Sediments from Pass Key core 37, in eastern Florida Bay (N 25.1478, W 80.5745) record a history of rapid sedimentation during this century. The lowest portion of the core contains benthic fauna indicative of relatively low salinities and sparse seagrass coverage. This period is followed by an increase in salinity and seagrass. In the middle portion of the core, a slight decrease in salinity and an increase in seagrass occur. These shifts in the benthic fauna correspond to a period when the terrestrial flora change, and an increase in dinocyst absolute abundance occurs, indicating changes in factors affecting the entire South Florida ecosystem. These changes may represent a period of increased terrestrial flushing, due to rainfall, water management practices or a combination of both. The benthic faunas in the upper portion of the core indicate an increase in salinity and seagrass density. This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98122","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Brewster-Wingard, G., Ishman, S., Waibel, N., Willard, D.A., Edwards, L.E., and Holmes, C.W., 1998, Preliminary paleontologic report on core 37 from Pass Key, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-122, i, 22 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98122.","productDescription":"i, 22 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1211,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr98122.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida ","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.48834228515625,\n 25.100523057465217\n ],\n [\n -80.518798828125,\n 25.100523057465217\n ],\n [\n -80.518798828125,\n 25.841921351954845\n ],\n [\n -81.48834228515625,\n 25.841921351954845\n ],\n [\n -81.48834228515625,\n 25.100523057465217\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660a2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brewster-Wingard, G. L.","contributorId":102508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewster-Wingard","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishman, S. E.","contributorId":20346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishman","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waibel, N.J.","contributorId":62626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waibel","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holmes, C. W.","contributorId":36076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020472,"text":"70020472 - 1998 - Remagnetization of Cretaceous forearc strata on Santa Margarita and Magdalena Islands, Baja California Sur: Implications for northward transport along the California margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-05T22:06:13.902558","indexId":"70020472","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remagnetization of Cretaceous forearc strata on Santa Margarita and Magdalena Islands, Baja California Sur: Implications for northward transport along the California margin","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic data for two sections of Cretaceous forearc strata with different structural attitudes on Santa Margarita and Magdalena Islands in Baja California Sur, Mexico, indicate that these rocks have been remagnetized, probably during the late Cenozoic. The in situ paleomagnetic directions, however, are similar to data from other Cretaceous rocks on peninsular California with unexpectedly shallow inclinations and easterly declinations. These data have been interpreted as indicating either northward tectonic transport (10°–15° of latitude) and clockwise rotation (>20°) or compaction shallowing of magnetic inclinations in sedimentary rocks combined with southwestward tilting of plutonic rocks. The available paleomagnetic data for Cretaceous forearc strata in southern and Baja California can be divided into three groups: (1) sections with normal-polarity magnetizations that fail fold tests and are remagnetized, (2) sections with normal-polarity magnetizations with no or inconclusive fold tests that may or may not be remagnetized, and (3) sections with both normal-and reversed-polarity intervals where pervasive remagnetization has not occurred. Other rocks of the Mesozoic Great Valley Group, Coast Range ophiolite, and Franciscan Complex in California also have secondary magnetizations with directions similar to younger geomagnetic field directions. Although these widespread remagnetizations could have variable local causes, we propose regional burial and uplift, related to changes in subduction parameters, as a possible explanation. Two episodes of remagnetization are apparent: one in the Late Cretaceous and a second in the late Cenozoic. On the other hand, the unremagnetized and apparently reliable data from sedimentary and plutonic rocks on the Baja Peninsula consistently indicate northward translation (14° ± 3°) and clockwise rotation (29° ± 8°) with respect to North America since the Late Cretaceous.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998TC900009","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Hagstrum, J.T., and Sedlock, R., 1998, Remagnetization of Cretaceous forearc strata on Santa Margarita and Magdalena Islands, Baja California Sur: Implications for northward transport along the California margin: Tectonics, v. 17, no. 6, p. 872-882, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998TC900009.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"872","endPage":"882","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495368,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998tc900009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231183,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Baja California Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.70185940622781,\n 33.151290779398266\n ],\n [\n -115.59664160892235,\n 27.780197101230065\n ],\n [\n -112.17325709258446,\n 23.15499868582843\n ],\n [\n -108.68162498599224,\n 22.209168374197077\n ],\n [\n -113.35496268896472,\n 32.47978663924344\n ],\n [\n -117.70185940622781,\n 33.151290779398266\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6bfe4b0c8380cd8501e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagstrum, Jonathan T. 0000-0002-0689-280X jhag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-280X","contributorId":3474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagstrum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sedlock, R.L.","contributorId":76902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedlock","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020290,"text":"70020290 - 1998 - Downstream effects of dams on channel geometry and bottomland vegetation: Regional patterns in the Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T15:33:34.148659","indexId":"70020290","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downstream effects of dams on channel geometry and bottomland vegetation: Regional patterns in the Great Plains","docAbstract":"The response of rivers and riparian forests to upstream dams shows a regional pattern related to physiographic and climatic factors that influence channel geometry. We carried out a spatial analysis of the response of channel geometry to 35 dams in the Great Plains and Central Lowlands, USA. The principal response of a braided channel to an upstream dam is channel-narrowing, and the principal response of a meandering channel is a reduction in channel migration rate. Prior to water management, braided channels were most common in the southwestern Plains where sand is abundant, whereas meandering channels were most common in the northern and eastern Plains. The dominant response to upstream dams has been channel-narrowing in the southwestern Plains (e.g., six of nine cases in the High Plains) and reduction in migration rate in the north and east (e.g., all of twelve cases in the Missouri Plateau and Western Lake Regions). Channel-narrowing is associated with a burst of establishment of native and exotic woody riparian pioneer species on the former channel bed. In contrast, reduction in channel migration rate is associated with a decrease in reproduction of woody riparian pioneers. Thus, riparian pioneer forests along large rivers in the southwestern Plains have temporarily increased following dam construction while such forests in the north and east have decreased. These patterns explain apparent contradictions in conclusions of studies that focused on single rivers or small regions and provide a framework for predicting effects of dams on large rivers in the Great Plains and elsewhere. These conclusions are valid only for large rivers. A spatial analysis of channel width along 286 streams ranging in mean annual discharge from 0.004 to 1370 cubic meters per second did not produce the same clear regional pattern, in part because the channel geometries of small and large streams are affected differently by a sandy watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161677","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., Osterkamp, W.R., Scott, M.L., and Auble, G., 1998, Downstream effects of dams on channel geometry and bottomland vegetation: Regional patterns in the Great Plains: Wetlands, v. 18, no. 4, p. 619-633, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161677.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"633","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.06616343641757,\n 48.89359348469233\n ],\n [\n -111.18652854198197,\n 46.27965937459229\n ],\n [\n -107.32482033745447,\n 43.209970546250005\n ],\n [\n -107.27294439634012,\n 32.783208267671114\n ],\n [\n -99.97352415581172,\n 32.07495183925195\n ],\n [\n -92.63289734978265,\n 37.60886972746303\n ],\n [\n -93.00340274975518,\n 48.359613064726204\n ],\n [\n -113.06616343641757,\n 48.89359348469233\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03b6e4b0c8380cd5060f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":385694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, M. L.","contributorId":75090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"M.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Auble, G.T.","contributorId":19505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32040,"text":"ofr97851 - 1998 - Geologic map of the Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle, Gallatin and Madison Counties, Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32040,"text":"ofr97851 - 1998 - Geologic map of the Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle, Gallatin and Madison Counties, Montana","indexId":"ofr97851","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle, Gallatin and Madison Counties, Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66263,"text":"i2690 - 2000 - Geologic map of the Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle, Madison and Gallatin Counties, Montana, and Park County, Wyoming","indexId":"i2690","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle, Madison and Gallatin Counties, Montana, and Park County, Wyoming"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":66263,"text":"i2690 - 2000 - Geologic map of the Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle, Madison and Gallatin Counties, Montana, and Park County, Wyoming","indexId":"i2690","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle, Madison and Gallatin Counties, Montana, and Park County, Wyoming"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-28T19:09:37.384998","indexId":"ofr97851","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-851","title":"Geologic map of the Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle, Gallatin and Madison Counties, Montana","docAbstract":"The Ennis 1:100,000 quadrangle lies within both the Laramide (Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary) foreland province of southwestern Montana and the northeastern margin of the middle to late Tertiary Basin and Range province. \r\nThe oldest rocks in the quadrangle are Archean high-grade gneiss, and granitic to ultramafic intrusive rocks that are as old as about 3.0 Ga. The gneiss includes a supracrustal assemblage of quartz-feldspar gneiss, amphibolite, quartzite, and biotite schist and gneiss. The basement rocks are overlain by a platform sequence of sedimentary rocks as old as Cambrian Flathead Quartzite and as young as Upper Cretaceous Livingston Group sandstones, shales, and volcanic rocks. \r\n\r\nThe Archean crystalline rocks crop out in the cores of large basement uplifts, most notably the 'Madison-Gravelly arch' that includes parts of the present Tobacco Root Mountains and the Gravelly, Madison, and Gallatin Ranges. These basement uplifts or blocks were thrust westward during the Laramide orogeny over rocks as young as Upper Cretaceous. The thrusts are now exposed in the quadrangle along the western flanks of the Gravelly and Madison Ranges (the Greenhorn thrust and the Hilgard fault system, respectively). Simultaneous with the west-directed thrusting, northwest-striking, northeast-side-up reverse faults formed a parallel set across southwestern Montana; the largest of these is the Spanish Peaks fault, which cuts prominently across the Ennis quadrangle. \r\n\r\nBeginning in late Eocene time, extensive volcanism of the Absorka Volcanic Supergroup covered large parts of the area; large remnants of the volcanic field remain in the eastern part of the quadrangle. The volcanism was concurrent with, and followed by, middle Tertiary extension. During this time, the axial zone of the 'Madison-Gravelly arch,' a large Laramide uplift, collapsed, forming the Madison Valley, structurally a complex down-to-the-east half graben. Basin deposits as thick as 4,500 m filled the graben. \r\n\r\nPleistocene glaciers sculpted the high peaks of the mountain ranges and formed the present rugged topography.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97851","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K., and Williams, V., 1998, Geologic map of the Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle, Gallatin and Madison Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-851, 1 Plate: 44.81 x 35.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97851.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 44.81 x 35.93 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161462,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-0851/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":109005,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18865.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18865"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Gallatin County, Madison County","otherGeospatial":"Ennis 30' x 60' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S.","contributorId":89896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Van S.","contributorId":38583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Van S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30215,"text":"wri974116 - 1998 - Ground water resources of the Mille Lacs Lake area, east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T12:28:00","indexId":"wri974116","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4116","title":"Ground water resources of the Mille Lacs Lake area, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"The Mille Lacs Lake study area is a 960 mi2 area containing the ground-water and surface-water drainages to both Mille Lacs Lake and the first 12 miles of the Rum River. Within this study area, available ground water occurs in saturated, overlapping, discontinuous, partially-connected, glacially-deposited (hereinafter, glacial) aquifers and in bedrock aquifers. No extensive glacial aquifer could be delineated. Surficial aquifers generally are less than 30 feet thick, but may exceed 78 feet. Lake Onamia is hydraulically connected with surficial aquifers on its north and south sides. Ground water enters Lake Onamia from an adjacent surficial aquifer with a hydraulic head of 1.56 feet near its eastern shore.
\nGlacial aquifers buried beneath till form the uppermost confined (hereinafter, buried) aquifers and generally are from 3 to 15 feet thick, but may be as much as 118 feet thick. These buried aquifers generally occur beneath 10 to 60 feet of till and clay, but it may be as thick as 208 feet. Individual aquifers can be partially buried by till and therefore may contain surficial and buried areas. Most buried aquifers are isolated or only partially connected to other aquifers. Recharge water moves horizontally and vertically through other aquifers and through confining units to reach these buried aquifers. Discharge from these aquifers is through well withdrawals, flow to surface-water bodies, and leakage to other aquifers. Buried aquifers may yield as much as 500 gallons per minute in some locations. In most areas, the specific capacity of these aquifers is less than 1 gallon per minute per foot but may reach 41.6 gallons per minute per foot.
\nGround water from all aquifers is of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. Iron, manganese, and sodium in this ground water frequently exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards and health advisories. The sodium health advisory was exceeded in 15 percent of samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians","usgsCitation":"Trotta, L.C., and Cowdery, T., 1998, Ground water resources of the Mille Lacs Lake area, east-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4116, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974116.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59001,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Mille Lacs Lake area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94,\n 45.95\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 46.45\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 46.45\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 45.95\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 45.95\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d6e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trotta, L. C.","contributorId":63410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trotta","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, T.K.","contributorId":92658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70128629,"text":"70128629 - 1998 - Environmental impacts on the southern Florida coastal waters: A history of change in Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-01T10:22:23","indexId":"70128629","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-10T11:49:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental impacts on the southern Florida coastal waters: A history of change in Florida Bay","docAbstract":"Analyses of four cores located in the northern transitional, eastern, and central portions of Florida Bay reveal historical patterns of change in salinity and seagrass distribution. Salinity and the distribution of seagrass beds are two critical issues for the restoration of Florida Bay. The distribution of benthic fauna in Bob Allen 6A and Russell Bank 19B cores illustrates changes in environmental parameters prior to 1900. Natural fluctuations occur in salinity, but the amplitude of those fluctuations was limited to a 15–20% shift about the mean. Subtle changes occur in the benthic fauna around 1910, but beginning around 1940, the pattern of salinity fluctuation departs substantially from the pre-1900 pattern. Post-1940, the salinity oscillates 40–60% about the mean. This pattern is seen in all indicators measured. Around 1970, a significant but short term decline occurred in salinity. The Taylor Creek T24 core from the northern transitional zone reflects changes in freshwater flow that have occurred during this century. The upper portion of the core records a significant increase in salinity, with a slight decrease occurring in recent years. The Pass Key 37 core represents an area of very high sedimentation rates; an increase in salinity occurs in the upper portion of the core. Natural fluctuations in seagrass distribution are inferred from the shifts in relative abundance of epiphytal species preserved in the cores. All four cores show an increase in epiphytes and therefore in seagrass coverage during this century. An increase also occurs in epiphytal species that can dwell on either Thalassia or macro-algal mats associated with Thalassia beds. These data suggest an increase in algal-mats has occurred during this century. The Bob Allen 6A core records an extensive period during the 1800's of little to no vegetative cover of the substrate based on the near absence of epiphytic species in that segment of the core. Following this period, the epiphytal species increase rapidly in abundance, implying that vegetation may have the ability to disseminate rapidly.","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Wingard, G.L., Ishman, S., and Holmes, C.W., 1998, Environmental impacts on the southern Florida coastal waters: A history of change in Florida Bay: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 26, p. 162-172.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"172","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295214,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25736133"},{"id":295215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 24.70691524106633\n ],\n [\n -80.35400390625,\n 24.70691524106633\n ],\n [\n -80.35400390625,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 24.70691524106633\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5438f51ce4b0c47db4296be0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wingard, G. Lynn 0000-0002-3833-5207 lwingard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-5207","contributorId":605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingard","given":"G.","email":"lwingard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishman, S. E.","contributorId":55757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishman","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, C. W.","contributorId":56576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24291,"text":"ofr98330B - 1998 - Digital bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel 7.5 x 15 minute quadrangle, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T20:39:23.873802","indexId":"ofr98330B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-330","chapter":"B","title":"Digital bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel 7.5 x 15 minute quadrangle, Vermont","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98330B","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., and Walsh, G.J., 1998, Digital bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel 7.5 x 15 minute quadrangle, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-330, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98330B.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155046,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17795.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":379589,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0330b/application.zip","text":"Disks","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Mount Carmel quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.7500\n ],\n [\n -72.8750,\n 43.7500\n ],\n [\n -72.8750,\n 43.8750\n ],\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.8750\n ],\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.7500\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4626","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":510966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":510965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32047,"text":"ofr98103 - 1998 - The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-08T20:03:11.171211","indexId":"ofr98103","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-103","title":"The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps","docAbstract":"The Pu'u 'Ō'ō-Kūpaianaha eruption on the east rift zone of Kīlauea, which began in January 1983, is the longest-lived rift zone eruption of the last two centuries. By 1994, a broad field of lava, nearly 1 km3 in volume and 12 km wide at the coast, had buried 87 km2 of the volcano's south flank. The initial six months of fissure eruptions (episodes 1-3) were followed by three years of episodic lava fountaining from the Pu'u 'Ō'ō vent (episodes 4–47). In July 1986, after two days of fissure eruptions up- and downrift from Pu'u 'Ō'ō (episodes 48a and 48b), the eruption shifted to a new vent, Kūpaianaha, 3.5 km downrift. For the next five-and-a-half years (episode 48), Kūpaianaha was the site of nearly continuous low-level effusion. The 49th episode occurred in November 1991, when several fissures opened between Pu'u 'Ō'ō and Kūpaianaha (see Mangan and others, 1995, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 127-135). This three-week-long outburst was the result of the waning output of the Kūpaianaha vent, which finally died in February 1992 (see Kauahikaua and others, 1996, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 641-648).
The third epoch of the eruption began ten days later, when vents opened on the uprift slope of the Pu'u 'Ō'ō cone. Several flank vents erupted over the next two years (episodes 50-53). In the first year, from February 1992 through February 1993, the low-level effusion was interrupted by 21 brief pauses. These ended with the beginning of episode 53 in February 1993, and for the next year, lava effusion was continuous. Episode 53 was ongoing at the end of the interval covered by this report.
During the years that Kūpaianaha was active, the Pu'u 'Ō'ō conduit gradually evolved into a crater 300 m in diameter as the conduit walls collapsed. Beginning in 1987, an active lava pond was intermittently visible in the bottom of the crater; from 1990 on, the pond was almost continuously present. The Pu'u 'Ō‘ō pond drained at the beginning of episode 49 in November 1991, and the crater floor collapsed. Lava was visible in the crater by early December, and pond overflows resurfaced the crater floor, raising it to its former level of 35 m below the rim by the end of January 1992.
This report includes flow-field maps and a table giving a) start and stop times of the eruptive episodes and of pauses in the eruption, b) Pu'u 'Ō'ō lava pond and crater-floor elevations, and c) elevations of the episode 50-53 vents and of the floors of the collapse pits that subsequently formed over these vents. A chronology of this interval of the eruption and an interpretation of the data included in this report can be found in Heliker and others (1998, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 59, p. 381-393).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98103","usgsCitation":"Heliker, C., Mangan, M.T., Mattox, T.N., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1998, The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-103, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98103.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9056,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":340481,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-103/of98-103_text_table.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":108804,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17757.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17757"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ],\n [\n -154.92919921875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ],\n [\n -154.92919921875,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db6568c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heliker, C. Christina","contributorId":43005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C. Christina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattox, Tari N.","contributorId":26314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"Tari","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":67181,"text":"i1970B - 1998 - Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains: Northern Great Lake states and central Mississippi Valley states, the Great Lakes, and southern Ontario (80°31ʹ to 93° west longitude)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T21:57:56.104066","indexId":"i1970B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1970","chapter":"B","title":"Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains: Northern Great Lake states and central Mississippi Valley states, the Great Lakes, and southern Ontario (80°31ʹ to 93° west longitude)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1970B","isbn":"0607903996","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., 1998, Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains: Northern Great Lake states and central Mississippi Valley states, the Great Lakes, and southern Ontario (80°31ʹ to 93° west longitude): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1970, Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 41.50 × 58.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1970B.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 41.50 × 58.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108298,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13019.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13019"},{"id":256522,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1970b/plate-1-preview.pdf","size":"7529","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91653,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1970b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91654,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1970b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":187758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1970b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93,37 ], [ -93,49 ], [ -80.51666666666667,49 ], [ -80.51666666666667,37 ], [ -93,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db60583a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, D. R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020059,"text":"70020059 - 1998 - Population demographics of two local South Carolina mourning dove populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-13T16:02:20.199597","indexId":"70020059","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population demographics of two local South Carolina mourning dove populations","docAbstract":"The mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) call-count index had a significant (P < 0.01) negative trend in South Carolina and the Eastern Management Unit (EMU) during 1988-97. We initiated a banding study in 2 areas in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina to estimate population demographic parameters of doves to generate hypotheses that address the purported population declines. During 1992-96, we banded >2,300 doves and examined >6,000 individuals during harvest bag checks. An age-specific band recovery model with time- and area-specific recovery rates, and constant survival rates, was chosen for estimation via Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), likelihood ratio, and goodness-of-fit criteria. After-hatching-year (AHY) annual survival rate was 0.359 (SE = 0.056), and hatching-year (HY) annual survival rate was 0.118 (SE = 0.042). Average estimated recruitment per adult female into the prehunting season population was 3.40 (SE = 1.25) and 2.32 (SE = 0.46) for the 2 study areas. Our movement data support earlier hypotheses of nonmigratory breeding and harvested populations in South Carolina. Low survival rates and estimated population growth rate in the study areas may be representative only of small-scale areas that are heavily managed for dove hunting. Source-sink theory was used to develop a model of region-wide populations that is composed of source areas with positive growth rates and sink areas of declining growth. We suggest management of mourning doves in the Southeast might benefit from improved understanding of local population dynamics, as opposed to regional-scale population demographics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802011","usgsCitation":"McGowan, D.P., and Otis, D.L., 1998, Population demographics of two local South Carolina mourning dove populations: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 62, no. 4, p. 1443-1451, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802011.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1443","endPage":"1451","costCenters":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Plain of South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.83066316401778,\n 34.134834334044896\n ],\n [\n -80.96713501123433,\n 34.134834334044896\n ],\n [\n -80.96713501123433,\n 32.08716615133787\n ],\n [\n -78.83066316401778,\n 32.08716615133787\n ],\n [\n -78.83066316401778,\n 34.134834334044896\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d38e4b0c8380cd79e0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGowan, Donald P. Jr.","contributorId":103810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGowan","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otis, David L.","contributorId":64396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32058,"text":"ofr98330A - 1998 - Digital and preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel quadrangle, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T20:42:12.513277","indexId":"ofr98330A","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-330","chapter":"A","title":"Digital and preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel quadrangle, Vermont","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98330A","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., and Walsh, G.J., 1998, Digital and preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel quadrangle, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-330, 1 Plate: 46.31 x 31.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98330A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 46.31 x 31.76 inches","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399991,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17795.htm"},{"id":164417,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0330a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Mount Carmel quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.7500\n ],\n [\n -72.8750,\n 43.7500\n ],\n [\n -72.8750,\n 43.8750\n ],\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.8750\n ],\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.7500\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4869,"text":"ds38 - 1998 - Digital representation of a map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":4869,"text":"ds38 - 1998 - Digital representation of a map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains","indexId":"ds38","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Digital representation of a map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70037891,"text":"ds656 - 2012 - Database for USGS Map I-1970 - Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains","indexId":"ds656","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Database for USGS Map I-1970 - Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70037891,"text":"ds656 - 2012 - Database for USGS Map I-1970 - Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains","indexId":"ds656","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Database for USGS Map I-1970 - Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"ds38","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"38","title":"Digital representation of a map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM contains vector-based digital geologic maps of the surficial deposits in parts of 23 states where continental glaciation occurred during the Quaternary. These maps, at 1:1,000,000-scale, include the texture of the surface sediments and the total thickness of Quaternary sediments. Map compilation was based on about 850 sources of information. These maps are also published in paper form, as U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous investigations Series Map I-1970-A, B, C, and D.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey ;\r\nFor sale by USGS Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/ds38","isbn":"0607911573","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., and Packard, P.H., 1998, Digital representation of a map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 38, 1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds38.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":597,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds38/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.51777777777778,36.48444444444444 ], [ -112.51777777777778,49.36805555555556 ], [ -67,49.36805555555556 ], [ -67,36.48444444444444 ], [ -112.51777777777778,36.48444444444444 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a96f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, D. R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Packard, Patricia H. ppackard@usgs.gov","contributorId":3268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packard","given":"Patricia","email":"ppackard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":149982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5584,"text":"fs01398 - 1998 - Landslide Hazards in Glacial Lake Clays - Tully Valley, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"fs01398","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"013-98","title":"Landslide Hazards in Glacial Lake Clays - Tully Valley, New York","docAbstract":"At approximately midday on April 27, 1993, a large landslide occurred along the foot of Bare Mountain in LaFayette, Onondaga County, New York, about 12 miles south of Syracuse (figs. 1, 2). The slide moved rapidly east toward the middle of the Tully Valley and impacted approximately 50 acres of land, destroyed three homes, and resulted in the evacuation of four other homes. Debris from the slide, consisting mostly of remolded clay, covered Tully Farms Road with up to 15 feet of earth for a length of some 1,200 feet. Springs that developed near the top of the slide discharged either freshwater or brackish water, which contained concentrations of dissolved evaporites (salt and gypsum) and other minerals. The total volume of earth moved by the slide is estimated to be about 1.3 million cubic yards. According to the New York State Geological Survey, this slide is the largest to have occurred in the State in more than 75 years. Most residents were away from their homes at the time of the slide, and so there were no fatalities or serious injuries caused by the slide.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs01398","usgsCitation":"Wieczorek, G.F., Negussey, D., and Kappel, W.M., 1998, Landslide Hazards in Glacial Lake Clays - Tully Valley, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 013-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01398.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_013_98.jpg"},{"id":335,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs13-98/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieczorek, Gerald F.","contributorId":81889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Negussey, Dawit","contributorId":88338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Negussey","given":"Dawit","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kappel, William M. 0000-0002-2382-9757 wkappel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2382-9757","contributorId":1074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"William","email":"wkappel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":151239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":67584,"text":"i2627 - 1998 - Bedrock geologic map of the Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T10:56:50","indexId":"i2627","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2627","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Bedrock geologic map of the Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada, has been identified as a potential site for underground storage of high-level radioactive nuclear waste. Detailed bedrock geologic maps form an integral part of the site characterization program by providing the fundamental framework for research into the geologic hazards and hydrologic behavior of the mountain. This bedrock geologic map provides the geologic framework and structural setting for the area in and adjacent to the site of the potential repository.
The study area comprises the northern and central parts of Yucca Mountain, located on the southern flank of the Timber Mountain-Oasis Valley caldera complex, which was the source for many of the volcanic units in the area. The Timber Mountain-Oasis Valley caldera complex is part of the Miocene southwestern Nevada volcanic field, which is within the Walker Lane belt. This tectonic belt is a northwest-striking megastructure lying between the more active Inyo-Mono and Basin-and-Range subsections of the southwestern Great Basin.
Excluding Quaternary surficial deposits, the map area is underlain by Miocene volcanic rocks, principally ash-flow tuffs with lesser amounts of lava flows. These volcanic units include the Crater Flat Group, the Calico Hills Formation, the Paintbrush Group, and the Timber Mountain Group, as well as minor basaltic dikes. The tuffs and lava flows are predominantly rhyolite with lesser amounts of latite and range in age from 13.4 to 11.6 Ma. The 10-Ma basaltic dikes intruded along a few fault traces in the north-central part of the study area.
Fault types in the area can be classified as block bounding, relay structures, strike slip, and intrablock. The block-bounding faults separate the 1- to 4-km-wide, east-dipping structural blocks and exhibit hundreds of meters of displacement. The relay structures are northwest-striking normal fault zones that kinematically link the block-bounding faults. The strike-slip faults are steep, northwest-striking dextral faults located in the northern part of Yucca Mountain. The intrablock faults are modest faults of limited offset (tens of meters) and trace length (less than 7 km) that accommodated intrablock deformation.
The concept of structural domains provides a useful tool in delineating and describing variations in structural style. Domains are defined across the study area on the basis of the relative amount of internal faulting, style of deformation, and stratal dips. In general, there is a systematic north to south increase in extensional deformation as recorded in the amount of offset along the block-bounding faults as well as an increase in the intrablock faulting.
The rocks in the map area had a protracted history of Tertiary extension. Rocks of the Paintbrush Group cover much of the area and obscure evidence for older tectonism. An earlier history of Tertiary extension can be inferred, however, because the Timber Mountain-Oasis Valley caldera complex lies within and cuts an older north-trending rift (the Kawich-Greenwater rift}. Evidence for deformation during eruption of the Paintbrush Group is locally present as growth structures. Post-Paintbrush Group, pre-Timber Mountain Group extension occurred along the block-bounding faults. The basal contact of the 11.6-Ma Rainier Mesa Tuff of the Timber Mountain Group provides a key time horizon throughout the area. Other workers have shown that west of the study area in northern Crater Flat the basal angular unconformity is as much as 20° between the Rainier Mesa and underlying Paintbrush Group rocks. In the westernmost part of the study area the unconformity is smaller (less than 10°), whereas in the central and eastern parts of the map area the contact is essentially conformable. In the central part of the map the Rainier Mesa Tuff laps over fault splays within the Solitario Canyon fault zone. However, displacement did occur on the block-bounding faults after deposition of the Rainier Mesa Tuff inasmuch as it is locally caught up in the hanging-wall deformation of the block-bounding faults. Therefore, the regional Tertiary to Recent extension was protracted, occurring prior to and after the eruption of the tuffs exposed at Yucca Mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2627","isbn":"0607897392","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Day, W.C., Dickerson, R.P., Potter, C.J., Sweetkind, D., San Juan, C.A., Drake, R., and Fridrich, C.J., 1998, Bedrock geologic map of the Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2627, Report: ii, 21 p.; Map: 44.00 x 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2627.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 21 p.; Map: 44.00 x 34.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6141,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2627/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":91703,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2627/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.64 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":108351,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13086.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13086"},{"id":186543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2627/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":341912,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2627/i2627.pdf","text":"Map","size":"9.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Map"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.5,36.766666666666666 ], [ -116.5,36.916666666666664 ], [ -116.38333333333334,36.916666666666664 ], [ -116.38333333333334,36.766666666666666 ], [ -116.5,36.766666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6360e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickerson, Robert P.","contributorId":6461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. dsweetkind@usgs.gov","contributorId":735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","email":"dsweetkind@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":271,"text":"Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":276808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"San Juan, Carma A. 0000-0002-9151-1919 csanjuan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-1919","contributorId":1146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"San Juan","given":"Carma","email":"csanjuan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drake, Ronald M. II rmdrake@usgs.gov","contributorId":168352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Ronald M.","suffix":"II","email":"rmdrake@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":276809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fridrich, Christopher J. 0000-0003-2453-6478 fridrich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2453-6478","contributorId":1251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridrich","given":"Christopher","email":"fridrich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":28985,"text":"wri974199 - 1998 - Hydrogeology and simulation of the effects of reclaimed-water application in west Orange and southeast Lake counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri974199","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4199","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of the effects of reclaimed-water application in west Orange and southeast Lake counties, Florida","docAbstract":"Wastewater reclamation and reuse has become increasingly popular as water agencies search for alternative water-supply and wastewater-disposal options. Several governmental agencies in central Florida currently use the land-based application of reclaimed water (wastewater that has been treated beyond secondary treatment) as a management alternative to surface-water disposal of wastewater. Water Conserv II, a water reuse project developed jointly by Orange County and the City of Orlando, began operation in December 1986. In 1995, the Water Conserv II facility distributed approximately 28 Mgal/d of reclaimed water for discharge to rapid-infiltration basins (RIBs) and for use as agricultural irrigation. The Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) began operation of RIBs in September 1990, and in 1995 these RIBs received approximately 6.7 Mgal/d of reclaimed water. Analyses of existing data and data collected during the course of this study were combined with ground-water flow modeling and particle-tracking analyses to develop a process-oriented evaluation of the regional effects of reclaimed water applied by Water Conserv II and the RCID RIBs on the hydrology of west Orange and southeast Lake Counties. The ground-water flow system beneath the study area is a multi-aquifer system that consists of a thick sequence of highly permeable carbonate rocks overlain by unconsolidated sediments. The hydrogeologic units are the unconfined surficial aquifer system, the intermediate confining unit, and the confined Floridan aquifer system, which consists of two major permeable zones, the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, separated by the less permeable middle semiconfining unit. Flow in the surficial aquifer system is dominated regionally by diffuse downward leakage to the Floridan aquifer system and is affected locally by lateral flow systems produced by streams, lakes, and spatial variations in recharge. Ground water generally flows laterally through the Upper Floridan aquifer aquifer to the north and east. Many of the lakes in the study area are landlocked because the mantled karst environment precludes a well developed network of surface-water drainage. The USGS three-dimensional ground-water flow model MODFLOW was used to simulate ground-water flow in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems. A steady-state calibration to average 1995 conditions was performed by using a parameter estimation program to vary values of surficial aquifer system hydraulic conductivity, intermediate confining unit leakance, and Upper Floridan aquifer transmissivity. The calibrated model generally produced simulated water levels in close agreement with measured water levels and was used to simulate the hydrologic effects of reclaimed-water application under current (1995) and proposed future conditions. In 1995, increases of up to about 40 ft in the water table and less than 5 ft in the Upper Floridan aquifer potentiometric surface had occurred as a result of reclaimed-water application. The largest increases were under RIB sites. An average traveltime of 10 years at Water Conserv II and 7 years at the RCID RIBs was required for reclaimed water to move from the water table to the top of the Upper Floridan aquifer. Approximately 67 percent of the reclaimed water applied at the RCID RIB site recharged the Floridan aquifer system, whereas 33 percent discharged from the surficial aquifer system to surface-water features; 99 percent of the reclaimed water applied at Water Conserv II recharged the Floridan aquifer system, whereas only 1 percent discharged from the surficial aquifer system to surface-water features. The majority of reclaimed water applied at both facilities probably will ultimately discharge from the Floridan aquifer system outside the model boundaries. Proposed future conditions were assumed to consist of an additional 11.7 Mgal/d of reclaimed water distributed by the Water Conserv II and RCID facilities. Increases of up to about 20 ft in the water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974199","usgsCitation":"O’Reilly, A.M., 1998, Hydrogeology and simulation of the effects of reclaimed-water application in west Orange and southeast Lake counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4199, vi, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974199.","productDescription":"vi, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2269,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974199/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4199.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685537","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Reilly, Andrew M. 0000-0003-3220-1248 aoreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-1248","contributorId":2184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"Andrew","email":"aoreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178643,"text":"70178643 - 1998 - Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:13:38","indexId":"70178643","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Island tropical montane cloud forests may be among the most sensitive of the world's ecosystems to global climate change. Measurements in and above a montane cloud forest on East Maui, Hawaii, document steep microclimatic gradients. Relatively small climate-driven shifts in patterns of atmospheric circulation are likely to trigger major local changes in rainfall, cloud cover, and humidity. Increased interannual variability in precipitation and hurricane incidence would provide additional stresses on island biota that are highly vulnerable to disturbance-related invasion of non-native species. Because of the exceptional sensitivity of these microclimates and forests to change, they may provide valuable ‘listening posts’ for detecting the onset of human-induced global climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1023/A:1005372118420","usgsCitation":"Loope, L.L., and Giambelluca, T.W., 1998, Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawaii: Climatic Change, v. 39, no. 2, p. 503-517, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005372118420.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"517","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331411,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","county":"Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.46865844726562,\n 20.546651148408912\n ],\n [\n -156.46865844726562,\n 21.002471054356725\n ],\n [\n -155.9234619140625,\n 21.002471054356725\n ],\n [\n -155.9234619140625,\n 20.546651148408912\n ],\n [\n -156.46865844726562,\n 20.546651148408912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"584144e2e4b04fc80e5073d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loope, Lloyd L.","contributorId":107848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":654688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giambelluca, Thomas W.","contributorId":70069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giambelluca","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244162,"text":"70244162 - 1998 - The coseismic slip distributions of the 1940 and 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquakes and their implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-05T20:06:24.833154","indexId":"70244162","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-10T14:59:17","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7167,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The coseismic slip distributions of the 1940 and 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquakes and their implications","docAbstract":"Geodetic arrays observed by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey span the Imperial fault in southern California. For the 1940 M 7.1 Imperial Valley earthquake, a 1934–1941 triangulation network has sufficient resolution to allow inversion for the coseismic slip distribution on fault segments 5 to 25 km long extending from the surface to a depth of 9 km. The estimated right-lateral slip is 0.8 to 1.7 m on the northern 30 km of the main trace of the Imperial fault, 4.8±0.2 m on a 10-km-long segment straddling the United States - Mexico border, and 1.3±0.4 m on a southern 25-km-long segment in Mexico. Fixing this strike-slip model and inverting 1940 leveling data only for dip slip yields 0.1 m of east-side-down dip slip. The seismic moment for this model is M0 = (3.2±0.3) ×1019 N m. The 1979 geodetic data set, mostly elevation changes from leveling routes, has insufficient resolution for inversion. However, it is possible to use this geodetic data set and results published by others to infer that the 1940 and 1979 earthquakes may be similar on the rupture zone common to both events. Our preferred 1940 model is similar to the 1979 geodetic results of Crook [1984] on the segments where both networks have good resolution. Elevation changes from 1940 and 1979 leveling data are very similar. Thus the geodetic data corroborate the surface slip evidence of Sharp [1982b] that the 1940 and 1979 slip distributions are examples of “characteristic slip” on the northern Imperial fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB00575","usgsCitation":"King, N.E., and Thatcher, W.R., 1998, The coseismic slip distributions of the 1940 and 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquakes and their implications: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 8, p. 18069-18086, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00575.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"18069","endPage":"18086","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.625\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 32.625\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 33.24\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.625\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Nancy E. nking@usgs.gov","contributorId":586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Nancy","email":"nking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, Wayne R. 0000-0001-6324-545X thatcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-545X","contributorId":2599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Wayne","email":"thatcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244161,"text":"70244161 - 1998 - Strain accumulation rates in the San Francisco Bay area, 1972–1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-05T19:57:14.736637","indexId":"70244161","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-10T14:52:02","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7167,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation rates in the San Francisco Bay area, 1972–1989","docAbstract":"Maps of the strain accumulation rate in the San Francisco Bay area have been constructed from trilateration observations extending from about 1972 until the Loma Prieta earthquake in late 1989. The observations were corrected to remove offsets imposed by shallow fault creep and by four M ∼6 earthquakes that occurred in the Bay area during that time interval. The Bay area was divided into 32 contiguous polygons, and the uniform (in both space and time) strain rates that best explain the changes in the corrected (earthquake and shallow fault creep offsets removed) distances within each polygon were calculated. In a coordinate system with the 1 axis directed N58°E and the 2 axis N32°W (perpendicular and parallel to the local tangent to the small circle drawn about the Pacific-Sierra Nevada pole of rotation) the averages of these 32 strain rates (each weighted by the area of the polygon) are ε11=9.2±7.4, ε12=−160.7±4.6, and ε22=8.2±6.2 nanostrain/yr, where extension is reckoned positive and quoted uncertainties are standard deviations. As expected from the Pacific-Sierra Nevada relative plate motion, the overall strain rate is predominantly right-lateral shear across a vertical plane striking N32°W. The net increase in the 12,225 km2 area of the trilateration network is only 212±110 m2/yr, which arises from almost equal extensions in the N32°W and N58°E directions. Within the network the strain rates vary from polygon to polygon. Significant areal dilatation rates are observed in almost ⅓ of the individual polygons and the N32°W extension rates tend to be negative to the west of the Hayward-Rodgers Creek fault trend and positive east of it. The N58E extension rate is positive in 22 out of 32 polygons, a proportion that is significantly larger than would be expected by chance if the N58°E extension rate were zero or negative. The pre-1989 strain accumulation across the eventual site of the Loma Prieta rupture involves fault normal contraction as well as right-lateral shear, consistent with the rupture mechanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB01574","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Simpson, R., and Murray, M., 1998, Strain accumulation rates in the San Francisco Bay area, 1972–1989: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. B8, p. 18039-18051, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01574.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"18039","endPage":"18051","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.23249482472036,\n 38.55296659433287\n ],\n [\n -123.23249482472036,\n 36.79278785200748\n ],\n [\n -121.42179863381725,\n 36.79278785200748\n ],\n [\n -121.42179863381725,\n 38.55296659433287\n ],\n [\n -123.23249482472036,\n 38.55296659433287\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, M.H.","contributorId":50171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21977,"text":"ofr98198 - 1998 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination at Fort Wainwright, Alaska: A hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigation workplan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T21:07:39.949703","indexId":"ofr98198","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-198","title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination at Fort Wainwright, Alaska: A hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigation workplan","docAbstract":"Natural attenuation processes include biological degradation, by which microorganisms break down contaminants into simpler product compounds; adsorption of contaminants to soil particles, which decreases the mass of contaminants dissolved in ground water; and dispersion, which decreases dissolved contaminant concentrations through dilution. The primary objectives of this study are to (1) assess the degree to which such natural processes are attenuating chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination in ground water, and (2) evaluate the effects of ground-water/surface-water interactions on natural-attenuation processes in the area of the former East and West Quartermasters Fueling Systems for Fort Wainwright, Alaska. The study will include investigations of the hydrologic, geochemical, and microbiological processes occurring at this site that influence the transport and fate of chlorinated hydrocarbons in ground water. To accomplish these objectives, a data-collection program has been initiated that includes measurements of water-table elevations and the stage of the Chena River; measurements of vertical temperature profiles within the subsurface; characterization of moisture distribution and movement in the unsaturated zone; collection of ground-water samples for determination of both organic and inorganic chemical constituents; and collection of ground-water samples for enumeration of microorganisms and determination of their potential to mineralize contaminants.\r\n\r\nWe will use results from the data-collection program described above to refine our conceptual model of hydrology and contaminant attenuation at this site. Measurements of water-table elevations and river stage will help us to understand the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow and how changes in the stage of the Chena River affect ground-water flow. Because ambient ground water and surface water typically have different temperature characteristics, temperature monitoring will likely provide further insight into ground-water/surface-water interactions in the subsurface. Characterization of the unsaturated zone will improve our understanding of interactions among ground water, the unsaturated zone, and the atmosphere. The interactions likely of importance to this study include the migration of water, dissolved contaminants, nutrients, and gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane) between the saturated and unsaturated zones. We will use the results of ground-water chemical analyses to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of (1) chlorinated-hydrocarbon contaminants and their degradation products, (2) oxidation-reduction indicators, (3) nutrients, and (4) major ground-water ions. These water-quality data will provide insight into ground-water flow directions, interactions between ground water and surface water, attenuation of contaminant concentrations caused by dispersion, and intrinsic microbiological processes. Microbiological analyses will indicate whether microorganisms at the site are capable of degrading the contaminants of interest, and will allow us to estimate their potential to attenuate existing contamination. Physical and chemical data interpreted as part of the analysis of ground water and surface water mixing will improve our understanding of the relationship between water quality and contaminant source mixing.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98198","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., Lilly, M.R., Braddock, J.F., and Hinzman, L.D., 1998, Natural attenuation of chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination at Fort Wainwright, Alaska: A hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigation workplan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-198, vii, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98198.","productDescription":"vii, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0198/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393124,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19103.htm"},{"id":51452,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Fort Wainwright","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 64.76241717518936\n ],\n [\n -147.535400390625,\n 64.76241717518936\n ],\n [\n -147.535400390625,\n 64.88509968914633\n ],\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 64.88509968914633\n ],\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 64.76241717518936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilly, Michael R.","contributorId":65494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Braddock, Joan F.","contributorId":97934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braddock","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinzman, Larry D.","contributorId":97133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinzman","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22845,"text":"ofr9868 - 1998 - Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr9868","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-68","title":"Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","docAbstract":"The Naval Air Station, Jacksonville (herein referred to as the Station), occupies 3,800 acres adjacent to the St. Johns River in Duval County, Florida. Operable Unit 3 (OU3) occupies 134 acres on the eastern side of the Station and has been used for industrial and commercial purposes since World War II. Ground water contaminated by chlorinated organic compounds has been detected in the surficial aquifer at OU3. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a cooperative hydrologic study to evaluate the potential for ground water discharge to the neighboring St. Johns River. A ground-water flow model, previously developed for the area, was recalibrated for use in this study. \rAt the Station, the surficial aquifer is exposed at land surface and forms the uppermost permeable unit. The aquifer ranges in thickness from 30 to 100 feet and consists of unconsolidated silty sands interbedded with local beds of clay. The low-permeability clays of the Hawthorn Group form the base of the aquifer. \rThe USGS previously conducted a ground-water investigation at the Station that included the development and calibration of a 1-layer regional ground-water flow model. For this investigation, the regional model was recalibrated using additional data collected after the original calibration. The recalibrated model was then used to establish the boundaries for a smaller subregional model roughly centered on OU3. \rWithin the subregional model, the surficial aquifer is composed of distinct upper and intermediate layers. The upper layer extends from land surface to a depth of approximately 15 feet below sea level; the intermediate layer extends from the upper layer down to the top of the Hawthorn Group. In the northern and central parts of OU3, the upper and intermediate layers are separated by a low-permeability clay layer. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities in the upper layer, determined from aquifer tests, range from 0.19 to 3.8 feet per day. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the intermediate layer, determined from one aquifer test, is 20 feet per day. \rAn extensive stormwater drainage system is present at OU3 and the surrounding area. Some of the stormwater drains have been documented to be draining ground water from the upper layer of the surficial aquifer, whereas other drains are only suspected to be draining ground water. \rThe subregional model contained 78 rows and 148 columns of square model cells that were 100 feet on each side. Vertically, the surficial aquifer was divided into two layers; layer 1 represented the upper layer and layer 2 represented the intermediate layer. Steady-state ground-water flow conditions were assumed. The model was calibrated to head data collected on October 29 and 30, 1996. After calibration, the model matched all 67 measured heads to within the calibration criterion of 1 foot; and 48 of 67 simulated heads (72 percent) were within 0.5 foot. \rModel simulated recharge rates ranged from 0.4 inch per year in areas that were largely paved to 13.0 inches per year in irrigated areas. Simulated hydraulic conductivities in the upper layer at OU3 ranged from 0.5 foot per day in the north to 1.0 foot per day in the south. Simulated vertical leakance between the upper and intermediate layers ranged from 1.0x10-6 per day in an area with low-permeability clays to 4.3x10-2 per day in an area that had been dredged. Simulated transmissivities in the intermediate layer ranged from 25 feet squared per day in an area of low-permeability channel-fill deposits to a high of 1,200 feet squared per day in areas covering most of OU3. Simulated riverbed conductances ranged from 4 to 60 feet squared per day and simulated bottom conductances of leaking stormwater drains ranged from 5 to 20 feet squared per day. \rThe direction and velocity of ground-water flow was determined using particle-tracking techniques. Ground-water flow in the upper layer was generally eastward toward the St. Johns River. However, leaking stormwat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9868","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 1998, Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-68, vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9868.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1308,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr98-068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668c2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.H.","contributorId":68770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24398,"text":"ofr98164 - 1998 - Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:24:18","indexId":"ofr98164","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-164","title":"Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97","docAbstract":"The Nett Lake Indian Reservation, about 164 square miles in area, is in northern Minnesota. About 300 people live in Nett Lake Community, about 100 people live in Palmquist Community, and a few people live in other parts of the Reservation. Water resources in the Reservation include: (1) ground water in sand and gravel aquifers and bedrock aquifers; (2) Nett Lake; (3) streams in the Nett Lake River watershed; and (4) wetlands that comprise about one-half of the area of the Reservation.
\nGround-water sources in the Reservation consist of sand and gravel aquifers and bedrock aquifers. Buried sand and gravel aquifers are important sources of water. Reported yields for wells completed in these aquifers are as much as 60 gallons per minute. Reported yields for wells completed in bedrock aquifers are as much as 34 gallons per minute.
\nThe Reservation is located within the Little Fork River Basin. Streams that flow into and out of Nett Lake are in the Nett Lake River watershed, a subbasin of the Little Fork River Basin. Most of the discharge into Nett Lake is from Lost River and Woodduck Creek; a small amount of discharge into Nett Lake is from several other small streams. Discharge from Nett Lake is to the Nett Lake River.
\nGround water in buried sand and gravel aquifers in the vicinity of three community wells and a closed landfill east of Nett Lake Community may have moved from the landfill toward the community wells. Ground water near Nett Lake locally discharged into the lake through underlying peat that ranges in thickness from 3 to 12 feet. Two Palmquist Community wells probably are not hydraulically connected to shallow ground water in the vicinity of a nearby closed landfill. The wells are located more than 2,000 feet away and are completed in a bedrock aquifer overlain by 124-154 feet of clay.
\nThe concentrations of the trace metals iron and manganese exceeded their respective U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level limits in water from three and six wells sampled, respectively. All but 3 of 63 VOCs (volatile organic compounds) analyzed for in water from seven wells sampled had concentrations less than the MDL (method detection limit) of 0.2000 (μg/L except for di-bromo-chloro-propane, which had a concentration less than the MDL of 1.000 (μg/L. The detected VOCs were phenols, benzene, and 1,1- dichloroethane. The sources of these VOCs may have been leachate from nearby closed landfills. Benzene, the only one of the three detected VOCs with an established MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level), had a concentration that was one order of magnitude less than its MCL of 5 (μg/L.
\nThe stage-discharge relations for Nett Lake River and Woodduck Creek were usable for estimation of daily mean discharge for each stream. Six discharge measurements made in the Lost River indicate that discharge in this stream could be substantially greater or smaller than concurrent discharge in Woodduck Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr98164","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Boise Forte Reservation Tribal Council","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., and Payne, G.A., 1998, Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-164, viii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98164.","productDescription":"viii, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53492,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Nett Lake Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.375,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93.375,\n 48.2\n ],\n [\n -92.96,\n 48.2\n ],\n [\n -92.96,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93.375,\n 48\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. 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A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020802,"text":"70020802 - 1998 - Contrasting behavioral and feeding strategies recorded by tidal-flat bivalve trace fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-11T16:33:53.517248","indexId":"70020802","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting behavioral and feeding strategies recorded by tidal-flat bivalve trace fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Upper Carboniferous tidal-flat deposits near Waverly, eastern Kansas (Stull Shale Member, Kanwaka Shale Formation), host abundant and very well-preserved trace fossils attributed to the activity of burrowing bivalves. Thin shell lenses with an abundant bivalve fauna area associated with the ichnofossil-bearing beds and afford an unusual opportunity to relate trace fossils to their makers. Two distinctive life and feeding strategies can be reconstructed on the basis of trace fossil analysis and functional morphology. Lockeria siliquaria hyporeliefs commonly are connected with vertical to inclined, truncated endichnial shafts in the absence of horizontal locomotion traces. These structures record vertical and oblique displacement through the sediment, and suggest relatively stable domiciles rather than temporary resting traces as typically considered. Crowded bedding surfaces displaying cross-cutting relationships between specimens of L. siliquaria and differential preservation at the top (concave versus convex epireliefs) record a complex history of successive events of colonization, erosion, deposition, and recolonization (time-averaged assemblages). Irregujlar contours of some large hypichnia indicate the cast of the foot, while other outlines closely match the anterior area of Wilkingia, its suggested tracemaker. Relatively stable, vertical to inclined life positions and dominanit vertical mobility suggest a filter-feeding strategy. Moreover, the elongate shell and pallial sinus of Wilkingia providfe a strong independent line of evidence for an opisthosiphonate, moderately deep-tier inhabitant. Wilingia may represent a pioneer attempt at siphon-feeding in the late Paleozoic, preceding the outcome of the Mesozoic infaunal radiation. A second strategy is represented by Lockeia ornata and association locomotionm and locomotion/feding structures. Lockeia ornata is commonly connected with chevron locomotion traces that record the bifurcated foot of a protobranch bivalve. Lockeia ornata exhibits distinctive, fine, parallel lines that mimic the ornamentation of Phestia, a nuculanid protobranch bivalve. Rosary and radial structures give evidence of a patterned search for food. Lockeia ornata and associated Protovirgularia record dominant horizontal locomoton and suggest the activity of deposit-feeding bivalves. Morphologic variability of Protovirgularia was controlled by substrate fluidity, which was dependent on sediment heterogeneity and tidal-cycle dynamics. This study demonstrates that detailed analysis of bivalve traces provides valuable information on bivalve ethology and paleoecology, evolutionary innovations, environmental dynamics, and substrate fluidity.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2307/3515322","usgsCitation":"Mangano, M., Buatois, L.A., West, R., and Maples, C.G., 1998, Contrasting behavioral and feeding strategies recorded by tidal-flat bivalve trace fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas: Palaios, v. 13, no. 4, p. 335-351, https://doi.org/10.2307/3515322.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"351","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229915,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"eastern Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.6413862458381,\n 40.016343063499875\n ],\n [\n -97.6413862458381,\n 36.95795102522135\n ],\n [\n -94.62208436793321,\n 36.95795102522135\n ],\n [\n -94.62208436793321,\n 40.016343063499875\n ],\n [\n -97.6413862458381,\n 40.016343063499875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa77e4b0c8380cd4daf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangano, M. Gabirela","contributorId":208037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mangano","given":"M. Gabirela","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, R.R.","contributorId":37491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maples, Christopher G.","contributorId":87396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maples","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23483,"text":"ofr98115 - 1998 - Digital geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington and Idaho: A digital database for the 1990 N.L. Joseph map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-18T16:49:21.235367","indexId":"ofr98115","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-115","title":"Digital geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington and Idaho: A digital database for the 1990 N.L. Joseph map","docAbstract":"Geologic data from the geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000-scale quadrangle compiled by Joseph (1990) were entered into a geographic information system (GIS) as part of a larger effort to create regional digital geology for the Pacific Northwest. The map area is located in eastern Washington and extends across the state border into western Idaho (Fig. 1). This open-file report describes the methods used to convert the geologic map data into a digital format, documents the file structures, and explains how to download the digital files from the U.S. Geological Survey public access World Wide Web site on the Internet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98115","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B.R., and Derkey, P., 1998, Digital geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington and Idaho: A digital database for the 1990 N.L. Joseph map: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-115, Report: ii, 13 p.; Readme; Spokane quad; Text and AML files; Map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98115.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 13 p.; Readme; Spokane quad; Text and AML files; Map","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":108805,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17760.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17760"},{"id":52787,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/pdf/98-115.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1793,"rank":6,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284295,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/readme.txt"},{"id":284296,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/covers.tar.Z"},{"id":284297,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/amls.tar.Z"},{"id":284298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/spok100k.hp.Z"},{"id":284299,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98115.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.0,47.5 ], [ -118.0,48.0 ], [ -117.0,48.0 ], [ -117.0,47.5 ], [ -118.0,47.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ac02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Bruce R.","contributorId":100009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Derkey, Pamela D.","contributorId":69590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derkey","given":"Pamela D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021155,"text":"70021155 - 1998 - West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T16:14:56.421328","indexId":"70021155","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects","docAbstract":"A comparison of the deep structure along nine recent transects of the west margin of North America shows many important similarities and differences. Common tectonic elements identified in the deep structure along these transects include actively subducting oceanic crust, accreted oceanic/arc (or oceanic-like) lithosphere of Mesozoic through Cenozoic ages. Cenozoic accretionary prisms, Mesozoic accretionary prisms, backstops to the Mesozoic prisms, and undivided lower crust. Not all of these elements are present along all transects. In this study, nine transects, including four crossing subduction zones and five crossing transform faults, are plotted at the same scale and vertical exaggeration (V.E. 1:1), using the above scheme for identifying tectonic elements. The four subduction-zone transects contain actively subducting oceanic crust. Cenozoic accretionary prisms, and bodies of basaltic rocks accreted in the Cenozoic, including remnants of a large, oceanic plateau in the Oregon and Vancouver Island transects. Rocks of age and composition (Eocene basalt) similar to the oceanic plateau are currently subducting in southern Alaska, where they are doubled up on top of Pacific oceanic crust and have apparently created a giant asperity, or impediment to subduction. Most of the subduction-zone transects also contain Mesozoic accretionary prisms, and two of them, Vancouver Island and Alaska, also contain thick, technically underplated bodies of late Mesozoic/early Cenozoic oceanic lithosphere, interpreted as fragments of the extinct Kula plate. In the upper crust, most of the five transform-fault transects (all in California) reflect: (1) tectonic wedging of a Mesozoic accretionary prism into a backstop, which includes Mesozoic/early Cenozoic forearc rocks and Mesozoic ophiolitic/arc basement rocks: and (2) shuffling of the subduction margin of California by strike-slip faulting. In the lower crust, they may reflect migration of the Mendocino triple junction northward (seen in rocks east of the San Andreas fault) and cessation of Farallon-plate subduction (seen in rocks west of the San Andreas fault). In northern California, lower-crustal rocks east of the San Andreas fault have oceanic-crustal velocity and thickness and contain patches of high reflectivity. They may represent basaltic rocks magmatically underplated in the wake of the migration of the Mendocino triple junction, or they may represent stalled, subducted fragments of the Farallon/Gorda plate. The latter alternative does not fit the accepted 'slabless window' model for the migration of the triple junction. This lower-crustal layer and the Moho are offset at the San Andreas and Maacama faults. In central California, a similar lower-crustal layer is observed west of the San Andreas fault. West of the continental slope, it is Pacitic oceanic crust, but beneath the continent it may represent either Pacific oceanic crust, stalled, subducted fragments (microplates) of the Farallon plate, or basaltic rocks magmatically underplated during subduction of the Pacific/Farallon ridge or during breakup of the subducted Farallon plate. The transect in southern California is only partly representative of regional structure, as the structure here is 3-dimensional. In the upper crust, a Mesozoic prism has been thrust beneath crystalline basement rocks of the San Gabriel Mountains and Mojave Desert. In the mid-crust, a bright reflective zone is interpreted as a possible 'master' decollement that can be traced from the fold-and-thrust belt of the Los Angeles basin northward to at least the San Andreas fault. A Moho depression beneath the San Gabriel Mountains is consistent with downwelling of lithospheric mantle beneath the Transverse Ranges that appears to be driving the compression across the Transverse Ranges and Los Angeles basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00300-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G., 1998, West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects: Tectonophysics, v. 288, no. 1-4, p. 265-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00300-4.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"292","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494137,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00300-4","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Vancouver","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.17522712506494,\n 61.217190919521414\n ],\n [\n -158.65902964673563,\n 57.42344181651714\n ],\n [\n -123.37516452259177,\n 33.98872555083284\n ],\n [\n -118.2240533325811,\n 32.37973934808869\n ],\n [\n -114.33949244373234,\n 32.7455310942392\n ],\n [\n -114.56862512640006,\n 34.50928442250415\n ],\n [\n -120.07860326467929,\n 39.565080375115414\n ],\n [\n -119.11025591417561,\n 43.510705773508406\n ],\n [\n -120.66353202659494,\n 48.842974051027944\n ],\n [\n -132.851826669775,\n 60.65287298145492\n ],\n [\n -150.17522712506494,\n 61.217190919521414\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"288","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcff6e4b08c986b32ebd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}