{"pageNumber":"281","pageRowStart":"7000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184769,"records":[{"id":70243183,"text":"70243183 - 2023 - Potential effects of habitat change on migratory bird movements and avian influenza transmission in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T11:36:54.656507","indexId":"70243183","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-28T06:33:32","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1398,"text":"Diversity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of habitat change on migratory bird movements and avian influenza transmission in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway","docAbstract":"<div class=\"html-p\">Wild waterbirds, and especially wild waterfowl, are considered to be a reservoir for avian influenza viruses, with transmission likely occurring at the agricultural-wildlife interface. In the past few decades, avian influenza has repeatedly emerged in China along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), where extensive habitat conversion has occurred. Rapid environmental changes in the EAAF, especially distributional changes in rice paddy agriculture, have the potential to affect both the movements of wild migratory birds and the likelihood of spillover at the agricultural-wildlife interface. To begin to understand the potential implications such changes may have on waterfowl and disease transmission risk, we created dynamic Brownian Bridge Movement Models (dBBMM) based on waterfowl telemetry data. We used these dBBMM models to create hypothetical scenarios that would predict likely changes in waterfowl distribution relative to recent changes in rice distribution quantified through remote sensing. Our models examined a range of responses in which increased availability of rice paddies would drive increased use by waterfowl and decreased availability would result in decreased use, predicted from empirical data. Results from our scenarios suggested that in southeast China, relatively small decreases in rice agriculture could lead to dramatic loss of stopover habitat, and in northeast China, increases in rice paddies should provide new areas that can be used by waterfowl. Finally, we explored the implications of how such scenarios of changing waterfowl distribution may affect the potential for avian influenza transmission. Our results provide advance understanding of changing disease transmission threats by incorporating real-world data that predicts differences in habitat utilization by migratory birds over time.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/d15050601","usgsCitation":"Takekawa, J., Prosser, D., Sullivan, J.D., Yin, S., Wang, X., Zhang, G., and Xiao, X., 2023, Potential effects of habitat change on migratory bird movements and avian influenza transmission in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: Diversity, v. 15, no. 5, 601, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050601.","productDescription":"601, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-151017","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050601","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China, North Korea, South Korea, Russia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              110.647426736211,\n              49.63059537353766\n            ],\n            [\n              110.647426736211,\n              24.72726514910231\n            ],\n            [\n              138.23321668197326,\n              24.72726514910231\n            ],\n            [\n              138.23321668197326,\n              49.63059537353766\n            ],\n            [\n              110.647426736211,\n              49.63059537353766\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takekawa, John 0000-0003-0217-5907","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":203688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":36688,"text":"Suisun Resource Conservation District","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prosser, Diann 0000-0002-5251-1799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-1799","contributorId":217931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prosser","given":"Diann","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, Jeffery D. 0000-0002-9242-2432","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-2432","contributorId":265822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yin, Shenglai","contributorId":223544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yin","given":"Shenglai","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37803,"text":"Wageningen University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wang, Xinxin","contributorId":304701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Xinxin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7062,"text":"University of Oklahoma","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Geli","contributorId":206235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Geli","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Xiao, Xiangming","contributorId":150759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xiao","given":"Xiangming","affiliations":[{"id":18095,"text":"Center for Spatial Analysis, U of OK, Norman, OK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70243020,"text":"sir20235041 - 2023 - Public-supply water use in 2010 and projections of use in 2020 and 2030, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-06T21:34:51.78009","indexId":"sir20235041","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-27T12:28:54","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5041","displayTitle":"Public-Supply Water Use in 2010 and Projections of Use in 2020 and 2030, Tennessee","title":"Public-supply water use in 2010 and projections of use in 2020 and 2030, Tennessee","docAbstract":"<p>Future water use was projected for public-water systems in Tennessee. Water-use information was compiled for Tennessee for 2010, and projections were made to 2020 and 2030. The water-use models were based on two primary datasets: baseline water-use information for 2010 for Tennessee and projected population in Tennessee.</p><p>Population and water withdrawals in Tennessee are expected to increase through 2030. Because population served is projected to increase by about 1 million people during 2010 to 2030, the supply of finished water to meet demand in Tennessee is projected to increase from 921 to 1,137 million gallons per day, or 23 percent. The residential, commercial, and industrial water use, and treatment and nonrevenue water sectors of public supply are about 37, 32, and 30 percent, respectively, of the total water demand in Tennessee during 2010, 2020, and 2030.</p><p>In West Tennessee, public-supply water use is 26, 26, and 24 percent of the total water demand in Tennessee during 2010, 2020, and 2030, respectively. From 2010 to 2030, public-supply water use in West Tennessee is projected to increase 13 percent. In Middle Tennessee, public-supply water use is 38, 39, and 41 percent of the total water demand in Tennessee during 2010, 2020, and 2030, respectively. From 2010 to 2030, public-supply water use in Middle Tennessee is projected to increase 33 percent. In East Tennessee, public-supply water use is 36, 36, and 35 percent of the total water demand in Tennessee during 2010, 2020, and 2030, respectively. From 2010 to 2030, public-supply water use in East Tennessee is projected to increase 21 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235041","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.A., and Gain, W.S., 2023, Public-supply water use in 2010 and projections of use in 2020 and 2030, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5041, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235041.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 26 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-079080","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500917,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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 \"}}]}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/lmg-water/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/lmg-water/\">Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100<br>Nashville, TN 37211</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Approach and Methods</li><li>Public-Supply Water Use and Projections of Use for Tennessee</li><li>Summary</li><li>Selected References</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, John A. 0000-0001-8002-4237 jarobin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-4237","contributorId":1105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"John","email":"jarobin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":870610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gain, W. Scott wsgain@usgs.gov","contributorId":346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gain","given":"W.","email":"wsgain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":870611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70243060,"text":"ofr20231019 - 2023 - Chemical characterization of San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Phase 3 core","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-11T20:53:14.236837","indexId":"ofr20231019","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-27T12:05:32","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-1019","displayTitle":"Chemical Characterization of San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Phase 3 Core","title":"Chemical characterization of San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Phase 3 core","docAbstract":"<p>We present new X-ray fluorescence compositions of 27 core samples from Phase 3, Hole G of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, nearly doubling the published dataset for the core. The new analyses consist of major and trace element compositions and the first published data for rare earth elements from Hole G. Whole-rock compositions were obtained to further the analysis of active geochemical processes within the creeping section of the San Andreas Fault in central California. In this report, we plot the new data along with previously published analyses to illustrate some of the compositional features of the Hole G core and to relate them to the core mineralogy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231019","usgsCitation":"Moore, D.E., and Bradbury, K.K., 2023, Chemical characterization of San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Phase 3 core: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1019, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231019.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-142575","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416448,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1019/ofr20231019.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":499770,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114706.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":416447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1019/covrthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/earthquake-science-center\" href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/earthquake-science-center\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earthquake Science Center</a><br><a data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\" href=\"https://usgs.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>350 N. Akron Road <br>Moffett Field, CA 94035 </p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction and Dataset Description</li><li>Some Aspects of Hole G Core Chemistry</li><li>Concluding Remarks</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075 dmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":2704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane","email":"dmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, Kelly K.","contributorId":304539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradbury","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":870860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70243023,"text":"pp1876 - 2023 - Volcanic aquifers of Hawaiʻi—Contributions to assessing groundwater availability on Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, and Maui","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-18T22:16:30.66487","indexId":"pp1876","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-27T09:04:58","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1876","displayTitle":"Volcanic Aquifers of Hawai‘i—Contributions to Assessing Groundwater Availability on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui","title":"Volcanic aquifers of Hawaiʻi—Contributions to assessing groundwater availability on Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, and Maui","docAbstract":"<p>The volcanic aquifers of the Hawaiian Islands supply water to 1.46 million residents, diverse industries, and a large component of the U.S. military in the Pacific. Groundwater also supplies fresh water that supports ecosystems in streams and near the coast. Hawaii’s aquifers are remarkably productive given their small size, but the capacity of the islands to store fresh groundwater is limited because each island is surrounded by seawater, and salt water underlies much of the fresh groundwater. The amount of fresh groundwater available for human use from Hawai‘i’s volcanic aquifers is constrained by the consequences of groundwater withdrawal. Restrictions placed on these consequences can translate to limitations on groundwater availability. Changes in recharge resulting from changes in land cover or climate can alter the effect of withdrawals.</p><p>This study uses numerical models of the volcanic aquifers of the islands of Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui to quantify the consequences of historical and plausible future withdrawals and changes in recharge. The study compares the results of model simulations of multiple scenarios of historical and projected future withdrawal and recharge. Results of the simulations using the groundwater models of the islands of Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui have implications for other islands in Hawai‘i.</p><p>Since the first modern water well was drilled in Hawai‘i in 1879, total groundwater withdrawals on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui have risen to nearly 400 million gallons per day. Model simulations indicate that these withdrawals have caused reductions in groundwater discharge to streams and springs, reductions in groundwater discharge to the ocean, changes in subsurface flow between sectors within an island, lowering of groundwater levels, and rise of the interface between fresh water and salt water in the aquifers. Future increases in withdrawals will increase the severity of the consequences. Changes in recharge can alter the effect of withdrawals—increases in recharge can offset the consequences of withdrawals, whereas decreases in recharge can exacerbate the effects of withdrawals.</p><p>This study quantifies the consequences of withdrawals for past and plausible future circumstances. The models can be used to test other circumstances. Limits placed on the consequences of withdrawals—such as restrictions to protect stream or coastal ecosystems that rely on groundwater discharge and limitations on water-level decline and rise of the freshwater-saltwater interface to protect the productivity of existing wells—can translate to limits on groundwater availability from Hawai‘i’s volcanic aquifers. Setting acceptable limits to the consequences of groundwater withdrawal is also a critical part of assessing groundwater availability. Once these limits are set, numerical models can be used to quantify the amount of water that can be withdrawn within those limits and thereby inform management decisions that seek to balance the need to limit the consequences of groundwater withdrawals with the need to develop water for human use.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1876","usgsCitation":"Izuka, S.K., and Rotzoll, K., 2023, Volcanic aquifers of Hawai‘i—Contributions to assessing groundwater availability on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui (ver. 1.1, June 2023): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1876, 100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1876.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 100 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"100","ipdsId":"IP-125998","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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https://doi.org/10.5066/P9L4N2ZI."},{"id":416402,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1876/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":500158,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114701.htm","text":"Kauai","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":416405,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205126","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2020-5126","description":"Izuka, S.K., Rotzoll, K., and Nishikawa, T., 2021, Volcanic Aquifers of Hawai‘i—Construction and calibration of numerical models for assessing groundwater availability on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020-5126, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205126.","linkHelpText":"- Volcanic Aquifers of Hawai‘i—Construction and Calibration of Numerical Models for Assessing Groundwater Availability on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and 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96818</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Geographic and Geologic Names</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Setting</li><li>Numerical Models</li><li>Numerical-Model Simulations to Assess Groundwater Availability</li><li>Implications for Groundwater Availability</li><li>Study Limitations</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-27","revisedDate":"2023-06-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izuka, Scot K. 0000-0002-8758-9414 skizuka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9414","contributorId":2645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izuka","given":"Scot","email":"skizuka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rotzoll, Kolja 0000-0002-5910-888X kolja@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-888X","contributorId":3325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotzoll","given":"Kolja","email":"kolja@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70245410,"text":"70245410 - 2023 - Trends, impacts, and cost of catastrophic and frequent wildfires in the sagebrush biome","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-28T15:29:40.122401","indexId":"70245410","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-27T07:17:53","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3228,"text":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","onlineIssn":"1551-5028","printIssn":"1550-7424","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends, impacts, and cost of catastrophic and frequent wildfires in the sagebrush biome","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-gulliver text-s\"><div id=\"abs0001\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"abss0001\"><p id=\"spara011\">Fire regimes in sagebrush (<span><i>Artemisia</i></span><span>&nbsp;spp.) ecosystems have been greatly altered across the western United States. Broad-scale invasion of non-native annual grasses, climate change, and human activities have accelerated wildfire cycles, increased fire size and severity, and lengthened fire&nbsp;seasons&nbsp;in many sagebrush ecosystems to the point that current wildfire-management practices and postfire restoration efforts cannot keep pace to ameliorate the ecological consequences of sagebrush ecosystem loss. The greatest impact of uncharacteristically frequent fire is the transition from native sagebrush-perennial grass communities to invasive, non-native,&nbsp;annual grasslands&nbsp;that are highly flammable. These community transitions are often permanent, owing to the low probability of reestablishing native&nbsp;perennial&nbsp;plants in non-native annual grass−dominated communities. Moreover, these grasses can form extensive and continuous fine fuel loads that promote more frequent fire and the continued expansion of invasive, non-native annuals. More frequent, larger, and severe wildfires necessitate greater resources for fire-prevention, fire-suppression, and postfire restoration activities, while decreasing critical ecosystem services, economic and recreational opportunities, and cultural traditions. Increased flexibility and better prioritization of management activities based on ecological needs, including commitment to long-term prefire and postfire management, are needed to achieve notable reductions in uncharacteristic wildfire activity and associated negative impacts. Collaboration and partnerships across jurisdictional boundaries, agencies, and disciplines can improve consistency in sagebrush-management approaches and thereby contribute to this effort. Here, we provide a synthesis on sagebrush wildfire trends and the impacts of uncharacteristic fire regimes on sagebrush plant communities, dependent&nbsp;wildlife species, fire-suppression costs, and ecosystem services. We also provide an overview of wildland fire coordination efforts among federal, state, and tribal entities.</span></p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2023.03.003","usgsCitation":"Crist, M., Belger, R., Davies, K.W., Davis, D.M., Meldrum, J., Shinneman, D.J., Remington, T., Welty, J.L., and Mayer, K., 2023, Trends, impacts, and cost of catastrophic and frequent wildfires in the sagebrush biome: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 89, p. 3-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2023.03.003.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"19","ipdsId":"IP-135374","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443700,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2023.03.003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":418395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -125.80334132163102,\n              50.11516069052493\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.80334132163102,\n              34.23519350478195\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.76525585723665,\n              34.23519350478195\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.76525585723665,\n              50.11516069052493\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.80334132163102,\n              50.11516069052493\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crist, Michele R.","contributorId":178453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crist","given":"Michele R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belger, Rick","contributorId":311213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belger","given":"Rick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7217,"text":"Bureau of Land Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davies, Kirk W.","contributorId":255108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davies","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":51433,"text":"Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Burns, OR 97720 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Dawn M.","contributorId":254959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Dawn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meldrum, James R. 0000-0001-5250-3759 jmeldrum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-3759","contributorId":195484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meldrum","given":"James","email":"jmeldrum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shinneman, Douglas J. 0000-0002-4909-5181 dshinneman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-5181","contributorId":147745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinneman","given":"Douglas","email":"dshinneman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Remington, Thomas E.","contributorId":296730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Remington","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Welty, Justin L. 0000-0001-7829-7324 jwelty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-7324","contributorId":4206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welty","given":"Justin","email":"jwelty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mayer, Kenneth E. ","contributorId":177568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"Kenneth E. ","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70242864,"text":"sir20235034 - 2023 - Developing a habitat model to support management of threatened seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus) at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-06T21:10:26.74788","indexId":"sir20235034","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5034","displayTitle":"Developing a Habitat Model To Support Management of Threatened Seabeach Amaranth (<em>Amaranthus pumilus</em>) at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia","title":"Developing a habitat model to support management of threatened seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus) at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia","docAbstract":"<p><i>Amaranthus pumilus</i> (seabeach amaranth) is a federally threatened plant species that has been the focus of restoration efforts at Assateague Island National Seashore (ASIS). Despite several years with strong population numbers prior to 2010, monitoring efforts have revealed a significant decline in the seabeach amaranth population since that time, the causes of which have been unclear. To examine potential causes for the population decreases, and to help inform management practices for the future, we first evaluated 20 years of plant population data and three seasons of physical landscape characteristics of seabeach amaranth sites spanning the period of decline to assess how these may have contributed to decreases in habitat. Plant population trends, grazing data, and precipitation data indicate the population declines coincided with severe storms and periods of drought. Furthermore, we found that plants tended to occur at sites on portions of ASIS that were lower elevation on narrower regions of the island than sites where plants were not observed. Secondly, using two different data sampling schemes, we developed Bayesian networks to calculate probabilities of habitat and evaluate the importance of different variables, particularly morphologic metrics, included in the Bayesian networks. Model analyses showed that variables capturing the presence of, and proximity to, the seed bank were important for accurate hindcasts, and that specific barrier-island morphologies tended to occur at sites where seabeach amaranth was observed. More specifically, favorable habitat sites tended to be those more likely to experience overwash during high-water events, consistent with the long-held observations that the plants tend to occur in disturbance-prone settings. Model outputs provide spatially explicit maps of relative habitat suitability and helped to identify high-priority areas for amaranth protection. The modeling effort may also assist in determining the management actions most likely to result in the preservation of a long-term sustainable population.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235034","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. National Park Service, Assateague Island National Seashore","programNote":"Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Gutierrez, B.T., and Lentz, E.E., 2023, Developing a habitat model to support management of threatened seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus) at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5034, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235034.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 62 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-138169","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500902,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114696.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":416084,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GKXN3H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Seabeach amaranth presence-absence and barrier island geomorphology metrics as relates to shorebird habitat for Assateague Island National Seashore—2008, 2010, and 2014"},{"id":416083,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IZMQ1B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Assateague Island seabeach amaranth survey data—2001 to 2018"},{"id":416078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5034/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":416081,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5034/sir20235034.XML"},{"id":416082,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5034/images/"},{"id":416079,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5034/sir20235034.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5034"},{"id":416080,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235034/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2023-5034"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Assateague Island National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.404961539858,\n              37.96286804133118\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.43790635269107,\n              37.87190276298624\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.41868854520543,\n              37.83288321389344\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.3280903099138,\n              37.813365696066924\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.18532945430236,\n              37.95204474129373\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.11943982863623,\n              38.09046248604372\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.07002260938577,\n              38.23940103731053\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.06727720831641,\n              38.334217385797814\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.08649501580261,\n              38.39664223886004\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.15787544360805,\n              38.37297018430121\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25670988210835,\n              38.245869722482354\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.28690929387204,\n              38.12502605709048\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.37201672702491,\n              37.9780179817395\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.404961539858,\n              37.96286804133118\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:WHSC_science_director@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:WHSC_science_director@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/whcmsc\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/whcmsc\">Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>384 Woods Hole Road Quissett Campus<br>Woods Hole, MA 02543-1598</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Bayesian Network Configuration, Initial Performance Testing and Scores, and Hindcast Evaluation</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutierrez, Benjamin T. 0000-0002-1879-7893 bgutierrez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1879-7893","contributorId":2924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Benjamin","email":"bgutierrez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lentz, Erika E. 0000-0002-0621-8954 elentz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0621-8954","contributorId":173964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lentz","given":"Erika","email":"elentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70256483,"text":"70256483 - 2023 - Movement and genomic methods reveal mechanisms promoting connectivity in a declining shorebird: The lesser yellowlegs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-07T15:26:01.766255","indexId":"70256483","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T10:12:38","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1398,"text":"Diversity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement and genomic methods reveal mechanisms promoting connectivity in a declining shorebird: The lesser yellowlegs","docAbstract":"<p><span>Integrating tracking technology and molecular approaches provides a comprehensive picture of contemporary and evolutionary mechanisms promoting connectivity. We used mitochondrial DNA and double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing combined with satellite telemetry to investigate the connectivity of geographically disparate breeding populations of a declining boreal shorebird, the lesser yellowlegs (</span><i><span class=\"html-italic\">Tringa flavipes</span></i><span>). We were able to track 33 individuals on their round-trip migrations to Central and South America and back to the boreal wetlands of North America. Nearly all (93%) adults captured on the breeding grounds returned to within 5 km of the original capture site, with a median dispersal distance of 629 m. While our telemetry data revealed limited breeding dispersal in adults, genetic data uncovered significant interconnectedness across the species’ range. Very little genetic structure was estimated at ddRAD autosomal (</span><span class=\"html-italic\">Φ<sub>ST</sub></span><span>&nbsp;= 0.001), Z-linked (</span><span class=\"html-italic\">Φ<sub>ST</sub></span><span>&nbsp;= 0.001), and mtDNA loci (</span><span class=\"html-italic\">Φ<sub>ST</sub></span><span>&nbsp;= 0.020), and maximum likelihood-based clustering methods placed all individuals in a single cluster regardless of capture location, indicating the species is panmictic. Our data indicate that large-scale juvenile dispersal is the main mechanism maintaining connectivity in this species, resulting in the absence of genomic structure.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/d15050595","usgsCitation":"Christie, K., Wilson, R., Johnson, J., Friis, C., Harwood, C., McDuffie, L.A., Nol, E., and Sonsthagen, S.A., 2023, Movement and genomic methods reveal mechanisms promoting connectivity in a declining shorebird: The lesser yellowlegs: Diversity, v. 15, 595, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050595.","productDescription":"595, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-149982","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050595","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":432340,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -137.15626298561665,\n              69.02662634861974\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.36054893364434,\n              68.08138794804952\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.1851405403694,\n              59.69163410695535\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.12791757224852,\n              58.622576016563386\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.14263526406023,\n              61.3596985083997\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.4815337974159,\n              59.22707678865035\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.98368560473622,\n              60.28387766355755\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.43409285025226,\n              59.28494641456098\n    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Katherine","contributorId":340821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christie","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[{"id":81671,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Threatened","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Robert E.","contributorId":340822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[{"id":16610,"text":"University of Nebraska-Lincoln","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, James A.","contributorId":340823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"James A.","affiliations":[{"id":40296,"text":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friis, Christian","contributorId":340824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friis","given":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":36681,"text":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harwood, Christopher","contributorId":340825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harwood","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McDuffie, Laura Anne 0000-0003-2071-7204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2071-7204","contributorId":299040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDuffie","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":907589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nol, Erica","contributorId":340826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nol","given":"Erica","affiliations":[{"id":36679,"text":"Trent University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sonsthagen, Sarah A. 0000-0001-6215-5874 ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-5874","contributorId":3711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonsthagen","given":"Sarah","email":"ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":907591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70245603,"text":"70245603 - 2023 - A cross inoculation experiment reveals Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola and Nannizziopsis guarroi can each infect both snakes and lizards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-26T12:27:36.184286","indexId":"70245603","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T07:25:31","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A cross inoculation experiment reveals Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola and Nannizziopsis guarroi can each infect both snakes and lizards","docAbstract":"<div>Host range and specificity are key concepts in the study of infectious diseases. However, both concepts remain largely undefined for many influential pathogens, including many fungi within the Onygenales order. This order encompasses reptile-infecting genera (<i>Nannizziopsis</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Ophidiomyces</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Paranannizziopsis</i>) formerly classified as the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Chrysosporium</i><span>&nbsp;</span>anamorph of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Nannizziopsis vriesii</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(CANV). The reported hosts of many of these fungi represent a narrow range of phylogenetically related animals, suggesting that many of these disease-causing fungi are host specific, but the true number of species affected by these pathogens is unknown. For example, to date,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"named-content\" data-type=\"genus-species\">Nannizziopsis guarroi</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(the causative agent of yellow fungus disease) and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"named-content\" data-type=\"genus-species\">Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(the causative agent of snake fungal disease) have been documented only in lizards and snakes, respectively. In a 52-day reciprocal-infection experiment, we tested the ability of these two pathogens to infect currently unreported hosts, inoculating central bearded dragons (<span class=\"named-content\" data-type=\"genus-species\">Pogona vitticeps</span>) with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>O. ophiodiicola</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and corn snakes (<span class=\"named-content\" data-type=\"genus-species\">Pantherophis guttatus</span>) with<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"named-content\" data-type=\"genus-species\">N. guarroi</span>. We confirmed infection by documenting both clinical signs and histopathological evidence of fungal infection. Our reciprocity experiment resulted in 100% of corn snakes and 60% of bearded dragons developing infections with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>N. guarroi</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>O. ophiodiicola</i>, respectively, demonstrating that these fungal pathogens have a broader host range than previously thought and that hosts with cryptic infections may play a role in pathogen translocation and transmission.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.02168-22","usgsCitation":"Gentry, S.L., Lorch, J., Lankton, J.S., and Pringle, A., 2023, A cross inoculation experiment reveals Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola and Nannizziopsis guarroi can each infect both snakes and lizards: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 89, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02168-22.","ipdsId":"IP-150817","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10231240","text":"External Repository"},{"id":418458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gentry, Savannah L","contributorId":267882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gentry","given":"Savannah","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":7122,"text":"University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorch, Jeffrey M. 0000-0003-2239-1252","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-1252","contributorId":260164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorch","given":"Jeffrey M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lankton, Julia S. 0000-0002-6843-4388 jlankton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6843-4388","contributorId":5888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lankton","given":"Julia","email":"jlankton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pringle, Anne","contributorId":267883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pringle","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7122,"text":"University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70243365,"text":"70243365 - 2023 - Successful hindcast of 7 years of mud morphodynamics influenced by salt pond restoration in south San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-10T12:07:56.61287","indexId":"70243365","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T07:03:57","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Successful hindcast of 7 years of mud morphodynamics influenced by salt pond restoration in south San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 col-sm-7 col-md-8 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body \"><div class=\"NLM_abstract\"><p>Alviso Slough in South San Francisco Bay has been experiencing restoration of adjacent former salt-production ponds into muted tidal ponds, tidal ponds, and salt marsh. As a result, tidal prism through Alviso Slough has increased and mercury-contaminated sediment has been remobilized. We developed a 2D, high-resolution, process-based model (Delft3D FM-wave) to hindcast observed morpho-dynamic developments and to investigate associated sediment flux in the slough and pond system. Our results contrastingly demonstrate that a successful hindcast of the observed morphodynamic trend is made while reproducing observed intratidal suspended sediment concentrations in Alviso Slough remains a challenge. Our explanation is that the model is able to capture spatial gradients in the tide-residual sediment transports as the result of the large-scale management actions in the system, i.e., the opening of the salt ponds. These tide-residual processes are generally difficult to measure over an entire domain, but are very relevant to model the morphodynamic development. Our model provides a promising tool to trace eroding contaminated sediments to the benefit of restoration project managers and to support planning and design phases of adaptive management measures.</p></div></div></div>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"World Scientific","doi":"10.1142/9789811275135_0103","usgsCitation":"Van der Wegen, M., Reyns, J., Jaffe, B.E., Foxgrover, A.C., Achete, F., Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., Fregoso, T.A., Nam, J., and Lovering, J., 2023, Successful hindcast of 7 years of mud morphodynamics influenced by salt pond restoration in south San Francisco Bay, <i>in</i> Coastal Sediments Proceedings, p. 1129-1134, https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811275135_0103.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1129","endPage":"1134","ipdsId":"IP-147951","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.7132117678304,\n              37.927707430220735\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.7132117678304,\n              37.06078554622208\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.29658481599789,\n              37.06078554622208\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.29658481599789,\n              37.927707430220735\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.7132117678304,\n              37.927707430220735\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van der Wegen, Mick","contributorId":191095,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van der Wegen","given":"Mick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reyns, Johan","contributorId":224304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reyns","given":"Johan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36257,"text":"Deltares","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":872172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foxgrover, Amy C. 0000-0003-0638-5776 afoxgrover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0638-5776","contributorId":3261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foxgrover","given":"Amy","email":"afoxgrover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Achete, Fernanda","contributorId":174686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Achete","given":"Fernanda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27497,"text":"UNESCO-IHE, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":872175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark C. 0000-0002-8186-9167 mmarvin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-9167","contributorId":1485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"Mark","email":"mmarvin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fregoso, Theresa A. 0000-0001-7802-5812 tfregoso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-5812","contributorId":2571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fregoso","given":"Theresa","email":"tfregoso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nam, Judy 0000-0002-3190-9570","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3190-9570","contributorId":304991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nam","given":"Judy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66200,"text":"Valley Water","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":872178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lovering, Jessica 0000-0002-0705-9633","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-9633","contributorId":304992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovering","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[{"id":66200,"text":"Valley Water","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":872179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70243161,"text":"70243161 - 2023 - Climate change and pulse migration: Intermittent Chugach Inuit occupation of glacial fiords on the Kenai Coast, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-02T12:02:04.096155","indexId":"70243161","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:59:36","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":14265,"text":"Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change and pulse migration: Intermittent Chugach Inuit occupation of glacial fiords on the Kenai Coast, Alaska","docAbstract":"<div class=\"JournalAbstract\"><p>For millennia, Inuit peoples of the Arctic and Subarctic have been challenged by the impacts of climate change on the abundance of key subsistence species. Responses to climate-induced declines in animal populations included switching to alternative food sources and/or migrating to regions of greater availability. We examine these dynamics for the Chugach Inuit (Sugpiat) people of southern coastal Alaska by synthesizing a large body of evidence from archeological sites, including radiocarbon dates and archaeofaunal assemblages, and by applying contemporary knowledge of glaciomarine ecosystems, spatial patterns of resource richness, and ocean-climate induced regime shifts in the Gulf of Alaska. We hypothesize that Chugach groups migrated from Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound to the Kenai Peninsula during periods of low sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to harvest harbor seals, which were seasonally aggregated near tidewater glaciers during pupping season, as well as piscivorous seabirds, Pacific cod, and other species that thrive under cool ocean conditions. During warming phases, the Chugach returned to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound to fish for salmon and other species that abound during higher SSTs. Drivers of this coupled human-natural system of repeated (pulse) migration include the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the dominant pattern of sea surface temperatures in the North Pacific that has been shown to generate step-like regime shifts in the marine food web; and coastal glaciers that structure the functioning of fiord ecosystems and support high levels of biological productivity. The culturally-constructed Chugach niche in the glaciomarine habitat of the Gulf of Alaska was based on intergenerationally transmitted ecological knowledge that enabled a resilient, mobile response to climate and resource variation.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers","doi":"10.3389/fearc.2023.1145220","usgsCitation":"Crowell, A., and Arimitsu, M.L., 2023, Climate change and pulse migration: Intermittent Chugach Inuit occupation of glacial fiords on the Kenai Coast, Alaska: Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology, v. 2, 1145220, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fearc.2023.1145220.","productDescription":"1145220, 27 p.","ipdsId":"IP-148731","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fearc.2023.1145220","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416608,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kenai Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.6742409456726,\n              58.647094281081024\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.5039273630105,\n              58.647094281081024\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.5039273630105,\n              61.64055146403999\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.6742409456726,\n              61.64055146403999\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.6742409456726,\n              58.647094281081024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowell, Aron","contributorId":304674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crowell","given":"Aron","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66145,"text":"Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arimitsu, Mayumi L. 0000-0001-6982-2238 marimitsu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-2238","contributorId":140501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arimitsu","given":"Mayumi","email":"marimitsu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70246285,"text":"70246285 - 2023 - Challenges and solutions for automated avian recognition in aerial imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-06T16:14:37.067823","indexId":"70246285","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:52:57","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5347,"text":"Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Challenges and solutions for automated avian recognition in aerial imagery","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Remote aerial sensing provides a non-invasive, large geographical-scale technology for avian monitoring, but the manual processing of images limits its development and applications. Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods can be used to mitigate this manual image processing requirement. The implementation of AI methods, however, has several challenges: (1) imbalanced (i.e., long-tailed) data distribution, (2) annotation uncertainty in categorization, and (3) dataset discrepancies across different study sites. Here we use aerial imagery data of waterbirds around Cape Cod and Lake Michigan in the United States to examine how these challenges limit avian recognition performance. We review existing solutions and demonstrate as use cases how methods like Label Distribution Aware Marginal Loss with Deferred Re-Weighting, hierarchical classification, and FixMatch address the three challenges. We also present a new approach to tackle the annotation uncertainty challenge using a Soft-fine Pseudo-Label methodology. Finally, we aim with this paper to increase awareness in the ecological remote sensing community of these challenges and bridge the gap between ecological applications and state-of-the-art computer science, thereby opening new doors to future research.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Zoological Society of London","doi":"10.1002/rse2.318","usgsCitation":"Miao, Z., Yu, S.X., Landolt, K.L., Koneff, M.D., White, T., Fara, L., Hlavacek, E., Pickens, B.A., Harrison, T.J., and Getz, W., 2023, Challenges and solutions for automated avian recognition in aerial imagery: Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, v. 9, no. 4, p. 439-453, https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.318.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"453","ipdsId":"IP-140903","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443712,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.318","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435355,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YL80R6","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Images and annotations to automate the classification of avian species"},{"id":418651,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miao, Zhonqgi","contributorId":315481,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miao","given":"Zhonqgi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36942,"text":"University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yu, Stella X","contributorId":315482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yu","given":"Stella","email":"","middleInitial":"X","affiliations":[{"id":36942,"text":"University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landolt, Kyle Lawrence 0000-0002-6738-8586","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6738-8586","contributorId":298782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landolt","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawrence","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koneff, Mark D.","contributorId":191128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koneff","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, Timothy","contributorId":236917,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":20318,"text":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":876652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fara, Luke J. 0000-0002-1143-4395","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1143-4395","contributorId":202973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fara","given":"Luke J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hlavacek, Enrika 0000-0002-9872-2305","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9872-2305","contributorId":297184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hlavacek","given":"Enrika","affiliations":[{"id":48800,"text":"Former USGS, UMESC employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pickens, Bradley A.","contributorId":140926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pickens","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harrison, Travis J. 0000-0002-9195-738X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-738X","contributorId":213966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Getz, Wayne M.","contributorId":287152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Getz","given":"Wayne M.","affiliations":[{"id":36629,"text":"University of California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70246660,"text":"70246660 - 2023 - Factors influencing egg thiamine concentrations of Lake Ontario lake trout: 2019–2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-26T14:47:21.745119","indexId":"70246660","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:42:57","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing egg thiamine concentrations of Lake Ontario lake trout: 2019–2020","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-gulliver text-s\"><div id=\"ab005\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"as005\"><p id=\"sp0005\"><span>In the&nbsp;Great Lakes region,&nbsp;thiamine&nbsp;deficiency is considered a recruitment bottleneck for lake trout&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus namaycush</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and has been correlated with the consumption of non-native alewife<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Alosa pseudoharengus</i>. While alewife, the most abundant forage fish in Lake Ontario, are the predominant prey for lake trout, they also consume benthic prey such as round goby<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Neogobius melanostomus</i><span>. Because variation in the proportion of alewife in lake trout diets is linked to variation in egg thiamine concentrations, understanding how factors such as region of capture and hatchery-strain of lake trout influence diet, are key to understanding the patterns of variation in egg thiamine concentrations observed in this species. With recent increases in natural recruitment of lake trout being observed in the western region of the lake, understanding if egg thiamine is a potential driver is crucial to the rehabilitation of lake trout. In this study, we evaluated egg thiamine concentrations in lake trout during 2019–2020. We found no significant difference in egg thiamine concentrations among regions. However, a stocked&nbsp;Lake Superior&nbsp;deepwater&nbsp;morphotype&nbsp;(Superior Klondike Wild – SKW) showed significantly higher egg thiamine concentrations compared to the lean morphotype including Seneca (SEN) and Lake Champlain Domestic (LCD) strains. An analysis of fatty acid signatures of each hatchery-strain suggested that the SKW strain consumed a higher proportion of round goby than lean strains. Overall, these results suggest that morphotypic differences in the feeding ecology of lake trout can result in biochemical changes which may influence the effectiveness of restoration efforts.</span></p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2023.04.002","usgsCitation":"Heisey, A., Osborne, C., Lantry, B.F., Tillitt, D.E., and Rinchard, J., 2023, Factors influencing egg thiamine concentrations of Lake Ontario lake trout: 2019–2020: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 49, no. 4, p. 836-846, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2023.04.002.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"836","endPage":"846","ipdsId":"IP-143381","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.02742785531385,\n              44.41332381875361\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.02742785531385,\n              43.12875061749628\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.78852391265744,\n              43.12875061749628\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.78852391265744,\n              44.41332381875361\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.02742785531385,\n              44.41332381875361\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heisey, Aaron 0000-0001-9897-7546","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9897-7546","contributorId":316602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heisey","given":"Aaron","affiliations":[{"id":68652,"text":"State Univeristy of New York College at Brockport","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osborne, Christopher 0000-0001-6387-5451","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6387-5451","contributorId":316603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osborne","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":68653,"text":"State Univeristy of New York College University of Buffalo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lantry, Brian F. 0000-0001-8797-3910 bflantry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-3910","contributorId":3435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"Brian","email":"bflantry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rinchard, Jacques 0000-0002-6247-2551","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6247-2551","contributorId":316604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":68652,"text":"State Univeristy of New York College at Brockport","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70245414,"text":"70245414 - 2023 - Assessment of potential recovery viability for Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-11T16:18:00.192889","indexId":"70245414","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:40:06","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of potential recovery viability for Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15190376\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, the Colorado River’s top native predatory fish, was historically distributed from the Gulf of California delta to the upper reaches of the Green, Colorado, and San Juan rivers in the Colorado River basin in the Southwestern US. In recent decades Colorado Pikeminnow population abundance has declined, primarily due to predation by warmwater nonnative fish and habitat modification following dam construction. Small, reproducing populations remain in the Green and upper Colorado rivers, but their current population trajectory is declining and the San Juan River population is maintained primarily through stocking. As such, establishment of an additional population could aid recovery efforts and increase the species’ resilience and population redundancy. The Colorado River in Grand Canyon once supported Colorado Pikeminnow, but until recently habitat suitability in this altered reach was considered low due to a depressed thermal regime and abundant nonnative predators. Climate change and ongoing drought has presented an opportunity to evaluate the feasibility of native fish restoration in a system where declining reservoir storage has led to warmer releases and re-emergence of riverine habitat. These changes in the physical attributes of the river have occurred in concert with a system-wide decline in nonnative predators. Conditions ten years ago were not compatible with reintroduction feasibility in Grand Canyon; however, due to rapidly changing conditions an expert Science Panel was convened to evaluate whether the physical and biological attributes of this reach could now support various life stages of Colorado Pikeminnow. Here, we report on the evaluation process and outcome from the Science Panel, which developed a science-based recommendation to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on reintroduction feasibility. The Science Panel concluded that current habitat attributes in Grand Canyon could satisfy some, but perhaps not all, Colorado Pikeminnow life history requirements. This reach has the potential to support adult and sub-adult growth, foraging, migrations, and spawning, but low juvenile survival may limit recruitment. However, populations of other native species are successfully reproducing and increasing in western Grand Canyon, even in areas once considered suboptimal habitat. Should managers decide to move to the next phase of this process, actions such as experimental stocking and monitoring, telemetry studies, bioenergetics modeling, and laboratory-based research may provide additional information to further evaluate a potential reintroduction effort in this rapidly changing but highly altered system.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.3996/JFWM-22-031","usgsCitation":"Dibble, K.L., Yackulic, C., Bestgen, K., Gido, K.B., Jones, T., McKinstry, M., Osmundson, D., Ryden, D., and Schelly, R.C., 2023, Assessment of potential recovery viability for Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 14, no. 1, p. 239-268, https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-22-031.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"268","ipdsId":"IP-138882","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443718,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-031","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435356,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DYA9FC","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Discharge and water temperature data, Lake Powell thermal profiles, and Annual Thermal Units used to assess reintroduction feasibility of Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon"},{"id":418390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.3826955382889,\n              36.966521461500975\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.02749123354414,\n              36.966521461500975\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.02749123354414,\n              35.62604328493582\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.3826955382889,\n              35.62604328493582\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.3826955382889,\n              36.966521461500975\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dibble, Kimberly L. 0000-0003-0799-4477 kdibble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-4477","contributorId":5174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dibble","given":"Kimberly","email":"kdibble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yackulic, Charles B. 0000-0001-9661-0724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-0724","contributorId":218825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackulic","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bestgen, Kevin R.","contributorId":264509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bestgen","given":"Kevin R.","affiliations":[{"id":13606,"text":"CSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gido, Keith B.","contributorId":198487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gido","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, Tildon","contributorId":311215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Tildon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":67360,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, 1380 S. 2350, W. Vernal, UT 84078","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McKinstry, Mark","contributorId":276041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKinstry","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12646,"text":"BOR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Osmundson, Doug","contributorId":311216,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osmundson","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":67361,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Junction Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 445 West Gunnison Ave., Suite 140, Grand Junction, CO 81501-5711","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ryden, Dale","contributorId":311217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryden","given":"Dale","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":67361,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Junction Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 445 West Gunnison Ave., Suite 140, Grand Junction, CO 81501-5711","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schelly, Robert C.","contributorId":301154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schelly","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":65320,"text":"Native Fish Ecology and Conservation Program","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70243151,"text":"70243151 - 2023 - Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-02T11:43:02.445205","indexId":"70243151","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:37:57","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9161,"text":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system","docAbstract":"<div class=\"capsule__text\"><p>Reservoirs in arid landscapes provide critical water storage and hydroelectric power but influence the transport and biogeochemical cycling of mercury (Hg). Improved management of reservoirs to mitigate the supply and uptake of bioavailable methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic food webs will benefit from a mechanistic understanding of inorganic divalent Hg (Hg(<small>II</small>)) and MeHg fate within and downstream of reservoirs. Here, we quantified Hg(<small>II</small>), MeHg, and other pertinent biogeochemical constituents in water (filtered and associated with particles) at high temporal resolution from 2016–2020. This was done (1) at inflow and outflow locations of three successive hydroelectric reservoirs (Snake River, Idaho, Oregon) and (2) vertically and longitudinally within the first reservoir (Brownlee Reservoir). Under spring high flow, upstream inputs of particulate Hg (Hg(<small>II</small>) and MeHg) and filter-passing Hg(<small>II</small>) to Brownlee Reservoir were governed by total suspended solids and dissolved organic matter, respectively. Under redox stratified conditions in summer, net MeHg formation in the meta- and hypolimnion of Brownlee reservoir yielded elevated filter-passing and particulate MeHg concentrations, the latter exceeding 500 ng g<small><sup>−1</sup></small><span>&nbsp;</span>on particles. Simultaneously, the organic matter content of particulates increased longitudinally in the reservoir (from 9–29%) and temporally with stratified duration. In late summer and fall, destratification mobilized MeHg from the upgradient metalimnion and the downgradient hypolimnion of Brownlee Reservoir, respectively, resulting in downstream export of elevated filter-passing MeHg and organic-rich particles enriched in MeHg (up to 43% MeHg). We document coupled biogeochemical and hydrologic processes that yield in-reservoir MeHg accumulation and MeHg export in water and particles, which impacts MeHg uptake in aquatic food webs within and downstream of reservoirs.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/D3EM00032J","usgsCitation":"Poulin, B., Tate, M., Ogorek, J.M., Breitmeyer, S.E., Baldwin, A.K., Yoder, A.M., Harris, R.C., Naymik, J., Gastelecutto, N., Hoovestol, C., Larsen, C.F., Myers, R., Aiken, G., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2023, Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EM00032J.","productDescription":"17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-151883","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poulin, Brett 0000-0002-5555-7733","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-7733","contributorId":260893,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poulin","given":"Brett","affiliations":[{"id":52706,"text":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tate, Michael T. 0000-0003-1525-1219 mttate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-1219","contributorId":3144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Michael T.","email":"mttate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ogorek, Jacob M. 0000-0002-6327-0740 jmogorek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6327-0740","contributorId":4960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogorek","given":"Jacob","email":"jmogorek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Breitmeyer, Sara E. 0000-0003-0609-1559 sbreitmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-1559","contributorId":172622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breitmeyer","given":"Sara","email":"sbreitmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baldwin, Austin K. 0000-0002-6027-3823 akbaldwi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3823","contributorId":4515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Austin","email":"akbaldwi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yoder, Alysa Muir 0000-0002-3683-6729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3683-6729","contributorId":296598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoder","given":"Alysa","email":"","middleInitial":"Muir","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harris, Reed C.","contributorId":172700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Reed","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27086,"text":"Reed-Harris Environmental Ltd.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Naymik, Jesse","contributorId":229386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naymik","given":"Jesse","affiliations":[{"id":41632,"text":"Idaho Power Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gastelecutto, Nick","contributorId":296597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gastelecutto","given":"Nick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41632,"text":"Idaho Power Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hoovestol, Charles","contributorId":229387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoovestol","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41632,"text":"Idaho Power Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Larsen, Christopher F.","contributorId":147408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larsen","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Myers, Ralph","contributorId":172701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12541,"text":"Idaho Power Company, P.O. Box 70, Boise ID  83707","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Aiken, George R.","contributorId":206316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aiken","given":"George R.","affiliations":[{"id":37308,"text":"Former USGS employee, deceased","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70243065,"text":"70243065 - 2023 - Marmots do not drink coffee: Human urine contributions to the nitrogen budget of a popular national park destination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T11:35:05.308037","indexId":"70243065","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:31:33","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marmots do not drink coffee: Human urine contributions to the nitrogen budget of a popular national park destination","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Reactive nitrogen (Nr) concentrations are higher than expected for mountain lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park, and for many years, high Nr concentrations have been attributed to atmospheric Nr deposition from regional and more distant emission sources, including combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural activities. Here, we estimated the contribution from a very local source, that of human urine, related to intensive use by visitors in Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS). Not only does urine convey hormones, pharmaceuticals, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic-resistant genes to the environment, but it also contributes Nr, which contributes to loss of biodiversity and eutrophication. Using caffeine as a specific marker for human urine, we compared the calculated maximum potential input of urine with that from wet atmospheric Nr deposition. The maximum potential input is a worst-case scenario. Nearly 30,000 and 45,000 people hiked the 4.0 km to the Loch, the lowest lake in LVWS, in June–September 2019 and 2020, respectively. Informal trails and informal latrine sites were mapped, and the contribution of human urine was calculated based on several assumptions, including that each visitor voided their bladder on the ground once per visit somewhere in Loch Vale. The resulting Nr input from urine in Loch Vale for the summer months of June through September was 0.02 kg Nr ha<sup>−1</sup>, and prorated to a full year, the 2019 potential contribution of human waste was 0.06 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>. These values are compared with June–September 1.2 kg Nr ha<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>from wet atmospheric deposition or annual measured 2019 deposition of 2.5 kg Nr ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>, to indicate a contribution of 2% Nr to the waters of Loch Vale from local human urine. Most Nr in this alpine and subalpine watershed is still attributable to emissions and subsequent wet atmospheric deposition, but a 2% contribution from human waste is not insignificant. In the very broadest sense, our results document an ecological disturbance from an unprecedented level of human activity in a protected and designated wilderness area. Local solutions to this local problem could include greater outreach to visitors of public lands about the consequences of their activities and installation of latrines.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.4504","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Weinmann, T., Acharya, V.K., Charlton, C., Nydick, K., and Esser, S., 2023, Marmots do not drink coffee: Human urine contributions to the nitrogen budget of a popular national park destination: Ecosphere, v. 14, no. 4, e4504, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4504.","productDescription":"e4504, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-145414","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4504","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95IOUKH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Soil and surface water nitrogen and caffeine data from 2019, and 2019-2020 trail counts of hikers in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park"},{"id":416483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.12179549031293,\n              40.64741123740333\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.12179549031293,\n              39.90595209668854\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29268436734135,\n              39.90595209668854\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29268436734135,\n              40.64741123740333\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.12179549031293,\n              40.64741123740333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weinmann, Timothy 0000-0003-1502-5254","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1502-5254","contributorId":268331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weinmann","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Acharya, Varun Kirk","contributorId":304546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Acharya","given":"Varun","email":"","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Charlton, Caitlin","contributorId":304547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Charlton","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nydick, Koren","contributorId":304548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"Koren","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Esser, Scott","contributorId":304549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Esser","given":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70263675,"text":"70263675 - 2023 - Rapid shallow megathrust afterslip from the 2021 M8.2 Chignik, Alaska earthquake revealed by seafloor geodesy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T14:17:25.521235","indexId":"70263675","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5010,"text":"Science Advances","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid shallow megathrust afterslip from the 2021 M8.2 Chignik, Alaska earthquake revealed by seafloor geodesy","docAbstract":"<p><span>The shallower portions of subduction zone megathrust faults host Earth’s most hazardous tsunamigenic earthquakes, yet understanding how and when they slip remains elusive because of challenges making seafloor observations. We performed Global Navigation Satellite System Acoustic seafloor geodetic surveys before and ~2.5 months after the 29 July 2021&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;(moment magnitude) 8.2 Chignik, Alaska, earthquake and determine ~1.4 meters cumulative co- and post-seismic horizontal displacement ~60 kilometers from the megathrust front. Only for the 2011&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;9 Tohoku event have closer subduction zone earthquake displacements been observed. We estimate ~2 to 3 meters of megathrust afterslip shallower than 20 kilometers, a portion of the megathrust on which both inter- and co-seismic slip likely had occurred previously. Our analysis demonstrates that by 2.5 months, shallower and deeper moment had effectively equilibrated on the megathrust, suggesting that its tsunamigenic potential remains no more elevated than before the earthquake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adf9299","usgsCitation":"Brooks, B.A., Goldberg, D.E., DeSanto, J., Ericksen, T., Webb, S., Nooner, S., Chadwell, C., Foster, J.H., Minson, S.E., Witter, R., Haeussler, P., Freymueller, J.T., Barnhart, W.D., and Nevitt, J., 2023, Rapid shallow megathrust afterslip from the 2021 M8.2 Chignik, Alaska earthquake revealed by seafloor geodesy: Science Advances, v. 9, no. 17, eadf9299, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf9299.","productDescription":"eadf9299, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-146480","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489944,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf9299","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":482221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Chignik","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.70646382510657,\n              56.37306604284683\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.70646382510657,\n              56.06970805916828\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.12381205677127,\n              56.06970805916828\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.12381205677127,\n              56.37306604284683\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.70646382510657,\n              56.37306604284683\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Benjamin A. 0000-0001-7954-6281 bbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7954-6281","contributorId":5237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldberg, Dara Elyse 0000-0002-0923-3180","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0923-3180","contributorId":289891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Dara","email":"","middleInitial":"Elyse","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeSanto, John","contributorId":351032,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeSanto","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ericksen, Todd 0000-0001-9340-575X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-575X","contributorId":217363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"Todd","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webb, Spahr","contributorId":247907,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Spahr","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7171,"text":"Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nooner, Scott","contributorId":224247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nooner","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chadwell, C. David","contributorId":351035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chadwell","given":"C. David","affiliations":[{"id":83908,"text":"Scripps Insitution of Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Foster, James H.","contributorId":244553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foster","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48939,"text":"Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Minson, Sarah E. 0000-0001-5869-3477 sminson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5869-3477","contributorId":5357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minson","given":"Sarah","email":"sminson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Witter, Robert C. 0000-0002-1721-254X rwitter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-254X","contributorId":4528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witter","given":"Robert C.","email":"rwitter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":219956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffery T. 0000-0003-0614-0306","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0614-0306","contributorId":244609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Barnhart, William D. 0000-0003-0498-1697 wbarnhart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-1697","contributorId":294678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"William","email":"wbarnhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Nevitt, Johanna 0000-0003-3819-1773 jnevitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-1773","contributorId":198144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevitt","given":"Johanna","email":"jnevitt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70243002,"text":"pp1885J - 2023 - Summary and conclusions","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70243002,"text":"pp1885J - 2023 - Summary and conclusions","indexId":"pp1885J","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Summary and Conclusions","title":"Summary and conclusions"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T14:21:00.155283","indexId":"pp1885J","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:49:50","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Summary and Conclusions","title":"Summary and conclusions","docAbstract":"<h1>Executive Summary</h1><p>Chromium concentrations in rock and aquifer material in Hinkley and Water Valleys in the Mojave Desert, 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, are generally low compared to the average chromium concentration of 185 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) in the average bulk continental crust. Chromium concentrations in felsic, coarse-textured “Mojave-type” deposits, composed of Mojave River stream (alluvium) and lake-margin (beach) deposits sourced from the Mojave River, are as low as 5 mg/kg, with a median concentration of 23 mg/kg in aquifer materials adjacent to the screened intervals of sampled wells. The most abundant chromium-containing mineral within aquifer materials in Hinkley and Water Valleys is magnetite. Magnetite is resistant to weathering, and about 90 percent of chromium remains within unweathered mineral grains. However, chromium-containing hornblende diorite and basalt are present in surrounding uplands, and chromium-containing actinolite is present within some aquifer materials.</p><p>Although geologic abundance of chromium is clearly important, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), concentrations in alkaline oxic groundwater are related to additional factors. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in groundwater are influenced by a combination of processes including (1) mineralogy and the weathering rates of chromium-containing minerals; (2) texture of aquifer deposits; (3) accumulation of chromium weathered from minerals within surface coatings on mineral grains; (4) oxidation of accumulated Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in the presence of manganese oxides (Mn oxides), including the abundance and oxidation states of those Mn oxides; (5) pH-dependent desorption of chromium from coatings on the surfaces of mineral grains into groundwater during appropriate aqueous geochemical conditions; and (6) age (time since recharge) of groundwater. The pH of groundwater increases with groundwater age (time since recharge) as a result of silicate weathering, and desorption of Cr(VI) from aquifer deposits increases with increasing pH as long as groundwater remains oxic. In the absence of the detailed geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data collected as part of this study, pH-dependent sorption, evaluated as the Cr(VI) occurrence probability at the measured pH, is an effective indicator of natural or anthropogenic Cr(VI).</p><p>The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station is used to compress natural gas as it is transported through a pipeline from Texas to California. Between 1952 and 1964, cooling water containing Cr(VI) was discharged to unlined ponds and released into groundwater in unconsolidated aquifers. The extent of groundwater containing evidence of at least some anthropogenic Cr(VI) was 5.5 square miles (mi<sup>2</sup>) and was estimated using a summative scale incorporating geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data collected from more than 100 wells between March 2015 and November 2017. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent is larger than the 2.2 mi<sup>2</sup> extent of the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume but is smaller than the 8.3 mi<sup>2</sup> maximum mapped extent of Cr(VI) greater than the interim regulatory Cr(VI) background concentration of 3.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L). The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume is within felsic, low-chromium aquifer material deposited by the Mojave River described as Mojave-type deposits and is within the area covered by the PG&amp;E monitoring well network.</p><p>Background Cr(VI) concentrations were calculated using the computer program ProUCL 5.1 as the upper 95-percent tolerance limit, UTL<sub>95</sub>, using data from wells outside the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent collected between April 2017 and March 2018. The overall UTL<sub>95</sub> for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern and western subareas and the northern subarea upgradient of the Mount General fault in Hinkley Valley was 3.8 μg/L; this value is similar to the overall UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 3.9 μg/L calculated for Mojave-type deposits in Hinkley and Water Valleys, and is similar to the maximum Cr(VI) concentration of older groundwater in contact with Mojave-type deposits of 3.6 μg/L.</p><p>In most cases the overall UTL<sub>95</sub> value may be an acceptable Cr(VI) background value near the Cr(VI) plume margin; however, UTL<sub>95</sub> values for the various subareas in Hinkley and Water Valleys provide greater resolution of Cr(VI) background that may be important for some purposes. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern, western, and northern subareas upgradient of the Mount General fault were 2.8, 3.8, and 4.8 μg/L, respectively. The UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.8 μg/L for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern subarea is important for plume management because the Hinkley compressor station and most of the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume are within the eastern subarea. A UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.3 μg/L was calculated for Mojave-type deposits downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station. This value represents Cr(VI) concentrations that may have been present in that part of the aquifer had Cr(VI) not been released from the Hinkley compressor station, and it reflects coarser textured deposits in this area and the proximity of those deposits to recharge areas along the Mojave River that results in younger (post-1952), less alkaline groundwater than in wells farther downgradient. This value may be a suitable metric for Cr(VI) cleanup goals within the Cr(VI) plume after regulatory updates. A separate UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 5.8 μg/L was calculated for mudflat/playa deposits and older groundwater near Mount General in the eastern subarea. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values calculated for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the northern subarea downgradient from the Mount General fault and in Water Valley, including lacustrine (lake) deposits and material eroded from basalt and Miocene deposits, were 9.0 and 6.4 μg/L, respectively.</p><p>Hexavalent chromium concentrations in more than 70 domestic wells sampled between January 27 and 31, 2016, ranged from less than the study reporting level of 0.1–4.0 μg/L, with a median concentration of 1.2 μg/L. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in water from domestic wells did not exceed UTL<sub>95</sub> values within subareas where the wells were located. Water from 47 percent of domestic wells sampled between January 27 and 31, 2016, had arsenic, uranium, or nitrate concentrations above a maximum contaminant level.</p><p>Anthropogenic Cr(VI) within groundwater downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station is treated by PG&amp;E using bioremediation by adding ethanol as a reductant within a volume of aquifer known as the in situ reactive zone (IRZ). Laboratory microcosm studies showed that Cr(VI) is rapidly reduced to Cr(III) with additions of ethanol. Reduced Cr(III) is sorbed and is sequestered into crystalline iron and manganese oxides on the surfaces of mineral grains within the microcosms during a period of several months. Trivalent chromium was reoxidized back to Cr(VI) within 2 weeks of return to oxic (oxygen present) conditions within the microcosms. As much as 10 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using recent Mojave River aquifer material, and as much as 20 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using older Mojave River aquifer material. Less Cr(VI) (less than 3 percent of Cr added before reduction) was released to the aqueous phase, and this release occurred following longer time periods of oxygen exposure. Sequestration of chromium with manganese oxides during reduction facilitates reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) under oxic conditions. Future maintenance of anoxic (oxygen absent) conditions would ensure continued sequestration of chromium as Cr(III) within IRZ treated portions of the Cr(VI) plume.</p><p>Although Cr(VI) within the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume may have an anthropogenic history associated with releases from the Hinkley compressor station, Cr(VI) concentrations less than the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for the various subareas may not require regulatory attention. The regulatory Cr(VI) plume can be updated using the UTL<sub>95</sub> values calculated as part of this study. The updated regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent would lie within the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent. The authority to establish regulatory Cr(VI) background values, clean-up goals, and future site management practices resides with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885J","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Groover, K.D., Seymour, W.A., Miller, D.M., Warden, J.G., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Summary and conclusions, Chapter J <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-J, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885J.","productDescription":"Report: x, 55 p.; 5 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"55","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science 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solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA","description":"Miller, L.G., Bobb, C., Bennett, S., and Baesman, S.M., 2020, Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V."},{"id":416313,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1","text":"Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018","description":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Larsen, J.D., Dick, M.C., Nawikas, J., and Kohel, C.A., 2021, Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1."},{"id":416311,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY","text":"Optical Petrography, Bulk Chemistry, Microscale Mineralogy/Chemistry, and Bulk/Micron-Scale Solid-Phase Speciation of Natural and Synthetic Solid Phases Used in Chromium Sequestration and Re-oxidation Experiments with Sand and Sediment from Hinkley, CA","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>J.1. Introduction</li><li>J.2. Chromium and Selected Element Concentrations in Rock, Surficial Alluvium, and Core Material</li><li>J.3. Chromium in Minerals and Selected Aquifer Materials</li><li>J.4. Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data</li><li>J.5. Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium</li><li>J.6. Environmental Tracers and Groundwater Age</li><li>J.7. Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium</li><li>J.8. Predevelopment Water Levels, Local Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials</li><li>J.9. Sequestration and Re-Oxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms</li><li>J.10. Relevance, Limitations, and Uses of Hexavalent Chromium Background Study Results</li><li>J.11 References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. lgmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":304413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70243001,"text":"pp1885I - 2023 - Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70243001,"text":"pp1885I - 2023 - Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","indexId":"pp1885I","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Sequestration and Reoxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms","title":"Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-25T20:39:32.989997","indexId":"pp1885I","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:49:30","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Sequestration and Reoxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms","title":"Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater containing hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), downgradient from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert, 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, is undergoing bioremediation using added ethanol as a reductant in a volume of the aquifer defined as the in situ reactive zone (IRZ). This treatment reduces Cr(VI) to trivalent chromium, Cr(III), which is rapidly sequestered by sorption to aquifer particle surfaces and by co-precipitation within iron (Fe) or manganese (Mn) bearing minerals forming in place as reduction proceeds. Successful mitigation of the Cr(VI) plume is projected to require 10–95 years, at which time bioremediation with ethanol will likely cease. This projection assumes that Cr(VI) removal is permanent and that no Cr(III) will oxidize back to Cr(VI) in the event of changing hydrologic conditions that may cause oxygen-rich water to re-enter the IRZ. Laboratory microcosm experiments were done to explore the process of reductive sequestration of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the potential for reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI).</p><p>In reductive sequestration experiments, batch microcosms were prepared with aquifer materials collected from sites upgradient of the Cr(VI) regulatory plume. Control microcosms were prepared using Fe- and Mn-coated quartz sand. Unfiltered Mojave River groundwater containing an added tracer of isotopically labeled chromium-50 were reacted with microcosm materials for up to 2 years; during this time, bio-reduction was stimulated by repeated additions of diluted ethanol to maintain reduced conditions within appropriate ranges, avoiding sulfate reducing or methanogenic conditions as much as possible while mimicking field conditions. Analysis of chromium-50, Fe, and Mn obtained by sequential extraction from microcosms harvested (incubation terminated and microcosm contents analyzed) at various times showed that some aqueous chromium (Cr) was sorbed to particle surfaces within hours; reduction to Cr(III) and incorporation into amorphous and crystalline solid phases occurred during the next few months. Amorphous Cr-containing fractions included Fe and Mn hydroxides and organic matter. Ultimately, most of the chromium-50 tracer was present in the less reactive crystalline phase. However, Fe and Mn were broadly distributed at later stages of reduction, and both were spatially co-located with Cr on a micrometer (μm) scale. Solid-phase data collected using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicated that some Cr(III) was associated with mixed valence Fe oxides like magnetite and Fe-Mn oxides like jacobsite. Additionally, Cr(III) was observed within several μm of Fe and Mn embedded in clays and in mineral coatings.</p><p>To evaluate the potential for reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), additional batch microcosms of aquifer materials and mixtures of Fe- and Mn-coated sand were first reduced for more than 1 year and subsequently oxidized for almost 2 years. Hexavalent chromium was formed and was available for release to the aqueous phase during oxidation of all materials; however, the timing and amount of Cr(VI) formed and released varied among substrates. Artificial substrates containing more Mn produced more Cr(VI). Site material characteristic of recent Mojave River deposits contained within the IRZ produced the least Cr(VI) during oxidation, while site materials composed of older Mojave River aquifer material (containing more Mn) produced more Cr(VI). Site material collected from within the IRZ contained more Cr but produced an intermediate amount of Cr(VI) following oxidation. The combined results of microcosm chemistry and solid-phase analyses showed that the nature and locus of Cr(III) sequestration influenced its vulnerability to reoxidation to Cr(VI). It was concluded that co-location of Cr with Mn at later stages of reduction influenced the susceptibility of Cr(III) to reoxidation in microcosms.</p><p>Reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) was observed in experiments with previously reduced material after just 14 days exposure to oxygen. As much as 10 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using recent Mojave River aquifer material, and as much as 20 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using older Mojave River aquifer material. Less Cr(VI) (less than 3 percent of Cr added before reduction) was released to the aqueous phase, and this release occurred following longer oxygen exposure. Site managers may need to plan for long-term monitoring and the possibility of active maintenance of anoxic conditions within the IRZ to ensure permanent sequestration of Cr after bioremediation with ethanol ceases.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885I","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Miller, L.G., Bobb, C.E., Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., Bennett, S.C., Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2023, Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms, Chapter I of Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-I, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885I.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 72 p.; 4 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"72","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417467,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416302,"rank":8,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/i/images"},{"id":416300,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/i/pp1885i.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416299,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/i/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416298,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0","text":"Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California","description":"Morrison, J.M., Benzel, W.M., Holm-Denoma, C.S., and Bala, S., 2018, Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0."},{"id":416297,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V","text":"Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA","description":"Miller, L.G., Bobb, C., Bennett, S., and Baesman, S.M., 2020, Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V."},{"id":416296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416295,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY.","text":"Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."},{"id":416301,"rank":7,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/i/pp1885i.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>I.1. Introduction</li><li>I.2. Methods</li><li>I.3. Results</li><li>I.4. Discussion</li><li>I.5. Conclusions</li><li>I.6. References Cited</li><li>Appendix I.1 Experimental Microcosms Used for Solid-Phase Analysis</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. 0000-0002-7807-3475 lgmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3475","contributorId":2460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence G.","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bobb, Callum E.","contributorId":304437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bobb","given":"Callum","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Andrea L. 0000-0003-1362-0068 afoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":1740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Andrea","email":"afoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, Emily G. 0000-0003-3803-134X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-134X","contributorId":297208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bennett, Stacy C. 0000-0001-5752-1390 scbennett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-1390","contributorId":193487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Stacy","email":"scbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70243000,"text":"pp1885H - 2023 - Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70243000,"text":"pp1885H - 2023 - Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","indexId":"pp1885H","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","displayTitle":"Predevelopment Water Levels, Groundwater Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","title":"Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T14:47:28.720274","indexId":"pp1885H","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:49:08","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"H","displayTitle":"Predevelopment Water Levels, Groundwater Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","title":"Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrologic and geophysical data were collected to support updates to an existing groundwater-flow model of Hinkley Valley, California, in the Mojave Desert about 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. These data provide information on predevelopment (pre-1930) water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials.</p><p>A predevelopment groundwater-level map, drawn using water-level measurements from 48 wells collected as early as 1918, showed groundwater movement from recharge areas along the Mojave River to evaporative discharge areas near the margin of Harper (dry) Lake in Water Valley. During predevelopment conditions, depth to water ranged from near land surface along the Mojave River to above land surface near Harper (dry) Lake, consistent with flowing wells in Water Valley at that time. Depths to water in much of Hinkley Valley downgradient from the Lockhart fault were less than 20 feet below land surface. By 2017, water-level declines as a result of agricultural pumping, were as much as 60 feet near the Hinkley compressor station.</p><p>Areal recharge from infiltration of precipitation on the valley floor is negligible. Average annual recharge as infiltration of runoff from upland drainages to Hinkley and Water Valleys averages 64.7 acre-feet per year. In most years recharge does not occur; in years when it occurs, recharge to Hinkley Valley is typically about 296 acre-feet. In contrast, average recharge as infiltration of streamflow from the Mojave River from 1931 to 2015 was between 13,400 and 17,100 acre-feet per year; in some years recharge from the Mojave River exceeded 100,000 acre-ft. Estimates of predevelopment groundwater movement through Hinkley Gap and groundwater discharge to Harper (dry) Lake ranged from 570 to 1,900 and 820 to 2,460 acre-feet per year, respectively; at the time of this study in 2017, groundwater movement through Hinkley Gap was estimated to be about 83 acre-feet per year.</p><p>Hydraulic-conductivity values estimated from slug-test data for 95 monitoring wells ranged from less than 0.1 to 680 feet per day (ft/d); values generally decreased with depth. Median hydraulic-conductivity values calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for Mojave River alluvium and near-shore lake deposits were 73 and 11 ft/d, respectively; median hydraulic-conductivity values for locally derived alluvium and weathered bedrock were 6 and 2 ft/d, respectively. Hydraulic-conductivity values, estimated from NMR data for formerly saturated deposits overlying the 2017 water table, were as high as 300 ft/d near the Hinkley compressor station. Downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station, formerly saturated deposits had hydraulic-conductivity values of about 150 ft/d, which were higher than values in saturated material. Coarse-textured, permeable material in formerly saturated deposits above the 2017 water table may have allowed groundwater, released from the Hinkley compressor station that may have contained Cr(VI), to move rapidly downgradient.</p><p>The Lockhart fault is an impediment to groundwater flow within Hinkley Valley. Groundwater-flow directions from horizontal point-velocity probe data were deflected to the west on the upgradient side of the fault compared to the nominal direction of groundwater flow estimated from water-level data. Younger groundwater was present on the upgradient and downgradient sides of the fault, and older groundwater with unadjusted carbon-14 ages as old as 5,650 years before present was in water from wells within splays of the Lockhart fault, consistent with limited groundwater movement across the fault. As a result, groundwater and Cr(VI) released from the Hinkley compressor station moved to the northwest along the downgradient side of the fault.</p><p>Coupled well-bore flow and depth-dependent water-quality data show water from wells C-01 and IW-03 within the Q4 2015 (October–December 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume was yielded from thin layers within the aquifer that are composed of well-sorted lake-margin (beach) deposits that likely have high lateral and longitudinal connectivity. Collectively, data show highly permeable deposits above the regional water table and thin permeable deposits within saturated portions of the upper aquifer that may have conducted groundwater and Cr(VI) downgradient when releases from the Hinkley compressor station first occurred.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885H","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Seymour, W.A., Brown, A.N., Bayless, R.E., Johnson, C.D., Pappas, K.L., Smith, G.A., Clark, D.A., Larsen, J., Dick, M.C., Flint, L.E., Stamos, C.L., and Warden, J.G., 2023, Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California, Chapter H <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-H, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885H.","productDescription":"Report: x, 64 p.; Data Release; 5 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"64","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417466,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416347,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.5.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.5","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416346,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.4.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.4","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416345,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.3.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.3","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416344,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.2.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416343,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416293,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/images"},{"id":416291,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/pp1885h.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416290,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416292,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/pp1885h.xml"},{"id":416289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1","text":"Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018","description":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Larsen, J.D., Dick, M.C., Nawikas, J., and Kohel, C.A., 2021, Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>H.1. Introduction</li><li>H.2. Methods</li><li>H.3. Results and Discussion</li><li>H.4. Conclusions</li><li>H.5. References Cited</li><li>Appendix H.1. Selected Site Information, Geophysical Log, Hydrologic, Core-Extraction, and Depth-Dependent Water-Quality Data for Hinkley and Water Valleys, California</li><li>Appendix H.2. Comparison of Groundwater-Age and Chemical Data with Groundwater-Flow Model Particle-Track Results, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Anthony A. 0000-0001-9925-0197 anbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9925-0197","contributorId":5125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Anthony","email":"anbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bayless, Randall E. 0000-0002-0357-3635 ebayless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":191766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"Randall","email":"ebayless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pappas, Katherine L. 0000-0002-1030-6973","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1030-6973","contributorId":217436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pappas","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, Gregory A. 0000-0001-8170-9924 gasmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":1520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gregory","email":"gasmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Larsen, Joshua 0000-0002-1218-800X jlarsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1218-800X","contributorId":272403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Joshua","email":"jlarsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Dick, Meghan C. 0000-0002-8323-3787 mdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-3787","contributorId":200745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dick","given":"Meghan","email":"mdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352 clstamos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":1252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina","email":"clstamos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70242999,"text":"pp1885G - 2023 - Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242999,"text":"pp1885G - 2023 - Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","indexId":"pp1885G","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T14:12:55.798813","indexId":"pp1885G","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:48:48","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"G","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","docAbstract":"<p>Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released between 1952 and 1964 from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station, in the Mojave Desert about 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. Geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data from more than 100 wells collected between March 2015 and November 2017 were interpreted using a summative-scale analysis to define the extent of anthropogenic (human-made) Cr(VI) in groundwater. The summative scale consisted of eight questions requiring binary (yes or no) answers for each sampled well. The questions were intended to (1) provide a transparent framework for data interpretation in which all stakeholders participated; (2) provide unbiased interpretation of data traceable to numerical measurements; (3) provide a framework that enabled geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data to be considered collectively; and (4) consolidate different types of data into a simple, easy-to-understand interpretation. When data from each well are scored using questions and metrics within the summative scale, all stakeholders would score each well the same way and would draw the same summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent.</p><p>The areal extent of the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume was 5.5 square miles (mi<sup>2</sup>); this is larger than the 2.2-mi<sup>2</sup> extent of the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume but smaller than the 8.3-mi2 maximum mapped extent of Cr(VI) greater than the interim regulatory Cr(VI) background value of 3.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L). The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume is within the area covered by the PG&amp;E monitoring well network and lies within “Mojave-type” deposits composed of low-chromium stream and near-shore lake deposits sourced from the Mojave River. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume included all shallow wells within the footprint of the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume, but summative-scale scores indicate that anthropogenic Cr(VI) was not present in several wells within the footprint of the regulatory Cr(VI) plume that were screened within the deep zone of the upper aquifer. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent was consistent with mineralogic and geochemical data collected as part of this study that were not used within the summative-scale analysis.</p><p>Data from wells outside the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume collected for regulatory purposes from April 2017 through March 2018 were used to estimate Cr(VI) background concentrations as the upper 95-percent tolerance limit (UTL<sub>95</sub>) in different parts of Hinkley and Water Valleys. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values were calculated using the computer program ProUCL 5.1 and are suitable for use by regulatory agencies in support of (1) updating the regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent and management of Cr(VI) near the plume margins, (2) establishing cleanup goals for Cr(VI) within the updated regulatory Cr(VI) plume, and (3) identifying unusual Cr(VI) concentrations outside the regulatory Cr(VI) plume. The nonparametric UTL<sub>95</sub> values for wells screened in Mojave-type deposits in the eastern, western, and northern subareas of Hinkley Valley were 3.7, 3.9, and 4.0 μg/L, respectively. The normal UTL<sub>95</sub> values for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern and western subareas and the northern subarea upgradient from the Mount General fault were 2.8, 3.8, and 4.8 μg/L, respectively. An overall normal UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 3.8 μg/L was calculated for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in these areas. This value is similar to the overall nonparametric UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 3.9 μg/L calculated for Mojave-type deposits and similar to the maximum Cr(VI) concentration of older groundwater in contact with Mojave-type deposits of 3.6 μg/L. The provenance of most PG&amp;E monitoring wells is not precisely known, and the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the different subareas may be more widely applicable for regulatory purposes than the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for Mojave-type deposits.</p><p>The UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.8 μg/L for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern subarea is important for plume management because most of the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume is within the eastern subarea. A UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 5.8 μg/L was calculated for older (pre-1952) groundwater associated with mudflat/playa deposits in the eastern subarea near Mount General. A UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.3 μg/L was calculated for Mojave-type deposits within the Cr(VI) plume downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station after regulatory updates. This lower value is consistent with neutral to slightly alkaline, younger (post-1952) groundwater within coarse-textured, low-chromium Mojave-type deposits in this area and may be a suitable metric for Cr(VI) cleanup goals. The UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 4.8 μg/L for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the northern subarea upgradient from the Mount General fault provides for possible increases in Cr(VI) concentrations if water levels continue to decline. Downgradient from the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume, UTL<sub>95</sub> values of 9.0 and 6.4 μg/L were calculated for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the northern subarea downgradient from the Mount General fault and for Water Valley, respectively, consistent with different geologic and geochemical conditions in these areas.</p><p>The UTL<sub>95</sub> values calculated as part of this study provide scientifically defensible estimates of background Cr(VI) concentrations that differ with local geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic conditions in Hinkley and Water Valleys. The regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent can be updated on the basis of these values. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent may contain wells having anthropogenic Cr(VI) concentrations less than the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for their respective subareas that may not require regulatory attention, and an updated regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent may be less than the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values are not background Cr(VI) concentrations for regulatory purposes, and the authority to establish regulatory values resides solely with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885G","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Warden, J.G., Groover, K.D., and Seymour, W.A., 2023, Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Chapter G <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-G, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885G.","productDescription":"Report: x, 51 p.; 2 Data Releases; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"51","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417465,"rank":10,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416337,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/tables/pp1885g_appendtable_g.2.2.csv","text":"Appendix table 2.2","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":416336,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/tables/pp1885g_appendtable_g.2.1.csv","text":"Appendix table 2.1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":416335,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/tables/pp1885g_appendtable_g.1.1.csv","text":"Appendix table 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":416287,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/images"},{"id":416286,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/pp1885g.xml"},{"id":416285,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/pp1885g.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416284,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY","text":"Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., , Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>G.1. Introduction</li><li>G.2. Summative-Scale Analysis</li><li>G.3. Calculation of Hexavalent Chromium Background Concentrations</li><li>G.4. Comparison of Hexavalent Chromium Background Concentrations with Water from Domestic Wells</li><li>G.5. Conclusions</li><li>G.6. References Cited</li><li>Appendix G.1. Water Chemistry, Isotope Data, and Summative-Scale Scores Used to Estimate the Summative-Scale Hexavalent Chromium Plume Extent</li><li>Appendix G.2. Data Used to Calculate Hexavalent Chromium Background Concentrations</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70242998,"text":"pp1885F - 2023 - Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242998,"text":"pp1885F - 2023 - Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","indexId":"pp1885F","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","displayTitle":"Environmental Tracers of Groundwater Source, Age, and Geochemical Evolution","title":"Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T14:09:53.151935","indexId":"pp1885F","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:48:30","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"F","displayTitle":"Environmental Tracers of Groundwater Source, Age, and Geochemical Evolution","title":"Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","docAbstract":"<p>Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was discharged in cooling wastewater to unlined surface ponds from 1952 to 1964 and reached the underlying unconsolidated aquifer at the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert, 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. A suite of environmental tracers was analyzed in water samples collected from more than 100 wells to characterize the source, age, and geochemical evolution of groundwater within and near the Cr(VI) plume in Hinkley and Water Valleys. This information was used to help determine the extent of Cr(VI) associated with releases from the Hinkley compressor station and to identify Cr(VI) associated with natural sources.</p><p>The source of water in most wells, indicated by stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope values for water, delta oxygen-18 and delta deuterium, was recharge by infiltration of intermittent surface flows in the Mojave River. With the exception of small flows in 1958, the Mojave River was largely dry between 1952 and 1969. This dry period spans the period of Cr(VI) releases from the Hinkley compressor station; 1952–69 also spans the period of high tritium levels in precipitation resulting from the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and, as a consequence, tritium concentrations in groundwater in Hinkley Valley were comparatively low. Groundwater ages (time since recharge) increased downgradient from the Mojave River and with depth. Tritium, measured by helium ingrowth with a study reporting level of 0.05 tritium unit, was detected in water from 51 percent of wells, with detectable tritium as far as 7 miles downgradient from the Mojave River. Tritium concentrations were higher, and tritium/helium-3 groundwater ages younger, in water from wells near the Mojave River and in water from shallower wells downgradient. Agricultural pumping has decreased groundwater levels as much as 60 feet since 1952. As a result of this pumping, some groundwater containing tritium, and presumably anthropogenic Cr(VI), has been removed from the aquifer. The distribution of wells having carbon-14 activities near or greater than 100-percent modern carbon, consistent with post-1952 recharge water, was similar to the distribution of wells containing detectable tritium. Carbon-14 activities as low as 8.9-percent modern carbon, with carbon-14 ages (unadjusted for reactions with aquifer materials) of almost 20,000 years before present (ybp), were sampled in water from some deep wells. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in older groundwater were as high as 11 micrograms per liter but did not exceed 3.6 micrograms per liter in older water from wells completed in “Mojave-type” deposits (composed of felsic Mojave River stream and near-shore lake deposits sourced from the Mojave River); this value may represent an upper limit on Cr(VI) concentrations in groundwater within Mojave-type deposits that likely approximates background Cr(VI) concentrations in the study area. Chlorofluorocarbons were released to the atmosphere and hydrologic cycle as a result of industrial activity beginning in the 1930s. Chlorofluorocarbon data were not generally suitable for groundwater-age dating in Hinkley and Water Valley because of nonatmospheric contributions from local sources.</p><p>Strontium-87/86 isotope ratios and stable chromium isotopes, delta chromium-53, provide information on the geochemical evolution of groundwater in the aquifer. Highly radiogenic strontium-87/86 ratios greater than 0.71000 were present in water from wells completed in coarse-textured Mojave-type deposits having low chromium concentrations but were not diagnostic of these materials. Nonradiogenic strontium-87/86 ratios less than 0.70950 were diagnostic of weathered materials in the northern subarea of Hinkley and in Water Valley that were eroded from Miocene (23–5 million ybp) deposits east of the study area. Values for delta chromium-53 ranged from near 0 to 2.8 parts per thousand (‰) difference. The extent of reductive fractionation, mixing with native groundwater, and longitudinal dispersion within the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume can be estimated on the basis of the delta chromium-53 isotope composition of groundwater within the plume. Reduction of Cr(VI) to trivalent chromium, Cr(III), can occur in the presence of natural reductants in oxic groundwater. Although not diagnostic of anthropogenic chromium at the concentrations of interest near the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume margin, delta chromium-53 data indicate anthropogenic Cr(VI) within the plume is not conservative and has reacted with aquifer materials; these reactions have removed some anthropogenic Cr(VI) from groundwater.</p><p>Environmental tracers, and the distribution of modern (post-1952) and premodern (pre-1952) groundwater, inform understanding of the extent of anthropogenic and naturally occurring Cr(VI) near the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and the understanding of geochemical processes occurring in and near the margins of the Cr(VI) plume. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of water, tritium/helium-3 groundwater-age data, and carbon-14 data were used with mineralogy and chemistry data as part of a summative-scale analysis to determine the Cr(VI) plume extent later in this professional paper (chapter G).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Warden, J.G., Izbicki, J.A., Sültenfuß, J., Scheiderich, K., and Fitzpatrick, J., 2023, Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution, Chapter F <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-F, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885F.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 74 p.; 2 Data Releases; 2 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416331,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/tables/pp1885f_appendtable_f.2.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 2.1","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":417464,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416276,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0","text":"Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California","description":"Morrison, J.M., Benzel, W.M., Holm-Denoma, C.S., and Bala, S., 2018, Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0."},{"id":416278,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/pp1885f.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416279,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/pp1885f.xml"},{"id":416280,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/images"},{"id":416330,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/tables/pp1885f_appendtable_f.1.1.csv","text":"Appendix table 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>F.1. Introduction</li><li>F.2. Field and Laboratory Methods and Quality Assurance Data</li><li>F.3. Tracers of the Source and Recharge History of Groundwater</li><li>F.4. Tracers of the Age of Groundwater</li><li>F.5. Strontium Isotopes</li><li>F.6. Chromium Isotopes</li><li>F.7. Conclusions</li><li>F.8. References Cited</li><li>Appendix F.1. Dissolved Atmospheric and Industrial Gas Data</li><li>Appendix F.2. Calculated Physical and Groundwater Age Values</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sultenfuss, Jurgen","contributorId":221328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sultenfuss","given":"Jurgen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40351,"text":"University of Bremen, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":870494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scheiderich, Kathleen 0000-0002-3756-8324","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3756-8324","contributorId":221339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheiderich","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, John 0000-0001-6738-7180 jfitzpat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-7180","contributorId":146829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"John","email":"jfitzpat@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242997,"text":"pp1885E - 2023 - Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242997,"text":"pp1885E - 2023 - Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","indexId":"pp1885E","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-01T20:33:39.486207","indexId":"pp1885E","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:48:10","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","docAbstract":"<p>Water samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from more than 100 wells between March 2015 and November 2017 in Hinkley and Water Valleys, in the Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, were analyzed for field parameters, major ions, nutrients, and selected trace elements, including hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI). Water from most wells was alkaline and oxic. The pH ranged from 6.9 in water-table wells near recharge areas along the Mojave River to 9.4 in deeper wells farther downgradient in the northern subarea.</p><p>Hexavalent chromium concentrations measured by ion chromatography using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 218.6 and a version of that method used for detection of Cr(VI) concentrations as low as 0.06 micrograms per liter (μg/L), produced results comparable to field speciation with subsequent analyses by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (coefficient of determination, R<sup>2</sup>, of 0.97). Hexavalent chromium concentrations ranged from less than the study reporting level of 0.10 to 2,500 μg/L. The highest concentrations were within the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station. Hexavalent chromium concentrations outside the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume were as high as 11 μg/L. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in water from most wells were distributed in a narrow redox potential and pH band within the overlapping chromate ion, CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><sub>(aqueous)</sub>, and manganese-3, Mn(III)<sub>(solid)</sub>, stability fields. The redox potential of water from some wells completed in carbonate-rich mudflat/playa deposits approached the more oxic manganese-4, Mn(IV)<sub>(solid)</sub>, stability field. However, Cr(VI) concentrations in porewater pressure-extracted from Mn(IV)-containing deposits in the eastern subarea did not exceed 3.3 μg/L, and porewater does not appear to be a source of Cr(VI) concentrations greater than this concentration in water from wells in the eastern subarea.</p><p>On the basis of comparison with California-wide data, Cr(VI) concentrations at the measured pH were higher than expected for uncontaminated water from wells (1) within the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume, (2) within the eastern subarea nominally crossgradient from the Hinkley compressor station and upgradient from the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume, and (3) from shallow wells in the northern subarea downgradient from the leading edge of the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in alkaline water from wells in the northern subarea of Hinkley Valley and in Water Valley were within ranges expected for uncontaminated water elsewhere in California given their pH and trace-element composition. Hexavalent chromium concentrations were higher than expected on the basis of selected trace-element concentrations that co-occur with Cr(VI) in water from wells within the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and from wells in the eastern and northern subareas near the plume margins. Hexavalent chromium concentrations did not exceed 4 μg/L in water from domestic wells sampled in Hinkley and Water Valleys and were generally within ranges expected for uncontaminated groundwater given their pH and trace-element composition.</p><p>Interpretations derived from Cr(VI) and pH, and from Cr(VI) and selected trace-element concentrations collected between March 2015 and November 2017 were used within a summative-scale analysis to determine the Cr(VI) plume extent (chapter G). However, Cr(VI) background concentrations (chapter G) were calculated from regulatory data collected from selected wells between April 2017 and January 2018.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., McCleskey, R.B., Burton, C.A., Clark, D.A., and Smith, G.A., 2023, Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium, Chapter E <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-E, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885E.","productDescription":"Report: x, 63 p.; Data Release; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"63","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417463,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416329,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/tables/pp1885e_appendtable_e.1.3.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 1.3"},{"id":416328,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/tables/pp1885e_appendtable_e.1.2.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 1.2"},{"id":416327,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/tables/pp1885e_appendtable_e.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 1.1"},{"id":416273,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/images"},{"id":416272,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/pp1885e.xml"},{"id":416271,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/pp1885e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416270,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>E.1. Introduction</li><li>E.2. Field and Laboratory Methods and Quality-Assurance Data</li><li>E.3. Groundwater Chemistry</li><li>E.4. Porewater</li><li>E.5. Water from Domestic Wells</li><li>E.6. Conclusions</li><li>E.7. References Cited</li><li>Appendix E.1. Water Chemistry and Isotope Data Collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in Hinkley and Water Valleys, Western Mojave Desert, California, March 2015 through November 2017</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833 caburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen","email":"caburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Gregory A. 0000-0001-8170-9924 gasmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":1520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gregory","email":"gasmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242996,"text":"pp1885D - 2023 - Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242996,"text":"pp1885D - 2023 - Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","indexId":"pp1885D","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data","title":"Analyses of regulatory water-quality data"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T13:59:08.063538","indexId":"pp1885D","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:47:47","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data","title":"Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1952 and 1964, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released into groundwater from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company has monitored groundwater near Hinkley, California, for Cr(VI) and other constituents since the late 1980s. By June 2017, more than 20,000 samples had been collected and analyzed for Cr(VI) for regulatory purposes. Most Cr(VI) samples were analyzed using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 218.6 with a laboratory reporting level (LRL) of 0.2 micrograms per liter (μg/L). Between July 2012 and June 2017, selected samples were analyzed for low-level Cr(VI) concentrations using a modified version of EPA Method 218.6 with an LRL of 0.06 μg/L. Field-blank data and duplicate samples collected during this period indicate a study reporting level (SRL) of 0.2 μg/L for most analyses and a SRL of 0.12 μg/L for low-level Cr(VI) analyses. The overall precision for Cr(VI) data analyzed by both methods at the interim regulatory Cr(VI) background concentration of 3.1 μg/L was 0.09 μg/L, or about 3 percent.</p><p>Hexavalent chromium concentration trends were calculated for 564 monitoring wells for the period from July 2012 through June 2017. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends were present in water from 102 monitoring wells throughout Hinkley and Water Valleys. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends in water from wells near the margins of the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume (1) within strands of the Lockhart fault east and southeast of the Hinkley compressor station and (2) in water from shallow wells within the northern subarea were consistent with expansion of the Cr(VI) plume in these areas between 2012 and 2017. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends were widely distributed elsewhere in Hinkley and Water Valleys outside the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and were commonly associated with declining water levels. These upward trends may result from natural Cr(VI) sources, including movement of Cr(VI) containing groundwater from (1) weathered bedrock, (2) fine-textured deposits, or (3) secondarily oxidized material distributed throughout aquifer deposits. Downward Cr(VI) concentration trends were observed in 146 monitoring wells. Downward trends were largely within the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and can be attributed to remediation activities downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station. Hexavalent chromium concentration trends also were calculated for 219 domestic wells from July 2012 through June 2017. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends in 8 domestic wells and downward trends in 23 domestic wells were clustered largely within former residential areas west of the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume. Results of Cr(VI) trend analyses (including upward, downward, and no trend) were used with other data as part of a summative-scale analysis (chapter G) to define the extent of anthropogenic Cr(VI) and natural Cr(VI) within Hinkley and Water Valleys.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., and Seymour, W.A., 2023, Analyses of regulatory water-quality data, Chapter D <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-D, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 28 p.; 6 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"28","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417462,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416326,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.6.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.6"},{"id":416325,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.5.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.5"},{"id":416323,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.3.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.3"},{"id":416322,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.2.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.2"},{"id":416321,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.1"},{"id":416262,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/pp1885d.xml"},{"id":416261,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/pp1885d.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416324,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.4.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.4"},{"id":416263,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>D.1. Introduction</li><li>D.2. Data Availability</li><li>D.3. Sample Collection, Laboratory Analyses, Data Quality, and Statistical Methods</li><li>D.4. Hexavalent Chromium Concentration Trends in Water from Wells</li><li>D.5. Comparison of Hexavalent Chromium Concentration Trends with Water-Level and Other Data</li><li>D.6. Conclusions</li><li>D.7. References Cited</li><li>Appendix D.1. Quality Assurance and Environmental Hexavalent Chromium Data from Selected Monitoring and Domestic Wells Sampled for Regulatory Purposes by Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Hinkley and Water Valleys, Western Mojave Desert, California, July 2008 through June 2017</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70242995,"text":"pp1885C - 2023 - Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242995,"text":"pp1885C - 2023 - Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials","indexId":"pp1885C","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Chromium in Minerals and Selected Aquifer Materials","title":"Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T13:56:56.199603","indexId":"pp1885C","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:47:24","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Chromium in Minerals and Selected Aquifer Materials","title":"Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1952 and 1964, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released into groundwater from a Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) compressor station in Hinkley, California, in the western Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. In 2015, the extent of anthropogenic Cr(VI) in groundwater in Hinkley and Water Valleys was uncertain, but some Cr(VI) in groundwater may be naturally occurring from rock and aquifer material.</p><p>To evaluate potential sources of natural Cr(VI), chromium and other selected trace-element concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with multi-acid digestion, on 34 samples of surficial alluvium and core material from Hinkley and Water Valleys, California, and on 2 samples of alluvium from the mafic Sheep Creek fan to the southwest. Chromium concentrations in Hinkley and Water Valleys ranged from 2 to 110 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), with a median concentration of 14 mg/kg; concentrations were highest in weathered mafic hornblende diorite associated with Iron Mountain. High chromium concentrations also were present within fine-textured materials and visually abundant iron- and manganese-oxide coatings on the surfaces of mineral grains. For comparison, chromium concentrations as high as 170 mg/kg were measured in mafic alluvium from the Sheep Creek fan. In contrast, chromium concentrations were lowest in Mojave-type deposits (Mojave River stream and lake margin deposits), with a median of 6 mg/kg. Chromium concentrations measured by ICP-MS compared favorably with concentrations measured by portable (handheld) X-ray fluorescence (pXRF; chapter B), on the basis of least-squares regression results and a coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.97.</p><p>Minerals in bulk samples and the heavy (dense) mineral fractions isolated from those samples were identified using optical techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quartz and feldspar were the most abundant minerals, especially within recent and older Mojave River deposits. Chromium concentrations were as high as 1,250 mg/kg in the heavy-mineral fraction, with specific gravity greater than 3.32. Chromium was not commonly detected in the light-mineral fraction, with specific gravity less than 2.85. Most chromium within the heavy-mineral fraction was substituted within magnetite mineral grains less than 100 micrometers (μm) in diameter, and almost no chromite was present within the heavy-mineral fraction. Although magnetite is resistive to weathering, weathering of magnetite to hematite was identified (1) in Miocene materials underlying unconsolidated deposits in the western subarea of Hinkley Valley and (2) in alluvium within Water Valley that contains weathered minerals eroded from Miocene rock. Less-dense, more easily weathered chromium-containing amphiboles, such as actinolite in older Mojave River alluvium and hornblende in locally derived alluvium from Iron Mountain, were identified optically. Magnetite was not identified in weathered hornblende diorite and was less abundant in locally derived materials and in Miocene materials than in Mojave-type deposits. A comparison of ICP-MS data and sequential extraction data shows that approximately 90 percent of chromium in aquifer material within Hinkley and Water Valleys was not extractable and was interpreted to reside within unweathered mineral grains. Most extractable chromium was within the strong acid extractable fraction. Chromium within the weakly sorbed, and specifically sorbed extractable fractions in oxide accumulations within the regulatory Cr(VI) plume is potentially mobile into groundwater with changes in ionic strength or pH.</p><p>Although Hinkley and Water Valleys are regionally low in chromium, natural geologic sources of chromium may be present in aquifer materials penetrated by wells completed in (1) weathered hornblende diorite bedrock underlying the western subarea; (2) Miocene deposits underlying the western subarea and unconsolidated material in the northern subarea and Water Valley containing basalt or weathered minerals eroded from Miocene deposits; (3) unconsolidated material containing visually abundant iron- and manganese-oxide coatings on the surfaces of mineral grains that are present near the water table and near lithologic or geologic contacts; and (4) brown clay and mudflat/playa deposits in the northern subarea. Brown clay and mudflat/playa deposits in the eastern subarea near Mount General have a low-chromium, felsic mineralogy similar to Mojave River deposits and do not contain high concentrations of chromium; however, manganese(IV) oxides within these materials may facilitate oxidation of trivalent chromium, Cr(III), to Cr(VI).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Benzel, W., Morrison, J., and Foster, A.L., 2023, Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials, Chapter C <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-C, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885C.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 49 p.; 3 Data Releases; Appendix","numberOfPages":"49","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416255,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0","text":"Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California","description":"Morrison, J.M., Benzel, W.M., Holm-Denoma, C.S., and Bala, S., 2018, Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0."},{"id":416254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416257,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/pp1885c.pdf","size":"7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416256,"rank":4,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY.","text":"Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., , Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."},{"id":416258,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/pp1885c.xml"},{"id":416259,"rank":7,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/images"},{"id":416320,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/tables/pp1885c_appendtable_c.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix Table C.1.1","size":"100 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":417460,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    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Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>C.1. Introduction</li><li>C.2. Methods</li><li>C.3. Results of Chemical, Mineralogic, and Sequential Extraction Analyses</li><li>C.4. Distribution of Chromium in Selected Geologic Materials</li><li>C.5. Conclusions</li><li>C.6. References Cited</li><li>Appendix C.1. Sequential Extraction Data for Selected Surficial Materials and Core Materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benzel, William 0000-0002-4085-1876 wbenzel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4085-1876","contributorId":3594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benzel","given":"William","email":"wbenzel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morrison, Jean M. 0000-0002-6614-8783 jmorrison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6614-8783","contributorId":994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jean","email":"jmorrison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, Andrea L. 0000-0003-1362-0068 afoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":1740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Andrea","email":"afoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242994,"text":"pp1885B - 2023 - Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242994,"text":"pp1885B - 2023 - Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material","indexId":"pp1885B","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Survey of Chromium and Selected Element Concentrations in Rock, Alluvium, and Core Material","title":"Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T13:53:13.047532","indexId":"pp1885B","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:46:27","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Survey of Chromium and Selected Element Concentrations in Rock, Alluvium, and Core Material","title":"Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1952 and 1964, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released into groundwater from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) compressor station in Hinkley, California, in the western Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. In 2015, the extent of anthropogenic Cr(VI) in groundwater in Hinkley and Water Valleys was uncertain, and some Cr(VI) in groundwater may be naturally occurring from rock and aquifer material.</p><p>On the basis of more than 1,500 portable (handheld) X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) measurements on more than 250 samples of rock, surficial alluvium, and core material from selected wells in Hinkley and Water Valleys, chromium concentrations are commonly low compared to the average bulk continental abundance of 185 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). However, chromium concentrations are as high as 530 mg/kg in mafic hornblende diorite that crops out along the western margin of Hinkley Valley in Iron Mountain. Other chromium-containing rocks in the area are either (1) not consistently high in chromium, (2) have limited areal extent, or (3) in the case of basalt, are present only in Water Valley.</p><p>Chromium concentrations in core material adjacent to the screened intervals of wells sampled for water chemistry and isotopic composition as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Cr(VI) background study ranged from less than the study reporting level (SRL) of 5 mg/kg to 410 mg/kg, with a median concentration of 23 mg/kg. Chromium concentrations in core material were lower in the eastern subarea and higher in the western and the northern subareas of Hinkley Valley and in Water Valley. The highest chromium concentration in core material was in weathered hornblende diorite bedrock. Chromium concentrations in core material adjacent to the screened interval of sampled wells were log-normally distributed below a threshold of 85 mg/kg, and 3 percent of chromium concentrations were greater than 85 mg/kg. Manganese can oxidize trivalent chromium, Cr(III), to Cr(VI). Similar to chromium, manganese concentrations in core material also were log-normally distributed below a threshold of 970 mg/kg, and 5 percent of manganese concentrations were greater than 970 mg/kg. Both chromium and manganese concentrations were higher in fine-textured core material and in visually abundant iron- and manganese-oxide coatings on the surfaces of mineral grains. High concentrations of chromium and manganese in core material commonly co-occurred. Fine-textured core material, chromium concentrations greater than 85 mg/kg, and manganese concentrations greater than 970 mg/kg in core material adjacent to the screened interval of sampled wells were selected for use as metrics (threshold values) within a summative-scale analysis (SSA) developed to identify natural and anthropogenic Cr(VI) in water from wells later within this professional paper (chapter G).</p><p>Principal component analysis (PCA) of 18 elements within surficial alluvium, rock, and core material measured using pXRF shows distinct elemental assemblages associated with (1) older and more recent “Mojave-type” deposits, including alluvium and lake-margin (beach) deposits sourced from the Mojave River, (2) alluvium eroded from mafic rock, including hornblende diorite that crops out on Iron Mountain, (3) alluvium eroded from felsic volcanic and hydrothermal rock that crops out on Mount General along the eastern margin of Hinkley Valley, (4) playa/mudflat and other fine-textured deposits, and (5) material with visually abundant iron- and manganese-oxide coatings. Most wells sampled as part of this study were completed in Mojave-type deposits. Portable (handheld) X-ray fluorescence data measured on core material from those wells do not appear to be different or unusual compared to the magnitude and range of data from the larger Mojave River groundwater basin, and the core material has a low-chromium, felsic composition consistent with a Mojave River origin. In general, the elemental composition of core material from wells was not measurably altered by admixtures with local mafic, felsic volcanic, or hydrothermal source materials; although, where present, admixtures with basalt may contribute chromium to core material.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., and Groover, K.D., 2023, Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material, Chapter B <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-B, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885B.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 37 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416250,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416249,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/images"},{"id":416248,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication 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Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>B.1 Introduction</li><li>B.2 Site Description</li><li>B.3 Methods</li><li>B.4 Chromium Concentrations in Rock, Surficial Alluvium, and Core Material</li><li>B.5 Elemental Assemblages in Surficial Alluvium, Rock, and Core Material</li><li>B.6 Conclusions</li><li>B.7 References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 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