{"pageNumber":"2827","pageRowStart":"70650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184563,"records":[{"id":70199413,"text":"70199413 - 2003 - Arsenic in southeastern Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T11:27:42","indexId":"70199413","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T11:24:49","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Arsenic in southeastern Michigan","docAbstract":"

Arsenic levels exceeding 10 μg/L are present in hundreds of private supply wells distributed over ten counties in eastern and southeastern Michigan. Most of these wells are completed in the Mississippian Marshall Sandstone, the principal bedrock aquifer in the region, or in Pleistocene glacial or Pennsylvanian bedrock aquifers. About 70% of ground water samples taken from more than 100 wells, have arsenic contents ≥10 μg/L with a maximum value of 220 μg/L. Water samples and continuous cores were taken from two test wells. Arsenic content of core samples ranges from <5 to more than 300 ppm, with the highest values found for pyritic black shales. Authigenic cements in the Marshall Sandstone include patchy authigenic pyrite that locally contains arsenic-rich (up to 8.5 wt. % As) domains. Bulk arsenic contents of pyrite-bearing intervals, sampled in well cuttings, are a high as 1020 ppm. Arsenic-rich pyrite is likely the ultimate source of arsenic in eastern and southeastern Michigan ground water, but evidence for pyrite oxidation at depth in bedrock aquifers is generally lacking. Pyrite oxidation may occur or have occurred in tills derived from the Marshall Sandstone and Coldwater Shale, which were found to contain arsenic-rich (up to at least 0.7 wt. % As) iron oxyhydroxides. Plausible mechanisms for widespread arsenic mobilization in eastern and southeastern Michigan ground water include weathering of pyrite in tills, reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxides in tills, and potentially, pyrite oxidation in bedrock aquifers, due to drawdown in wells or lowering of water-table levels in response to Pleistocene glaciation.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arsenic in ground water","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Boston","doi":"10.1007/0-306-47956-7_10","usgsCitation":"Kolker, A., Haack, S.K., Cannon, W.F., Westjohn, D., Kim, M., and Woodruff, L.G., 2003, Arsenic in southeastern Michigan, chap. of Arsenic in ground water, p. 281-294, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47956-7_10.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"294","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ed11e4b034bf6a803a99","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Welch, A. 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No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prediction in geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/135GM03","usgsCitation":"Wilcock, P.R., Schmidt, J.C., Wolman, M.G., Dietrich, W., Dominick, D., Doyle, M.W., Grant, G., Iverson, R.M., Montgomery, D., Pierson, T.C., Schilling, S.P., and Wilson, R.C., 2003, When models meet managers: Examples from geomorphology, chap. of Prediction in geomorphology: Geophysical Monograph, v. 135, p. 27-40, https://doi.org/10.1029/135GM03.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador, United States","state":"California, Oregon, Wisconsin","city":"Milwaukee, San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Guagua 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No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prediction in geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/135GM01","usgsCitation":"Wilcock, P.R., and Iverson, R.M., 2003, Prediction in geomorphology, chap. of Prediction in geomorphology: Geophysical Monograph, v. 135, https://doi.org/10.1029/135GM01.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"11","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","edition":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilcock, Peter R.","contributorId":52049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828842,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828843,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Wilcock, Peter R.","contributorId":52049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199484,"text":"70199484 - 2003 - Potential effects of organic carbon production on ecosystems and drinking water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-21T14:39:03.193452","indexId":"70199484","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T11:01:15","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of organic carbon production on ecosystems and drinking water quality","docAbstract":"

Restoration of tidal wetlands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) is an important component of the Ecosystem Restoration Program of the CALFED Bay-Delta Program (CALFED). CALFED is a collaborative effort among state and federal agencies to restore the ecological health and improve water management of the Delta and San Francisco Bay (Bay). Tidal wetland restoration is intended to provide valuable habitat for organisms and to improve ecosystem productivity through export of various forms of organic carbon, including both algae and plant detritus. However, the Delta also provides all or part of the drinking water for over 22 million Californians. In this context, increasing sources of organic carbon may be a problem because of the potential increase in the production of trihalomethanes and other disinfection by-products created during the process of water disinfection. This paper reviews the existing information about the roles of organic carbon in ecosystem function and drinking water quality in the Bay-Delta system, evaluates the potential for interaction, and considers major uncertainties and potential actions to reduce uncertainty. In the last 10 years, substantial progress has been made on the role of various forms of organic carbon in both ecosystem function and drinking water quality; however, interactions between the two have not been directly addressed. Several ongoing studies are beginning to address these interactions, and the results from these studies should reduce uncertainty and provide focus for further research.

","language":"English","publisher":"University of California","doi":"10.15447/sfews.2003v1iss1art3","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., 2003, Potential effects of organic carbon production on ecosystems and drinking water quality: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 1, no. 1, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2003v1iss1art3.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2003v1iss1art3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":357481,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.7886962890625,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -121.9976806640625,\n 36.923547681089296\n ],\n [\n -121.67907714843751,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -120.948486328125,\n 37.405073750176925\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 39.13432124527173\n ],\n [\n -122.354736328125,\n 38.27700093565902\n ],\n [\n -122.7886962890625,\n 37.996162679728116\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ed11e4b034bf6a803a9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241099,"text":"70241099 - 2003 - Ground failure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T17:19:18.763005","indexId":"70241099","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T10:56:41","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground failure","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/1.1737250","usgsCitation":"Wartman, J., Rodriguez-Marek, A., Repetto, P., Keefer, D.K., Rondinel, E., Zegarra-Pellane, J., and Baures, D., 2003, Ground failure: Earthquake Spectra, v. 19, no. 1S, p. 35-56, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1737250.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.92963205127391,\n -7.427650410087807\n ],\n [\n -79.92963205127391,\n -18.378246529256117\n ],\n [\n -68.44045397205765,\n -18.378246529256117\n ],\n [\n -68.44045397205765,\n -7.427650410087807\n ],\n [\n -79.92963205127391,\n -7.427650410087807\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"1S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wartman, Joseph 0000-0001-7659-7198","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7659-7198","contributorId":241918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wartman","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":866053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez-Marek, Adrian","contributorId":261919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez-Marek","given":"Adrian","affiliations":[{"id":12694,"text":"Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":866054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repetto, Pedro","contributorId":51975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetto","given":"Pedro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keefer, David K.","contributorId":22405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rondinel, Efrain","contributorId":302964,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rondinel","given":"Efrain","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zegarra-Pellane, Jorge","contributorId":302965,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zegarra-Pellane","given":"Jorge","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Baures, Dale","contributorId":302966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baures","given":"Dale","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70199483,"text":"70199483 - 2003 - An introduction to the San Francisco Estuary tidal wetlands restoration series","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-21T14:43:10.528644","indexId":"70199483","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T10:53:56","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An introduction to the San Francisco Estuary tidal wetlands restoration series","docAbstract":"

Restoration of tidal wetlands may provide an important tool for improving ecological health and water management for beneficial uses of the San Francisco Estuary (hereafter “Estuary”). Given the large losses of tidal wetlands from San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in the last 150 years, it seems logical to assume that restoring tidal wetlands will have benefits for a variety of aquatic and terrestrial native species that have declined during the same time period. However, many other changes have also occurred in the Estuary concurrent with the declines of native species. Other factors that might be important in species declines include the effects of construction of upstream dams, large and small water diversions within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, agricultural pesticides, trace elements from industrial and agricultural activities, and invasions of alien species. Discussions among researchers, managers, and stakeholders have identified a number of uncertainties regarding the potential benefits of tidal wetland restoration. The articles of the Tidal Wetlands Restoration Series address four major issues of concern. Stated as questions, these are:

1. Will tidal wetland restoration enhance populations of native fishes?

2. Will wetland restoration increase rates of methylation of mercury?

3. Will primary production and other ecological processes in restored tidal wetlands result in net export of organic carbon to adjacent habitats, resulting in enhancement of the food web? Will the carbon produced contribute to the formation of disinfection byproducts when disinfected for use as drinking water?

4. Will restored tidal wetlands provide long-term ecosystem benefits that can be sustained in response to ongoing physical processes, including sedimentation and hydrodynamics?

Reducing the uncertainty surrounding these issues is of critical importance because tidal wetland restoration is assumed to be a critical tool for enhancement of native species and ecosystem processes in the Estuary.

","language":"English","publisher":"University of California","doi":"10.15447/sfews.2003v1iss1art1","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., 2003, An introduction to the San Francisco Estuary tidal wetlands restoration series: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 1, no. 1, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2003v1iss1art1.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2003v1iss1art1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":357478,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 37.304644804751106\n ],\n [\n -121.86035156249999,\n 37.304644804751106\n ],\n [\n -121.86035156249999,\n 38.22091976683121\n ],\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 38.22091976683121\n ],\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 37.304644804751106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ed11e4b034bf6a803a9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006400,"text":"70006400 - 2003 - Projecting the success of plant restoration with population viability analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T11:11:55","indexId":"70006400","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T10:50:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Projecting the success of plant restoration with population viability analysis","docAbstract":"

Conserving viable populations of plant species requires that they have high probabilities of long-term persistence within natural habitats, such as a chance of extinction in 100 years of less than 5% (Menges 1991, 1998; Brown 1994; Pavlik 1994; Chap. 1, this Vol.). For endangered and threatened species that have been severely reduces in range and whose habitats have been fragmented, important species conservation strategies may include augmenting existing populations or restoring new viable populations (Bowles and Whelan 1994; Chap. 2, this Vol.). Restoration objectives may include increasing population numbers to reduce extinction probability, deterministic manipulations to develop a staged cohort structure, or more complex restoration of a desired genetic structure to allow outcrossing or increase effective population size (DeMauro 1993, 1994; Bowles et al. 1993, 1998; Pavlik 1994; Knapp and Dyer 1998; Chap. 2, this Vol.). These efforts may require translocation of propagules from existing (in situ) populations, or from ex situ botanic gardens or seed storage facilities (Falk et al. 1996; Guerrant and Pavlik 1998; Chap. 2, this Vol.).

\n
\n

Population viability analysis (PVA) can provide a critical foundation for plant restoration, as it models demographic projections used to evaluate the probability of population persistence and links plant life history with restoration strategies. It is unknown how well artificially created populations will meet demographic modeling requirements (e.g., due to artificial cohort transitions) and few, if any, PVAs have been applied to restorations. To guide application of PVA to restored populations and to illustrate potential difficulties, we examine effects of planting different life stages, model initial population sizes needed to achieve population viability, and compare demographic characteristics between natural and restored populations. We develop and compare plant population restoration viability analysis (PRVA) case studies of two plant species listed in the USA for which federal recovery planning calls for population restoration: Cirsium pitcheri, a short-lived semelparous herb, and Asclepias meadii, a long-lived iteroparous herb.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Population Viability in Plants.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Bell, T., Bowles, M., and McEachern, A.K., 2003, Projecting the success of plant restoration with population viability analysis, chap. of Population Viability in Plants., v. 165, p. 313-314.","productDescription":"p. 313-314","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"165","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f9e4b07b8813a554f8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brigham, C.A.","contributorId":40172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508323,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, M.W.","contributorId":68246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508324,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bell, T.J.","contributorId":40131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowles, M.L.","contributorId":83029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowles","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McEachern, A. K.","contributorId":29777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226933,"text":"70226933 - 2003 - Gravity-driven mass flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T16:58:48.619012","indexId":"70226933","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T10:48:50","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Gravity-driven mass flows","docAbstract":"

Gravity-driven mass flows, also known as sediment gravity flows, include a spectrum of phenomena in which more-or-less coherent mixtures of grains and intergranular fluid flow down slopes. At one end of this spectrum are dilute flows in which momentum is transferred mostly by fluid forces and sediment is largely a passive cargo that increases the effective fluid density. These dilute mass flows are part of a larger class of fluid dynamical phenomena known as gravity currents (Simpson, 1987; Bonnecaze et al., 1993). At the other end of the spectrum are concentrated mass flows such as granular avalanches and debris flows. Forces exerted by interacting solid grains dominate momentum transfer in such flows, although fluid forces can mediate grain interactions (Savage and Hutter, 1989; Iverson, 1997).

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of sediments and sedimentary rocks","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4020-3609-5_106","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 2003, Gravity-driven mass flows, chap. of Encyclopedia of sediments and sedimentary rocks, p. 347-353, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3609-5_106.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"353","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Middleton, Gerard V.","contributorId":270248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Middleton","given":"Gerard","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828835,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, Michael J.","contributorId":146913,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Church","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828836,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coniglio, Mario","contributorId":270249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coniglio","given":"Mario","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828837,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardie, Lawrence A.","contributorId":270250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hardie","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828838,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Longstaffe, Frederick J.","contributorId":270252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Longstaffe","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828839,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198884,"text":"70198884 - 2003 - Effects of microbiological and geochemical interactions in mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T12:09:55","indexId":"70198884","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T10:46:28","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Effects of microbiological and geochemical interactions in mine drainage","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental aspects of mine wastes","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Association of Canada","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., 2003, Effects of microbiological and geochemical interactions in mine drainage, chap. 11 of Environmental aspects of mine wastes, v. 31, p. 227-238.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"238","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":356701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Darrell_Nordstrom/publication/285237442_Effects_of_microbiological_and_geochemical_interactions_in_mine_drainage/links/56a2817608ae1b65112cac04.pdf"}],"volume":"31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98cdd6e4b0702d0e846dc6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jambor, J.L.","contributorId":107460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jambor","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743261,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":743260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226931,"text":"70226931 - 2003 - How should mathematical models of geomorphic processes be judged?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T16:41:44.67562","indexId":"70226931","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T10:36:15","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5371,"text":"Geophysical Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"How should mathematical models of geomorphic processes be judged?","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prediction in geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/135GM07","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 2003, How should mathematical models of geomorphic processes be judged?, chap. of Prediction in geomorphology: Geophysical Monograph, v. 135, p. 83-94, https://doi.org/10.1029/135GM07.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"94","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.517.2436","text":"External Repository"},{"id":393200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilcock, Peter R.","contributorId":52049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828826,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828827,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70240962,"text":"70240962 - 2003 - Rooted Brooks Range ophiolite: Implications for Cordilleran terranes: Comment and reply: COMMENT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T17:10:49.90999","indexId":"70240962","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T10:32:21","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rooted Brooks Range ophiolite: Implications for Cordilleran terranes: Comment and reply: COMMENT","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

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No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.74.1.12","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T.M., 2003, Hypocentral accuracy of surficial detonations in northern California: Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no. 1, p. 12-19, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.74.1.12.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413623,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.00338606093362,\n 38.97898256982822\n ],\n [\n -119.90845190285336,\n 42.03345128823793\n ],\n [\n -124.31235850981096,\n 42.007664183044795\n ],\n [\n -124.38462589506122,\n 41.81768942173497\n ],\n [\n -124.14085137225692,\n 41.45295139619245\n ],\n [\n -124.27597080778801,\n 41.11826567033455\n ],\n [\n -124.2139919587002,\n 40.974430729964325\n ],\n [\n -124.52384317344132,\n 40.5184229189135\n ],\n [\n -124.40858164921065,\n 40.12992452019412\n ],\n [\n -124.11476566135093,\n 40.007942341593974\n ],\n [\n -123.87066419014548,\n 39.588028552918416\n ],\n [\n -123.9418233396189,\n 39.34091698941779\n ],\n [\n -123.77775620104495,\n 38.86812573595046\n ],\n [\n -120.00338606093362,\n 38.97898256982822\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":865498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006850,"text":"70006850 - 2003 - Safety of aquaflor (florfenicol, 50% type a medicated article), administered in feed to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-09T17:16:16","indexId":"70006850","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T10:10:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3607,"text":"Toxicologic Pathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Safety of aquaflor (florfenicol, 50% type a medicated article), administered in feed to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus","docAbstract":"Aquaflor, a feed premix containing the broad spectrum antibacterial agent florfenicol (50% w/w), is being developed for use to control enteric septicemia (ESC) in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus caused by the gram-negative enterobacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. 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Seismic design provisions and guidelines are the basis for reduction of potentially devastating losses of life and property from earthquakes. Six tragic earthquakes since 1985, affecting Mexico, Armenia, the United States, Japan, Turkey, and Taiwan, caused combined property losses exceeding $320 billion and loss of lives exceeding 143,900. These losses emphasize the need to improve the earthquake resistance of the built environment in zones of high seismic risk. With present population exceeding 290 million in major earthquake zones and world population expected to increase by 2 to 4 billion people in the next 50 years, losses from future earthquakes can be expected to reach even greater levels if worldwide improvements in earthquake resistance are not made.

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This book presents an introduction to the methodology of structural equation modeling, illustrates its use, and goes on to argue that it has revolutionary implications for the study of natural systems. A major theme of this book is that we have, up to this point, attempted to study systems primarily using methods (such as the univariate model) that were designed only for considering individual processes. Understanding systems requires the capacity to examine simultaneous influences and responses. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has such capabilities. It also possesses many other traits that add strength to its utility as a means of making scientific progress. In light of the capabilities of SEM, it can be argued that much of ecological theory is currently locked in an immature state that impairs its relevance. It is further argued that the principles of SEM are capable of leading to the development and evaluation of multivariate theories of the sort vitally needed for the conservation of natural systems. Supplementary information can be found at the authors website, http://www.jamesbgrace.com/. • Details why multivariate analyses should be used to study ecological systems • Exposes unappreciated weakness in many current popular analyses • Emphasizes the future methodological developments needed to advance our understanding of ecological systems.

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No abstract available. 

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No abstract available.

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No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Treatise on geochemistry","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/05180-X","usgsCitation":"Bricker, O., Jones, B.F., and Bowser, C., 2003, Mass balance approach to interpreting weathering reactions in watershed systems, chap. 4 of Treatise on geochemistry, p. 119-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/05180-X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"132","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357460,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ed2be4b034bf6a803b29","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Drever, J.I.","contributorId":58407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drever","given":"J.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745492,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Blair F. bfjones@usgs.gov","contributorId":2784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Blair","email":"bfjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowser, C.J.","contributorId":32302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowser","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199466,"text":"70199466 - 2003 - Occurrence of arsenic in ground water of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T09:10:29","indexId":"70199466","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T09:07:23","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Occurrence of arsenic in ground water of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, central New Mexico","docAbstract":"

Chemical data from more than 400 ground-water sites in the Middle Rio Grande Basin of central New Mexico indicate that arsenic concentrations exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 10 micrograms per liter across broad areas of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, which is currently the almost exclusive source of drinking-water supply for residents of the basin. Identification of sources of arsenic to ground water of the basin is complicated by multiple sources of ground-water recharge that differ substantially in chemical composition. Establishment of a clear hydrologic framework for the basin was useful in interpreting the significance of patterns in arsenic concentration. This investigation indicates that there are two main sources of high-arsenic water to the Middle Rio Grande Basin. One primary source is related to silicic volcanism in the Jemez Mountains to the north, where dilute recharge water likely flows through rocks that have been altered by contact with geothermal fluids. The other primary source is mineralized water of deep origin that mixes with shallower ground water in several locations around the basin, particularly along major structural features. Ground water that has not been affected by either of these two high-arsenic sources generally has low arsenic concentrations. In some areas of the basin, values of pH exceeding about 8.5 appear to contribute to elevated arsenic concentrations through desorption of arsenic from metal oxides.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arsenic in ground water","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1007/0-306-47956-7_11","isbn":"978-1-4020-7317-5","usgsCitation":"Plummer, L., 2003, Occurrence of arsenic in ground water of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, central New Mexico, chap. of Arsenic in ground water, p. 295-327, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47956-7_11.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Middle Rio Grande Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,34.25 ], [ -107.5,35.75 ], [ -106.0,35.75 ], [ -106.0,34.25 ], [ -107.5,34.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ed2be4b034bf6a803b2d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745487,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":745488,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, L.N.","contributorId":206803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plummer","given":"L.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199465,"text":"70199465 - 2003 - How fast does water flow in an unsaturated macropore? Evidence from field and lab experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T09:03:12","indexId":"70199465","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T09:01:22","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"How fast does water flow in an unsaturated macropore? Evidence from field and lab experiments","docAbstract":"

A wide range of available field and lab evidence can lead to useful generalizations about the speed of macropore flow, which often dominates the transport of water and contaminants. In 36 published field tests, the values of maximum transport speed in macropores and other preferential channels vary surprisingly little. The available tests vary widely in type of medium, including fractured rock and various soil textures; in length scale of the test, ranging from 1 to 1000 m and more; in type of tracer used; and in direction of flow. One factor that does significantly affect transport speeds is the supply of water that generates the flow. A sporadic supply of water at the land surface, as from natural rainfall, causes markedly slower preferential flow than a continuous supply, as from steady irrigation. For continuously supplied water, nearly all observations of maximum transport speed fall between 1 and 100 m/d, suggesting that an average value in that range could serve as a guideline for expected transport speed under comparable conditions. Lab experiments in published studies help to explain and support these field results. Visualization studies show that unsaturated macropore flow occurs in four distinct modes. Descriptive names for these are film flow, continuous rivulet, snapping rivulet, and pulsating blob. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estudios de la zona no saturada del suelo, v. VI","publisher":"Instituto technologico de Castilla y Leon","publisherLocation":"Spain","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., 2003, How fast does water flow in an unsaturated macropore? Evidence from field and lab experiments, chap. of Estudios de la zona no saturada del suelo, v. VI.","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ed2be4b034bf6a803b2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198771,"text":"70198771 - 2003 - Microbial degradation of atmospheric halocarbons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:49:53","indexId":"70198771","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T08:59:47","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Microbial degradation of atmospheric halocarbons","docAbstract":"

Halocarbons are present in the atmosphere at parts-per-trillion (ppt) mixing ratios and are represented by such substances as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlolofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and methyl halides like methyl bromide (MeBr) and their further substituted halomethane analogues (e. g., dibromomethane, bromoform). Many Halocarbons have only an anthropogenic origin (e.g., CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs) whereas others are of mixed anthropogenic and natural origin (e.g., MeBr). The molecular composition of the various CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs can be deduced from their numerical classification by adding 90 to their designated numbers. The first digit (hundreds place) refers to the number of carbon atoms, the second to the number of hydrogens, and the third to the number of fluorines. For example, the molecular structure of CFC-12 is obtained from the resultant number of 102, and refers to a one carbon molecule containing no hydrogens and two fluorines. By inference from its CFC designation two chlorines must also be included. Similarly, the compound HFC-134 has a resultant sum of 224, which implies a two carbon molecule containing two hydrogens and four fluorines (tetrafluoroethane).

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No abstract available.

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No abstract available.

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