The Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers are important water resources in the Rosebud Indian Reservation area and are used extensively for irrigation, municipal, and domestic water supplies. Continued or increased withdrawals from the Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers in the Rosebud Indian Reservation area have the potential to affect water levels in these aquifers. This report describes a conceptual model of ground-water flow in these aquifers and documents the development and calibration of a numerical model to simulate ground-water flow. Data for a twenty-year period (water years 1979 through 1998) were analyzed for the conceptual model and included in steady-state and transient numerical simulations of ground-water flow for the same 20-year period.
A three-dimensional ground-water flow model, with two layers, was used to simulate ground-water flow in the Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers. The upper layer represented the Ogallala aquifer, and the lower layer represented the Arikaree aquifer. The study area was divided into grid blocks 1,640 feet (500 meters) on a side, with 153 rows and 180 columns.
Areal recharge to the Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers occurs from precipitation on the outcrop areas. The recharge rate for the steady-state simulation was 3.3 inches per year for the Ogallala aquifer and 1.7 inches per year for the Arikaree aquifer for a total recharge rate of 266 cubic feet per second.
Discharge from the Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers occurs through evapotranspiration, discharge to streams, and well withdrawals. Discharge rates in cubic feet per second for the steady-state simulation were 184 for evapotranspiration, 46.8 and 19.7 for base flow to the Little White and Keya Paha Rivers, respectively, and 11.6 for well withdrawals from irrigation use. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity used for the numerical model ranged from 0.2 to 120 feet per day in the Ogallala aquifer and 0.1 to 5.4 feet per day in the Arikaree aquifer. A uniform vertical hydraulic conductivity value of 6.6x10-4 feet per day was applied to the Ogallala aquifer. Vertical hydraulic conductivity was estimated for five zones in the Arikaree aquifer and ranged from 8.6x10-6 to 7.2x10-1 feet per day. Average rates of recharge, maximum evapotranspiration, and well withdrawals were included in the steady-state simulation, whereas the time-varying rates were included in the transient simulation.
Model calibration was accomplished by varying parameters within plausible ranges to produce the best fit between simulated and observed hydraulic heads and base-flow discharges from the Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers. For the steady-state simulation, the root mean square error for simulated hydraulic heads for all wells was 26.8 feet. Simulated hydraulic heads were within ±50 feet of observed values for 95 percent of the wells. For the transient simulation, the difference between the simulated and observed means for hydrographs was within ±40 feet for all observation wells. The potentiometric surfaces of the two aquifers calculated by the steady-state simulation established initial conditions for the transient simulation.
A sensitivity analysis was used to examine the response of the calibrated steady-state model to changes in model parameters including horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity, evapotranspiration, recharge, and riverbed conductance. The model was most sensitive to recharge and horizontal hydraulic conductivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034043","usgsCitation":"Long, A.J., Putnam, L.D., and Carter, J.M., 2003, Simulated ground-water flow in the Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers, Rosebud Indian Reservation area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4043, vi, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034043.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407732,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55304.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4637,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034043/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers, Rosebud Indian Reservation area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.2833,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -100.25,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -100.25,\n 42.9569\n ],\n [\n -101.2833,\n 42.9569\n ],\n [\n -101.2833,\n 43.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae0db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J. 0000-0001-7385-8081 ajlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-8081","contributorId":989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew","email":"ajlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putnam, Larry D. ldputnam@usgs.gov","contributorId":990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"Larry","email":"ldputnam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":242509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":242507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51498,"text":"ofr0331 - 2003 - Relations of stream fish communities to physical and chemical parameters and land use in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Ecoregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:30","indexId":"ofr0331","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-31","title":"Relations of stream fish communities to physical and chemical parameters and land use in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Ecoregion","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0331","usgsCitation":"Caskey, B.J., 2003, Relations of stream fish communities to physical and chemical parameters and land use in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Ecoregion: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-31, x, 99 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0331.","productDescription":"x, 99 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86548,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c181","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caskey, Brian J.","contributorId":104119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caskey","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48847,"text":"wri034056 - 2003 - Comparison and continuous estimates of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria in selected Kansas streams, May 1999 through April 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:05","indexId":"wri034056","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4056","title":"Comparison and continuous estimates of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria in selected Kansas streams, May 1999 through April 2002","docAbstract":"The sanitary quality of water and its use as a public-water supply and for recreational activities, such as swimming, wading, boating, and fishing, can be evaluated on the basis of fecal \r\ncoliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria densities. This report describes the overall sanitary quality of surface water in selected Kansas streams, the relation between fecal coliform and \r\nE. coli, the relation between turbidity and bacteria densities, and how continuous bacteria estimates can be used to evaluate the water-quality conditions in selected Kansas streams.\r\n\r\nSamples for fecal coliform and E. coli were collected at 28 surface-water sites in Kansas. Of the 318 samples collected, 18 percent exceeded the current Kansas Department of Health and \r\nEnvironment (KDHE) secondary contact recreational, single-sample criterion for fecal coliform (2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters of water). Of the 219 samples collected during the recreation months (April 1 through October 31), 21 percent exceeded the current (2003) KDHE single-sample fecal coliform criterion for secondary contact rec-reation (2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters of water) and 36 percent exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended single-sample primary contact recreational criterion for E. coli (576 colonies per 100 milliliters of water). Comparisons of fecal coliform and E. coli criteria indicated that more than one-half of the streams sampled could exceed USEPA recommended E. coli criteria more frequently than the current KDHE fecal coliform criteria. In addition, the ratios of E. coli to fecal coliform (EC/FC) were smallest for sites with slightly saline water (specific conductance greater than 1,000 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius), indicating that E. coli may not be a good indicator of sanitary quality for those streams. Enterococci bacteria may provide a more accurate assessment of the potential for swimming-related illnesses in these streams. \r\n\r\nRatios of EC/FC and linear regression models were developed for estimating E. coli densities on the basis of measured fecal coliform densities for six individual and six groups of surface-water sites. Regression models developed for the six individual surface-water sites and six groups of sites explain at least 89 percent of the variability in E. coli densities. The EC/FC ratios and regression models are site specific and make it possible to convert historic fecal coliform bacteria data to estimated E. coli densities for the selected sites. The EC/FC ratios can be used to estimate E. coli for any range of historical fecal coliform densities, and in some cases with less error than the regression models. The basin- and statewide regression models explained at least 93 percent of the variance and best represent the sites where a majority of the data used to develop the models were collected (Kansas and Little Arkansas Basins).\r\n\r\nComparison of the current (2003) KDHE geometric-mean primary contact criterion for fecal coliform bacteria of 200 col/100 mL to the 2002 USEPA recommended geometric-mean criterion of 126 col/100 mL for E. coli results in an EC/FC ratio of 0.63. The geometric-mean EC/FC ratio for all sites except Rattlesnake Creek (site 21) is 0.77, indicating that considerably more than 63 percent of the fecal coliform is E. coli. This potentially could lead to more exceedances of the recommended E. coli criterion, where the water now meets the current (2003) 200-col/100 mL fecal coliform criterion. \r\n\r\nIn this report, turbidity was found to be a reliable estimator of bacteria densities. Regression models are provided for estimating fecal coliform and E. coli bacteria densities using continuous \r\nturbidity measurements. Prediction intervals also are provided to show the uncertainty associated with using the regression models. Eighty percent of all measured sample densities and individual turbidity-based estimates from the regression models were in agreement as exceedi","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034056","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, P.P., and Ziegler, A., 2003, Comparison and continuous estimates of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria in selected Kansas streams, May 1999 through April 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4056, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034056.","productDescription":"87 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4067,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034056/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13760,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ks.water.usgs.gov/pubs/abstracts/wrir.abstract.03-4056.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0db3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, Patrick P. 0000-0002-3287-6010 pras@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3287-6010","contributorId":3530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Patrick","email":"pras@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":238415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ziegler, Andrew C. aziegler@usgs.gov","contributorId":433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Andrew C.","email":"aziegler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":238414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51426,"text":"ofr03167 - 2003 - Location and age of foraminifer samples collected by Chevron Petroleum geologists in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-14T13:32:54","indexId":"ofr03167","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-167","title":"Location and age of foraminifer samples collected by Chevron Petroleum geologists in California","docAbstract":"Most of the geologic maps published for parts of central California in the past century have been made without the benefit of ages from microfossils. The ages of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks in the mostly poorly exposed and structurally complex sedimentary rocks represented in the Coast Ranges are critical in determining stratigraphic succession or lack of it, and in determining whether the juxtaposition of similar appearing but different age formations means that a fault is present. Since the 1940's, at least, oil company geologists have used microfossils to assist them in geologic mapping and in determining the environments of deposition of the sedimentary rocks containing them. This information had been so confidential that even the names of species were coded by some paleontologists to prevent disclosure. In the past 20 years, however, the attitude of petroleum companies about this information has changed, and many of the formerly confidential materials and reports are now available. We report here on an estimated 50,000 Chevron foraminifer samples from surface localities in more than 600 U.S. Geological Survey 7.5' quadrangles in California. Ages are provided for more than 27,000 of these samples which have been donated by Chevron, along with locality maps, paleontology reports, and other data, to the California Academy of Sciences. To our knowledge, this collection is the largest ever released to the public by a petroleum company for the West Coast. The information from the slides can be used to update geologic maps prepared without the benefit of microfossils, to study foraminifers of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary age collected from a variety of geologic environments, to analyze the depth and temperature of ocean water covering parts of California during these periods, and for solving nomenclature and other scientific problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03167","usgsCitation":"Brabb, E.E., and Parker, J.M., 2003, Location and age of foraminifer samples collected by Chevron Petroleum geologists in California (Version 2.0; Revised April 15, 2005 (originally published 2003)): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-167, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03167.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4439,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-167/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 2.0; Revised April 15, 2005 (originally published 2003)","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabb, Earl E.","contributorId":48939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parker, John M.","contributorId":29053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50756,"text":"cir1247 - 2003 - Evolving issues and practices in managing ground-water resources: Case studies on the role of science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-10T08:51:02","indexId":"cir1247","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1247","title":"Evolving issues and practices in managing ground-water resources: Case studies on the role of science","docAbstract":"Hydrologic stresses throughout the 20th century and presently (2003) have caused the depletion and degradation of our Nation’s vital ground-water resources in many areas. Management strategies have been and are being implemented to optimize use of our ground-water resources with respect to achieving sustainability while mitigating the consequences of future withdrawals. The seven case studies presented herein show how the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with local, State and other Federal agencies, as well as the private sector, have addressed some of the complexities of ground-water management using scientifically-based hydrologic studies and hydrologic monitoring. It is clear that the managed conjunctive use of our combined ground-water and surface-water supplies, and the artificial recharge of our ground-water systems present both challenges and opportunities. How well we manage these options depends upon best science practices, improved understanding of the resources, and the informed consensus of all stakeholders.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1247","isbn":"0607895489","usgsCitation":"Galloway, D.L., Alley, W., Barlow, P.M., Reilly, T.E., and Tucci, P., 2003, Evolving issues and practices in managing ground-water resources: Case studies on the role of science: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1247, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1247.","productDescription":"83 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1247.bmp"},{"id":4185,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f95d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alley, William M.","contributorId":93030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tucci, Patrick ptucci@usgs.gov","contributorId":926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucci","given":"Patrick","email":"ptucci@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":242237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":51420,"text":"ofr03190 - 2003 - Diatom data from Bradley Lake, Oregon: Downcore analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T18:54:18.171911","indexId":"ofr03190","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-190","title":"Diatom data from Bradley Lake, Oregon: Downcore analyses","docAbstract":"Displaced marine diatoms provide biostratigraphic evidence for tsunami inundation at Bradley Lake, a small freshwater lake on the south-central Oregon coast. During the past 7,200 years, fine-grained lacustrine deposits in the deep axis of the lake were disturbed 17 times by the erosion and emplacement of coarse-grained gyttja and, in some cases, sand. By identifying diatoms in closely spaced core samples, we determined that 13 of the 17 events (termed idisturbance eventsi) record prehistoric tsunamis in Bradley Lake. We consider the evidence strong for 11 events, based on numbers and diversity of marine taxa: De1, De2, De4, De5, De6, De7, De8, De11, De12, De13, and De17. The evidence is less compelling for an additional 2 events (De9 and De10), although tsunami inundation is likely. Finally, we identified 4 events (De3, De14, De15 and De16) in which there were no marine diatoms to support tsunami inundation, although stratigraphic data shows that the lake bottom was disturbed.
\nFreshwater diatoms dominate throughout the Bradley Lake record, showing that the lake has remained a freshwater habitat throughout its existence. However, anomalous occurrences of three species of brackish diatoms (Thalassiosira bramaputrae, Cyclotella meneghiniana, and Mastogloia smithii) may be evidence for short-lived periods of slightly elevated salinities in the lake following De16, De13, De12, De11, De9, De8, and De5. With the exception of De12, increased abundances of one or more of the brackish species is coincident with decreased numbers of freshwater diatoms. A temporary rise in salinity, as evidenced by short-lived increases in abundances of brackish species and decreases in abundances of freshwater species, is consistent with tsunami inundation into the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03190","usgsCitation":"Hemphill-Haley, E., and Lewis, R.C., 2003, Diatom data from Bradley Lake, Oregon: Downcore analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-190, Report: 138 p.; 5 Appendix Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03190.","productDescription":"Report: 138 p.; 5 Appendix Files","numberOfPages":"138","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285640,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0190/app2.xls"},{"id":285641,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0190/pdf/app2.pdf"},{"id":407636,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54882.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":285642,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0190/app3.xls"},{"id":285643,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0190/pdf/app3.pdf"},{"id":285644,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0190/app4.xls"},{"id":4435,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0190/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":285639,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0190/pdf/of03-190.pdf"},{"id":179031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03190.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Bradley Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.43177461624147,\n 43.06329135030141\n ],\n [\n -124.42385673522949,\n 43.06329135030141\n ],\n [\n -124.42385673522949,\n 43.067759124772664\n ],\n [\n -124.43177461624147,\n 43.067759124772664\n ],\n [\n -124.43177461624147,\n 43.06329135030141\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65dadf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemphill-Haley, Eileen 0000-0002-6988-5906","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6988-5906","contributorId":84366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill-Haley","given":"Eileen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, Roger C.","contributorId":37006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51407,"text":"ofr03326_rev - 2003 - National Geochronological Database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T14:06:16.084476","indexId":"ofr03326_rev","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-236","title":"National Geochronological Database","docAbstract":"The National Geochronological Data Base (NGDB) was established by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to collect and organize published isotopic (also known as radiometric) ages of rocks in the United States. The NGDB (originally known as the Radioactive Age Data Base, RADB) was started in 1974. A committee appointed by the Director of the USGS was given the mission to investigate the feasibility of compiling the published radiometric ages for the United States into a computerized data bank for ready access by the user community. A successful pilot program, which was conducted in 1975 and 1976 for the State of Wyoming, led to a decision to proceed with the compilation of the entire United States. For each dated rock sample reported in published literature, a record containing information on sample location, rock description, analytical data, age, interpretation, and literature citation was constructed and included in the NGDB. The NGDB was originally constructed and maintained on a mainframe computer, and later converted to a Helix Express relational database maintained on an Apple Macintosh desktop computer. The NGDB and a program to search the data files were published and distributed on Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) in standard ISO 9660 format as USGS Digital Data Series DDS-14 (Zartman and others, 1995). As of May 1994, the NGDB consisted of more than 18,000 records containing over 30,000 individual ages, which is believed to represent approximately one-half the number of ages published for the United States through 1991. Because the organizational unit responsible for maintaining the database was abolished in 1996, and because we wanted to provide the data in more usable formats, we have reformatted the data, checked and edited the information in some records, and provided this online version of the NGDB. This report describes the changes made to the data and formats, and provides instructions for the use of the database in geographic information system (GIS) applications. The data are provided in .mdb (Microsoft Access), .xls (Microsoft Excel), and .txt (tab-separated value) formats. We also provide a single non-relational file that contains a subset of the data for ease of use.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03326_rev","usgsCitation":"Revised by Sloan, J., Henry, C., Hopkins, M., Ludington, S., Zartman, R., Bush, C.A., and Abston, C., 2003, National Geochronological Database (Revised): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-236, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03326_rev.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285696,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0236/0236.zip"},{"id":285695,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0236/intro.html"},{"id":4414,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178929,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03326_rev.GIF"}],"edition":"Revised","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69886e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revised by Sloan, Jan","contributorId":36625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revised by Sloan","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, Christopher D.","contributorId":36556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Christopher D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopkins, Melanie","contributorId":18448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Melanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ludington, Steve","contributorId":106848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zartman, Robert E.","contributorId":74810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bush, Charles A. cbush@usgs.gov","contributorId":1258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Charles","email":"cbush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Abston, Carl","contributorId":12559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abston","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":51399,"text":"ofr03253 - 2003 - Structural plays in Ellesmerian sequence and correlative strata of the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T14:04:19.42066","indexId":"ofr03253","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-253","title":"Structural plays in Ellesmerian sequence and correlative strata of the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"Reservoirs in deformed rocks of the Ellesmerian sequence in southern NPRA are assigned to two hydrocarbon plays, the Thrust-Belt play and the Ellesmerian Structural play. The two plays differ in that the Thrust-Belt play consists of reservoirs located in allochthonous strata in the frontal part of the Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, whereas those of the Ellesmerian Structural play are located in autochthonous or parautochthonous strata at deeper structural levels north of the Thrust-Belt play. Together, these structural plays are expected to contain about 3.5 TCF of gas but less than 6 million barrels of oil.
\nThese two plays are analyzed using a two-stage deformational model. The first stage of deformation occurred during the Neocomian, when distal strata of the Ellesmerian sequence were imbricated and assembled into deformational wedges emplaced northward onto regionally south-dipping authochon at 140-120 Ma. In the mid-Cretaceous following cessation of the deformation, the Colville basin, the foreland basin to the orogen, was filled with a thick clastic succession. During the second stage of deformation at about 60 Ma (early Tertiary), the combined older orogenic belt-foreland basin system was involved in another episode of north-vergent contractional deformation that deformed pre-existing stratigraphic and structurally trapped reservoir units, formed new structural traps, and caused significant amounts of uplift, although the amount of shortening was relatively small in comparison to the first episode of deformation.
\nHydrocarbon generation from source strata (Shublik Formation, Kingak Shale, and Otuk Formation) and migration into stratigraphic traps occurred primarily by sedimentary burial principally between 100-90 Ma, between the times of the two episodes of deformation. Subsequent burial caused deep stratigraphic traps to become overmature, cracking oil to gas, and some new generation to begin progressively higher in the section. Structural disruption of the traps in the Early Tertiary is hypothesized to have released sequestered hydrocarbons and caused remigration into newly formed structural traps formed at higher structural levels. Because of the generally high maturation of the Colville basin at the time of the deformation and remigration, most of the hydrocarbons available to fill traps were gas.
\nIn the the Thrust-Belt play, the primary reservoir lithology is expected to be dolomitic carbonate rocks of the Lisburne Group, which contain up to 15% porosity. Antiformal stacks of imbricated Lisburne Group strata form the primary trapping configuration, with chert and shale of the overlying Etivluk Group forming seals on closures. Traps are expected to have been charged primarily with remigrated gas, but oil generated from local sources in the Otuk Formation may have filled some traps at high structural levels. The timing for migration of gas into traps is excellent, but only moderate for oil because peak oil generation for the play as a whole occurred 30 to 40 m.y. before trap formation. Reservoir and seal quality in the play are questionable, reducing the likelyhood of hydrocarbon accumulations being present in the play. Our analysis suggests that the play will hold 5.7 million barrels of technically recoverable oil and 1.5 TCF gas (mean values).
\nIn the Ellesmerian Stuctural play, the primary reservoir lithologies will be dolomitic carbonate rocks of the Lisburne Group and, less likely, clastic units in the Ellesmerian sequence. Traps in the play are anticlinal closures caused by small amounts of strain in the footwall below the basal detachment for most early Tertiary thrusting. Because these traps lie beneath the main source rock units (Shublik, Kingak, lower Brookian sequence), reservoirs that are juxtaposed by faulting against source-rock units are expected to have the most favorable migration pathways. The charge will be primarily remigrated gas; no oil is expected because of the great depths (15,000 to 26,000 ft) and consequent high thermal maturity of this play. Although the the probability of charge and timeliness of trap formation and gas remigration are excellent, seal and reservoir qualities are anticipated to be poor. Our analysis suggests that about 2.0 TCF of techncially recoverable gas can be expected in the play.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03253","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., and Potter, C.J., 2003, Structural plays in Ellesmerian sequence and correlative strata of the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-253, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03253.","productDescription":"40 p.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178739,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03253.jpg"},{"id":285706,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0253/pdf/of03-253.pdf"},{"id":4406,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0253/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"National Petroleum Reserve","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160.0,68.0 ], [ -160.0,71.0 ], [ -150.0,71.0 ], [ -150.0,68.0 ], [ -160.0,68.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a37bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":243460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51403,"text":"ofr03247 - 2003 - A digital geologic map database for the state of Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:22","indexId":"ofr03247","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-247","title":"A digital geologic map database for the state of Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This dataset is a composite of part or all of the 12 1:250,000 scale quadrangles\r\n that make up Oklahoma. The result looks like a geologic map of the State of\r\n Oklahoma. But it is only an Oklahoma shaped map clipped from the 1:250,000\r\n geologic maps. This is not a new geologic map. No new mapping took place.\r\n The geologic information from each quadrangle is available within the composite\r\n dataset.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03247","usgsCitation":"Heran, W.D., Green, G.N., and Stoeser, D.B., 2003, A digital geologic map database for the state of Oklahoma (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-247, twelve digital geologic maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03247.","productDescription":"twelve digital geologic maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110436,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55294.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"55294"},{"id":178839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4410,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aebcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heran, William D. wheran@usgs.gov","contributorId":2246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heran","given":"William","email":"wheran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, Gregory N.","contributorId":40226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoeser, Douglas B. dstoeser@usgs.gov","contributorId":1821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"Douglas","email":"dstoeser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51957,"text":"ofr03125 - 2003 - Geologic surface effects of underground nuclear testing: Buckboard Mesa, Climax Stock, Dome Mountain, Frenchman Flat, Rainier/Aqueduct Mesa, and Shoshone Mountain: Nevada Test Site, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-06T21:29:12.159742","indexId":"ofr03125","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-125","title":"Geologic surface effects of underground nuclear testing: Buckboard Mesa, Climax Stock, Dome Mountain, Frenchman Flat, Rainier/Aqueduct Mesa, and Shoshone Mountain: Nevada Test Site, Nevada","docAbstract":"Surface effects maps were produced for 72 of 89 underground detonations conducted at the Frenchman Flat, Rainier Mesa and Aqueduct Mesa, Climax Stock, Shoshone Mountain, Buckboard Mesa, and Dome Mountain testing areas of the Nevada Test Site between August 10, 1957 (Saturn detonation, Area 12) and September 18, 1992 (Hunters Trophy detonation, Area 12). The ?Other Areas? Surface Effects Map Database, which was used to construct the maps shown in this report, contains digital reproductions of these original maps. The database is provided in both ArcGIS (v. 8.2) geodatabase format and ArcView (v. 3.2) shapefile format. This database contains sinks, cracks, faults, and other surface effects having a combined (cumulative) length of 136.38 km (84.74 mi). In GIS digital format, the user can view all surface effects maps simultaneously, select and view the surface effects of one or more sites of interest, or view specific surface effects by area or site. Three map layers comprise the database. They are: (1) the surface effects maps layer (oase_n27f), (2) the bar symbols layer (oase_bar_n27f), and (3) the ball symbols layer (oase_ball_n27f). Additionally, an annotation layer, named 'Ball_and_Bar_Labels,' and a polygon features layer, named 'Area12_features_poly_n27f,' are contained in the geodatabase version of the database. The annotation layer automatically labels all 295 ball-and-bar symbols shown on these maps. The polygon features layer displays areas of ground disturbances, such as rock spall and disturbed ground caused by the detonations. Shapefile versions of the polygon features layer in Nevada State Plane and Universal Transverse Mercator projections, named 'area12_features_poly_n27f.shp' and 'area12_features_poly_u83m.shp,' are also provided in the archive.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03125","usgsCitation":"Grasso, D.N., 2003, Geologic surface effects of underground nuclear testing: Buckboard Mesa, Climax Stock, Dome Mountain, Frenchman Flat, Rainier/Aqueduct Mesa, and Shoshone Mountain: Nevada Test Site, Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-125, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03125.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4505,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-125/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403106,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55219.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Buckboard Mesa, Climax stock, Dome Mountain, Frenchman Flat, Rainier/Aqueduct Mesa, and Shoshone Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.3764,\n 36.7917\n ],\n [\n -115.9333,\n 36.7917\n ],\n [\n -115.9333,\n 37.2508\n ],\n [\n -116.3764,\n 37.2508\n ],\n [\n -116.3764,\n 36.7917\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8382","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grasso, Dennis N.","contributorId":39402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grasso","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54007,"text":"b2202H - 2003 - Total petroleum systems of the Paleozoic and Jurassic, Greater Ghawar Uplift and adjoining provinces of central Saudi Arabia and northern Arabian-Persian Gulf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T11:10:10","indexId":"b2202H","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2202","chapter":"H","title":"Total petroleum systems of the Paleozoic and Jurassic, Greater Ghawar Uplift and adjoining provinces of central Saudi Arabia and northern Arabian-Persian Gulf","docAbstract":"The greater Paleozoic and Jurassic petroleum systems of the Arabian Peninsula form two of the most prolific petroleum-producing systems in the world. Source rocks of these systems extend throughout the eastern Arabian Peninsula and Arabian-Persian Gulf. Primary elements of these Paleozoic and Jurassic petroleum systems - source, reservoir, and seal rocks - are of great areal extent and exceptional quality. The combination of these regionally extensive, exceptional petroleum-system elements, and the formation of large subtle structural closures prior to, or coincident with, peak oil generation and migration, have produced oil and gas fields with reserve volumes second to none.
\nTwo total petroleum systems (TPS), one of Paleozoic age and one of Jurassic age, in the central part of the Arabian Peninsula are identified in this report. The Central Arabia Qusaiba-Paleozoic TPS and the Arabian Sub-Basin Tuwaiq/Hanifa-Arab TPS of Jurassic age encompass the Greater Ghawar Uplift Province (USGS Province 2021) and portions of adjoining geologic provinces. Structures that trap hydrocarbons in these systems are mostly (1) large, gentle anticlines formed from reactivated basement fault blocks, (2) salt domes that resulted from halokinesis, or (3) structural traps resulting from a combination of these two processes. Major tectonic events that created these structures resulted from early Zagros rifting during the Early Triassic and two Alpine tectonic episodes that occurred during the Late Cretaceous and middle to late Tertiary.
\nHydrocarbons of the Central Arabia Qusaiba-Paleozoic TPS are sourced mainly by organic-rich, so-called \"hot shale\" that occurs in the basal part of the Lower Silurian Qusaiba Member of the Qalibah Formation. Oil and gas are produced mainly from sandstones of the Permian Unayzah and Devonian Jauf Formations, and from basal transgressive marine sandstones and cyclic, dolomitic shelf-carbonates of the Late Permian Khuff Formation. Two assessment units (AU) are recognized in the Central Arabia Qusaiba-Paleozoic TPS that are related to type of structural trap and presence of underlying Infracambrian salt: (1) the onshore Central Arch Horst-Block Anticlinal Oil and Gas AU, and (2) the mostly offshore North Gulf Salt Basin Structural Gas AU. The mean total volume of undiscovered resource for the Central Arabia Qusaiba-Paleozoic TPS is estimated at about 108 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BBOE).
\nOil of the Arabian Sub-Basin Tuwaiq/Hanifa-Arab TPS is sourced by organic-rich, marine carbonates of the Jurassic Tuwaiq Mountain and Hanifa Formations. These source rocks were deposited in two of three intraplatform basins during the Jurassic and, where thermally mature, have generated a superfamily of oils with distinctive geochemical characteristics. Oils were generated and expelled from these source rocks beginning in the Cretaceous at about 75 Ma. Hydrocarbon production is from 3 cyclic carbonate-rock reservoirs of the Arab Formation that are sealed by overlying anhydrite. Several giant and supergiant fields, including the world's largest oil field at Ghawar, Saudi Arabia, produce mostly from the Arab carbonate-rock reservoirs. Two assessment units are also recognized in the Arabian Sub-Basin Tuwaiq/Hanifa-Arab TPS that are similarly related to structural trap style and presence of underlying Infracambrian salt: (1) an onshore Horst-Block Anticlinal Oil AU, and (2) a mostly offshore Salt-Involved Structural Oil AU. The mean total volume of undiscovered resource for the Arabian Sub-Basin Tuwaiq/Hanifa-Arab TPS is estimated at about 49 billion barrels of oil equivalent (42 billion barrels of oil, 34 trillion feet of gas, and 1.4 billion barrels of natural gas liquids).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/b2202H","usgsCitation":"Pollastro, R.M., 2003, Total petroleum systems of the Paleozoic and Jurassic, Greater Ghawar Uplift and adjoining provinces of central Saudi Arabia and northern Arabian-Persian Gulf (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2202, 100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2202H.","productDescription":"100 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4830,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2202-h/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":306621,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2202-h/b2202-h.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"Bahrain, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates","otherGeospatial":"Arabian-Persian Gulf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 46.3623046875,\n 20.715015145512087\n ],\n [\n 52.6904296875,\n 20.715015145512087\n ],\n [\n 52.6904296875,\n 31.16580958786196\n ],\n [\n 46.3623046875,\n 31.16580958786196\n ],\n [\n 46.3623046875,\n 20.715015145512087\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db628229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollastro, Richard M.","contributorId":25100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollastro","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54005,"text":"b2064KK - 2003 - Geology of an Ordovician stratiform base-metal deposit in the Long Canyon Area, Blaine County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:40","indexId":"b2064KK","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2064","chapter":"KK","title":"Geology of an Ordovician stratiform base-metal deposit in the Long Canyon Area, Blaine County, Idaho","docAbstract":"In the Long Canyon area, Blaine County, Idaho, a strati-form base-metal-bearing gossan is exposed within a complexly folded and faulted sequence of Ordovician strata. The gossan horizon in graptolitic mudrock suggests preservation of bedded sulfides that were deposited by an Ordovician subaqueous hydrothermal system. Abrupt thickness changes and geochemi-cal zoning in the metal-bearing strata suggest that the gossan is near the source of the hydrothermal system.\r\nOrdovician sedimentary rocks at Long Canyon represent a coarsening-upward section that was deposited below wave base in a submarine depositional environment. The lowest exposed rocks represent deposition in a starved, euxinic basin and over-lying strata represent a prograding clastic wedge of terrigenous and calcareous detritus. The metalliferous strata are between these two types of strata.\r\nStrata at Long Canyon have been deformed by two periods of thrust faulting, at least three periods of normal faulting, and two periods of folding. Tertiary extensional faulting formed five subhorizontal structural plates. These low-angle fault-bounded plates truncate Sevier-age and possibly Antler-age thrust faults. The presence of gossan-bearing strata in the four upper plates suggests that there was only minor, although locally complex, stratigraphic displacement and rotation. The lack of correlative strata in the lowest plate suggests the displacement was greater than 2000 ft.\r\nThe metalliferous strata were exposed to surface weathering,\r\noxidation, and erosion prior to and during deposition of the Eocene Challis Volcanic Group. The orientations of erosional canyons formed during this early period of exposure were related to the orientations of Sevier-age thrust faults, and stream-channel gravel was deposited in the canyons. During this and subsequent intervals of exposure, sulfidic strata were oxi-dized to a minimum depth of 700 ft.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b2064KK","usgsCitation":"Otto, B., and Zieg, G., 2003, Geology of an Ordovician stratiform base-metal deposit in the Long Canyon Area, Blaine County, Idaho (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2064, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2064KK.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4828,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2064-kk/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6839f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otto, B.R.","contributorId":65534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otto","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zieg, G.A.","contributorId":76816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zieg","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50861,"text":"wri034084 - 2003 - Percentile distributions of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in Oklahoma streams, 1973-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T21:32:49.300537","indexId":"wri034084","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4084","title":"Percentile distributions of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in Oklahoma streams, 1973-2001","docAbstract":"Nutrients are one of the primary causes of water-quality impairments in streams, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries in the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed regional-based nutrient criteria using ecoregions to protect streams in the United States from impairment. However, nutrient criteria were based on nutrient concentrations measured in large aggregated nutrient ecoregions with little relevance to local environmental conditions in states. The Oklahoma Water Resources Board is using a dichotomous process known as Use Support Assessment Protocols to define nutrient criteria in Oklahoma streams. The Oklahoma Water Resources Board is modifying the Use Support Assessment Protocols to reflect nutrient informa-tion and environmental characteristics relevant to Oklahoma streams, while considering nutrient information grouped by geographic regions based on level III ecoregions and state boundaries.\r\n\r\nPercentile distributions of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous concentrations were calculated from 563 sites in Oklahoma and 4 sites in Arkansas near the Oklahoma and Arkansas border to facilitate development of nutrient criteria for Oklahoma streams. Sites were grouped into four geographic regions and were categorized into eight stream categories by stream slope and stream order. The 50th percentiles of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations were greater in the Ozark Highland ecoregion and were less in the Ouachita Mountains ecoregion when compared to other geographic areas used to group sites. The 50th percentiles of median concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were least in first, second, and third order streams. The 50th percentiles of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in the Ozark Highland and Ouachita Mountains ecoregions were least in first, second, and third order streams with streams slopes greater than 17 feet per mile.\r\n\r\nNitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen and total nitrogen criteria determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the Ozark Highland ecoregion were less than the 25th percentiles of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in the Ozark Highland ecoregion calculated for this report. Nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen and total nitrogen criteria developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the Ouachita Mountains ecoregion were similar to the 25th percentiles of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen and total nitrogen concentrations in the Ouachita Mountains ecoregion calculated for this report. Nitrate as nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations currently (2002) used in the Use Support Assessment Protocols for Oklahoma were greater than the 75th percentiles of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations calculated for this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034084","usgsCitation":"Haggard, B.E., Masoner, J.R., and Becker, C., 2003, Percentile distributions of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in Oklahoma streams, 1973-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4084, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034084.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178582,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411453,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4305","displayTitle":"Trace Elements and Synthetic Organic Compounds in Streambed Sediment and Fish Tissue in the Great and Little Miami River Basins, Ohio and Indiana, 1990-98 ","title":"Trace elements and synthetic organic compounds in streambed sediment and fish tissue in the Great and Little Miami River basins, Ohio and Indiana, 1990-98","docAbstract":"Streambed-sediment and fish-tissue samples were collected at eight sites in the Great and Little Miami Basins as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program. The samples were analyzed for trace elements and synthetic organic compounds, including organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and semivolatile compounds (SVOCs). Data from state-agency investigations within the study unit (more than 200 sites) were incorporated to gain a broader perspective of the occurrence and distribution of contaminants in the study unit. All data were compared to streambed-sediment-quality guidelines and fish-tissue guidelines to identify elevated contaminant concentrations. Guideline exceedances were plotted on distribution maps to identify areas in the study unit that may be of potential concern for wildlife health.
Several trace elements were detected in both sediment and fish-tissue samples. In sediment, lead and zinc were most frequently detected at levels that may have adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Generally, only one of the trace elements analyzed for per site exceeded concentrations above which adverse biological effects are frequently anticipated.
Organochlorine insecticides were infrequently detected in sediment or fish tissue throughout the study unit. More organochlorine insecticides were detected in fish tissues than in sediment; however, more guidelines were exceeded in sediment. No distinct geographic overlap between sediment and fish-tissue sites was evident with respect to elevated organochlorine insecticide concentrations. Sediment-quality guideline exceedances were generally widespread throughout the study unit, whereas fish-tissue guidelines were exceeded only on the Mad River.
PCBs were detected more often in fish tissue than in sediment throughout the study unit. Elevated PCB concentrations in fish tissue were common and widespread. No distinct geographic overlap of PCB exceedances was evident between sediment and fish-tissue sites.
In sediments, elevated concentrations were detected most often for SVOCs, particularly for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Areas where SVOC guidelines were frequently exceeded include the Great Miami River main stem from Dayton to south of Hamilton, and the Upper Little Miami River Basin in Greene County.
Overall, a higher frequency of trace-element detections in fish tissue and sediment trace-element guideline exceedances was found in the Great Miami River Basin than in the Little Miami River Basin. Organochlorine insecticide guidelines for fish tissue and sediment, as well as PCB and SVOC guidelines for sediment also were exceeded more frequently in the Great Miami River Basin. PCB guideline exceedances for fish tissue were found more often in the Little Miami River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024305","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Janosy, S.D., 2003, Trace elements and synthetic organic compounds in streambed sediment and fish tissue in the Great and Little Miami River basins, Ohio and Indiana, 1990-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4305, Report: vii, 29 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024305.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 29 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":84662,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4305/wri20024305.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2002-4305"},{"id":170850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4305/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229
A few years ago, if one surveyed Africa to see how prevalent Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) initiatives were, one might have gotten a scanty response. But scratch a bit deeper, and a different story begins to emerge. SDI development has been plodding along, though at times with a different name.
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Kate","contributorId":147108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lance","given":"Kate","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51418,"text":"ofr03193 - 2003 - Major and catastrophic storms and floods in Texas: 215 major and 41 catastrophic events from 1953 to September 1, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T22:34:56.927973","indexId":"ofr03193","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-193","title":"Major and catastrophic storms and floods in Texas: 215 major and 41 catastrophic events from 1953 to September 1, 2002","docAbstract":"Many Texas storms represent some of the largest storms in the world. Flooding from large storms has affected Texas throughout its history, causing many deaths and much economic loss and hardship. Floods occur regularly in Texas, and destructive floods occur somewhere in the State every year. Many of these floods are destructive because they often occur in areas where extreme flooding had not occurred for many years. These floods often are perceived as unexpected or even unprecedented because their peak water-surface elevations (stages) can greatly exceed those of past floods. This report documents major and catastrophic storms and floods in Texas. Storms can be viewed by date, county, or maximum precipitation.
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