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,{"id":51316,"text":"ofr03337 - 2003 - An overview of coastal land loss with emphasis on the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr03337","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-337","title":"An overview of coastal land loss with emphasis on the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"This report represents a general overview of the primary causes and consequences of coastal land loss. Most of the examples and references are from states bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean where the largest magnitudes and highest rates of coastal land losses in the United States are recorded (Dahl, 2000). The report serves as an introductory guide to the topics and literature on coastal land loss, and acts as a link to ongoing research being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03337","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., 2003, An overview of coastal land loss with emphasis on the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-337, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03337.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":159,"text":"Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4657,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-337/pdf.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8066,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683a64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53194,"text":"cir1143 - 2003 - Coal-A complex natural resource: An overview of factors affecting coal quality and use in the United States With a contribution on coal quality and public health","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-01T19:34:11.782662","indexId":"cir1143","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1143","title":"Coal-A complex natural resource: An overview of factors affecting coal quality and use in the United States With a contribution on coal quality and public health","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1143","usgsCitation":"Schweinfurth, S.P., and Finkelman, 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,{"id":50992,"text":"fs05903 - 2003 - Collecting peak-flow data in Ohio through the use of crest-stage gages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:22","indexId":"fs05903","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"059-03","title":"Collecting peak-flow data in Ohio through the use of crest-stage gages","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs05903","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, Collecting peak-flow data in Ohio through the use of crest-stage gages: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 059-03, 1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05903.","productDescription":"1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0059/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86421,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae90a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":48849,"text":"wri034099 - 2003 - Klamath River Basin Hydrologic Conditions Prior to the September 2002 Die-Off of Salmon and Steelhead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-23T14:14:16","indexId":"wri034099","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4099","title":"Klamath River Basin Hydrologic Conditions Prior to the September 2002 Die-Off of Salmon and Steelhead","docAbstract":"<p><span>More than 33,000 salmon and steelhead died in the lower Klamath River in late September 2002 on their way to spawning areas upstream. According to the California Department of Fish and Game, the cause of death was infection by protozoan and bacterial pathogens. Two factors that may have contributed to the disease incidence are low streamflow and high water temperature.</span></p>\n<p><span>September streamflows throughout the Klamath Basin were low, among the four lowest September flows recorded on the main stem since 1960. The low streamflows were caused by below-average snowpack and long-term drought, with resulting reduced ground-water discharge to streams.</span></p>\n<p><span>On the basis of historical climate data from the Klamath Basin and historical water temperature data from an adjacent basin, September 2002 water temperatures were above the long-term average. Temperatures in the Klamath River above the fish die-off reach exceeded 65 degrees Fahrenheit for nearly all of September; multiple days of exposure by fish to temperatures at or above that level can greatly increase disease incidence.</span></p>\n<p><span>This report characterizes streamflow and water temperature conditions during the period leading up to the die-off and compares them to historical conditions in the Klamath River. This report is not an exploration of the causative mechanism of the die-off; rather, it is intended to provide detailed documentation of these conditions to be used by those examining the cause(s) of the die-off and to provide information that can contribute to decisions about future water management in the Klamath Basin.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034099","usgsCitation":"Lynch, D.D. and Risley, J.C., 2003, Klamath River Basin hydrologic conditions prior to the September 2002\ndie-off of salmon and steelhead: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4099, 10 p.","productDescription":"17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4069,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4099/wri03-4099.pdf","text":"Report","size":"880 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_or@usgs.gov\">Director, </a>Oregon Water Science Center<br />U.S. Geological Survey<br />2130 SW 5th Avenue<br />Portland, Oregon 97201<br /><a href=\"http://or.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">http://or.water.usgs.gov&nbsp;</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Upper Klamath Lake Inflows and Lake Water Levels</li>\n<li>Upper Klamath Lake Outflows</li>\n<li>Diversions from the Trinity River Basin</li>\n<li>Flows in Middle and Lower Klamath Basin</li>\n<li>Ground-Water Conditions in the Upper Klamath Basin</li>\n<li>Water Temperature</li>\n<li>Summary</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n</ul>","publishedDate":"2003-05-27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lynch, Dennis D. ddlynch@usgs.gov","contributorId":4326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"Dennis","email":"ddlynch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":238424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":238423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":47855,"text":"fs05003 - 2003 - New Hampshire's stream-gaging network : status and future needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:44","indexId":"fs05003","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"050-03","title":"New Hampshire's stream-gaging network : status and future needs","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs05003","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 2003, New Hampshire's stream-gaging network : status and future needs: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 050-03, 1 folded sheet (4 p. ) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05003.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet (4 p. ) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_050_03.bmp"},{"id":4057,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-050-03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae43f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185129,"text":"70185129 - 2003 - Modeling hyporheic zone processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T11:28:16","indexId":"70185129","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling hyporheic zone processes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Stream biogeochemistry is influenced by the physical and chemical processes that occur in the surrounding watershed. These processes include the mass loading of solutes from terrestrial and atmospheric sources, the physical transport of solutes within the watershed, and the transformation of solutes due to biogeochemical reactions. Research over the last two decades has identified the hyporheic zone as an important part of the stream system in which these processes occur. The hyporheic zone may be loosely defined as the porous areas of the stream bed and stream bank in which stream water mixes with shallow groundwater. Exchange of water and solutes between the stream proper and the hyporheic zone has many biogeochemical implications, due to differences in the chemical composition of surface and groundwater. For example, surface waters are typically oxidized environments with relatively high dissolved oxygen concentrations. In contrast, reducing conditions are often present in groundwater systems leading to low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Further, microbial oxidation of organic materials in groundwater leads to supersaturated concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide relative to the atmosphere. Differences in surface and groundwater pH and temperature are also common. The hyporheic zone is therefore a mixing zone in which there are gradients in the concentrations of dissolved gasses, the concentrations of oxidized and reduced species, pH, and temperature. These gradients lead to biogeochemical reactions that ultimately affect stream water quality. Due to the complexity of these natural systems, modeling techniques are frequently employed to quantify process dynamics.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00079-4","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., and Rajaram, H., 2003, Modeling hyporheic zone processes: Advances in Water Resources, v. 26, no. 9, p. 901-905, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00079-4.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"901","endPage":"905","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d1e4b0849ce97c86d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rajaram, Harihar","contributorId":61328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rajaram","given":"Harihar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":69716,"text":"mf2420 - 2003 - Maps and data from a trench investigation of the Utsalady Point Fault, Whidbey Island, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T16:21:54","indexId":"mf2420","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2420","title":"Maps and data from a trench investigation of the Utsalady Point Fault, Whidbey Island, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2420","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Nelson, A.R., Personius, S.F., Wells, R., Kelsey, H.M., Sherrod, B.L., Okumura, K., Koehler, R., Witter, R., Bradley, L., and Harding, D.J., 2003, Maps and data from a trench investigation of the Utsalady Point Fault, Whidbey Island, Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2420, map, 84 x 36 inches; 7 p. text, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2420.","productDescription":"map, 84 x 36 inches; 7 p. text","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110438,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55298.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"55298"},{"id":6387,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2003/mf-2420/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.66666666666667,47.833333333333336 ], [ -122.66666666666667,48.5 ], [ -122.33333333333333,48.5 ], [ -122.33333333333333,47.833333333333336 ], [ -122.66666666666667,47.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69d6c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Samuel Y. 0000-0001-7972-9977 sjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7972-9977","contributorId":2607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Samuel","email":"sjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Alan R. 0000-0001-7117-7098 anelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Alan","email":"anelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Personius, Stephen F. personius@usgs.gov","contributorId":1214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"Stephen","email":"personius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":280982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":280984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelsey, Harvey M.","contributorId":101713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelsey","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sherrod, Brian L.","contributorId":16874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Okumura, Koji","contributorId":39457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okumura","given":"Koji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Koehler, Rich","contributorId":46822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koehler","given":"Rich","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Witter, Robert C. 0000-0002-1721-254X rwitter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-254X","contributorId":4528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witter","given":"Robert C.","email":"rwitter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Bradley, Lee-Ann bradley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Lee-Ann","email":"bradley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":280981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Harding, David J.","contributorId":68593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":52672,"text":"fs06003 - 2003 - Continuous real-time water information—A vital Kansas asset","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-29T08:21:28","indexId":"fs06003","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"060-03","displayTitle":"Continuous Real-Time Water Information—<i>A Vital Kansas Asset</i>","title":"Continuous real-time water information—A vital Kansas asset","docAbstract":"<p>Continuous real-time information on streams, lakes, and ground water is a vital Kansas asset that can safeguard lives and property and ensures adequate water resources for a healthy State economy. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates more than 190 water-monitoring stations that keep watch on Kansas streams, lakes, and ground water. The majority of these stations are jointly funded in partnerships with local, tribal, State, or other Federal agencies. The USGS real-time water-monitoring network provides long-term, accurate, and unbiased information that meets the needs of many customers. Whether the customer is a water-management or water-quality agency, an emergency planner, a power or navigational official, a farmer, a canoeist, or a fisherman, all can benefit from the continuous real-time&nbsp;2003 water information gathered by the USGS and made available on the World Wide Web at URL: <a href=\"http://ks.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis\" data-mce-href=\"http://ks.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis\">http://ks.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis</a>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs06003","usgsCitation":"Combs, L.J., Putnam, J.E., and Ziegler, A., 2003, Continuous real-time water information—A vital Kansas asset: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 060-03, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06003.","productDescription":"3 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 \"}}]}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:%20dc_ks@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:%20dc_ks@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kswsc\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kswsc\">Kansas Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>1217 Biltmore Drive<br>Lawrence, KS 66049</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Continuous Real-Time Data</li><li>Uses of&nbsp;Continuous Real-Time Water Information</li><li>From the Real World to Your Computer Screen</li><li>Kansas and the People Benefit</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b03e4b07f02db698e72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Combs, Lanna J.","contributorId":86411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Combs","given":"Lanna","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putnam, James E. jputnam@usgs.gov","contributorId":2021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"James","email":"jputnam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":245761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ziegler, Andrew C. aziegler@usgs.gov","contributorId":433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Andrew C.","email":"aziegler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":245760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50119,"text":"wri034069 - 2003 - Geologic Setting, Geohydrology, and Ground-Water Quality near the Helendale Fault in the Mojave River Basin, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:19","indexId":"wri034069","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4069","title":"Geologic Setting, Geohydrology, and Ground-Water Quality near the Helendale Fault in the Mojave River Basin, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"The proximity of the Mojave River ground-water basin to the highly urbanized Los Angeles region has resulted in rapid population growth and, consequently, an increase in the demand for water. The Mojave River, the primary source of surface water for the region, normally is dry--except for periods of flow after intense storms; therefore, the region relies almost entirely on ground water to meet its agricultural and municipal needs. The area where the Helendale Fault intersects the Mojave River is of particular hydrogeologic interest because of its importance as a boundary between two water-management subareas of the Mojave Water Agency. The fault is the boundary between the upper Mojave River Basin (Oeste, Alto, and Este subareas) and the lower Mojave River Basin (Centro and Baja subareas); specifically, the fault is the boundary between the Alto and the Centro subareas. To obtain the information necessary to help better understand the hydrogeology of the area near the fault, multiple-well monitoring sites were installed, the surface geology was mapped in detail, and water-level and water-quality data were collected from wells in the study area.\r\n\r\nDetailed surficial geologic maps and water-level measurements indicate that the Helendale Fault impedes the flow of ground water in the deeper regional aquifer, but not in the overlying floodplain aquifer. Other faults mapped in the area impede the flow of ground water in both aquifers. Evidence of flowing water in the Mojave River upgradient of the Helendale Fault exists in the historical record, suggesting an upward gradient of ground-water flow. However, water-level data from this study indicate that pumping upstream of the Helendale Fault has reversed the vertical gradient of ground-water flow since predevelopment conditions, and the potential now exists for water to flow downward from the floodplain aquifer to the regional aquifer.\r\n\r\nSixty-seven ground-water samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, and stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen from 34 wells within the study area between May 1990 and November 1999. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water samples from 14 wells in the floodplain aquifer ranged from 339 to 2,330 milligrams per liter (mg/L) with a median concentration of 825 mg/L. Concentrations in water from 11 of these wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) of 500 mg/L. Dissolved-solids concentrations of water from nine wells sampled in the regional aquifer ranged from 479 to 946 mg/L with a median concentration of 666 mg/L. Concentrations in at least one sample of water from each of the wells in the regional aquifer exceeded the USEPA SMCL for dissolved solids. Arsenic concentrations in water from 14 wells in the floodplain aquifer ranged from less than the detection limit of 2 micrograms per liter (?g/L) to a maximum of 34 ?g/L with a median concentration of 6 ?g/L. Concentrations in water from six of the 14 wells exceeded the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for arsenic of 10 ?g/L. Arsenic concentrations in water from nine wells in the regional aquifer ranged from less than the detection limit of 2 to 130 ?g/L with a median concentration of 11 ?g/L. Concentrations in water from five of these nine wells exceeded the USEPA MCL for arsenic. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from seven wells completed in the igneous and metamorphic basement rocks that underlie the floodplain and regional aquifers ranged from 400 to 3,190 mg/L with a median concentration of 1,410 mg/L. Concentrations in water from all but one of the seven wells sampled exceeded the USEPA SMCL for dissolved solids. Concentrations in water from the basement rocks exceeded the USEPA SMCL for arsenic of 10 ?g/L in five of the seven wells. The high concentrations of arsenic, dissolved solids, and other constituents probably occur naturally.\r\n\r\nStable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicate that before pumping began in ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034069","usgsCitation":"Stamos, C., Cox, B.F., Izbicki, J., and Mendez, G.O., 2003, Geologic Setting, Geohydrology, and Ground-Water Quality near the Helendale Fault in the Mojave River Basin, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4069, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034069.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4305,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034069/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8365","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":19593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Brett F. bcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":5793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Brett","email":"bcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":240798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mendez, Gregory O. 0000-0002-9955-3726 gomendez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-3726","contributorId":1489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendez","given":"Gregory","email":"gomendez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":52918,"text":"wri024097 - 2003 - Pesticides in surface water in the lower Illinois River basin, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:45","indexId":"wri024097","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4097","title":"Pesticides in surface water in the lower Illinois River basin, 1996-98","docAbstract":"Surface-water quality samples were collected from April 1996 to September 1998 from eight locations in the Lower Illinois River Basin, a study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water-Quality Assessment program. The study area is approximately 15,600 square miles and encompasses most of central and western Illinois. The dominant land use is agricultural and most land is used for the production of corn and soybeans. About 6.9 million acres of corn and soybeans are planted annually in the lower Illinois River Basin. Conservation tillage, defined as mulch-till and no-till, is used on about 40 percent of the cropland in the study area, similar to the statewide average. Nearly 90 percent of the samples for pesticide analyses were collected at four sites: the Illinois River at Ottawa, the Illinois River at Valley City, the La Moine River at Colmar, and the Sangamon River at Monticello. Two hundred fifty-eight samples were collected and analyzed for various herbicides, insecticides, and herbicide transformation products (also referred to as degradates). Thirty-one pesticides were detected at concentrations above their respective method detection limit: 23 herbicides and 8 insecticides. An additional set of 34 samples was collected in the summer of 1998 for the analysis of herbicide transformation products. Nine herbicide transformation products were detected, all belonging to the chloroacetanilide or the triazine chemical class.\r\nTwo herbicides, atrazine and cyanazine, exceeded the associated human health drinking-water criteria and the aquatic health-criteria. Atrazine was detected in all samples. Sixty percent of the samples (48 of 80) collected in the months of May and June had atrazine concentrations that exceeded the clean drinking- water standard of 3 micrograms per liter (mg/L). The average atrazine concentration in the May to June samples was about 7.0 mg/L. The maximum atrazine concentrations were 110 mg/L in the La Moine River at Colmar and 32 mg/L in the Sangamon River at Monticello. The maximum atrazine concentration in the lower Illinois River was 20 mg/L, measured at Valley City, although most of the relatively elevated concentrations in the Illinois River sites were in the range from 5 to 8 mg/L. The concentrations of the herbicide cyanazine exceeded the health advisory guideline of 1 mg/L in about 19 percent (15 of 80) of the May to June samples. The pesticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, metolachlor, and 2,4-D exceeded aquatic health guidelines at various times from May to August. Three dominant factors that affect the presence of pesticides in streams are identified: the pesticide usage, the time-of-year (or season), and the flow condition. The pesticides with the highest usage--atrazine, metolachlor, cyanazine, and acetochlor--generally were the pesticides detected most frequently and at the highest concentrations. Notable exceptions to this general observation are alachlor and simazine, which did not have high usage but were detected frequently. The elevated pesticide concentrations were most affected by seasonality--most of these elevated concentrations were observed across all flow conditions during May to June. Flow conditions also affect pesticide concentrations, but not as much as seasonality. The maximum pesticide loads were observed between March and July on the Illinois River. The net contribution of pesticides applied in the study area to net increases in load indicates that only about 1-2 percent of the pesticides applied exit the basin through the Illinois River at Valley City.\r\n\r\nThe chloroacetanilide-class transformation products observed in samples collected in summer 1998 persistently contained elevated concentrations relative to the associated parent pesticide compound at all locations and for all streamflow conditions. The concentration of the transformation product metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) usually was about 10 times higher than the parent compound in the mainstem of the lower","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024097","usgsCitation":"King, R.B., 2003, Pesticides in surface water in the lower Illinois River basin, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4097, viii, 69 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024097.","productDescription":"viii, 69 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5007,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=02-4097","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Robin B.","contributorId":34506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":52915,"text":"wri034115 - 2003 - Patterns and sources of fecal coliform bacteria in three streams in Virginia, 1999-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:45","indexId":"wri034115","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4115","title":"Patterns and sources of fecal coliform bacteria in three streams in Virginia, 1999-2000","docAbstract":"Surface-water impairment by fecal coliform bacteria is a water-quality issue of national scope and importance.\r\nIn Virginia, more than 175 stream segments are on the Commonwealth's 1998 303(d) list of impaired waters\r\nbecause of elevated concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria. These fecal coliform-impaired stream segments\r\nrequire the development of total maximum daily load (TMDL) and associated implementation plans, but accurate\r\ninformation on the sources contributing these bacteria usually is lacking. The development of defendable fecal\r\ncoliform TMDLs and management plans can benefit from reliable information on the bacteria sources that are\r\nresponsible for the impairment. Bacterial source tracking (BST) recently has emerged as a powerful tool for\r\nidentifying the sources of fecal coliform bacteria that impair surface waters. In a demonstration of BST\r\ntechnology, three watersheds on Virginia's 1998 303(d) list with diverse land-use practices (and potentially\r\ndiverse bacteria sources) were studied. Accotink Creek is dominated by urban land uses, Christians Creek by\r\nagricultural land uses, and Blacks Run is affected by both urban and agricultural land uses. During the 20-month\r\nfield study (March 1999?October 2000), water samples were collected from each stream during a range of flow\r\nconditions and seasons. For each sample, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, turbidity,\r\nflow, and water temperature were measured. Fecal coliform concentrations of each water sample were determined\r\nusing the membrane filtration technique. Next, Escherichia coli (E. coli) were isolated from the fecal coliform\r\nbacteria and their sources were identified using ribotyping (a method of 'genetic fingerprinting'). \r\n\r\nStudy results provide enhanced understanding of the concentrations and sources of fecal coliform bacteria in\r\nthese three watersheds. Continuum sampling (sampling along the length of the streams) indicated that elevated\r\nconcentrations of fecal coliform bacteria (maximum observed concentration of 290,000 colonies/100 milliliters\r\n(col/100mL) could occur along the entire length of each stream, and that the samples collected at the downstream\r\nmonitoring station of each stream were generally representative of the entire upstream reach. Seasonal patterns\r\nwere observed in the base-flow fecal coliform concentrations of all streams; concentrations were typically highest\r\nin the summer and lowest in the winter. Fecal coliform concentrations were lowest during periods of base flow\r\n(typically 200?2,000 col/100mL) and increased by 3?4 orders of magnitude during storm events\r\n(as high as 700,000 col/100mL). Multiple linear regression models were developed to predict fecal coliform\r\nconcentrations as a function of streamflow and other water-quality parameters. The source tracking technique\r\nprovided identification of bacteria contributions from diverse sources that included (but were not limited to) humans,\r\ncattle, poultry, horses, dogs, cats, geese, ducks, raccoons, and deer. Seasonal patterns were observed in the\r\ncontributions of cattle and poultry sources. There were relations between the identified sources of fecal coliform\r\nbacteria and the land-use practices within each watershed. There were only minor differences in the distribution of\r\nbacteria sources between low-flow periods and high-flow periods. A coupled approach that utilized both a large\r\navailable source library and a smaller, location-specific source library provided the most success in identifying the\r\nunknown E. coli isolates. BST data should provide valuable support and guidance for producing more defendable and\r\nscientifically rigorous watershed models. Incorporation of these bacteria-source data into watershed management\r\nstrategies also should result in the selection of more efficient source-reduction scenarios for improving water quality.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034115","usgsCitation":"Hyer, K., and Moyer, D., 2003, Patterns and sources of fecal coliform bacteria in three streams in Virginia, 1999-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4115, v, 76 p. : ill., maps. (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034115.","productDescription":"v, 76 p. : ill., maps. (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5005,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hyer, Kenneth kenhyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyer","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenhyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moyer, Douglas 0000-0001-6330-478X dlmoyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6330-478X","contributorId":2670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyer","given":"Douglas","email":"dlmoyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":51436,"text":"wri034039 - 2003 - Tracing reclaimed water in the Menifee, Winchester, and Perris-South ground-water subbasins, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:30","indexId":"wri034039","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4039","title":"Tracing reclaimed water in the Menifee, Winchester, and Perris-South ground-water subbasins, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"As a component in the management of water resources in the Menifee, Winchester, and Perris-South subbasins in Riverside County, California, ponds are operated by the Eastern Municipal Water District for the temporary storage of reclaimed water that is produced by several regional water-reclamation facilities. A primary goal of this study was to evaluate the potential for using various ground-water constituents or characteristics as tracers of reclaimed water that has infiltrated from the storage ponds into the ground water in the three subbasins. A secondary goal was to estimate the degree to which the infiltrated reclaimed water has mixed with the native ground water. The evaluation of potential tracers and the estimation of mixing focused on data from wells located relatively close to the ponds. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe most useful constituents and characteristics for evaluation of the fate and mixing of reclaimed water in the Menifee, Winchester, and Perris-South subbasins are major-ion composition, stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, ultraviolet absorbance (UV-A), chloride concentration, and boron/chloride ratio plotted against chloride concentration. Emphasis in this study was placed on evaluating the utility of UV-A as a tracer and boron/chloride ratios in estimating the fraction of reclaimed water in ground water. \r\n\r\n\r\nIn the Menifee subbasin, major-ion data, stable isotopes, chloride, UV-A, and boron/chloride ratio are all useful in identifying reclaimed water, and the results based on these indicators are consistent with each other. The results suggest that values of UV-A greater than or equal to 0.007 indicate the presence of reclaimed water in the Menifee subbasin. Ground-water samples with UV-A greater than 0.007 are estimated to consist of about 75 to 100 percent reclaimed water, on the basis of chloride-mixing calculations and boron/chloride-versus-chloride mixing calculations.\r\n\r\n\r\nIn the Winchester subbasin, results based on the same factors used in the Menifee subbasin are less conclusive; nevertheless, UV-A can be used as a tracer. The results suggest that values of UV-A greater than 0.01 indicate the presence of reclaimed water. Values from 0.006 to 0.01 may indicate the presence of reclaimed water; however, water from wells not likely to have reclaimed water may also have UV-A values in this range. Ground-water samples with UV-A greater than 0.01 seem to contain about 25 percent reclaimed water (range 6 to 32 percent), on the basis of the consistency of the results of three types of mixing calculations--chloride alone, boron/chloride versus chloride, and UV-A. \r\n\r\n\r\nIn the Perris-South subbasin, the potential tracers are not as conclusive in identifying reclaimed water in the subsurface as in the Menifee and Winchester subbasins. The less-conclusive results are a consequence of the multiple, spatially distributed sources of reclaimed water; the relative absence of wells close to the reclaimed-water pond; and the short period of operation (about 1 year) of the pond at the time of sampling. Mixing calculations suggest that ground-water samples with elevated UV-A values (greater than 0.01) in the Perris-South subbasin could contain as much as 40 to 65 percent reclaimed water.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034039","usgsCitation":"Kaehler, C.A., and Belitz, K., 2003, Tracing reclaimed water in the Menifee, Winchester, and Perris-South ground-water subbasins, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4039, 61 p.; 32 figs., 1 table, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034039.","productDescription":"61 p.; 32 figs., 1 table","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4446,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034039/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0d0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaehler, Charles A. ckaehler@usgs.gov","contributorId":210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehler","given":"Charles","email":"ckaehler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":51437,"text":"wri034155 - 2003 - Comparison of Irrigation Water Use Estimates Calculated from Remotely Sensed Irrigated Acres and State Reported Irrigated Acres in the Lake Altus Drainage Basin, Oklahoma and Texas, 2000 Growing Season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:30","indexId":"wri034155","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4155","title":"Comparison of Irrigation Water Use Estimates Calculated from Remotely Sensed Irrigated Acres and State Reported Irrigated Acres in the Lake Altus Drainage Basin, Oklahoma and Texas, 2000 Growing Season","docAbstract":"Increased demand for water in the Lake Altus drainage basin requires more accurate estimates of water use for irrigation. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, is investigating new techniques to improve water-use estimates for irrigation purposes in the Lake Altus drainage basin. Empirical estimates of reference evapotranspiration, crop evapotranspiration, and crop irrigation water requirements for nine major crops were calculated from September 1999 to October 2000 using a solar radiation-based evapotranspiration model. Estimates of irrigation water use were calculated using remotely sensed irrigated crop acres derived from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery and were compared with irrigation water-use estimates calculated from irrigated crop acres reported by the Oklahoma Water Resources Board and the Texas Water Development Board for the 2000 growing season. The techniques presented will help manage water resources in the Lake Altus drainage basin and may be transferable to other areas with similar water management needs.\r\n\r\nIrrigation water use calculated from the remotely sensed irrigated acres was estimated at 154,920 acre-feet; whereas, irrigation water use calculated from state reported irrigated crop acres was 196,026 acre-feet, a 23 percent difference. The greatest difference in irrigation water use was in Carson County, Texas. Irrigation water use for Carson County, Texas, calculated from the remotely sensed irrigated acres was 58,555 acrefeet; whereas, irrigation water use calculated from state reported irrigated acres was 138,180 acre-feet, an 81 percent difference. The second greatest difference in irrigation water use occurred in Beckham County, Oklahoma. Differences between the two irrigation water use estimates are due to the differences of irrigated crop acres derived from the mapping process and those reported by the Oklahoma Water Resources Board and Texas Water Development Board.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034155","usgsCitation":"Masoner, J., Mladinich, C., Konduris, A., and Smith, S.J., 2003, Comparison of Irrigation Water Use Estimates Calculated from Remotely Sensed Irrigated Acres and State Reported Irrigated Acres in the Lake Altus Drainage Basin, Oklahoma and Texas, 2000 Growing Season: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4155, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034155.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4447,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034155","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae42e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masoner, J.R.","contributorId":15690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masoner","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mladinich, C.S.","contributorId":61095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mladinich","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konduris, A.M.","contributorId":106567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konduris","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, S. Jerrod 0000-0002-9379-8167 sjsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-8167","contributorId":981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"sjsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jerrod","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70159107,"text":"70159107 - 2003 - Southeastern U.S. vegetation response to ENSO Events (1989–1999)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-15T13:01:27","indexId":"70159107","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Southeastern U.S. vegetation response to ENSO Events (1989–1999)","docAbstract":"<p><span>El Ni&ntilde;o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is considered one of the most powerful forces driving anomalous global weather patterns. Large-scale seasonal precipitation and temperature changes influenced by ENSO have been examined in many areas of the world. The southeastern United States is one of the regions affected by ENSO events. In this study, remote sensing detection of vegetation response to ENSO phases is demonstrated with one-kilometer biweekly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data (1989&ndash;1999) derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR). The impacts of three ENSO phases, cold, warm and neutral, on vegetation were analyzed with a focus on two vegetation cover types, two seasons and two geographic regions within the southeastern U.S. Significant ENSO effects on vegetation were found in cropland and forest vegetation cover types based on image and statistical analysis of the NDVI data. The results indicate that vegetation condition was optimal during the ENSO neutral phase for both agricultural and natural vegetation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1026081615868","usgsCitation":"Peters, A.J., and Walter-Shea, E., 2003, Southeastern U.S. vegetation response to ENSO Events (1989–1999): Climatic Change, v. 60, no. 1, p. 175-188, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026081615868.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"188","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309931,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620cea1e4b06217fc478b1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Albert J.","contributorId":92517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter-Shea, Elizabeth","contributorId":84579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter-Shea","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70156518,"text":"70156518 - 2003 - Vegetation greenness impacts on maximum and minimum temperatures in northeast Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:45:13","indexId":"70156518","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3921,"text":"Meteorological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation greenness impacts on maximum and minimum temperatures in northeast Colorado","docAbstract":"<div class=\"para\"><p>The impact of vegetation on the microclimate has not been adequately considered in the analysis of temperature forecasting and modelling. To fill part of this gap, the following study was undertaken.</p><p>A daily 850–700 mb layer mean temperature, computed from the National Center for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis, and satellite-derived greenness values, as defined by NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index), were correlated with surface maximum and minimum temperatures at six sites in northeast Colorado for the years 1989–98. The NDVI values, representing landscape greenness, act as a proxy for latent heat partitioning via transpiration. These sites encompass a wide array of environments, from irrigated-urban to short-grass prairie. The explained variance (r<sup>2</sup> value) of surface maximum and minimum temperature by only the 850–700 mb layer mean temperature was subtracted from the corresponding explained variance by the 850–700 mb layer mean temperature and NDVI values. The subtraction shows that by including NDVI values in the analysis, the r<sup>2</sup> values, and thus the degree of explanation of the surface temperatures, increase by a mean of 6% for the maxima and 8% for the minima over the period March–October. At most sites, there is a seasonal dependence in the explained variance of the maximum temperatures because of the seasonal cycle of plant growth and senescence. Between individual sites, the highest increase in explained variance occurred at the site with the least amount of anthropogenic influence. This work suggests the vegetation state needs to be included as a factor in surface temperature forecasting, numerical modeling, and climate change assessments.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1017/S1350482703003013","usgsCitation":"Hanamean, J.R., Pielke, R., Castro, C.L., Ojima, D., Reed, B.C., and Gao, Z., 2003, Vegetation greenness impacts on maximum and minimum temperatures in northeast Colorado: Meteorological Applications, v. 10, no. 3, p. 203-215, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1350482703003013.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"215","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1350482703003013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fa92d7e4b05d6c4e501aea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanamean, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":146901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanamean","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castro, C. L.","contributorId":121433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ojima, D.S.","contributorId":49549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gao, Z.","contributorId":146902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gao","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70159451,"text":"70159451 - 2003 - Urban land-cover change detection through sub-pixel imperviousness mapping using remotely sensed data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-30T10:17:19","indexId":"70159451","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Urban land-cover change detection through sub-pixel imperviousness mapping using remotely sensed data","docAbstract":"<p>We developed a Sub-pixel Imperviousness Change Detection (SICD) approach to detect urban land-cover changes using Landsat and high-resolution imagery. The sub-pixel percent imperviousness was mapped for two dates (09 March 1993 and 11 March 2001) over western Georgia using a regression tree algorithm. The accuracy of the predicted imperviousness was reasonable based on a comparison using independent reference data. The average absolute error between predicted and reference data was 16.4 percent for 1993 and 15.3 percent for 2001. The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.73 for 1993 and 0.78 for 2001, respectively. Areas with a significant increase (greater than 20 percent) in impervious surface from 1993 to 2001 were mostly related to known land-cover/land-use changes that occurred in this area, suggesting that the spatial change of an impervious surface is a useful indicator for identifying spatial extent, intensity, and, potentially, type of urban land-cover/land-use changes. Compared to other pixel-based change-detection methods (band differencing, rationing, change vector, post-classification), information on changes in sub-pixel percent imperviousness allow users to quantify and interpret urban land-cover/land-use changes based on their own definition. Such information is considered complementary to products generated using other change-detection methods. In addition, the procedure for mapping imperviousness is objective and repeatable, hence, can be used for monitoring urban land-cover/land-use change over a large geographic area. Potential applications and limitations of the products developed through this study in urban environmental studies are also discussed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","doi":"10.14358/PERS.69.9.1003","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Xian, G.Z., Klaver, J.M., and Deal, B., 2003, Urban land-cover change detection through sub-pixel imperviousness mapping using remotely sensed data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 69, no. 9, p. 1003-1010, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.69.9.1003.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1010","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.69.9.1003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563496bfe4b048076348009b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xian, George Z. 0000-0001-5674-2204 xian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-2204","contributorId":2263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xian","given":"George","email":"xian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klaver, Jacqueline M.","contributorId":25423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaver","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Deal, Brian","contributorId":149537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deal","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":51976,"text":"wri034030 - 2003 - Simulation of streamflow and estimation of streamflow constituent loads in the San Antonio River watershed, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T11:11:46","indexId":"wri034030","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4030","title":"Simulation of streamflow and estimation of streamflow constituent loads in the San Antonio River watershed, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2001","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey developed watershed models (Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN) to simulate streamflow and estimate streamflow constituent loads from five basins that compose the San Antonio River watershed in Bexar County, Texas. Rainfall and streamflow data collected during 1997–2001 were used to calibrate and test the model. The model was configured so that runoff from various land uses and discharges from other sources (such as wastewater recycling facilities) could be accounted for to indicate sources of streamflow. Simulated streamflow volumes were used with land-use-specific, water-quality data to compute streamflow loads of selected constituents from the various streamflow sources.</p><p>Model simulations for 1997–2001 indicate that inflow from the upper Medina River (originating outside Bexar County) represents about 22 percent of total streamflow. Recycled wastewater discharges account for about 20 percent and base flow (ground-water inflow to streams) about 18 percent. Storm runoff from various land uses represents about 33 percent. </p><p>Estimates of sources of streamflow constituent loads indicate recycled wastewater as the largest source of dissolved solids and nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen (about 38 and 66 percent, respectively, of the total loads) during 1997–2001. Stormwater runoff from urban land produced about 49 percent of the 1997–2001 total suspended solids load. Stormwater runoff from residential and commercial land (about 23 percent of the land area) produced about 70 percent of the total lead streamflow load during 1997–2001. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri034030","collaboration":"In cooperation with the San Antonio Water System ","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D.J., and McNamara, K.C., 2003, Simulation of streamflow and estimation of streamflow constituent loads in the San Antonio River watershed, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4030, HTML Document; Report: iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034030.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iv, 37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4534,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri03-4030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335481,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri03-4030/pdf/wri03-4030.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar County","otherGeospatial":"San Antonio River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.50616455078125,\n              29.739339757443286\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.58993530273438,\n              29.736954896290666\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.72451782226562,\n              29.71548859443817\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.778076171875,\n              29.67015577117534\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.82476806640625,\n              29.621221113784504\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.865966796875,\n              29.554345125748267\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.88656616210938,\n              29.434813598289637\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.87969970703125,\n              29.388158098102554\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.86184692382812,\n              29.334298230315675\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.83438110351562,\n              29.26124274448168\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.77944946289062,\n              29.216904948184734\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.734130859375,\n              29.178543264303006\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.64349365234374,\n              29.156958511360703\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.5693359375,\n              29.159357041355424\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.46084594726562,\n              29.185737173254434\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.36196899414061,\n              29.204918463909035\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.31939697265625,\n              29.263638834879824\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.28231811523438,\n              29.3642238956322\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.3056640625,\n              29.44438130948883\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.2891845703125,\n              29.534034720259523\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.34686279296874,\n              29.62360872200976\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.3990478515625,\n              29.682087444299334\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.45947265625,\n              29.71071768156533\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.50616455078125,\n              29.739339757443286\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ockerman, Darwin J. 0000-0003-1958-1688 ockerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":1579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"ockerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNamara, Kenna C.","contributorId":51841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamara","given":"Kenna","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":52708,"text":"wri034154 - 2003 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T12:36:43","indexId":"wri034154","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4154","title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes a two-dimensional regional screening model and two associated three-dimensional ground-water flow models that were developed to simulate the ground-water flow systems in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and Pool 8 of the Mississippi River. Although the geographic extents of the three-dimensional models were slightly different, both were derived from the same geologic interpretation and regional screening model, and their calibrations were performed concurrently. The objectives of the La Crosse County (LCC) model were to assess the effects of recent (1990s) and potential future ground-water withdrawals and to provide a tool suitable to evaluate the effects of proposed water-management programs. The Pool 8 model objectives were to quantify the magnitude and distribution of ground-water flow into the Pool. The Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey developed the models cooperatively. The report describes: 1) the conceptual hydrogeologic model; 2) the methods used in simulating flow; 3) model calibration and sensitivity analysis; and 4) model results, such as simulation of predevelopment conditions and location and magnitude of ground-water discharge into Pool 8 of the Mississippi.</p>\n<p>Three aquifer units underlie the model area: 1) a shallow unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifer; 2) an upper bedrock aquifer, composed of Cambrian and Ordovician sandstone and dolomite; and 3) a lower bedrock aquifer composed of Cambrian sandstone of the Eau Claire Formation and the Mount Simon Formation. A shale layer that is part of the Eau Claire Formation forms a confining unit separating the upper and lower bedrock aquifers. This confining unit is absent in the Black River and parts of the La Crosse and Mississippi River valleys. Precambrian crystalline basement rock forms the lower base of the ground-water flow system.</p>\n<p>The U.S. Geological Survey ground-water flow model code, MODFLOW, was used to develop the La Crosse County (LCC) and Pool 8 ground-water flow models. Boundary conditions for the MODFLOW model were extracted from an analytic element screening model of the regional flow system surrounding La Crosse County. Model input was obtained from previously published and unpublished geologic and hydrologic data. Pumpages from municipal and high-capacity wells were also simulated.</p>\n<p>Model calibration included a comparison of modeled and field-measured water levels and field-measured base flows to simulated stream flows. At calibration, most measured water levels compared favorably to model-calculated water levels. Simulated streamflows at two targets were within 3 percent of estimated measured base flows. Mass balance results from the LCC and Pool 8 models indicated that 63 to 74 percent of ground water was from recharge and 19 to 26 percent was from surface-water sources. Ground-water flow out of the model was to rivers and streams (85 to 87 percent) and pumping wells (11 and 13 percent).</p>\n<p>The model demonstrates the effects of development on ground water in the study area. The maximum simulated water-level decline in the city of La Crosse metropolitan area is 9.3 feet. Simulated stream losses are similar to the amount of ground water pumped by wells. This indicates that ground water withdrawn by La Crosse County wells is water that under predevelopment conditions discharged to streams and lakes.</p>\n<p>The models provide estimates of the locations and amount of ground-water flow into Pool 8 and the southern portion of Pool 7 of the Mississippi River. Ground-water discharges into all areas of the pools, except along the eastern shore in the vicinity of the city of La Crosse and immediately downgradient from lock and dam 7 and 8. Ground-water flow into the pools is generally greatest around the perimeter with decreasing amounts away from the perimeter. An area of relatively high ground-water discharge extends out towards the center of Pool 7 from the upper reaches of the pool and may</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with La Crosse County, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Saad, D.A., and Chapel, D.M., 2003, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4154, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034154.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311306,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034154/pdf/WRIR-03-4154.pdf"},{"id":5242,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034154/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"La Crosse 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,{"id":70201178,"text":"70201178 - 2003 - Using the National Topographic Survey for long-term land surface change studies: A case involving carbon sequestration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-04T10:25:01","indexId":"70201178","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-31T10:24:16","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using the National Topographic Survey for long-term land surface change studies: A case involving carbon sequestration","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, 21st International Cartographic Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Cartographic Renaissance: 21st International Cartographic Conference","conferenceDate":"August 10-16, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Durban, South Africa","language":"English","publisher":"International Cartographic Association","usgsCitation":"Varanka, D.E., 2003, Using the National Topographic Survey for long-term land surface change studies: A case involving carbon sequestration, <i>in</i> Proceedings, 21st International Cartographic Conference, Durban, South Africa, August 10-16, 2003, p. 80-83.","productDescription":"4 p.; CD ROM","startPage":"80","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359909,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://icaci.org/icc2003/"},{"id":359911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c07a064e4b0815414cee785","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varanka, Dalia E. 0000-0003-2857-9600 dvaranka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-9600","contributorId":1296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanka","given":"Dalia","email":"dvaranka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70189341,"text":"70189341 - 2003 - Using sensitivity analysis in model calibration efforts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:36:00","indexId":"70189341","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Using sensitivity analysis in model calibration efforts","docAbstract":"<p>In models of natural and engineered systems, sensitivity analysis can be used to assess relations among system state observations, model parameters, and model predictions. The model itself links these three entities, and model sensitivities can be used to quantify the links. Sensitivities are defined as the derivatives of simulated quantities (such as simulated equivalents of observations, or model predictions) with respect to model parameters. We present four measures calculated from model sensitivities that quantify the observation-parameter-prediction links and that are especially useful during the calibration and prediction phases of modeling. These four measures are composite scaled sensitivities (CSS), prediction scaled sensitivities (PSS), the value of improved information (VOII) statistic, and the observation prediction (OPR) statistic. These measures can be used to help guide initial calibration of models, collection of field data beneficial to model predictions, and recalibration of models updated with new field information. Once model sensitivities have been calculated, each of the four measures requires minimal computational effort.</p><p> We apply the four measures to a three-layer MODFLOW-2000 (Harbaugh et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2000) model of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system (DVRFS), located in southern Nevada and California. D’Agnese et al. (1997, 1999) developed and calibrated the model using nonlinear regression methods. Figure 1 shows some of the observations, parameters, and predictions for the DVRFS model. Observed quantities include hydraulic heads and spring flows. The 23 defined model parameters include hydraulic conductivities, vertical anisotropies, recharge rates, evapotranspiration rates, and pumpage. Predictions of interest for this regional-scale model are advective transport paths from potential contamination sites underlying the Nevada Test Site and Yucca Mountain. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Parameter Estimation for Multimedia Environmental Modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Workshop on Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Parameter Estimation for Multimedia Environmental Modeling","conferenceDate":"August 19–21, 2003","conferenceLocation":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Headquarters 11545 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland, USA","language":"English ","publisher":"NRC","usgsCitation":"Tiedeman, C.R., and Hill, M.C., 2003, Using sensitivity analysis in model calibration efforts, chap. <i>of</i> Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Parameter Estimation for Multimedia Environmental Modeling, p. 53-56.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"53","endPage":"56","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"ftp://brrftp.cr.usgs.gov/pub/mows/pubs/leavesley_pubs/leavesley_pdf/cp0187.pdf#page=67"}],"country":"United States ","state":"California, Nevada ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965d256e4b0d1f9f05b76f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiedeman, Claire R. 0000-0002-0128-3685 tiedeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685","contributorId":196777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"Claire","email":"tiedeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70122974,"text":"70122974 - 2003 - New digital geologic maps of U.S. continental margins: Insights to seafloor sedimentary character, aggregate resources and processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T15:02:01","indexId":"70122974","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-29T15:39:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New digital geologic maps of U.S. continental margins: Insights to seafloor sedimentary character, aggregate resources and processes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments '03: \"Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries\"","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Coastal Sediments '03: The Fifth International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes","conferenceDate":"May 18-23, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach, Florida","language":"English","publisher":"East Meets West Productions","usgsCitation":"Williams, S., Jenkins, C.N., Currence, J., Penland, S., Reid, J., Flocks, J., Kindinger, J., Poppe, L., Kulp, M., Manheim, F., Hampton, M., Polloni, C., and Rowland, J., 2003, New digital geologic maps of U.S. continental margins: Insights to seafloor sedimentary character, aggregate resources and processes, <i>in</i> Coastal Sediments '03: \"Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries\", Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach, Florida, May 18-23, 2003, 12 p.; 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,{"id":70122973,"text":"70122973 - 2003 - Simple models for predicting dune erosion hazards along the outer banks of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-29T15:33:49","indexId":"70122973","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-29T15:31:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simple models for predicting dune erosion hazards along the outer banks of North Carolina","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal sediments '03: \"crossing disciplinary boundaries\": the Fifth International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes: proceedings: May 18-23, 2003, Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"East Meets West Productions","usgsCitation":"Wetzell, L., Howd, P., and Sallenger, A.H., 2003, Simple models for predicting dune erosion hazards along the outer banks of North Carolina, <i>in</i> Coastal sediments '03: \"crossing disciplinary boundaries\": the Fifth International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes: proceedings: May 18-23, 2003, Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA, CD-ROM.","productDescription":"CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293214,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"540193d1e4b0ae951d960649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetzell, L.M.","contributorId":79816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzell","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howd, P.A.","contributorId":103793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howd","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70122958,"text":"70122958 - 2003 - Erosion in southern Monterey Bay during the 1997-98 El Nino","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-29T14:43:43","indexId":"70122958","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-29T14:40:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Erosion in southern Monterey Bay during the 1997-98 El Nino","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal sediments '03: \"crossing disciplinary boundaries\": the Fifth International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes: proceedings: May 18-23, 2003, Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"East Meets West Productions","usgsCitation":"Thornton, E., Egley, L., and Sallenger, A.H., 2003, Erosion in southern Monterey Bay during the 1997-98 El Nino, <i>in</i> Coastal sediments '03: \"crossing disciplinary boundaries\": the Fifth International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes: proceedings: May 18-23, 2003, Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA, CD-ROM.","productDescription":"CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"540193c6e4b0ae951d960604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thornton, E.B.","contributorId":103828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornton","given":"E.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Egley, L.","contributorId":46428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egley","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70122952,"text":"70122952 - 2003 - Determination of water depth with high-resolution satellite imagery over variable bottom types","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T19:16:31.020324","indexId":"70122952","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-29T14:05:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of water depth with high-resolution satellite imagery over variable bottom types","docAbstract":"A standard algorithm for determining depth in clear water from passive sensors exists; but it requires tuning of five parameters and does not retrieve depths where the bottom has an extremely low albedo. To address these issues, we developed an empirical solution using a ratio of reflectances that has only two tunable parameters and can be applied to low-albedo features. The two algorithms--the standard linear transform and the new ratio transform--were compared through analysis of IKONOS satellite imagery against lidar bathymetry. The coefficients for the ratio algorithm were tuned manually to a few depths from a nautical chart, yet performed as well as the linear algorithm tuned using multiple linear regression against the lidar. Both algorithms compensate for variable bottom type and albedo (sand, pavement, algae, coral) and retrieve bathymetry in water depths of less than 10-15 m. However, the linear transform does not distinguish depths >15 m and is more subject to variability across the studied atolls. The ratio transform can, in clear water, retrieve depths in >25 m of water and shows greater stability between different areas. It also performs slightly better in scattering turbidity than the linear transform. The ratio algorithm is somewhat noisier and cannot always adequately resolve fine morphology (structures smaller than 4-5 pixels) in water depths >15-20 m. In general, the ratio transform is more robust than the linear transform.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2003.48.1_part_2.0547","usgsCitation":"Stumpf, R., Holderied, K., and Sinclair, M., 2003, Determination of water depth with high-resolution satellite imagery over variable bottom types: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 48, no. 1, p. 547-606, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.1_part_2.0547.","productDescription":"60 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"606","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.1_part_2.0547","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388306,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"540193c3e4b0ae951d9605f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumpf, Richard P.","contributorId":7739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"Richard P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holderied, Kristine","contributorId":69069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holderied","given":"Kristine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sinclair, Mark","contributorId":91027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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