{"pageNumber":"281","pageRowStart":"7000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184757,"records":[{"id":70245414,"text":"70245414 - 2023 - Assessment of potential recovery viability for Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-11T16:18:00.192889","indexId":"70245414","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:40:06","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of potential recovery viability for Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15190376\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, the Colorado River’s top native predatory fish, was historically distributed from the Gulf of California delta to the upper reaches of the Green, Colorado, and San Juan rivers in the Colorado River basin in the Southwestern US. In recent decades Colorado Pikeminnow population abundance has declined, primarily due to predation by warmwater nonnative fish and habitat modification following dam construction. Small, reproducing populations remain in the Green and upper Colorado rivers, but their current population trajectory is declining and the San Juan River population is maintained primarily through stocking. As such, establishment of an additional population could aid recovery efforts and increase the species’ resilience and population redundancy. The Colorado River in Grand Canyon once supported Colorado Pikeminnow, but until recently habitat suitability in this altered reach was considered low due to a depressed thermal regime and abundant nonnative predators. Climate change and ongoing drought has presented an opportunity to evaluate the feasibility of native fish restoration in a system where declining reservoir storage has led to warmer releases and re-emergence of riverine habitat. These changes in the physical attributes of the river have occurred in concert with a system-wide decline in nonnative predators. Conditions ten years ago were not compatible with reintroduction feasibility in Grand Canyon; however, due to rapidly changing conditions an expert Science Panel was convened to evaluate whether the physical and biological attributes of this reach could now support various life stages of Colorado Pikeminnow. Here, we report on the evaluation process and outcome from the Science Panel, which developed a science-based recommendation to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on reintroduction feasibility. The Science Panel concluded that current habitat attributes in Grand Canyon could satisfy some, but perhaps not all, Colorado Pikeminnow life history requirements. This reach has the potential to support adult and sub-adult growth, foraging, migrations, and spawning, but low juvenile survival may limit recruitment. However, populations of other native species are successfully reproducing and increasing in western Grand Canyon, even in areas once considered suboptimal habitat. Should managers decide to move to the next phase of this process, actions such as experimental stocking and monitoring, telemetry studies, bioenergetics modeling, and laboratory-based research may provide additional information to further evaluate a potential reintroduction effort in this rapidly changing but highly altered system.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.3996/JFWM-22-031","usgsCitation":"Dibble, K.L., Yackulic, C., Bestgen, K., Gido, K.B., Jones, T., McKinstry, M., Osmundson, D., Ryden, D., and Schelly, R.C., 2023, Assessment of potential recovery viability for Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 14, no. 1, p. 239-268, https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-22-031.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"268","ipdsId":"IP-138882","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443718,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-031","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435356,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DYA9FC","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Discharge and water temperature data, Lake Powell thermal profiles, and Annual Thermal Units used to assess reintroduction feasibility of Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon"},{"id":418390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.3826955382889,\n              36.966521461500975\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.02749123354414,\n              36.966521461500975\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.02749123354414,\n              35.62604328493582\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.3826955382889,\n              35.62604328493582\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.3826955382889,\n              36.966521461500975\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dibble, Kimberly L. 0000-0003-0799-4477 kdibble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-4477","contributorId":5174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dibble","given":"Kimberly","email":"kdibble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yackulic, Charles B. 0000-0001-9661-0724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-0724","contributorId":218825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackulic","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bestgen, Kevin R.","contributorId":264509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bestgen","given":"Kevin R.","affiliations":[{"id":13606,"text":"CSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gido, Keith B.","contributorId":198487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gido","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, Tildon","contributorId":311215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Tildon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":67360,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, 1380 S. 2350, W. Vernal, UT 84078","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McKinstry, Mark","contributorId":276041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKinstry","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12646,"text":"BOR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Osmundson, Doug","contributorId":311216,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osmundson","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":67361,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Junction Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 445 West Gunnison Ave., Suite 140, Grand Junction, CO 81501-5711","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ryden, Dale","contributorId":311217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryden","given":"Dale","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":67361,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Junction Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 445 West Gunnison Ave., Suite 140, Grand Junction, CO 81501-5711","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schelly, Robert C.","contributorId":301154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schelly","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":65320,"text":"Native Fish Ecology and Conservation Program","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70243151,"text":"70243151 - 2023 - Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-02T11:43:02.445205","indexId":"70243151","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:37:57","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9161,"text":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system","docAbstract":"<div class=\"capsule__text\"><p>Reservoirs in arid landscapes provide critical water storage and hydroelectric power but influence the transport and biogeochemical cycling of mercury (Hg). Improved management of reservoirs to mitigate the supply and uptake of bioavailable methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic food webs will benefit from a mechanistic understanding of inorganic divalent Hg (Hg(<small>II</small>)) and MeHg fate within and downstream of reservoirs. Here, we quantified Hg(<small>II</small>), MeHg, and other pertinent biogeochemical constituents in water (filtered and associated with particles) at high temporal resolution from 2016–2020. This was done (1) at inflow and outflow locations of three successive hydroelectric reservoirs (Snake River, Idaho, Oregon) and (2) vertically and longitudinally within the first reservoir (Brownlee Reservoir). Under spring high flow, upstream inputs of particulate Hg (Hg(<small>II</small>) and MeHg) and filter-passing Hg(<small>II</small>) to Brownlee Reservoir were governed by total suspended solids and dissolved organic matter, respectively. Under redox stratified conditions in summer, net MeHg formation in the meta- and hypolimnion of Brownlee reservoir yielded elevated filter-passing and particulate MeHg concentrations, the latter exceeding 500 ng g<small><sup>−1</sup></small><span>&nbsp;</span>on particles. Simultaneously, the organic matter content of particulates increased longitudinally in the reservoir (from 9–29%) and temporally with stratified duration. In late summer and fall, destratification mobilized MeHg from the upgradient metalimnion and the downgradient hypolimnion of Brownlee Reservoir, respectively, resulting in downstream export of elevated filter-passing MeHg and organic-rich particles enriched in MeHg (up to 43% MeHg). We document coupled biogeochemical and hydrologic processes that yield in-reservoir MeHg accumulation and MeHg export in water and particles, which impacts MeHg uptake in aquatic food webs within and downstream of reservoirs.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/D3EM00032J","usgsCitation":"Poulin, B., Tate, M., Ogorek, J.M., Breitmeyer, S.E., Baldwin, A.K., Yoder, A.M., Harris, R.C., Naymik, J., Gastelecutto, N., Hoovestol, C., Larsen, C.F., Myers, R., Aiken, G., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2023, Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EM00032J.","productDescription":"17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-151883","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poulin, Brett 0000-0002-5555-7733","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-7733","contributorId":260893,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poulin","given":"Brett","affiliations":[{"id":52706,"text":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tate, Michael T. 0000-0003-1525-1219 mttate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-1219","contributorId":3144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Michael T.","email":"mttate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ogorek, Jacob M. 0000-0002-6327-0740 jmogorek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6327-0740","contributorId":4960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogorek","given":"Jacob","email":"jmogorek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Breitmeyer, Sara E. 0000-0003-0609-1559 sbreitmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-1559","contributorId":172622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breitmeyer","given":"Sara","email":"sbreitmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baldwin, Austin K. 0000-0002-6027-3823 akbaldwi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3823","contributorId":4515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Austin","email":"akbaldwi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yoder, Alysa Muir 0000-0002-3683-6729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3683-6729","contributorId":296598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoder","given":"Alysa","email":"","middleInitial":"Muir","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harris, Reed C.","contributorId":172700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Reed","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27086,"text":"Reed-Harris Environmental Ltd.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Naymik, Jesse","contributorId":229386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naymik","given":"Jesse","affiliations":[{"id":41632,"text":"Idaho Power Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gastelecutto, Nick","contributorId":296597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gastelecutto","given":"Nick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41632,"text":"Idaho Power Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hoovestol, Charles","contributorId":229387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoovestol","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41632,"text":"Idaho Power Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Larsen, Christopher F.","contributorId":147408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larsen","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Myers, Ralph","contributorId":172701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12541,"text":"Idaho Power Company, P.O. Box 70, Boise ID  83707","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Aiken, George R.","contributorId":206316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aiken","given":"George R.","affiliations":[{"id":37308,"text":"Former USGS employee, deceased","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70243065,"text":"70243065 - 2023 - Marmots do not drink coffee: Human urine contributions to the nitrogen budget of a popular national park destination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T11:35:05.308037","indexId":"70243065","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:31:33","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marmots do not drink coffee: Human urine contributions to the nitrogen budget of a popular national park destination","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Reactive nitrogen (Nr) concentrations are higher than expected for mountain lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park, and for many years, high Nr concentrations have been attributed to atmospheric Nr deposition from regional and more distant emission sources, including combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural activities. Here, we estimated the contribution from a very local source, that of human urine, related to intensive use by visitors in Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS). Not only does urine convey hormones, pharmaceuticals, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic-resistant genes to the environment, but it also contributes Nr, which contributes to loss of biodiversity and eutrophication. Using caffeine as a specific marker for human urine, we compared the calculated maximum potential input of urine with that from wet atmospheric Nr deposition. The maximum potential input is a worst-case scenario. Nearly 30,000 and 45,000 people hiked the 4.0 km to the Loch, the lowest lake in LVWS, in June–September 2019 and 2020, respectively. Informal trails and informal latrine sites were mapped, and the contribution of human urine was calculated based on several assumptions, including that each visitor voided their bladder on the ground once per visit somewhere in Loch Vale. The resulting Nr input from urine in Loch Vale for the summer months of June through September was 0.02 kg Nr ha<sup>−1</sup>, and prorated to a full year, the 2019 potential contribution of human waste was 0.06 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>. These values are compared with June–September 1.2 kg Nr ha<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>from wet atmospheric deposition or annual measured 2019 deposition of 2.5 kg Nr ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>, to indicate a contribution of 2% Nr to the waters of Loch Vale from local human urine. Most Nr in this alpine and subalpine watershed is still attributable to emissions and subsequent wet atmospheric deposition, but a 2% contribution from human waste is not insignificant. In the very broadest sense, our results document an ecological disturbance from an unprecedented level of human activity in a protected and designated wilderness area. Local solutions to this local problem could include greater outreach to visitors of public lands about the consequences of their activities and installation of latrines.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.4504","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Weinmann, T., Acharya, V.K., Charlton, C., Nydick, K., and Esser, S., 2023, Marmots do not drink coffee: Human urine contributions to the nitrogen budget of a popular national park destination: Ecosphere, v. 14, no. 4, e4504, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4504.","productDescription":"e4504, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-145414","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4504","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95IOUKH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Soil and surface water nitrogen and caffeine data from 2019, and 2019-2020 trail counts of hikers in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park"},{"id":416483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.12179549031293,\n              40.64741123740333\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.12179549031293,\n              39.90595209668854\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29268436734135,\n              39.90595209668854\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29268436734135,\n              40.64741123740333\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.12179549031293,\n              40.64741123740333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weinmann, Timothy 0000-0003-1502-5254","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1502-5254","contributorId":268331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weinmann","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Acharya, Varun Kirk","contributorId":304546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Acharya","given":"Varun","email":"","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Charlton, Caitlin","contributorId":304547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Charlton","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nydick, Koren","contributorId":304548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"Koren","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Esser, Scott","contributorId":304549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Esser","given":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70263675,"text":"70263675 - 2023 - Rapid shallow megathrust afterslip from the 2021 M8.2 Chignik, Alaska earthquake revealed by seafloor geodesy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T14:17:25.521235","indexId":"70263675","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5010,"text":"Science Advances","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid shallow megathrust afterslip from the 2021 M8.2 Chignik, Alaska earthquake revealed by seafloor geodesy","docAbstract":"<p><span>The shallower portions of subduction zone megathrust faults host Earth’s most hazardous tsunamigenic earthquakes, yet understanding how and when they slip remains elusive because of challenges making seafloor observations. We performed Global Navigation Satellite System Acoustic seafloor geodetic surveys before and ~2.5 months after the 29 July 2021&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;(moment magnitude) 8.2 Chignik, Alaska, earthquake and determine ~1.4 meters cumulative co- and post-seismic horizontal displacement ~60 kilometers from the megathrust front. Only for the 2011&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;9 Tohoku event have closer subduction zone earthquake displacements been observed. We estimate ~2 to 3 meters of megathrust afterslip shallower than 20 kilometers, a portion of the megathrust on which both inter- and co-seismic slip likely had occurred previously. Our analysis demonstrates that by 2.5 months, shallower and deeper moment had effectively equilibrated on the megathrust, suggesting that its tsunamigenic potential remains no more elevated than before the earthquake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adf9299","usgsCitation":"Brooks, B.A., Goldberg, D.E., DeSanto, J., Ericksen, T., Webb, S., Nooner, S., Chadwell, C., Foster, J.H., Minson, S.E., Witter, R., Haeussler, P., Freymueller, J.T., Barnhart, W.D., and Nevitt, J., 2023, Rapid shallow megathrust afterslip from the 2021 M8.2 Chignik, Alaska earthquake revealed by seafloor geodesy: Science Advances, v. 9, no. 17, eadf9299, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf9299.","productDescription":"eadf9299, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-146480","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489944,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf9299","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":482221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Chignik","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.70646382510657,\n              56.37306604284683\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.70646382510657,\n              56.06970805916828\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.12381205677127,\n              56.06970805916828\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.12381205677127,\n              56.37306604284683\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.70646382510657,\n              56.37306604284683\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Benjamin A. 0000-0001-7954-6281 bbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7954-6281","contributorId":5237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldberg, Dara Elyse 0000-0002-0923-3180","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0923-3180","contributorId":289891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Dara","email":"","middleInitial":"Elyse","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeSanto, John","contributorId":351032,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeSanto","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ericksen, Todd 0000-0001-9340-575X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-575X","contributorId":217363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"Todd","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webb, Spahr","contributorId":247907,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Spahr","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7171,"text":"Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nooner, Scott","contributorId":224247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nooner","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chadwell, C. David","contributorId":351035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chadwell","given":"C. David","affiliations":[{"id":83908,"text":"Scripps Insitution of Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Foster, James H.","contributorId":244553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foster","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48939,"text":"Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Minson, Sarah E. 0000-0001-5869-3477 sminson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5869-3477","contributorId":5357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minson","given":"Sarah","email":"sminson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Witter, Robert C. 0000-0002-1721-254X rwitter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-254X","contributorId":4528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witter","given":"Robert C.","email":"rwitter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":219956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffery T. 0000-0003-0614-0306","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0614-0306","contributorId":244609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Barnhart, William D. 0000-0003-0498-1697 wbarnhart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-1697","contributorId":294678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"William","email":"wbarnhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Nevitt, Johanna 0000-0003-3819-1773 jnevitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-1773","contributorId":198144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevitt","given":"Johanna","email":"jnevitt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70243002,"text":"pp1885J - 2023 - Summary and conclusions","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70243002,"text":"pp1885J - 2023 - Summary and conclusions","indexId":"pp1885J","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Summary and Conclusions","title":"Summary and conclusions"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T14:21:00.155283","indexId":"pp1885J","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:49:50","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Summary and Conclusions","title":"Summary and conclusions","docAbstract":"<h1>Executive Summary</h1><p>Chromium concentrations in rock and aquifer material in Hinkley and Water Valleys in the Mojave Desert, 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, are generally low compared to the average chromium concentration of 185 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) in the average bulk continental crust. Chromium concentrations in felsic, coarse-textured “Mojave-type” deposits, composed of Mojave River stream (alluvium) and lake-margin (beach) deposits sourced from the Mojave River, are as low as 5 mg/kg, with a median concentration of 23 mg/kg in aquifer materials adjacent to the screened intervals of sampled wells. The most abundant chromium-containing mineral within aquifer materials in Hinkley and Water Valleys is magnetite. Magnetite is resistant to weathering, and about 90 percent of chromium remains within unweathered mineral grains. However, chromium-containing hornblende diorite and basalt are present in surrounding uplands, and chromium-containing actinolite is present within some aquifer materials.</p><p>Although geologic abundance of chromium is clearly important, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), concentrations in alkaline oxic groundwater are related to additional factors. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in groundwater are influenced by a combination of processes including (1) mineralogy and the weathering rates of chromium-containing minerals; (2) texture of aquifer deposits; (3) accumulation of chromium weathered from minerals within surface coatings on mineral grains; (4) oxidation of accumulated Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in the presence of manganese oxides (Mn oxides), including the abundance and oxidation states of those Mn oxides; (5) pH-dependent desorption of chromium from coatings on the surfaces of mineral grains into groundwater during appropriate aqueous geochemical conditions; and (6) age (time since recharge) of groundwater. The pH of groundwater increases with groundwater age (time since recharge) as a result of silicate weathering, and desorption of Cr(VI) from aquifer deposits increases with increasing pH as long as groundwater remains oxic. In the absence of the detailed geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data collected as part of this study, pH-dependent sorption, evaluated as the Cr(VI) occurrence probability at the measured pH, is an effective indicator of natural or anthropogenic Cr(VI).</p><p>The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station is used to compress natural gas as it is transported through a pipeline from Texas to California. Between 1952 and 1964, cooling water containing Cr(VI) was discharged to unlined ponds and released into groundwater in unconsolidated aquifers. The extent of groundwater containing evidence of at least some anthropogenic Cr(VI) was 5.5 square miles (mi<sup>2</sup>) and was estimated using a summative scale incorporating geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data collected from more than 100 wells between March 2015 and November 2017. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent is larger than the 2.2 mi<sup>2</sup> extent of the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume but is smaller than the 8.3 mi<sup>2</sup> maximum mapped extent of Cr(VI) greater than the interim regulatory Cr(VI) background concentration of 3.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L). The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume is within felsic, low-chromium aquifer material deposited by the Mojave River described as Mojave-type deposits and is within the area covered by the PG&amp;E monitoring well network.</p><p>Background Cr(VI) concentrations were calculated using the computer program ProUCL 5.1 as the upper 95-percent tolerance limit, UTL<sub>95</sub>, using data from wells outside the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent collected between April 2017 and March 2018. The overall UTL<sub>95</sub> for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern and western subareas and the northern subarea upgradient of the Mount General fault in Hinkley Valley was 3.8 μg/L; this value is similar to the overall UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 3.9 μg/L calculated for Mojave-type deposits in Hinkley and Water Valleys, and is similar to the maximum Cr(VI) concentration of older groundwater in contact with Mojave-type deposits of 3.6 μg/L.</p><p>In most cases the overall UTL<sub>95</sub> value may be an acceptable Cr(VI) background value near the Cr(VI) plume margin; however, UTL<sub>95</sub> values for the various subareas in Hinkley and Water Valleys provide greater resolution of Cr(VI) background that may be important for some purposes. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern, western, and northern subareas upgradient of the Mount General fault were 2.8, 3.8, and 4.8 μg/L, respectively. The UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.8 μg/L for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern subarea is important for plume management because the Hinkley compressor station and most of the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume are within the eastern subarea. A UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.3 μg/L was calculated for Mojave-type deposits downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station. This value represents Cr(VI) concentrations that may have been present in that part of the aquifer had Cr(VI) not been released from the Hinkley compressor station, and it reflects coarser textured deposits in this area and the proximity of those deposits to recharge areas along the Mojave River that results in younger (post-1952), less alkaline groundwater than in wells farther downgradient. This value may be a suitable metric for Cr(VI) cleanup goals within the Cr(VI) plume after regulatory updates. A separate UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 5.8 μg/L was calculated for mudflat/playa deposits and older groundwater near Mount General in the eastern subarea. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values calculated for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the northern subarea downgradient from the Mount General fault and in Water Valley, including lacustrine (lake) deposits and material eroded from basalt and Miocene deposits, were 9.0 and 6.4 μg/L, respectively.</p><p>Hexavalent chromium concentrations in more than 70 domestic wells sampled between January 27 and 31, 2016, ranged from less than the study reporting level of 0.1–4.0 μg/L, with a median concentration of 1.2 μg/L. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in water from domestic wells did not exceed UTL<sub>95</sub> values within subareas where the wells were located. Water from 47 percent of domestic wells sampled between January 27 and 31, 2016, had arsenic, uranium, or nitrate concentrations above a maximum contaminant level.</p><p>Anthropogenic Cr(VI) within groundwater downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station is treated by PG&amp;E using bioremediation by adding ethanol as a reductant within a volume of aquifer known as the in situ reactive zone (IRZ). Laboratory microcosm studies showed that Cr(VI) is rapidly reduced to Cr(III) with additions of ethanol. Reduced Cr(III) is sorbed and is sequestered into crystalline iron and manganese oxides on the surfaces of mineral grains within the microcosms during a period of several months. Trivalent chromium was reoxidized back to Cr(VI) within 2 weeks of return to oxic (oxygen present) conditions within the microcosms. As much as 10 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using recent Mojave River aquifer material, and as much as 20 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using older Mojave River aquifer material. Less Cr(VI) (less than 3 percent of Cr added before reduction) was released to the aqueous phase, and this release occurred following longer time periods of oxygen exposure. Sequestration of chromium with manganese oxides during reduction facilitates reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) under oxic conditions. Future maintenance of anoxic (oxygen absent) conditions would ensure continued sequestration of chromium as Cr(III) within IRZ treated portions of the Cr(VI) plume.</p><p>Although Cr(VI) within the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume may have an anthropogenic history associated with releases from the Hinkley compressor station, Cr(VI) concentrations less than the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for the various subareas may not require regulatory attention. The regulatory Cr(VI) plume can be updated using the UTL<sub>95</sub> values calculated as part of this study. The updated regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent would lie within the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent. The authority to establish regulatory Cr(VI) background values, clean-up goals, and future site management practices resides with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885J","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Groover, K.D., Seymour, W.A., Miller, D.M., Warden, J.G., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Summary and conclusions, Chapter J <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-J, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885J.","productDescription":"Report: x, 55 p.; 5 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"55","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science 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solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA","description":"Miller, L.G., Bobb, C., Bennett, S., and Baesman, S.M., 2020, Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V."},{"id":416313,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1","text":"Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018","description":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Larsen, J.D., Dick, M.C., Nawikas, J., and Kohel, C.A., 2021, Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1."},{"id":416311,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY","text":"Optical Petrography, Bulk Chemistry, Microscale Mineralogy/Chemistry, and Bulk/Micron-Scale Solid-Phase Speciation of Natural and Synthetic Solid Phases Used in Chromium Sequestration and Re-oxidation Experiments with Sand and Sediment from Hinkley, CA","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>J.1. Introduction</li><li>J.2. Chromium and Selected Element Concentrations in Rock, Surficial Alluvium, and Core Material</li><li>J.3. Chromium in Minerals and Selected Aquifer Materials</li><li>J.4. Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data</li><li>J.5. Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium</li><li>J.6. Environmental Tracers and Groundwater Age</li><li>J.7. Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium</li><li>J.8. Predevelopment Water Levels, Local Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials</li><li>J.9. Sequestration and Re-Oxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms</li><li>J.10. Relevance, Limitations, and Uses of Hexavalent Chromium Background Study Results</li><li>J.11 References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. lgmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":304413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70243001,"text":"pp1885I - 2023 - Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70243001,"text":"pp1885I - 2023 - Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","indexId":"pp1885I","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Sequestration and Reoxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms","title":"Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-25T20:39:32.989997","indexId":"pp1885I","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:49:30","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Sequestration and Reoxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms","title":"Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater containing hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), downgradient from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert, 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, is undergoing bioremediation using added ethanol as a reductant in a volume of the aquifer defined as the in situ reactive zone (IRZ). This treatment reduces Cr(VI) to trivalent chromium, Cr(III), which is rapidly sequestered by sorption to aquifer particle surfaces and by co-precipitation within iron (Fe) or manganese (Mn) bearing minerals forming in place as reduction proceeds. Successful mitigation of the Cr(VI) plume is projected to require 10–95 years, at which time bioremediation with ethanol will likely cease. This projection assumes that Cr(VI) removal is permanent and that no Cr(III) will oxidize back to Cr(VI) in the event of changing hydrologic conditions that may cause oxygen-rich water to re-enter the IRZ. Laboratory microcosm experiments were done to explore the process of reductive sequestration of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the potential for reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI).</p><p>In reductive sequestration experiments, batch microcosms were prepared with aquifer materials collected from sites upgradient of the Cr(VI) regulatory plume. Control microcosms were prepared using Fe- and Mn-coated quartz sand. Unfiltered Mojave River groundwater containing an added tracer of isotopically labeled chromium-50 were reacted with microcosm materials for up to 2 years; during this time, bio-reduction was stimulated by repeated additions of diluted ethanol to maintain reduced conditions within appropriate ranges, avoiding sulfate reducing or methanogenic conditions as much as possible while mimicking field conditions. Analysis of chromium-50, Fe, and Mn obtained by sequential extraction from microcosms harvested (incubation terminated and microcosm contents analyzed) at various times showed that some aqueous chromium (Cr) was sorbed to particle surfaces within hours; reduction to Cr(III) and incorporation into amorphous and crystalline solid phases occurred during the next few months. Amorphous Cr-containing fractions included Fe and Mn hydroxides and organic matter. Ultimately, most of the chromium-50 tracer was present in the less reactive crystalline phase. However, Fe and Mn were broadly distributed at later stages of reduction, and both were spatially co-located with Cr on a micrometer (μm) scale. Solid-phase data collected using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicated that some Cr(III) was associated with mixed valence Fe oxides like magnetite and Fe-Mn oxides like jacobsite. Additionally, Cr(III) was observed within several μm of Fe and Mn embedded in clays and in mineral coatings.</p><p>To evaluate the potential for reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), additional batch microcosms of aquifer materials and mixtures of Fe- and Mn-coated sand were first reduced for more than 1 year and subsequently oxidized for almost 2 years. Hexavalent chromium was formed and was available for release to the aqueous phase during oxidation of all materials; however, the timing and amount of Cr(VI) formed and released varied among substrates. Artificial substrates containing more Mn produced more Cr(VI). Site material characteristic of recent Mojave River deposits contained within the IRZ produced the least Cr(VI) during oxidation, while site materials composed of older Mojave River aquifer material (containing more Mn) produced more Cr(VI). Site material collected from within the IRZ contained more Cr but produced an intermediate amount of Cr(VI) following oxidation. The combined results of microcosm chemistry and solid-phase analyses showed that the nature and locus of Cr(III) sequestration influenced its vulnerability to reoxidation to Cr(VI). It was concluded that co-location of Cr with Mn at later stages of reduction influenced the susceptibility of Cr(III) to reoxidation in microcosms.</p><p>Reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) was observed in experiments with previously reduced material after just 14 days exposure to oxygen. As much as 10 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using recent Mojave River aquifer material, and as much as 20 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using older Mojave River aquifer material. Less Cr(VI) (less than 3 percent of Cr added before reduction) was released to the aqueous phase, and this release occurred following longer oxygen exposure. Site managers may need to plan for long-term monitoring and the possibility of active maintenance of anoxic conditions within the IRZ to ensure permanent sequestration of Cr after bioremediation with ethanol ceases.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885I","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Miller, L.G., Bobb, C.E., Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., Bennett, S.C., Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2023, Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms, Chapter I of Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-I, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885I.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 72 p.; 4 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"72","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417467,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416302,"rank":8,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/i/images"},{"id":416300,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/i/pp1885i.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416299,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/i/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416298,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0","text":"Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California","description":"Morrison, J.M., Benzel, W.M., Holm-Denoma, C.S., and Bala, S., 2018, Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0."},{"id":416297,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V","text":"Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA","description":"Miller, L.G., Bobb, C., Bennett, S., and Baesman, S.M., 2020, Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V."},{"id":416296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416295,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY.","text":"Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."},{"id":416301,"rank":7,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/i/pp1885i.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>I.1. Introduction</li><li>I.2. Methods</li><li>I.3. Results</li><li>I.4. Discussion</li><li>I.5. Conclusions</li><li>I.6. References Cited</li><li>Appendix I.1 Experimental Microcosms Used for Solid-Phase Analysis</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. 0000-0002-7807-3475 lgmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3475","contributorId":2460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence G.","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bobb, Callum E.","contributorId":304437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bobb","given":"Callum","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Andrea L. 0000-0003-1362-0068 afoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":1740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Andrea","email":"afoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, Emily G. 0000-0003-3803-134X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-134X","contributorId":297208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bennett, Stacy C. 0000-0001-5752-1390 scbennett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-1390","contributorId":193487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Stacy","email":"scbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70243000,"text":"pp1885H - 2023 - Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70243000,"text":"pp1885H - 2023 - Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","indexId":"pp1885H","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","displayTitle":"Predevelopment Water Levels, Groundwater Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","title":"Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T14:47:28.720274","indexId":"pp1885H","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:49:08","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"H","displayTitle":"Predevelopment Water Levels, Groundwater Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","title":"Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrologic and geophysical data were collected to support updates to an existing groundwater-flow model of Hinkley Valley, California, in the Mojave Desert about 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. These data provide information on predevelopment (pre-1930) water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials.</p><p>A predevelopment groundwater-level map, drawn using water-level measurements from 48 wells collected as early as 1918, showed groundwater movement from recharge areas along the Mojave River to evaporative discharge areas near the margin of Harper (dry) Lake in Water Valley. During predevelopment conditions, depth to water ranged from near land surface along the Mojave River to above land surface near Harper (dry) Lake, consistent with flowing wells in Water Valley at that time. Depths to water in much of Hinkley Valley downgradient from the Lockhart fault were less than 20 feet below land surface. By 2017, water-level declines as a result of agricultural pumping, were as much as 60 feet near the Hinkley compressor station.</p><p>Areal recharge from infiltration of precipitation on the valley floor is negligible. Average annual recharge as infiltration of runoff from upland drainages to Hinkley and Water Valleys averages 64.7 acre-feet per year. In most years recharge does not occur; in years when it occurs, recharge to Hinkley Valley is typically about 296 acre-feet. In contrast, average recharge as infiltration of streamflow from the Mojave River from 1931 to 2015 was between 13,400 and 17,100 acre-feet per year; in some years recharge from the Mojave River exceeded 100,000 acre-ft. Estimates of predevelopment groundwater movement through Hinkley Gap and groundwater discharge to Harper (dry) Lake ranged from 570 to 1,900 and 820 to 2,460 acre-feet per year, respectively; at the time of this study in 2017, groundwater movement through Hinkley Gap was estimated to be about 83 acre-feet per year.</p><p>Hydraulic-conductivity values estimated from slug-test data for 95 monitoring wells ranged from less than 0.1 to 680 feet per day (ft/d); values generally decreased with depth. Median hydraulic-conductivity values calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for Mojave River alluvium and near-shore lake deposits were 73 and 11 ft/d, respectively; median hydraulic-conductivity values for locally derived alluvium and weathered bedrock were 6 and 2 ft/d, respectively. Hydraulic-conductivity values, estimated from NMR data for formerly saturated deposits overlying the 2017 water table, were as high as 300 ft/d near the Hinkley compressor station. Downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station, formerly saturated deposits had hydraulic-conductivity values of about 150 ft/d, which were higher than values in saturated material. Coarse-textured, permeable material in formerly saturated deposits above the 2017 water table may have allowed groundwater, released from the Hinkley compressor station that may have contained Cr(VI), to move rapidly downgradient.</p><p>The Lockhart fault is an impediment to groundwater flow within Hinkley Valley. Groundwater-flow directions from horizontal point-velocity probe data were deflected to the west on the upgradient side of the fault compared to the nominal direction of groundwater flow estimated from water-level data. Younger groundwater was present on the upgradient and downgradient sides of the fault, and older groundwater with unadjusted carbon-14 ages as old as 5,650 years before present was in water from wells within splays of the Lockhart fault, consistent with limited groundwater movement across the fault. As a result, groundwater and Cr(VI) released from the Hinkley compressor station moved to the northwest along the downgradient side of the fault.</p><p>Coupled well-bore flow and depth-dependent water-quality data show water from wells C-01 and IW-03 within the Q4 2015 (October–December 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume was yielded from thin layers within the aquifer that are composed of well-sorted lake-margin (beach) deposits that likely have high lateral and longitudinal connectivity. Collectively, data show highly permeable deposits above the regional water table and thin permeable deposits within saturated portions of the upper aquifer that may have conducted groundwater and Cr(VI) downgradient when releases from the Hinkley compressor station first occurred.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885H","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Seymour, W.A., Brown, A.N., Bayless, R.E., Johnson, C.D., Pappas, K.L., Smith, G.A., Clark, D.A., Larsen, J., Dick, M.C., Flint, L.E., Stamos, C.L., and Warden, J.G., 2023, Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California, Chapter H <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-H, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885H.","productDescription":"Report: x, 64 p.; Data Release; 5 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"64","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417466,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416347,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.5.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.5","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416346,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.4.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.4","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416345,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.3.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.3","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416344,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.2.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416343,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416293,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/images"},{"id":416291,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/pp1885h.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416290,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416292,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/pp1885h.xml"},{"id":416289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1","text":"Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018","description":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Larsen, J.D., Dick, M.C., Nawikas, J., and Kohel, C.A., 2021, Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>H.1. Introduction</li><li>H.2. Methods</li><li>H.3. Results and Discussion</li><li>H.4. Conclusions</li><li>H.5. References Cited</li><li>Appendix H.1. Selected Site Information, Geophysical Log, Hydrologic, Core-Extraction, and Depth-Dependent Water-Quality Data for Hinkley and Water Valleys, California</li><li>Appendix H.2. Comparison of Groundwater-Age and Chemical Data with Groundwater-Flow Model Particle-Track Results, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Anthony A. 0000-0001-9925-0197 anbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9925-0197","contributorId":5125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Anthony","email":"anbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bayless, Randall E. 0000-0002-0357-3635 ebayless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":191766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"Randall","email":"ebayless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pappas, Katherine L. 0000-0002-1030-6973","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1030-6973","contributorId":217436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pappas","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, Gregory A. 0000-0001-8170-9924 gasmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":1520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gregory","email":"gasmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Larsen, Joshua 0000-0002-1218-800X jlarsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1218-800X","contributorId":272403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Joshua","email":"jlarsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Dick, Meghan C. 0000-0002-8323-3787 mdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-3787","contributorId":200745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dick","given":"Meghan","email":"mdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352 clstamos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":1252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina","email":"clstamos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70242999,"text":"pp1885G - 2023 - Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242999,"text":"pp1885G - 2023 - Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","indexId":"pp1885G","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T14:12:55.798813","indexId":"pp1885G","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:48:48","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"G","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","docAbstract":"<p>Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released between 1952 and 1964 from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station, in the Mojave Desert about 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. Geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data from more than 100 wells collected between March 2015 and November 2017 were interpreted using a summative-scale analysis to define the extent of anthropogenic (human-made) Cr(VI) in groundwater. The summative scale consisted of eight questions requiring binary (yes or no) answers for each sampled well. The questions were intended to (1) provide a transparent framework for data interpretation in which all stakeholders participated; (2) provide unbiased interpretation of data traceable to numerical measurements; (3) provide a framework that enabled geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data to be considered collectively; and (4) consolidate different types of data into a simple, easy-to-understand interpretation. When data from each well are scored using questions and metrics within the summative scale, all stakeholders would score each well the same way and would draw the same summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent.</p><p>The areal extent of the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume was 5.5 square miles (mi<sup>2</sup>); this is larger than the 2.2-mi<sup>2</sup> extent of the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume but smaller than the 8.3-mi2 maximum mapped extent of Cr(VI) greater than the interim regulatory Cr(VI) background value of 3.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L). The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume is within the area covered by the PG&amp;E monitoring well network and lies within “Mojave-type” deposits composed of low-chromium stream and near-shore lake deposits sourced from the Mojave River. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume included all shallow wells within the footprint of the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume, but summative-scale scores indicate that anthropogenic Cr(VI) was not present in several wells within the footprint of the regulatory Cr(VI) plume that were screened within the deep zone of the upper aquifer. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent was consistent with mineralogic and geochemical data collected as part of this study that were not used within the summative-scale analysis.</p><p>Data from wells outside the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume collected for regulatory purposes from April 2017 through March 2018 were used to estimate Cr(VI) background concentrations as the upper 95-percent tolerance limit (UTL<sub>95</sub>) in different parts of Hinkley and Water Valleys. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values were calculated using the computer program ProUCL 5.1 and are suitable for use by regulatory agencies in support of (1) updating the regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent and management of Cr(VI) near the plume margins, (2) establishing cleanup goals for Cr(VI) within the updated regulatory Cr(VI) plume, and (3) identifying unusual Cr(VI) concentrations outside the regulatory Cr(VI) plume. The nonparametric UTL<sub>95</sub> values for wells screened in Mojave-type deposits in the eastern, western, and northern subareas of Hinkley Valley were 3.7, 3.9, and 4.0 μg/L, respectively. The normal UTL<sub>95</sub> values for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern and western subareas and the northern subarea upgradient from the Mount General fault were 2.8, 3.8, and 4.8 μg/L, respectively. An overall normal UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 3.8 μg/L was calculated for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in these areas. This value is similar to the overall nonparametric UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 3.9 μg/L calculated for Mojave-type deposits and similar to the maximum Cr(VI) concentration of older groundwater in contact with Mojave-type deposits of 3.6 μg/L. The provenance of most PG&amp;E monitoring wells is not precisely known, and the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the different subareas may be more widely applicable for regulatory purposes than the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for Mojave-type deposits.</p><p>The UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.8 μg/L for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern subarea is important for plume management because most of the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume is within the eastern subarea. A UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 5.8 μg/L was calculated for older (pre-1952) groundwater associated with mudflat/playa deposits in the eastern subarea near Mount General. A UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.3 μg/L was calculated for Mojave-type deposits within the Cr(VI) plume downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station after regulatory updates. This lower value is consistent with neutral to slightly alkaline, younger (post-1952) groundwater within coarse-textured, low-chromium Mojave-type deposits in this area and may be a suitable metric for Cr(VI) cleanup goals. The UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 4.8 μg/L for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the northern subarea upgradient from the Mount General fault provides for possible increases in Cr(VI) concentrations if water levels continue to decline. Downgradient from the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume, UTL<sub>95</sub> values of 9.0 and 6.4 μg/L were calculated for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the northern subarea downgradient from the Mount General fault and for Water Valley, respectively, consistent with different geologic and geochemical conditions in these areas.</p><p>The UTL<sub>95</sub> values calculated as part of this study provide scientifically defensible estimates of background Cr(VI) concentrations that differ with local geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic conditions in Hinkley and Water Valleys. The regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent can be updated on the basis of these values. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent may contain wells having anthropogenic Cr(VI) concentrations less than the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for their respective subareas that may not require regulatory attention, and an updated regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent may be less than the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values are not background Cr(VI) concentrations for regulatory purposes, and the authority to establish regulatory values resides solely with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885G","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Warden, J.G., Groover, K.D., and Seymour, W.A., 2023, Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Chapter G <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-G, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885G.","productDescription":"Report: x, 51 p.; 2 Data Releases; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"51","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417465,"rank":10,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416337,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/tables/pp1885g_appendtable_g.2.2.csv","text":"Appendix table 2.2","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":416336,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/tables/pp1885g_appendtable_g.2.1.csv","text":"Appendix table 2.1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":416335,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/tables/pp1885g_appendtable_g.1.1.csv","text":"Appendix table 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":416287,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/images"},{"id":416286,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/pp1885g.xml"},{"id":416285,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/pp1885g.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416284,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY","text":"Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., , Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>G.1. Introduction</li><li>G.2. Summative-Scale Analysis</li><li>G.3. Calculation of Hexavalent Chromium Background Concentrations</li><li>G.4. Comparison of Hexavalent Chromium Background Concentrations with Water from Domestic Wells</li><li>G.5. Conclusions</li><li>G.6. References Cited</li><li>Appendix G.1. Water Chemistry, Isotope Data, and Summative-Scale Scores Used to Estimate the Summative-Scale Hexavalent Chromium Plume Extent</li><li>Appendix G.2. Data Used to Calculate Hexavalent Chromium Background Concentrations</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70242998,"text":"pp1885F - 2023 - Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242998,"text":"pp1885F - 2023 - Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","indexId":"pp1885F","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","displayTitle":"Environmental Tracers of Groundwater Source, Age, and Geochemical Evolution","title":"Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T14:09:53.151935","indexId":"pp1885F","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:48:30","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"F","displayTitle":"Environmental Tracers of Groundwater Source, Age, and Geochemical Evolution","title":"Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","docAbstract":"<p>Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was discharged in cooling wastewater to unlined surface ponds from 1952 to 1964 and reached the underlying unconsolidated aquifer at the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert, 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. A suite of environmental tracers was analyzed in water samples collected from more than 100 wells to characterize the source, age, and geochemical evolution of groundwater within and near the Cr(VI) plume in Hinkley and Water Valleys. This information was used to help determine the extent of Cr(VI) associated with releases from the Hinkley compressor station and to identify Cr(VI) associated with natural sources.</p><p>The source of water in most wells, indicated by stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope values for water, delta oxygen-18 and delta deuterium, was recharge by infiltration of intermittent surface flows in the Mojave River. With the exception of small flows in 1958, the Mojave River was largely dry between 1952 and 1969. This dry period spans the period of Cr(VI) releases from the Hinkley compressor station; 1952–69 also spans the period of high tritium levels in precipitation resulting from the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and, as a consequence, tritium concentrations in groundwater in Hinkley Valley were comparatively low. Groundwater ages (time since recharge) increased downgradient from the Mojave River and with depth. Tritium, measured by helium ingrowth with a study reporting level of 0.05 tritium unit, was detected in water from 51 percent of wells, with detectable tritium as far as 7 miles downgradient from the Mojave River. Tritium concentrations were higher, and tritium/helium-3 groundwater ages younger, in water from wells near the Mojave River and in water from shallower wells downgradient. Agricultural pumping has decreased groundwater levels as much as 60 feet since 1952. As a result of this pumping, some groundwater containing tritium, and presumably anthropogenic Cr(VI), has been removed from the aquifer. The distribution of wells having carbon-14 activities near or greater than 100-percent modern carbon, consistent with post-1952 recharge water, was similar to the distribution of wells containing detectable tritium. Carbon-14 activities as low as 8.9-percent modern carbon, with carbon-14 ages (unadjusted for reactions with aquifer materials) of almost 20,000 years before present (ybp), were sampled in water from some deep wells. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in older groundwater were as high as 11 micrograms per liter but did not exceed 3.6 micrograms per liter in older water from wells completed in “Mojave-type” deposits (composed of felsic Mojave River stream and near-shore lake deposits sourced from the Mojave River); this value may represent an upper limit on Cr(VI) concentrations in groundwater within Mojave-type deposits that likely approximates background Cr(VI) concentrations in the study area. Chlorofluorocarbons were released to the atmosphere and hydrologic cycle as a result of industrial activity beginning in the 1930s. Chlorofluorocarbon data were not generally suitable for groundwater-age dating in Hinkley and Water Valley because of nonatmospheric contributions from local sources.</p><p>Strontium-87/86 isotope ratios and stable chromium isotopes, delta chromium-53, provide information on the geochemical evolution of groundwater in the aquifer. Highly radiogenic strontium-87/86 ratios greater than 0.71000 were present in water from wells completed in coarse-textured Mojave-type deposits having low chromium concentrations but were not diagnostic of these materials. Nonradiogenic strontium-87/86 ratios less than 0.70950 were diagnostic of weathered materials in the northern subarea of Hinkley and in Water Valley that were eroded from Miocene (23–5 million ybp) deposits east of the study area. Values for delta chromium-53 ranged from near 0 to 2.8 parts per thousand (‰) difference. The extent of reductive fractionation, mixing with native groundwater, and longitudinal dispersion within the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume can be estimated on the basis of the delta chromium-53 isotope composition of groundwater within the plume. Reduction of Cr(VI) to trivalent chromium, Cr(III), can occur in the presence of natural reductants in oxic groundwater. Although not diagnostic of anthropogenic chromium at the concentrations of interest near the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume margin, delta chromium-53 data indicate anthropogenic Cr(VI) within the plume is not conservative and has reacted with aquifer materials; these reactions have removed some anthropogenic Cr(VI) from groundwater.</p><p>Environmental tracers, and the distribution of modern (post-1952) and premodern (pre-1952) groundwater, inform understanding of the extent of anthropogenic and naturally occurring Cr(VI) near the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and the understanding of geochemical processes occurring in and near the margins of the Cr(VI) plume. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of water, tritium/helium-3 groundwater-age data, and carbon-14 data were used with mineralogy and chemistry data as part of a summative-scale analysis to determine the Cr(VI) plume extent later in this professional paper (chapter G).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Warden, J.G., Izbicki, J.A., Sültenfuß, J., Scheiderich, K., and Fitzpatrick, J., 2023, Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution, Chapter F <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-F, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885F.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 74 p.; 2 Data Releases; 2 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416331,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/tables/pp1885f_appendtable_f.2.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 2.1","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":417464,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416276,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0","text":"Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California","description":"Morrison, J.M., Benzel, W.M., Holm-Denoma, C.S., and Bala, S., 2018, Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0."},{"id":416278,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/pp1885f.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416279,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/pp1885f.xml"},{"id":416280,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/images"},{"id":416330,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/tables/pp1885f_appendtable_f.1.1.csv","text":"Appendix table 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>F.1. Introduction</li><li>F.2. Field and Laboratory Methods and Quality Assurance Data</li><li>F.3. Tracers of the Source and Recharge History of Groundwater</li><li>F.4. Tracers of the Age of Groundwater</li><li>F.5. Strontium Isotopes</li><li>F.6. Chromium Isotopes</li><li>F.7. Conclusions</li><li>F.8. References Cited</li><li>Appendix F.1. Dissolved Atmospheric and Industrial Gas Data</li><li>Appendix F.2. Calculated Physical and Groundwater Age Values</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sultenfuss, Jurgen","contributorId":221328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sultenfuss","given":"Jurgen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40351,"text":"University of Bremen, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":870494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scheiderich, Kathleen 0000-0002-3756-8324","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3756-8324","contributorId":221339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheiderich","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, John 0000-0001-6738-7180 jfitzpat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-7180","contributorId":146829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"John","email":"jfitzpat@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242997,"text":"pp1885E - 2023 - Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242997,"text":"pp1885E - 2023 - Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","indexId":"pp1885E","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-01T20:33:39.486207","indexId":"pp1885E","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:48:10","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","docAbstract":"<p>Water samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from more than 100 wells between March 2015 and November 2017 in Hinkley and Water Valleys, in the Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, were analyzed for field parameters, major ions, nutrients, and selected trace elements, including hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI). Water from most wells was alkaline and oxic. The pH ranged from 6.9 in water-table wells near recharge areas along the Mojave River to 9.4 in deeper wells farther downgradient in the northern subarea.</p><p>Hexavalent chromium concentrations measured by ion chromatography using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 218.6 and a version of that method used for detection of Cr(VI) concentrations as low as 0.06 micrograms per liter (μg/L), produced results comparable to field speciation with subsequent analyses by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (coefficient of determination, R<sup>2</sup>, of 0.97). Hexavalent chromium concentrations ranged from less than the study reporting level of 0.10 to 2,500 μg/L. The highest concentrations were within the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station. Hexavalent chromium concentrations outside the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume were as high as 11 μg/L. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in water from most wells were distributed in a narrow redox potential and pH band within the overlapping chromate ion, CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><sub>(aqueous)</sub>, and manganese-3, Mn(III)<sub>(solid)</sub>, stability fields. The redox potential of water from some wells completed in carbonate-rich mudflat/playa deposits approached the more oxic manganese-4, Mn(IV)<sub>(solid)</sub>, stability field. However, Cr(VI) concentrations in porewater pressure-extracted from Mn(IV)-containing deposits in the eastern subarea did not exceed 3.3 μg/L, and porewater does not appear to be a source of Cr(VI) concentrations greater than this concentration in water from wells in the eastern subarea.</p><p>On the basis of comparison with California-wide data, Cr(VI) concentrations at the measured pH were higher than expected for uncontaminated water from wells (1) within the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume, (2) within the eastern subarea nominally crossgradient from the Hinkley compressor station and upgradient from the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume, and (3) from shallow wells in the northern subarea downgradient from the leading edge of the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in alkaline water from wells in the northern subarea of Hinkley Valley and in Water Valley were within ranges expected for uncontaminated water elsewhere in California given their pH and trace-element composition. Hexavalent chromium concentrations were higher than expected on the basis of selected trace-element concentrations that co-occur with Cr(VI) in water from wells within the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and from wells in the eastern and northern subareas near the plume margins. Hexavalent chromium concentrations did not exceed 4 μg/L in water from domestic wells sampled in Hinkley and Water Valleys and were generally within ranges expected for uncontaminated groundwater given their pH and trace-element composition.</p><p>Interpretations derived from Cr(VI) and pH, and from Cr(VI) and selected trace-element concentrations collected between March 2015 and November 2017 were used within a summative-scale analysis to determine the Cr(VI) plume extent (chapter G). However, Cr(VI) background concentrations (chapter G) were calculated from regulatory data collected from selected wells between April 2017 and January 2018.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., McCleskey, R.B., Burton, C.A., Clark, D.A., and Smith, G.A., 2023, Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium, Chapter E <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-E, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885E.","productDescription":"Report: x, 63 p.; Data Release; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"63","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417463,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416329,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/tables/pp1885e_appendtable_e.1.3.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 1.3"},{"id":416328,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/tables/pp1885e_appendtable_e.1.2.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 1.2"},{"id":416327,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/tables/pp1885e_appendtable_e.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 1.1"},{"id":416273,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/images"},{"id":416272,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/pp1885e.xml"},{"id":416271,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/pp1885e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416270,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>E.1. Introduction</li><li>E.2. Field and Laboratory Methods and Quality-Assurance Data</li><li>E.3. Groundwater Chemistry</li><li>E.4. Porewater</li><li>E.5. Water from Domestic Wells</li><li>E.6. Conclusions</li><li>E.7. References Cited</li><li>Appendix E.1. Water Chemistry and Isotope Data Collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in Hinkley and Water Valleys, Western Mojave Desert, California, March 2015 through November 2017</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833 caburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen","email":"caburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Gregory A. 0000-0001-8170-9924 gasmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":1520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gregory","email":"gasmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242996,"text":"pp1885D - 2023 - Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242996,"text":"pp1885D - 2023 - Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","indexId":"pp1885D","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data","title":"Analyses of regulatory water-quality data"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T13:59:08.063538","indexId":"pp1885D","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:47:47","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data","title":"Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1952 and 1964, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released into groundwater from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company has monitored groundwater near Hinkley, California, for Cr(VI) and other constituents since the late 1980s. By June 2017, more than 20,000 samples had been collected and analyzed for Cr(VI) for regulatory purposes. Most Cr(VI) samples were analyzed using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 218.6 with a laboratory reporting level (LRL) of 0.2 micrograms per liter (μg/L). Between July 2012 and June 2017, selected samples were analyzed for low-level Cr(VI) concentrations using a modified version of EPA Method 218.6 with an LRL of 0.06 μg/L. Field-blank data and duplicate samples collected during this period indicate a study reporting level (SRL) of 0.2 μg/L for most analyses and a SRL of 0.12 μg/L for low-level Cr(VI) analyses. The overall precision for Cr(VI) data analyzed by both methods at the interim regulatory Cr(VI) background concentration of 3.1 μg/L was 0.09 μg/L, or about 3 percent.</p><p>Hexavalent chromium concentration trends were calculated for 564 monitoring wells for the period from July 2012 through June 2017. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends were present in water from 102 monitoring wells throughout Hinkley and Water Valleys. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends in water from wells near the margins of the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume (1) within strands of the Lockhart fault east and southeast of the Hinkley compressor station and (2) in water from shallow wells within the northern subarea were consistent with expansion of the Cr(VI) plume in these areas between 2012 and 2017. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends were widely distributed elsewhere in Hinkley and Water Valleys outside the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and were commonly associated with declining water levels. These upward trends may result from natural Cr(VI) sources, including movement of Cr(VI) containing groundwater from (1) weathered bedrock, (2) fine-textured deposits, or (3) secondarily oxidized material distributed throughout aquifer deposits. Downward Cr(VI) concentration trends were observed in 146 monitoring wells. Downward trends were largely within the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and can be attributed to remediation activities downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station. Hexavalent chromium concentration trends also were calculated for 219 domestic wells from July 2012 through June 2017. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends in 8 domestic wells and downward trends in 23 domestic wells were clustered largely within former residential areas west of the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume. Results of Cr(VI) trend analyses (including upward, downward, and no trend) were used with other data as part of a summative-scale analysis (chapter G) to define the extent of anthropogenic Cr(VI) and natural Cr(VI) within Hinkley and Water Valleys.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., and Seymour, W.A., 2023, Analyses of regulatory water-quality data, Chapter D <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-D, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 28 p.; 6 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"28","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417462,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416326,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.6.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.6"},{"id":416325,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.5.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.5"},{"id":416323,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.3.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.3"},{"id":416322,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.2.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.2"},{"id":416321,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.1"},{"id":416262,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/pp1885d.xml"},{"id":416261,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/pp1885d.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416324,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.4.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.4"},{"id":416263,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>D.1. Introduction</li><li>D.2. Data Availability</li><li>D.3. Sample Collection, Laboratory Analyses, Data Quality, and Statistical Methods</li><li>D.4. Hexavalent Chromium Concentration Trends in Water from Wells</li><li>D.5. Comparison of Hexavalent Chromium Concentration Trends with Water-Level and Other Data</li><li>D.6. Conclusions</li><li>D.7. References Cited</li><li>Appendix D.1. Quality Assurance and Environmental Hexavalent Chromium Data from Selected Monitoring and Domestic Wells Sampled for Regulatory Purposes by Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Hinkley and Water Valleys, Western Mojave Desert, California, July 2008 through June 2017</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70242995,"text":"pp1885C - 2023 - Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242995,"text":"pp1885C - 2023 - Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials","indexId":"pp1885C","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Chromium in Minerals and Selected Aquifer Materials","title":"Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T13:56:56.199603","indexId":"pp1885C","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:47:24","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Chromium in Minerals and Selected Aquifer Materials","title":"Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1952 and 1964, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released into groundwater from a Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) compressor station in Hinkley, California, in the western Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. In 2015, the extent of anthropogenic Cr(VI) in groundwater in Hinkley and Water Valleys was uncertain, but some Cr(VI) in groundwater may be naturally occurring from rock and aquifer material.</p><p>To evaluate potential sources of natural Cr(VI), chromium and other selected trace-element concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with multi-acid digestion, on 34 samples of surficial alluvium and core material from Hinkley and Water Valleys, California, and on 2 samples of alluvium from the mafic Sheep Creek fan to the southwest. Chromium concentrations in Hinkley and Water Valleys ranged from 2 to 110 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), with a median concentration of 14 mg/kg; concentrations were highest in weathered mafic hornblende diorite associated with Iron Mountain. High chromium concentrations also were present within fine-textured materials and visually abundant iron- and manganese-oxide coatings on the surfaces of mineral grains. For comparison, chromium concentrations as high as 170 mg/kg were measured in mafic alluvium from the Sheep Creek fan. In contrast, chromium concentrations were lowest in Mojave-type deposits (Mojave River stream and lake margin deposits), with a median of 6 mg/kg. Chromium concentrations measured by ICP-MS compared favorably with concentrations measured by portable (handheld) X-ray fluorescence (pXRF; chapter B), on the basis of least-squares regression results and a coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.97.</p><p>Minerals in bulk samples and the heavy (dense) mineral fractions isolated from those samples were identified using optical techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quartz and feldspar were the most abundant minerals, especially within recent and older Mojave River deposits. Chromium concentrations were as high as 1,250 mg/kg in the heavy-mineral fraction, with specific gravity greater than 3.32. Chromium was not commonly detected in the light-mineral fraction, with specific gravity less than 2.85. Most chromium within the heavy-mineral fraction was substituted within magnetite mineral grains less than 100 micrometers (μm) in diameter, and almost no chromite was present within the heavy-mineral fraction. Although magnetite is resistive to weathering, weathering of magnetite to hematite was identified (1) in Miocene materials underlying unconsolidated deposits in the western subarea of Hinkley Valley and (2) in alluvium within Water Valley that contains weathered minerals eroded from Miocene rock. Less-dense, more easily weathered chromium-containing amphiboles, such as actinolite in older Mojave River alluvium and hornblende in locally derived alluvium from Iron Mountain, were identified optically. Magnetite was not identified in weathered hornblende diorite and was less abundant in locally derived materials and in Miocene materials than in Mojave-type deposits. A comparison of ICP-MS data and sequential extraction data shows that approximately 90 percent of chromium in aquifer material within Hinkley and Water Valleys was not extractable and was interpreted to reside within unweathered mineral grains. Most extractable chromium was within the strong acid extractable fraction. Chromium within the weakly sorbed, and specifically sorbed extractable fractions in oxide accumulations within the regulatory Cr(VI) plume is potentially mobile into groundwater with changes in ionic strength or pH.</p><p>Although Hinkley and Water Valleys are regionally low in chromium, natural geologic sources of chromium may be present in aquifer materials penetrated by wells completed in (1) weathered hornblende diorite bedrock underlying the western subarea; (2) Miocene deposits underlying the western subarea and unconsolidated material in the northern subarea and Water Valley containing basalt or weathered minerals eroded from Miocene deposits; (3) unconsolidated material containing visually abundant iron- and manganese-oxide coatings on the surfaces of mineral grains that are present near the water table and near lithologic or geologic contacts; and (4) brown clay and mudflat/playa deposits in the northern subarea. Brown clay and mudflat/playa deposits in the eastern subarea near Mount General have a low-chromium, felsic mineralogy similar to Mojave River deposits and do not contain high concentrations of chromium; however, manganese(IV) oxides within these materials may facilitate oxidation of trivalent chromium, Cr(III), to Cr(VI).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Benzel, W., Morrison, J., and Foster, A.L., 2023, Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials, Chapter C <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-C, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885C.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 49 p.; 3 Data Releases; Appendix","numberOfPages":"49","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416255,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0","text":"Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California","description":"Morrison, J.M., Benzel, W.M., Holm-Denoma, C.S., and Bala, S., 2018, Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0."},{"id":416254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416257,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/pp1885c.pdf","size":"7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416256,"rank":4,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY.","text":"Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., , Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."},{"id":416258,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/pp1885c.xml"},{"id":416259,"rank":7,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/images"},{"id":416320,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/c/tables/pp1885c_appendtable_c.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix Table C.1.1","size":"100 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":417460,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    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Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>C.1. Introduction</li><li>C.2. Methods</li><li>C.3. Results of Chemical, Mineralogic, and Sequential Extraction Analyses</li><li>C.4. Distribution of Chromium in Selected Geologic Materials</li><li>C.5. Conclusions</li><li>C.6. References Cited</li><li>Appendix C.1. Sequential Extraction Data for Selected Surficial Materials and Core Materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benzel, William 0000-0002-4085-1876 wbenzel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4085-1876","contributorId":3594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benzel","given":"William","email":"wbenzel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morrison, Jean M. 0000-0002-6614-8783 jmorrison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6614-8783","contributorId":994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jean","email":"jmorrison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, Andrea L. 0000-0003-1362-0068 afoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":1740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Andrea","email":"afoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242994,"text":"pp1885B - 2023 - Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242994,"text":"pp1885B - 2023 - Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material","indexId":"pp1885B","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Survey of Chromium and Selected Element Concentrations in Rock, Alluvium, and Core Material","title":"Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T13:53:13.047532","indexId":"pp1885B","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:46:27","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Survey of Chromium and Selected Element Concentrations in Rock, Alluvium, and Core Material","title":"Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1952 and 1964, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released into groundwater from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) compressor station in Hinkley, California, in the western Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. In 2015, the extent of anthropogenic Cr(VI) in groundwater in Hinkley and Water Valleys was uncertain, and some Cr(VI) in groundwater may be naturally occurring from rock and aquifer material.</p><p>On the basis of more than 1,500 portable (handheld) X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) measurements on more than 250 samples of rock, surficial alluvium, and core material from selected wells in Hinkley and Water Valleys, chromium concentrations are commonly low compared to the average bulk continental abundance of 185 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). However, chromium concentrations are as high as 530 mg/kg in mafic hornblende diorite that crops out along the western margin of Hinkley Valley in Iron Mountain. Other chromium-containing rocks in the area are either (1) not consistently high in chromium, (2) have limited areal extent, or (3) in the case of basalt, are present only in Water Valley.</p><p>Chromium concentrations in core material adjacent to the screened intervals of wells sampled for water chemistry and isotopic composition as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Cr(VI) background study ranged from less than the study reporting level (SRL) of 5 mg/kg to 410 mg/kg, with a median concentration of 23 mg/kg. Chromium concentrations in core material were lower in the eastern subarea and higher in the western and the northern subareas of Hinkley Valley and in Water Valley. The highest chromium concentration in core material was in weathered hornblende diorite bedrock. Chromium concentrations in core material adjacent to the screened interval of sampled wells were log-normally distributed below a threshold of 85 mg/kg, and 3 percent of chromium concentrations were greater than 85 mg/kg. Manganese can oxidize trivalent chromium, Cr(III), to Cr(VI). Similar to chromium, manganese concentrations in core material also were log-normally distributed below a threshold of 970 mg/kg, and 5 percent of manganese concentrations were greater than 970 mg/kg. Both chromium and manganese concentrations were higher in fine-textured core material and in visually abundant iron- and manganese-oxide coatings on the surfaces of mineral grains. High concentrations of chromium and manganese in core material commonly co-occurred. Fine-textured core material, chromium concentrations greater than 85 mg/kg, and manganese concentrations greater than 970 mg/kg in core material adjacent to the screened interval of sampled wells were selected for use as metrics (threshold values) within a summative-scale analysis (SSA) developed to identify natural and anthropogenic Cr(VI) in water from wells later within this professional paper (chapter G).</p><p>Principal component analysis (PCA) of 18 elements within surficial alluvium, rock, and core material measured using pXRF shows distinct elemental assemblages associated with (1) older and more recent “Mojave-type” deposits, including alluvium and lake-margin (beach) deposits sourced from the Mojave River, (2) alluvium eroded from mafic rock, including hornblende diorite that crops out on Iron Mountain, (3) alluvium eroded from felsic volcanic and hydrothermal rock that crops out on Mount General along the eastern margin of Hinkley Valley, (4) playa/mudflat and other fine-textured deposits, and (5) material with visually abundant iron- and manganese-oxide coatings. Most wells sampled as part of this study were completed in Mojave-type deposits. Portable (handheld) X-ray fluorescence data measured on core material from those wells do not appear to be different or unusual compared to the magnitude and range of data from the larger Mojave River groundwater basin, and the core material has a low-chromium, felsic composition consistent with a Mojave River origin. In general, the elemental composition of core material from wells was not measurably altered by admixtures with local mafic, felsic volcanic, or hydrothermal source materials; although, where present, admixtures with basalt may contribute chromium to core material.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., and Groover, K.D., 2023, Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material, Chapter B <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-B, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885B.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 37 p.; 2 Data 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Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>B.1 Introduction</li><li>B.2 Site Description</li><li>B.3 Methods</li><li>B.4 Chromium Concentrations in Rock, Surficial Alluvium, and Core Material</li><li>B.5 Elemental Assemblages in Surficial Alluvium, Rock, and Core Material</li><li>B.6 Conclusions</li><li>B.7 References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70242961,"text":"pp1885A - 2023 - Introduction to study area hydrogeology, chromium sources, site history, and purpose of study","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242961,"text":"pp1885A - 2023 - Introduction to study area hydrogeology, chromium sources, site history, and purpose of study","indexId":"pp1885A","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","displayTitle":"Introduction to Study Area Hydrogeology, Chromium Sources, Site History, and Purpose of Study","title":"Introduction to study area hydrogeology, chromium sources, site history, and purpose of study"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T15:21:50.062506","indexId":"pp1885A","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:44:01","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"A","displayTitle":"Introduction to Study Area Hydrogeology, Chromium Sources, Site History, and Purpose of Study","title":"Introduction to study area hydrogeology, chromium sources, site history, and purpose of study","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1952 and 1964, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released into groundwater from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert 80 miles (mi) northeast of Los Angeles, California. Remediation began in 1992, and in 2010, site cleanup was projected to require between 10 and 95 years and was expected to cost between $36 and $176 million. A 2007 PG&amp;E study estimated the natural Cr(VI) background in groundwater in Hinkley Valley to be 3.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L). This concentration was used for interim regulatory purposes by the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB). In the fourth quarter (October–December) 2015, the regulatory Cr(VI) plume extended about 3.0 mi downgradient from the release location within the Hinkley compressor station, while groundwater having Cr(VI) concentrations greater than 3.1 μg/L was present more than 8 mi downgradient. Although rocks and minerals in the area are naturally low in chromium, alluvium eroded from the San Gabriel Mountains and transported to Hinkley Valley by the Mojave River, and locally small exposures of mafic rock, including hornblende diorite and basalt, may contribute Cr(VI) to groundwater. In response to limitations of the PG&amp;E 2007 Cr(VI) background study’s methodology, uncertainty in the natural Cr(VI) background concentration, and an increase in the mapped extent of groundwater having Cr(VI) concentrations greater than the interim regulatory background of 3.1 μg/L, the Lahontan RWQCB concluded that the 2007 PG&amp;E background Cr(VI) study should be updated. The purpose of the updated study is to estimate background Cr(VI) concentrations in groundwater within the upper aquifer upgradient, downgradient, near the margins, and within the footprint of the PG&amp;E Cr(VI) plume in Hinkley, California. The scope of the study included eight tasks; results from those tasks are presented in the chapters within this professional paper.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Groover, K.D., Miller, D.M., Seymour, W., Warden, J.G., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Introduction to study area hydrogeology, chromium sources, site history, and purpose of study, Chapter A <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-A, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885A.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 20 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"20","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science 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          -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>A.1 Introduction</li><li>A.2 Hydrogeology</li><li>A.3 Chromium in Rock and Alluvium within the Mojave River Drainage</li><li>A.4 Site History</li><li>A.5 Purpose and Scope of the USGS Hexavalent Chromium Background Study</li><li>A.6 References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. lgmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":304413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242961,"text":"pp1885A - 2023 - Introduction to study area hydrogeology, chromium sources, site history, and purpose of study","indexId":"pp1885A","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","displayTitle":"Introduction to Study Area Hydrogeology, Chromium Sources, Site History, and Purpose of Study","title":"Introduction to study area hydrogeology, chromium sources, site history, and purpose of study"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70242994,"text":"pp1885B - 2023 - Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material","indexId":"pp1885B","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Survey of Chromium and Selected Element Concentrations in Rock, Alluvium, and Core Material","title":"Survey of chromium and selected element concentrations in rock, alluvium, and core material"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70242995,"text":"pp1885C - 2023 - Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials","indexId":"pp1885C","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Chromium in Minerals and Selected Aquifer Materials","title":"Chromium in minerals and selected aquifer materials"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":70242996,"text":"pp1885D - 2023 - Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","indexId":"pp1885D","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data","title":"Analyses of regulatory water-quality data"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":70242997,"text":"pp1885E - 2023 - Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","indexId":"pp1885E","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":5},{"subject":{"id":70242998,"text":"pp1885F - 2023 - Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","indexId":"pp1885F","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","displayTitle":"Environmental Tracers of Groundwater Source, Age, and Geochemical Evolution","title":"Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":6},{"subject":{"id":70242999,"text":"pp1885G - 2023 - Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","indexId":"pp1885G","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":7},{"subject":{"id":70243000,"text":"pp1885H - 2023 - Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","indexId":"pp1885H","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","displayTitle":"Predevelopment Water Levels, Groundwater Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","title":"Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":8},{"subject":{"id":70243001,"text":"pp1885I - 2023 - Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","indexId":"pp1885I","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Sequestration and Reoxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms","title":"Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":9},{"subject":{"id":70243002,"text":"pp1885J - 2023 - Summary and conclusions","indexId":"pp1885J","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Summary and Conclusions","title":"Summary and conclusions"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":10}],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-19T17:41:14.219705","indexId":"pp1885","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:42:40","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","displayTitle":"Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California","title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","docAbstract":"<div><div class=\"abstract-contents\"><p>Between 1952 and 1964, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released into groundwater from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert 80 miles (mi) northeast of Los Angeles, California. Remediation began in 1992, and in 2010, site cleanup was projected to require between 10 and 95 years and was expected to cost between $36 and $176 million. A 2007 PG&amp;E study estimated the natural Cr(VI) background in groundwater in Hinkley Valley to be 3.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L). This concentration was used for interim regulatory purposes by the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB). In the fourth quarter (October–December) 2015, the regulatory Cr(VI) plume extended about 3.0 mi downgradient from the release location within the Hinkley compressor station, while groundwater having Cr(VI) concentrations greater than 3.1 μg/L was present more than 8 mi downgradient. Although rocks and minerals in the area are naturally low in chromium, alluvium eroded from the San Gabriel Mountains and transported to Hinkley Valley by the Mojave River, and locally small exposures of mafic rock, including hornblende diorite and basalt, may contribute Cr(VI) to groundwater. In response to limitations of the PG&amp;E 2007 Cr(VI) background study’s methodology, uncertainty in the natural Cr(VI) background concentration, and an increase in the mapped extent of groundwater having Cr(VI) concentrations greater than the interim regulatory background of 3.1 μg/L, the Lahontan RWQCB concluded that the 2007 PG&amp;E background Cr(VI) study should be updated. The purpose of the updated study is to estimate background Cr(VI) concentrations in groundwater within the upper aquifer upgradient, downgradient, near the margins, and within the footprint of the PG&amp;E Cr(VI) plume in Hinkley, California. The scope of the study included eight tasks; results from those tasks are presented in the chapters within this professional paper.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., 2023, Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885, variously paged, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885.","productDescription":"10 Chapters","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-087750","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":435358,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Optical Petrography, Bulk Chemistry, Micro-scale Mineralogy/Chemistry, and Bulk/Micron-Scale Solid-Phase Speciation of Natural and Synthetic Solid Phases Used in Chromium Sequestration and Re-oxidation Experiments with Sand and Sediment from Hinkley, CA"},{"id":417458,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416354,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/pp1885.pdf","text":"Cover Document","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"This is the cover document. Report documents can be found at the chapter links below."},{"id":416208,"rank":2,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/pp1885.xml"},{"id":416207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":500203,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114698.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<p><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70256481,"text":"70256481 - 2023 - Ancient bears provide insights into Pleistocene ice age refugia in Southeast Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-07T14:43:35.796534","indexId":"70256481","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T09:35:56","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient bears provide insights into Pleistocene ice age refugia in Southeast Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the Late Pleistocene, major parts of North America were periodically covered by ice sheets. However, there are still questions about whether ice-free refugia were present in the Alexander Archipelago along the Southeast (SE) Alaska coast during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Numerous subfossils have been recovered from caves in SE Alaska, including American black (</span><i>Ursus americanus</i><span>) and brown (</span><i>U. arctos</i><span>) bears, which today are found in the Alexander Archipelago but are genetically distinct from mainland bear populations. Hence, these bear species offer an ideal system to investigate long-term occupation, potential refugial survival and lineage turnover. Here, we present genetic analyses based on 99 new complete mitochondrial genomes from ancient and modern brown and black bears spanning the last ~45,000 years. Black bears form two SE Alaskan subclades, one preglacial and another postglacial, that diverged &gt;100,000 years ago. All postglacial ancient brown bears are closely related to modern brown bears in the archipelago, while a single preglacial brown bear is found in a distantly related clade. A hiatus in the bear subfossil record around the LGM and the deep split of their pre- and postglacial subclades fail to support a hypothesis of continuous occupancy in SE Alaska throughout the LGM for either species. Our results are consistent with an absence of refugia along the SE Alaska coast, but indicate that vegetation quickly expanded after deglaciation, allowing bears to recolonize the area after a short-lived LGM peak.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/mec.16960","usgsCitation":"da Silva Coelho, F.A., Gill, S., Tomlin, C.M., Papavassiliou, M., Farley, S.D., Cook, J., Sonsthagen, S.A., Sage, G.K., Heaton, T.H., Talbot, S., and Lindqvist, C., 2023, Ancient bears provide insights into Pleistocene ice age refugia in Southeast Alaska: Molecular Ecology, v. 32, no. 13, p. 3641-3656, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16960.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3641","endPage":"3656","ipdsId":"IP-147539","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16960","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":432338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -133.54442279405686,\n              54.34658810457864\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.68951983788753,\n              54.54526333207045\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.14481684011088,\n              56.044252529548004\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.2953979712057,\n              57.1016826102489\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.45938416329437,\n              59.77166224533508\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.82552158329688,\n              58.768051439466774\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.60272578359988,\n              56.699950197377916\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.80560547048617,\n              55.19364352617387\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.54442279405686,\n              54.34658810457864\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"da Silva Coelho, Flavio Augusto","contributorId":340793,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"da Silva Coelho","given":"Flavio","email":"","middleInitial":"Augusto","affiliations":[{"id":37334,"text":"University at Buffalo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Stephanie","contributorId":340795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Stephanie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37334,"text":"University at Buffalo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tomlin, Crystal M.","contributorId":340797,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomlin","given":"Crystal","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37334,"text":"University at Buffalo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Papavassiliou, Marilena","contributorId":340799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Papavassiliou","given":"Marilena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37334,"text":"University at Buffalo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farley, Sean D.","contributorId":340801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farley","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":81667,"text":"Alaska Department of Game and Fish","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cook, Joseph A.","contributorId":340802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cook","given":"Joseph A.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sonsthagen, Sarah A. 0000-0001-6215-5874 ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-5874","contributorId":3711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonsthagen","given":"Sarah","email":"ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":907569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sage, George K.","contributorId":340803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sage","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":63248,"text":"Far Northwestern Institute of Art and Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Heaton, Timothy H.","contributorId":340804,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":16684,"text":"University of South Dakota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L.","contributorId":340805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra L.","affiliations":[{"id":63248,"text":"Far Northwestern Institute of Art and Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lindqvist, Charlotte","contributorId":340806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindqvist","given":"Charlotte","affiliations":[{"id":37334,"text":"University at Buffalo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70243157,"text":"70243157 - 2023 - Surface fault displacement models for strike-slip faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-02T13:37:26.855089","indexId":"70243157","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T08:32:25","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":14266,"text":"Report GIRS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"2022-07","title":"Surface fault displacement models for strike-slip faults","docAbstract":"<p><span> Fault displacement models (FDMs) are an essential component of the probabilistic fault displacement hazard analyses (PFDHA), much like ground motion models in the probabilistic seismic hazard analyses for ground motion hazards. In this study, we develop several principal surface FDMs for strike-slip earthquakes. The model development is based on analyses of the new and comprehensive fault displacement database developed as part of the Fault Displacement Hazard Initiative project led by the University of California, Los Angeles. The main objective of our study is to update the FDMs that were developed over a decade ago by the U.S. Geological Survey and California Geological Survey, in which a reference trace was drawn manually, FDMs are fixed-effect models for lateral displacement, displacement on multiple subparallel ruptures is not aggregated, magnitude (M) scaling is linear, and natural logarithm of displacement is assumed to be normally distributed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"B. John Garrick Institute for the Risk Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles","doi":"10.34948/N3RG6X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, B.S., Chen, R., Thomas, K., Milliner, C.W., Dawson, T., and Petersen, M.D., 2023, Surface fault displacement models for strike-slip faults: Report GIRS 2022-07, xviii, 168 p., https://doi.org/10.34948/N3RG6X.","productDescription":"xviii, 168 p.","ipdsId":"IP-150187","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, Brian S. J.","contributorId":304664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiou","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[{"id":34112,"text":"California Department of Transportation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, Rui","contributorId":304665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Rui","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Kate","contributorId":304666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Kate","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milliner, Christopher W. D.","contributorId":304667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milliner","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"W. D.","affiliations":[{"id":7218,"text":"California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":304669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy E.","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70243166,"text":"70243166 - 2023 - Management of vampire bats and rabies: Past, present, and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-02T12:22:36.866884","indexId":"70243166","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T07:18:12","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Management of vampire bats and rabies: Past, present, and future","docAbstract":"<p>Rabies virus transmitted via the bite of common vampire bats (<i>Desmodus rotundus</i>) has surpassed canine-associated cases as the predominant cause of human rabies in Latin America. Cattle, the preferred prey of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>D. rotundus</i>, suffer extensive mortality from vampire bat associated rabies, with annual financial losses estimated in the tens of millions of dollars. Organized attempts to manage or curtail vampire bat populations and rabies virus transmission have been conducted since the early 1900s, when vampire bat-associated rabies cases in humans and livestock were first recognized. However, these attempts largely failed, as the distribution of vampire bat populations expanded geographically with the intensification of livestock production, and the incidence of vampire bat rabies (VBR) increased. Current methods of control rely primarily on culling vampire bat populations using poisons (vampiricides) that are transferred from bat to bat after topical application. Despite widespread use of vampiricides for the last 50&nbsp;years, little evidence exists to demonstrate their effectiveness in reducing the incidence of VBR. Culling may further result in dispersion of bats, which could have an unintended consequence of spreading VBR. New methods to manage VBR are being developed or considered, including topical rabies vaccine that transfer among bats, much like vampiricides or a transmissible vaccine that would spread naturally among bats. Vaccination of vampire bats against rabies could lower the incidence of VBR and prevent viral transmission to cattle and humans without the animal welfare concerns and potential negative effects of culling. However, this approach would not deter vampire bat bites, and some form of population reduction (e.g., fertility control) would likely also be needed. An integrated strategy to reduce both the incidence of VBR and the abundance of vampire bats would be ideal for protecting both human and animal health.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"History of Rabies in the Americas: From the Pre-Columbian to the Present,","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-25052-1_8","usgsCitation":"Rocke, T.E., Streicker, D.G., and Leon, A.E., 2023, Management of vampire bats and rabies: Past, present, and future, chap. <i>of</i> History of Rabies in the Americas: From the Pre-Columbian to the Present,, p. 199-222, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25052-1_8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"222","ipdsId":"IP-128006","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416611,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563 trocke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":2665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie","email":"trocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Streicker, Daniel G. 0000-0001-7475-2705","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7475-2705","contributorId":152378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streicker","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12473,"text":"University of Glasgow","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leon, Ariel Elizabeth 0000-0001-9246-4619","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-4619","contributorId":247573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leon","given":"Ariel","email":"","middleInitial":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70247426,"text":"70247426 - 2023 - Unzipping supercontinent Pangea: Geologic, potential field data, and buried structures, and a case for sequential Atlantic opening","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-07T12:17:52.956993","indexId":"70247426","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T07:14:24","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unzipping supercontinent Pangea: Geologic, potential field data, and buried structures, and a case for sequential Atlantic opening","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-gulliver text-s\"><div id=\"ab0005\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"as0005\"><p id=\"sp0035\">Amalgamation of Pangea culminated with zippered N-to-S closing of the Theic ocean during the Alleghanian orogeny. Transpressional-rotational collision produced widespread dextral faulting throughout the eastern Appalachian hinterland, and thrust faulting in the western hinterland and foreland. The partially buried southern Appalachian Eastern Piedmont fault system is a product of late Paleozoic transpressional dextral faulting. Eastern Piedmont fault system faults are cut by two 200–190&nbsp;Ma Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) diabase dike sets (∼NW and N<img src=\"https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/55/entities/sbnd.gif\" alt=\"single bond\" data-mce-src=\"https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/55/entities/sbnd.gif\">S), which postdate initial rifting, producing the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic basins. Sinistral reactivation of suitably oriented Paleozoic faults (e.g., Towaliga) that offset Jurassic dikes implies faulting is coeval with CAMP dike emplacement, or occurred very soon after 200–190&nbsp;Ma dike emplacement. A large NE-striking sinistral fault (Estill fault) offsets magnetic and gravity highs in the Brunswick (Charleston) terrane in South Carolina and Georgia. This fault is at least 185&nbsp;km long, with ca. 75–80&nbsp;km maximum of sinistral separation. The Estill fault geometry agrees with the stress field associated with Central Atlantic Magmatic Province dike emplacement. We conclude that movement along the Estill and other sinistral faults represents Early Jurassic displacement that is well documented in eastern North America prior to Atlantic opening. The early Mesozoic post-failed rifting (basin formation) preceded dike emplacement and pre-spreading sinistral faulting. We recognize four stages in the Late Triassic–Jurassic tectonics and kinematics of eastern North America based on field, crosscutting relationships, and available geophysical data: (1) initial W-to-E failed transtensional rifting with formation of the S-to-N-younging Triassic-Jurassic basins; (2) CAMP diabase dikes intruded 200–190&nbsp;Ma; (3) sinistral movement of large blocks of crust in the North Atlantic region including southeastern North America; and (4) spreading and opening of the Atlantic Ocean 195–170&nbsp;Ma. These stages mark the reversal of Alleghanian rotational dextral transpressional (zippered) collision forming Pangea supercontinent and ‘unzipping’ the supercontinent prior to Atlantic opening.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229842","usgsCitation":"Stubblefield, A.G., Hatcher, R.D., Horton,, J., and Daniels, D.L., 2023, Unzipping supercontinent Pangea: Geologic, potential field data, and buried structures, and a case for sequential Atlantic opening: Tectonophysics, v. 856, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229842.","productDescription":"229842, 10 p.","startPage":"229842 (1-10 online)","ipdsId":"IP-088030","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":219824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton,","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":879571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daniels, David L. 0000-0003-0599-8036 dave@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-8036","contributorId":1792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"David","email":"dave@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":879572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70243015,"text":"70243015 - 2023 - The concept of land bridge marshes in the Mississippi River Delta and implications for coastal restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-26T12:11:39.748272","indexId":"70243015","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T07:08:38","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":14257,"text":"Nature Based Solutions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The concept of land bridge marshes in the Mississippi River Delta and implications for coastal restoration","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-gulliver text-s\"><div id=\"abs0001\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"abss0001\"><p id=\"spara024\">Louisiana has high coastal wetland loss rates due to natural processes such as subsidence and anthropogenic activities such as construction of river levees and dams, pervasive alteration of surface hydrology by local industries such as oil and gas, and navigation. With the exception of the Atchafalaya River discharge area, most of Louisiana's marsh coastline is retreating and coastal marshes are degrading. In the inactive degrading delta regions, there exists a previously uncharacterized landform referred to colloquially as coastal ‘land bridge’ marshes. Land bridge marshes are saline or brackish marshes fronting large estuarine bays or lakes with sufficient fetch and wave energy to supply high levels of resuspended sediments to the marsh surface. They are generally linear features that are oriented parallel to the coast and the shoreline front retreats landward due to erosion from wave energy. These marshes persist over time vertically due to input of resuspended sediments but are experiencing rapid edge erosion due to wave attack. Comparison of data from Louisiana's Coastal Reference Monitoring System (CRMS) sites show that land bridge marshes have a greater frequency of higher soil surface elevation and higher soil bulk density than non-land bridge marshes. Because land bridges are vertically stable relative to other coastal wetlands, identification of measures to sustain these landscape features is important. Simulations using MarshMorpho2D, a process-based reduced-complexity morphology model, suggest that protection barriers installed on the seaward side of land bridge marshes will attenuate wave energy and, thus, edge erosion. Shoreline protection that can reduce wave energy but still allow sediment input to marshes include living shorelines, rock barriers, and/or breakwaters. Periodic thin layer nourishment of the marsh surface may be necessary to help sustain vertical growth. Further, marsh creation projects directly landward of land bridge marshes may benefit from their protection from waves and as a source of sediment. Consideration of land bridge marshes as distinct marsh types in the State Master Plan and integrated modeling could help to identify measures to sustain these landscape features.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100061","usgsCitation":"Day, J.W., Twilley, R.R., Freeman, A., Couvillion, B., Quirk, T., Jafari, N., Mariotti, G., Hunter, R., Norman, C., Kemp, G., White, J.R., and Meselhe, E., 2023, The concept of land bridge marshes in the Mississippi River Delta and implications for coastal restoration: Nature Based Solutions, v. 3, 100061, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100061.","productDescription":"100061, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-150398","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100061","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.12197444730403,\n              31.054279968436333\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.12197444730403,\n              28.789280376645095\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.91534599819444,\n              28.789280376645095\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.91534599819444,\n              31.054279968436333\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.12197444730403,\n              31.054279968436333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day, John W.","contributorId":200323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Day","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twilley, Robert R.","contributorId":34585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Twilley","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, Angelina","contributorId":223755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"Angelina","affiliations":[{"id":40763,"text":"Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Couvillion, Brady 0000-0001-5323-1687","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5323-1687","contributorId":222810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Couvillion","given":"Brady","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Quirk, Tracy","contributorId":208063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quirk","given":"Tracy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37701,"text":"Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jafari, Navid H.","contributorId":214730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jafari","given":"Navid H.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mariotti, Giulio","contributorId":207541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mariotti","given":"Giulio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37557,"text":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hunter, Rachael","contributorId":304470,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunter","given":"Rachael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66082,"text":"Comite Resources Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Norman, Charles","contributorId":304471,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norman","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66083,"text":"Charles Norman & Associates","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kemp, G. 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,{"id":70243088,"text":"70243088 - 2023 - Inland water greenhouse gas budgets for RECCAP2: 2. Regionalization and homogenization of estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-12T15:01:48.456141","indexId":"70243088","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T06:55:33","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inland water greenhouse gas budgets for RECCAP2: 2. Regionalization and homogenization of estimates","docAbstract":"<p>Inland waters are important sources of the greenhouse gasses (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) to the atmosphere. In the framework of the 2<sup>nd</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>phase of the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP-2) initiative, we synthesize existing estimates of GHG emissions from streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and homogenize them with regard to underlying global maps of water surface area distribution and the effects of seasonal ice cover. We then produce regionalized estimates of GHG emissions over 10 extensive land regions. According to our synthesis, inland water GHG emissions have a global warming potential of an equivalent emission of 13.5 (9.9-20.1) and 8.3 (5.7-12.7) Pg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. yr<sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at a 20 and 100 year horizon (GWP<sub>20</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and GWP<sub>100</sub>), respectively. Contributions of CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>dominate GWP<sub>100</sub>, with rivers being the largest emitter. For GWP<sub>20</sub>, lakes and rivers are equally important emitters, and the warming potential of CH<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is more important than that of CO<sub>2</sub>. Contributions from N<sub>2</sub>O are about two orders of magnitude lower. Normalized to the area of RECCAP-2 regions, S-America and SE-Asia show the highest emission rates, dominated by riverine CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>emissions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2022GB007658","usgsCitation":"Lauerwald, R., Allen, G., Deemer, B., Liu, S., Maavara, T., Raymond, P., Alcott, L., Bastviken, D., Hastie, A., Holgerson, M.A., Johnson, M.S., Lehner, B., Lin, P., Marzadri, A., Ran, L., Tian, H., Yang, X., Yao, Y., and Regnier, P., 2023, Inland water greenhouse gas budgets for RECCAP2: 2. Regionalization and homogenization of estimates: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 37, no. 5, e2022GB007658, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007658.","productDescription":"e2022GB007658, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-145375","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443742,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gb007658","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416489,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lauerwald, Ronny","contributorId":169950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lauerwald","given":"Ronny","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25638,"text":"University ofhamburg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, George H.","contributorId":257248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"George H.","affiliations":[{"id":51991,"text":"Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deemer, Bridget R. 0000-0002-5845-1002 bdeemer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5845-1002","contributorId":198160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deemer","given":"Bridget","email":"bdeemer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Shaoda","contributorId":257246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Shaoda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51989,"text":"Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maavara, Taylor","contributorId":304577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maavara","given":"Taylor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66117,"text":"Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raymond, Peter","contributorId":200764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raymond","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Alcott, Lewis","contributorId":304578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alcott","given":"Lewis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66118,"text":"Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bastviken, David","contributorId":304579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bastviken","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":54595,"text":"Department of Thematic Studies - 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BGEOSYS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70243206,"text":"70243206 - 2023 - Multiple models for outbreak decision support in the face of uncertainty","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-04T14:46:01.464127","indexId":"70243206","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T06:46:35","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple models for outbreak decision support in the face of uncertainty","docAbstract":"<p><span>Policymakers must make management decisions despite incomplete knowledge and conflicting model projections. Little guidance exists for the rapid, representative, and unbiased collection of policy-relevant scientific input from independent modeling teams. Integrating approaches from decision analysis, expert judgment, and model aggregation, we convened multiple modeling teams to evaluate COVID-19 reopening strategies for a mid-sized United States county early in the pandemic. Projections from seventeen distinct models were inconsistent in magnitude but highly consistent in ranking interventions. The 6-mo-ahead aggregate projections were well in line with observed outbreaks in mid-sized US counties. The aggregate results showed that up to half the population could be infected with full workplace reopening, while workplace restrictions reduced median cumulative infections by 82%. Rankings of interventions were consistent across public health objectives, but there was a strong trade-off between public health outcomes and duration of workplace closures, and no win-win intermediate reopening strategies were identified. Between-model variation was high; the aggregate results thus provide valuable risk quantification for decision making. This approach can be applied to the evaluation of management interventions in any setting where models are used to inform decision making. This case study demonstrated the utility of our approach and was one of several multimodel efforts that laid the groundwork for the COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub, which has provided multiple rounds of real-time scenario projections for situational awareness and decision making to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since December 2020.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2207537120","usgsCitation":"Shea, K., Borchering, R.K., Probert, W., Howerton, E., Bogich, T.L., Li, S., van Panhuis, W., Viboud, C., Aguas, R., Belov, A.A., Bhargava, S.H., Cavany, S.M., Chang, J.C., Chen, C., Chen, J., Chen, S., Chen, Y., Childs, L.M., Chow, C.C., Crooker, I., Del Valle, S.Y., Espana, G., Fairchild, G., Gerkin, R.C., Germann, T.C., Gu, Q., Guan, X., Guo, L., Hart, G.R., Hladish, T.J., Hupert, N., Janies, D., Kerr, C.C., Klein, D.J., Klein, E.Y., Lin, G., Manore, C., Meyers, L.A., Mittler, J.E., Mu, K., Nunez, R.C., Oidtman, R.J., Pasco, R., Pastore y Piontti, A., Paul, R., Pearson, C.A., Perdomo, D.R., Perkins, T.A., Pierce, K., Pillai, A.N., Rael, R.C., Rosenfeld, K., Ross, C.W., Spencer, J.A., Stoltzfus, A.B., Toh, K.B., Vattikuti, S., Vespignani, A., Wang, L., White, L.J., Pan, X., Yang, Y., Yogurtcu, O.N., Zhang, W., Zhao, Y., Zou, D., Ferrari, M., Pannell, D., Tildesley, M., Seiferth, J., Johnson, E., Biggerstaff, M., Johansson, M.A., Slayton, R.B., Levander, J., Stazer, J., Kerr, J., and Runge, M.C., 2023, Multiple models for outbreak decision support in the face of uncertainty: PNAS, v. 120, no. 18, e2207537120, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2207537120.","productDescription":"e2207537120, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123397","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2207537120","text":"Publisher Index 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In the framework of the 2<sup>nd</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>phase of the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP-2) initiative, we review the state of the art in estimating inland water GHG budgets at global scale, which has substantially advanced since the first phase of RECCAP nearly ten years ago. The development of increasingly sophisticated upscaling techniques, including statistical prediction and process based models, allows for spatially explicit estimates which are needed for regionalized assessments of continental GHG budgets such as those established for RECCAP. A few recent estimates also resolve the seasonal and/or interannual variability in inland water GHG emissions. Nonetheless, the global-scale assessment of inland water emissions remains challenging because of limited spatial and temporal coverage of observations and persisting uncertainties in the abundance and distribution of inland water surface areas. To decrease these uncertainties, more empirical work on the contributions of hot-spots and hot-moments to overall inland water GHG emissions is particularly needed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2022GB007657","usgsCitation":"Lauerwald, R., Allen, G., Deemer, B., Liu, S., Maavara, T., Raymond, P., Alcott, L., Bastviken, D., Hastie, A., Holgerson, M.A., Johnson, M.S., Lehner, B., Lin, P., Marzadri, A., Ran, L., Tian, H., Yang, X., Yao, Y., and Regnier, P., 2023, Inland water greenhouse gas budgets for RECCAP2: 1. State-of-the-art of global scale assessments: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 37, no. 5, e2022GB007657, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007657.","productDescription":"e2022GB007657, 32 p.","ipdsId":"IP-145371","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443750,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gb007657","text":"External Repository"},{"id":416486,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lauerwald, Ronny","contributorId":169950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lauerwald","given":"Ronny","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25638,"text":"University ofhamburg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, George H.","contributorId":257248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"George H.","affiliations":[{"id":51991,"text":"Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deemer, Bridget R. 0000-0002-5845-1002 bdeemer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5845-1002","contributorId":198160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deemer","given":"Bridget","email":"bdeemer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Shaoda","contributorId":257246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Shaoda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51989,"text":"Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maavara, Taylor","contributorId":304577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maavara","given":"Taylor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66117,"text":"Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raymond, Peter","contributorId":200764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raymond","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Alcott, Lewis","contributorId":304578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alcott","given":"Lewis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66118,"text":"Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bastviken, David","contributorId":304579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bastviken","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":54595,"text":"Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hastie, Adam","contributorId":304580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hastie","given":"Adam","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40605,"text":"School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Holgerson, Meredith A.","contributorId":257243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holgerson","given":"Meredith","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":51986,"text":"Departments of Biology and Environmental Studies, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Johnson, Matthew S. mjjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":304581,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Matthew","email":"mjjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":66119,"text":"Earth Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lehner, Bernhard","contributorId":213686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lehner","given":"Bernhard","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Lin, Peirong","contributorId":295975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"Peirong","affiliations":[{"id":6644,"text":"Princeton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Marzadri, Alessandra","contributorId":304582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marzadri","given":"Alessandra","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":64342,"text":"University of Trento, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Trento, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Ran, Lishan","contributorId":304583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ran","given":"Lishan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66120,"text":"Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Tian, Hanqin","contributorId":296449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tian","given":"Hanqin","affiliations":[{"id":64042,"text":"Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Yang, Xiao 0000-0002-0046-832X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0046-832X","contributorId":268230,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Xiao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55603,"text":"University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Yao, Yuanzhi","contributorId":304584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yao","given":"Yuanzhi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66121,"text":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Regnier, Pierre","contributorId":304585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regnier","given":"Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66123,"text":"Department Geoscience, Environment & Society - BGEOSYS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70243014,"text":"70243014 - 2023 - Groundwater prospecting using a multi-technique framework in the lower Casas Grandes Basin, Chihuahua, México","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-26T11:41:20.570086","indexId":"70243014","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T06:33:26","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater prospecting using a multi-technique framework in the lower Casas Grandes Basin, Chihuahua, México","docAbstract":"<div class=\"html-p\">Groundwater is a strategic resource for economic development, social justice, environmental sustainability, and water governance. The lower Casas Grandes River Basin, located in the state of Chihuahua, México, is in a semi-arid region with increasing groundwater demand and regional challenges such as drought and depletion of aquifers. Even though there is official information about the availability of groundwater, a comprehensive aquifer characterization requiring an interdisciplinary investigation using a diverse suite of tools and multiple data sources has yet to be carried out. This study presents a multi-technique framework to evaluate potential sites to drill for groundwater resources and reduce the risk of unsuccessful drilling. The main components of the methodology include wellhead leveling correction with a differential global positioning survey to define piezometric levels, principal component analysis using LANDSAT-8 images, application of geospatial tools, geophysics analysis using time domain electromagnetic surveys (TDES) and vertical electric soundings (VES), and structural geohydrology to define aquifer characteristics. The results showed that using the proposed framework steps improved the possibility of identifying subsurface layers with lower resistivity values that could be related to groundwater. Low resistivity values (35 Ohm-m) were found at depths from 50 to 85 m at sites where the regional static water level reached a depth of 245 m, indicating the potential location of a shallow groundwater resource at a site where the intersection of a fracture trace was identified. This procedure can be used in other regions in the world where limited information is available for groundwater exploration, thus reducing the risk of drilling dry wells in complex hydrogeological environments.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w15091673","usgsCitation":"Granados Olivas, A., Rascon-Mendoza, E., Gomez-Dominguez, F.J., Romero-Gameros, C.I., Robertson, A.J., Bravo-Pena, L.C., Mirchi, A., Garcia-Vazquez, A.C., Fernald, A., Hawley, J., Alfonso Gandara-Ruiz, L., Alatorre-Cejudo, L.C., Samimi, M., Vazquez-Galvez, F.A., Pinales-Munguia, A., Ibanez-Hernandez, O.F., Heyman, J.M., Mayer, A., and Hargrove, W.L., 2023, Groundwater prospecting using a multi-technique framework in the lower Casas Grandes Basin, Chihuahua, México: Water, v. 15, no. 9, 1673, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091673.","productDescription":"1673, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-147502","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science 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University of Ciudad Juarez","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Pinales-Munguia, Adan","contributorId":304465,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pinales-Munguia","given":"Adan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66081,"text":"Autonomous University of Chihuahua","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Ibanez-Hernandez, Oscar F.","contributorId":304466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ibanez-Hernandez","given":"Oscar","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":66075,"text":"Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Heyman, Josiah M.","contributorId":304467,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heyman","given":"Josiah","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":64863,"text":"University of Texas at El Paso","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Mayer, Alex","contributorId":304468,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":64863,"text":"University of Texas at El Paso","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Hargrove, William L.","contributorId":304469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hargrove","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":64863,"text":"University of Texas at El Paso","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70242907,"text":"ofr20231017 - 2023 - Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-11T20:47:08.566968","indexId":"ofr20231017","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-24T13:31:08","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-1017","displayTitle":"Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2020","title":"Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2020","docAbstract":"<p>Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam <i>Limecola petalum</i> (World Register of Marine Species, 2020; formerly reported as <i>Macoma balthica</i> and <i>M. petalum</i>), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer (km) south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in south San Francisco Bay, California. This report includes the data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for January 2020–December 2020 (Cain and others, 2022). These data append to long-term datasets extending back to 1974. A major focus of the report is an integrated description of the 2020 data within the context of the longer, multidecadal dataset. This dataset supports the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving- Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.</p><p>Silver and copper contamination substantially decreased at the site in the 1980s following the implementation by PARWQCP of advanced wastewater-treatment and source-control measures. Since the 1990s, concentrations of these elements in surface sediments have continued to decrease, although more slowly. For example, from 1994 to 2020, the minimum annual mean silver concentration—0.20 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg)—was observed in multiple years. In 2020, silver concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 0.28 mg/kg. These concentrations are 2 to 3 times higher than the regional background concentration. Presently (2020), sediment-copper concentrations appear to be near the regional background level. Over the same period (1994–2020), sedimentary iron and zinc exhibited modest decreases. Sedimentary aluminum, chromium, mercury, nickel, and selenium have not exhibited any trend. Since 1994, silver and copper concentrations in <i>L. petalum</i> have varied seasonally, apparently in response to a combination of site-specific metal exposures and cyclic growth and reproduction, as reported previously. Seasonal patterns for other elements, including chromium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc, generally were similar in timing and magnitude as those for silver and copper. Downward trends in the silver and zinc concentrations in <i>L. petalum</i> during 1994–2020 were evident and appeared to be related to the general physiological condition of the clam, indicated by a condition index.</p><p>Biological effects of elevated silver and copper contamination at the Palo Alto site have been interpreted from data collected during and after the recession of these contaminants. Concentrations of both elements in the soft tissues of <i>L. petalum</i> decreased with sedimentary copper and silver. This pattern was associated with changes in the reproductive activity of <i>L. petalum</i>, as well as the structure of the benthic invertebrate community. Reproductive activity of <i>L. petalum</i> increased as metal concentrations in <i>L. petalum</i> decreased (Hornberger and others, 2000), and presently is stable with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring. Analyses of the benthic community structure indicate that the infaunal invertebrate community has shifted from one dominated by several opportunistic species when silver and copper exposures were highest to one in which the species abundance is more evenly distributed, a pattern that indicates a more stable community that is subjected to fewer stressors. Importantly, this long-term change is unrelated to other metals and other measured environmental factors, including salinity and sediment composition. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (<i>Ampelisca abdita</i> and <i>Streblospio benedicti</i>) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decrease in dominance coincident with the decrease in metals. Both species had short-lived rebounds in abundance in 2008, 2009, and 2010 and showed signs of increasing abundance in 2020. <i>Heteromastus filiformis</i> (a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying its eggs on or in the sediment) showed a concurrent increase in dominance and, in the last several years before 2008, showed a stable population. <i>H. filiformis</i> abundance increased slightly from 2011 to 2012 and returned to pre-2011 numbers in 2020.</p><p>The reproductive mode of most species that were present in 2020 was indicative of species that were capable of movement either as pelagic larvae or as mobile adults. Although oviparous species were lower in number in this group, the authors hypothesize that these species will return slowly as more species move back into the area. The use of functional ecology was highlighted in the 2020 benthic community data, which showed that the animals that have now returned to the mudflat are those that can respond successfully to a physical, nontoxic disturbance. Today, community data show a mix of species that consume the sediment, or filter feed, those that have pelagic larvae that must survive landing on the sediment, and those that brood their young. The long-term recovery observed after the 1970s can be ascribed to the decrease in sediment pollutants.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Palo Alto, California","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Croteau, M.-N., Thompson, J.K., Parchaso, F., Stewart, R., Zierdt Smith, E.L., Shrader, K.H., Kieu, L.H., and Luoma, S.N., 2023, Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2020: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1017, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231017.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 51 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"51","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-133169","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1017/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416135,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1017/ofr20231017.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416139,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181107","text":"Open-File Report 2018-1107","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2017"},{"id":416136,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IBQ23S","text":"Data for monitoring trace metal and benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California (ver 2.0, November 2022)","description":"Cain, D.J., Croteau, M., Parchaso, F., Stewart, R., Zierdt Smith, E.L., Thompson, J.K., Kieu, L., Turner, M., and Baesman, S.M., 2022, Data for monitoring trace metal and benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California (ver 2.0, November 2022): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IBQ23S."},{"id":416140,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171135","text":"Open-File Report 2017-1135","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2016"},{"id":499767,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114697.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":416137,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211079","text":"Open-File Report 2021-1079","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2019"},{"id":416138,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191084","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1084","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2018"},{"id":416141,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161118","text":"Open-File Report 2016-1118","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2015"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.26067527634044,\n              37.52598582053362\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.26067527634044,\n              37.38564942805466\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8210169399245,\n              37.38564942805466\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8210169399245,\n              37.52598582053362\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.26067527634044,\n              37.52598582053362\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg/connect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg/connect\">Contact Information</a>,<br><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg\">Geology, Minerals, Energy, &amp; Geophysics Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg\">Menlo Park, California</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>Building 19, 350 N. Akron Rd.<br>P.O. Box 158<br>Moffett Field, CA 94035</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments <br></li><li>Executive Summary of Past Findings <br></li><li>Abstract <br></li><li>Introduction <br></li><li>Methods <br></li><li>Results <br></li><li>Summary <br></li><li>References Cited <br></li><li>Appendix 1. Certified Concentrations and Recovery Percentages of Inorganic Elements in National Institute of Science and Technology Standard Reference Materials 2709a and 2711a, Prepared in 2020 <br></li><li>Appendix 2. Certified Concentrations and Recovery Percentages of Inorganic Elements in National Research Council Canada Certified Reference Material TORT-3 and National Institute of Science and Technology Standard Reference Material 1566b, Prepared in 2020 <br></li><li>Appendix 3. Mercury and Selenium Concentrations Determined in Sample Splits of Surface Sediments and Clam <em>Limecola petalum</em> Collected at Palo Alto Site, California, in 2020. <br></li><li>Appendix 4. Recovery Percentages (±Standard Deviation) of Mercury and Selenium in Standard Reference Materials, 2020 <br></li><li>Appendix 5. Method Detection Limits and Reporting Levels for Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometry Methods, in 2020 <br></li><li>Appendix 6. Statistical Summary of Silver and Copper Concentrations in Sediment and Clam <em>Limecola petalum</em> Collected at Palo Alto Site, California, in 2020 and in 1977–2020 <br></li><li>Appendix 7. Reproduction Data for Clam <em>Limecola petalum</em> Collected at Palo Alto Site, California, in 2015–2020 <br></li><li>Appendix 8. Complete List of Benthic Species Found at Palo Alto Site, California, in 2020 Appendix 9. Benthic Species Name Changes as of 2020</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Croteau, Marie Noele 0000-0003-0346-3580 mcroteau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-3580","contributorId":895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croteau","given":"Marie","email":"mcroteau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Noele","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parchaso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":173016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parchaso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stewart, A. Robin 0000-0003-2918-546X arstewar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2918-546X","contributorId":1482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"A.","email":"arstewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robin","affiliations":[{"id":40553,"text":"WMA - Office of the Chief Operating Officer","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zierdt Smith, Emily L. 0000-0003-0787-1856 ezierdtsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0787-1856","contributorId":220320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierdt Smith","given":"Emily","email":"ezierdtsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shrader, Kelly H. 0000-0001-6550-7425 kshrader@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6550-7425","contributorId":220319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrader","given":"Kelly","email":"kshrader@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kieu, Le H. lkieu@usgs.gov","contributorId":206905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieu","given":"Le H.","email":"lkieu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
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