Submarine canyons are the most important conduits for funneling sediment from continents to oceans. Submarine canyons, however, are zones of sediment bypassing, and little sediment accumulates in the canyon until it ceases to be an active conduit. To understand the potential importance in the rock record of any given submarine canyon, it is necessary to understand sediment-transport processes in, as well as knowledge of, deep-sea turbidite and related deposits that moved through the canyons. There is no straightforward correlation between the final volume of the sedimentary deposits and size of the associated submarine canyons. Comparison of selected modern submarine canyons together with their deposits emphasizes the wide range of scale differences between canyons and their impact on the rock record.
Three of the largest submarine canyons in the world are incised into the Beringian (North American) margin of the Bering Sea. Zhemchug Canyon has the largest cross-section at the shelf break and greatest volume of incision of slope and shelf. The Bering Canyon, which is farther south in the Bering Sea, is first in length and total area. In contrast, the largest submarine fans-e.g., Bengal, Indus, and Amazon-have substantially smaller, delta-front submarine canyons that feed them; their submarine drainage areas are one-third to less than one-tenth the area of Bering Canyon. some very large deep-sea channels and tubidite deposits are not even associated with a significant submarine canyon; examples include Horizon Channel in the northeast Pacific and Laurentian Fan Valley in the North Atlantic. Available data suggest that the size of turbidity currents (as determined by volume of sediment transported to the basins) is also not a reliable indicator of submarine canyon size.
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2003 - Sorted patterns on shallow shelves: Instability and finite-amplitude self-organization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T12:28:38","indexId":"70122910","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-29T10:31:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sorted patterns on shallow shelves: Instability and finite-amplitude self-organization","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"RCEM 2003: 3rd IAHR symposium on River, Coastal and estuarine morphodynamics: Barcelona, Spain, September 1-5, 2003","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Hydro-environment Engineering and Research","usgsCitation":"Murray, A., Thieler, E., and Tighe, B., 2003, Sorted patterns on shallow shelves: Instability and finite-amplitude self-organization, in RCEM 2003: 3rd IAHR symposium on River, Coastal and estuarine morphodynamics: Barcelona, Spain, September 1-5, 2003.","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293182,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"540193d2e4b0ae951d960652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, A.","contributorId":43553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thieler, E.R. 0000-0003-4311-9717","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":93082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tighe, B.","contributorId":28182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tighe","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70122906,"text":"70122906 - 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to explain the decline of coral reefs throughout the world, but none adequately accounts for the lack of recovery of reefs or the wide geographical distribution of coral diseases. The processes driving the decline remain elusive. Hundreds of millions of tons of dust transported annually from Africa and Asia to the Americas may be adversely affecting coral reefs and other downwind ecosystems. Viable microorganisms, macro- and micronutrients, trace metals, and an array of organic contaminants carried in the dust air masses and deposited in the oceans and on land may play important roles in the complex changes occurring on coral reefs worldwide.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"BioScience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0469:AAADFD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Garrison, V.H., Shinn, E., Foreman, W., Griffin, D.W., Holmes, C.W., Kellogg, C.A., Majewski, M.S., Richardson, L.L., Ritchie, K.B., and Smith, G.W., 2003, African and Asian dust: from desert soils to coral reefs: BioScience, v. 53, no. 5, p. 469-480, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0469:AAADFD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"480","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0469:aaadfd]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":293115,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293114,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0469:AAADFD]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"53","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0c6e4b01f35f8fd6911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrison, Virginia H. ginger_garrison@usgs.gov","contributorId":2386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"Virginia","email":"ginger_garrison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shinn, Eugene A.","contributorId":6883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Eugene A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holmes, Charles W.","contributorId":31071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kellogg, Christina A. 0000-0002-6492-9455 ckellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6492-9455","contributorId":391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Christina","email":"ckellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Majewski, Michael S. majewski@usgs.gov","contributorId":440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"Michael","email":"majewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Richardson, Laurie L.","contributorId":29322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"Laurie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ritchie, Kim B.","contributorId":85515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Smith, Garriet W.","contributorId":49715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Garriet","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70122660,"text":"70122660 - 2003 - Influence of climate on deep-water clastic sedimentation: application of a modern model, Peru-Chile Trough, to an ancient system, Ouachita Trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T10:55:57","indexId":"70122660","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-27T10:49:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1247,"text":"Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of climate on deep-water clastic sedimentation: application of a modern model, Peru-Chile Trough, to an ancient system, Ouachita Trough","docAbstract":"Traditionally, an abrupt and massive influx of siliciclastic sediments into an area of deposition has been attributed to tectonic uplift without consideration of the influence of climate or climatic change on rates of weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition. With few exceptions, fluvial sediment transport is minimal in both extremely arid climates and in perhumid (everwet) climates. Maximum sediment transport occurs in climates characterized by strongly seasonal rainfall, where the effect of vegetation on erosion is minimal.
\nThe Peru–Chile trench and Andes Mountain system (P–CT/AMS) of the eastern Pacific Ocean clearly illustrates the effects of climate on rates of weathering, erosion, transport, and deep-sea sedimentation. Terrigenous sediment is virtually absent in the arid belt north of lat. 30° S in the P–CT, but in the belt of seasonal rainfall south of lat. 30° S terrigenous sediment is abundant. Spatial variations in the amount and seasonality of annual precipitation are now generally accepted as the cause for this difference. The spatial variation in sediment supply to the P–CT appears to be an excellent modern analogue for the temporal variation in sediment supply to certain ancient systems, such as the Ouachita Trough in the southern United States.
\nBy comparison, during the Ordovician through the early Mississippian, sediment was deposited at very slow rates as the Ouachita Trough moved northward through the southern hemisphere dry belt (lat. 10° S to lat. 30° S). The deposystem approached the tropical humid zone during the Mississippian, coincident with increased coarse clastic sedimentation. By the Middle Pennsylvanian (Atokan), the provenance area and the deposystem moved well into the tropical humid zone, and as much as 8,500 m of mineralogically mature (but texturally immature) quartz sand was introduced and deposited. This increase in clastic sediment deposition traditionally has been attributed solely to tectonic activity. However, we contend that the principal control on the introduction of abundant terrigenous sediment was the movement of the deposystem from an arid or semiarid climate into a seasonally wetter climatic regime. The physical and mineralogical maturity of the quartz sand is the result of tropical weathering in provenance areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/pec.03.77.0185","usgsCitation":"Edgar, N.T., and Cecil, C.B., 2003, Influence of climate on deep-water clastic sedimentation: application of a modern model, Peru-Chile Trough, to an ancient system, Ouachita Trough: Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication, v. 77, p. 185-191, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0185.","productDescription":"7","startPage":"185","endPage":"191","costCenters":[{"id":183,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293087,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0185"}],"country":"Chile;Peru;United States","volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0dee4b01f35f8fd69cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edgar, N. Terence","contributorId":14388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, C. Blaine 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":22797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70122652,"text":"70122652 - 2003 - A modern analogue for tectonic, eustatic, and climatic processes in cratonic basins: Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T10:43:43","indexId":"70122652","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-27T10:28:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1247,"text":"Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A modern analogue for tectonic, eustatic, and climatic processes in cratonic basins: Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia","docAbstract":"The Gulf of Carpentaria is a tropical, silled epicontinental sea and may be a modern analogue for ancient cratonic basins. For the purpose of this study, the Gulf of Carpentaria is compared to Pennsylvanian cratonic basins of the United States. During the Pennsylvanian, the North American continent moved from the Southern Hemisphere, through the Equator, into the Northern Hemisphere. Today, the Gulf of Carpentaria–New Guinea region is a few degrees south of the Equator and is moving towards it. During the Pennsylvanian, the world was subjected to major glaciations and associated sea-level changes. The island of New Guinea and the Gulf of Carpentaria have undergone similar processes during the Quaternary. A reconnaissance seismic survey of the gulf conducted by the USGS and the Australian National University (ANU), combined with oil-exploration well data, provided the first step in a systematic evaluation of a modern tropical epicontinental system. During the Cenozoic, the region was dominated by terrestrial sedimentation in a temperate climate. At the same time, carbonates were being deposited on the northern shelf edge of the Australian Plate. During the Miocene, carbonate deposition expanded southward into the gulf region. Then in the Late Miocene, carbonate sedimentation was replaced by terrigenous clastics derived from the developing Central Range of the island of New Guinea, which developed a wetter climate while moving northwards into the tropics. At least 14 basin-wide transgressive–regressive cycles are identified by channels that were eroded under subaerial conditions since about the Miocene. Comparison of the modern Gulf of Carpentaria sequences with those of the Pennsylvanian reveals many similarities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/pec.03.77.0193","usgsCitation":"Edgar, N.T., Cecil, C.B., Mattick, R., de Deckker, P., and Djajadihardja, Y.S., 2003, A modern analogue for tectonic, eustatic, and climatic processes in cratonic basins: Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia: Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication, v. 77, p. 193-205, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0193.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"205","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293085,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0193"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Carpentaria","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 137.03,-16.62 ], [ 137.03,-10.61 ], [ 141.69,-10.61 ], [ 141.69,-16.62 ], [ 137.03,-16.62 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0c4e4b01f35f8fd6903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edgar, N. Terence","contributorId":14388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, C. Blaine 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":22797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattick, R.E.","contributorId":85162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattick","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"de Deckker, Patrick","contributorId":69070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Deckker","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Djajadihardja, Yusuf S.","contributorId":29324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Djajadihardja","given":"Yusuf","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70122646,"text":"70122646 - 2003 - Unique and exceptionally long interglacial marine isotope stage 11: window into Earth warm future climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T10:09:15","indexId":"70122646","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-27T10:05:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"137","title":"Unique and exceptionally long interglacial marine isotope stage 11: window into Earth warm future climate","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth's climate and eccentricity: the marine isotope stage 11 question","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/137GM01","usgsCitation":"Droxler, A., Alley, R.B., Howard, W.R., Poore, R.Z., and Burckle, L.H., 2003, Unique and exceptionally long interglacial marine isotope stage 11: window into Earth warm future climate, chap. of Earth's climate and eccentricity: the marine isotope stage 11 question, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/137GM01.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/chapter/Unique_and_Exceptionally_Long_Interglacial_Marine_Isotope_Stage_11_Window_into_Earth_Warm_Future_Climate/23053550","text":"External Repository"},{"id":293075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293074,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/137GM01"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0f1e4b01f35f8fd6a6b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Droxler, Andre","contributorId":25875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droxler","given":"Andre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509967,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509966,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burckle, Lloyd H.","contributorId":44475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burckle","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509968,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Droxler, Andre","contributorId":25875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droxler","given":"Andre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alley, Richard B.","contributorId":34365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13035,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":499545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, William R.","contributorId":102808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burckle, Lloyd H.","contributorId":44475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burckle","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}