Twenty-four parrots, fitted with radio-transmitters, were released between 14 September and 12 December 1997. Twenty-five more were released between 29 June and 16 September 1998. First-year survival rates were 30% in 1997 and 29% in 1998. Survival probability was related to bird mobility. In contrast to birds released in 1997, none of the 25 parrots released in 1998 suffered early postrelease mortality (i.e., 3–5 days after release). Two adjustments to prerelease protocols (increased exercise and reduced blood sampling) made in 1998 may have contributed to differences in mobility and survival between years. The reduction of early postrelease mortality in 1998 was encouraging, as was the prospect for higher first-year survival (e.g., 30% to 65%). Only one death was attributed to the immediate impact of the hurricane. Loss of foraging resources was likely a major contributor to ensuing mortality. Birds increased their mobility, presumably in search of food. Survival rates dropped 23% in only eight weeks posthurricane. This study underscores the value of standardized prerelease protocols, and of estimating survival and testing for factors that might influence it. Inferences from such tests will provide the best basis to make adjustments to a release program.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[0198:SOCHPR]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Collazo, J., White, T., Vilella, F., and Guerrero, S., 2003, Survival of captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots released in Parque Nacional del Este, Dominican Republic: Condor, v. 105, no. 2, p. 198-207, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[0198:SOCHPR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"207","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387467,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Dominican Republic","otherGeospatial":"Parque Nacional del Este","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.58489990234375,\n 18.304988223519228\n ],\n [\n -68.39950561523438,\n 18.304988223519228\n ],\n [\n -68.39950561523438,\n 18.43922744422912\n ],\n [\n -68.58489990234375,\n 18.43922744422912\n ],\n [\n -68.58489990234375,\n 18.304988223519228\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2c9e4b08c986b31f96e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collazo, J.A.","contributorId":35039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collazo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, T.H. Jr.","contributorId":55618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"T.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vilella, F. J.","contributorId":82025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vilella","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guerrero, S.A.","contributorId":19749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guerrero","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}