The Edwards aquifer supplies drinking water for more than 1 million people in south-central Texas. The saline-water zone of the Edwards aquifer extends from the downdip limit of freshwater to the southern and eastern edge of the Stuart City Formation. Water samples from 16 wells in the Edwards aquifer saline-water zone were collected during July–September 1990 and analyzed for major and minor dissolved constituents, selected stable isotopes, and radioisotopes. These data, supplemental data from an extensive water-quality data base, and data from other previous studies were interpreted to clarify the understanding of the saline-waterzone geochemistry.
\nMost of the isotope and geochemical data indicate at least two distinct hydrological and geochemical regimes in the saline-water zone of the Edwards aquifer. On the basis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and radiocarbon data, the shallower updip regime is predominantly meteoric water that has been recharged probably from the freshwater zone within recent geologic time (less than tens of thousands of years). Also, on the basis of hydrogen and oxygen isotope data, water in the hydrologically stagnant regime (downdip) has been thermally altered in reactions with the carbonate rocks of the zone. The deeper water probably is much older than water in the shallow zone and is nearly stagnant relative to that in the shallow zone.
\nThe geochemical grouping observed in the wellwater data from well samples in the saline-water zone indicates that the zone is hydrologically compartmentalized, in part because of faults that function as barriers to downdip flow of recharge water. These fault barriers also probably impede updip flow. Flow compartmentalization and the resulting disparity in geochemistry between the two regimes indicate that updip movement of substantial amounts of saline water toward the freshwater zone is unlikely.
\nEstimated in-place temperature of the samples collected indicates an increase with depth and (or) distance from the downdip limit of freshwater. The pH of the samples decreases with increasing distance from the downdip limit of freshwater, but the decrease is caused partly by the increase in temperature. Dissolved major ions and dissolved solids concentrations all indicate a progressive but monotonic increase in salinity from updip to downdip. The alkalinity of the water samples is predominantly bicarbonate because the low-molecular weight aliphatic-acid anion concentrations are small relative to the bicarbonate concentrations. The dissolved organic carbon concentrations also are lower than expected for an aquifer with economic amounts of oil and gas hydrocarbons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri974133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Edwards Aquifer Authority and San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G.E., and Buszka, P.M., 1997, Hydrogeologic framework and geochemistry of the Edwards aquifer saline-water zone, south-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4133, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974133.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4133.jpg"},{"id":2112,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri97-4133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627cd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, George E.","contributorId":99132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buszka, Paul M. 0000-0001-8218-826X pmbuszka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8218-826X","contributorId":1786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buszka","given":"Paul","email":"pmbuszka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6903,"text":"fs18397 - 1997 - Flood of January 1997 in the Carson River Basin, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T10:22:34","indexId":"fs18397","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"183-97","title":"Flood of January 1997 in the Carson River Basin, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"Northern California and western Nevada were devastated by floods during January 1-3, 1997. Flood waters in the Carson River Basin (fig. 1) contributed to $55 million in projected damages in Douglas County and $19.5 million in Lyon County (Reno Gazette-Journal, 1997). Flooding in Douglas and Lyon Counties was extensive along the levee and irrigation systems, and agricultural land. In Carson City, damage to public facilities was estimated at $6.4 million (Reno Gazette-Journal, 1997).\nIn late December 1996, storms built up a large snowpack (more than 180 percent of normal) in the higher altitudes of the Sierra Nevada (Daniel Greenlee, Natural Resource Conservation Service, oral commun., 1997) and also covered the valleys along the eastern Sierra Nevada. Then, a subtropical storm system originating in the central Pacific Ocean near the Hawaiian Islands brought heavy, unseasonably warm rain to the Sierra Nevada from December 30, 1996, through January 2, 1997. During this period, the Natural Resource Conservation Service recorded 16.4 inches (provisional data; Daniel Greenlee, oral commun., 1997) of precipitation at Ebbetts Pass, Calif. (8,700 feet above sea level), and the National Weather Service recorded 3.5 inches (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center, written commun., 1997) at Minden (4,710 feet above sea level). Rain falling below about 10,000 feet depleted about 20 percent of the high-altitude snowpack and melted about 80 percent of the snowpack below about 7,000 feet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs18397","usgsCitation":"Thomas, K.A., and Williams, R.P., 1997, Flood of January 1997 in the Carson River Basin, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 183-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs18397.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0183-97/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286159,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0183-97/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Carson River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.0,38.75 ], [ -120.0,40.25 ], [ -118.5,40.25 ], [ -118.5,38.75 ], [ -120.0,38.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eee50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Karen A. kathomas@usgs.gov","contributorId":3848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Karen","email":"kathomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Rhea P.","contributorId":87114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Rhea","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23909,"text":"ofr97313 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-148-4528 crossing West Fork of East Fork Whitewater River in Wayne County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T10:59:25","indexId":"ofr97313","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-313","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-148-4528 crossing West Fork of East Fork Whitewater River in Wayne County, Indiana","docAbstract":"Level II scour evaluations follow a process in which hydrologic, hydraulic, and sedient-transport data are evaluated to calculate the depth of scour that may result when given discharge is routed through a bridge opening. the results of the modified Levell II analysis for structure I-70-148-4528 on Interstate 70 crossing West Fork of East Fork Whitewater River in Wayne County, Indiana, are presented. The site is near the city of Richmond in the eastern part of Wayne County. Scour depths were computed with the Water Surface PROfile model, version V050196, which incorporates the scour-calculation procedures outlined in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18. Total scour depths at the piers were approximately 19.8 feet for the modeled discharge of 6,000 cubic feet per second and approximately 26.5 feet for the modeled discharge of 7,900 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97313","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., Robinson, B., and Voelker, D.C., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-148-4528 crossing West Fork of East Fork Whitewater River in Wayne County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-313, iv, 18 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97313.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0313/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53113,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0313/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Wayne","city":"Richmond","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.8131,40.006],[-84.8136,39.9502],[-84.8138,39.9169],[-84.8146,39.7267],[-84.9708,39.7269],[-84.9701,39.7291],[-85.0347,39.729],[-85.0344,39.7145],[-85.1851,39.7152],[-85.1837,39.7891],[-85.2214,39.7895],[-85.2205,39.8748],[-85.2133,39.8751],[-85.2013,39.875],[-85.2014,40.0042],[-84.8952,40.0061],[-84.8603,40.0066],[-84.8131,40.006]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Wayne\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6993b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29305,"text":"wri974114 - 1997 - Digital simulation of ground-water flow in the Warwick Aquifer, Fort Totten Indian Reservation, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T16:01:32","indexId":"wri974114","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4114","title":"Digital simulation of ground-water flow in the Warwick Aquifer, Fort Totten Indian Reservation, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The demand for water from the Warwick aquifer, which underlies the Fort Totten Indian Reservation in northeastern North Dakota, has been increasing during recent years. Therefore, the Spirit Lake Sioux Nation is interested in resolving questions about the quantity and quality of water in the aquifer and in developing a water-management plan for future water use. A study was conducted to evaluate the surface-water and ground-water resources of the Fort Totten Indian Reservation and, in particular, the ground-water resources in the area of the Warwick aquifer. A major component of the study, addressed by this report, was to define the ground-water flow system of the aquifer.
The Warwick aquifer consists of outwash deposits of the Warwick outwash plain that are as much as 30 feet thick and buried-valley deposits beneath the outwash plain that are as much as 200 feet thick. The aquifer is bounded on the north and west by end-moraine deposits and Devils Lake, on the south by the Sheyenne River Valley, and on the east by outwash deposits and ravines. The aquifer is underlain by Pierre Shale or by glacial till, clay, or silt. Ground-water gradients generally are small and rarely are more than 3 or 4 feet per mile. From 1982 to 1993, withdrawals from the Devils Lake well field averaged 1.5 cubic feet per second, and withdrawals from irrigation wells averaged 1.29 cubic feet per second. The combined discharge from springs may be about 3 cubic feet per second. During the early 1990s, the Warwick aquifer probably was in a steady-state condition with regard to storage change in the aquifer.
A finite-difference, three-dimensional, ground-water flow model provided a reasonable simulation of ground-water flow in the Warwick aquifer. The aquifer was divided vertically into two layers and horizontally into a grid of 83 by 109 cells, each measuring 656 feet (200 meters) per side. The steady-state simulation was conducted using 1992 pumpage rates and October 1992 water levels. The mean absolute difference between simulated and derived water-level altitudes during final calibration of the model was 1.52 feet. The two transient simulations were conducted for 20 time intervals of 1 year each using both the small and large storage estimates, doubled 1992 pumpage from the Devils Lake well field, 1992 irrigation pumpage, and initial water-level altitudes simulated by the October 1992 steady-state simulation. In the simulation using the small storage estimate and doubled pumpage, model cells in the area of the well field went dry after 13 years.
Assumptions made in the design of the model generally are supported by the digital simulation. Except in the area of Warwick Springs and smaller springs, lateral and basal boundaries of the aquifer are impermeable. The flow system is dominated by recharge and evapotranspiration. Recharge rates obtained during the calibration process were lower in topographically high areas than in topographically low areas. Hydraulic conductivity in the area of the Devils Lake well field was larger than that in the rest of the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974114","usgsCitation":"Reed, T., 1997, Digital simulation of ground-water flow in the Warwick Aquifer, Fort Totten Indian Reservation, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4114, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974114.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4114/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58153,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6588f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Thomas B.","contributorId":76704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Thomas B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30379,"text":"wri974129 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic evaluation of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the southwestern Albany area, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T09:36:23","indexId":"wri974129","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4129","title":"Hydrogeologic evaluation of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the southwestern Albany area, Georgia","docAbstract":"A cooperative study by the Albany Water, Gas, and Light Commission and the U.S. Geological Survey was conducted to evaluate the hydrogeology of the Upper Floridan aquifer in an area southwest of Albany and west of the Flint River in Dougherty County, Ga. The study area lies in the Dougherty Plain district of the Coastal Plain physiographic province. In this area, the Upper Floridan aquifer is comprised of the upper Eocene Ocala Limestone, confined below by the middle Eocene Lisbon Formation, and semiconfined above by the undifferentiated Quaternary overburden. The overburden ranges in thickness from about 30 to 50 feet and consists of fine to coarse quartz sand, clayey sand, sandy clay, and clay. The Upper Floridan aquifer has been subdivided into an upper water-bearing zone and a lower water-bearing zone based on differences in lithology and yield. In the study area, the upper water-bearing zone generally consists of dense, highly weathered limestone of low permeability and ranges in thickness from 40 to 80 feet. The lower water-bearing zone consists of hard, slightly weathered limestone that exhibits a high degree of secondary permeability that has developed along fractures and joints, and ranges in thickness from about 60 to 80 feet. Borehole geophysical logs and borehole video surveys indicate two areas of high permeability in the lower water-bearing zone-one near the top and one near the base of the zone. \r\n\r\nA wellfield consisting of one production well and five observation-well clusters (one deep, intermediate, and shallow well in each cluster) was constructed for this study. Spinner flowmeter tests were conducted in the production well between the depths of 110 and 140 feet below land surface to determine the relative percentages of water contributed by selected vertical intervals of the lower water-bearing zone. Pumping rates during these tests were 1,080, 2,200, and 3,400 gallons per minute. The results of these pumping tests show that the interval between 118 and 124 feet below land surface contributes a significant percentage of the total yield to the well.\r\n\r\nAn aquifer test was conducted by pumping the production well at a constant rate of 3,300 gallons per minute for about 49 hours. Time-dependent water-level data were collected throughout the pumping and recovery phases of the test in the pumped well and the observation wells. The maximum measured drawdown in the observation wells was about 2.6 ft. At about 0.5 mile from the pumped well, there was little measurable effect from pumping. Water levels increased during the test in wells located within about 3.75 miles of the Flint River (about 0.5 miles east of the pumping well). This water-level increase correlated with a 3.5-feet increase in the stage of the Flint River.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic characteristics of the Upper Floridan aquifer were evaluated using the Hantush-Jacob curve-matching and Jacob straight-line methods. Using the Hantush-Jacob method, values for transmissivity ranged from about 120,000 to 506,000 feet squared per day; values for storage coefficient ranged from 1.4 x 10-4 to 6.3 x 10-4; and values for vertical hydraulic conductivity of the overlying sediments ranged from 4.9 to 6.8 feet per day. Geometric averages for these values of transmissivity, storage coefficient, and vertical hydraulic conductivity were calculated to be 248,000 feet squared per day, 2.7 x 10-4, and 5.5 feet per day, respectively. If a dual porosity aquifer model (fracture flow plus matrix flow) is assumed instead of leakage, and the Jacob straight-line method is used with late time-drawdown data, the calculated transmissivity of the fractures ranged from about 233,000 to 466,000 feet squared per day; and storage coefficient of the fractures plus the matrix ranged from 5.1 x 10-4 to 2.9 x 10-2.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974129","usgsCitation":"Warner, D., 1997, Hydrogeologic evaluation of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the southwestern Albany area, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4129, v, 27 p. : ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974129.","productDescription":"v, 27 p. : ill., maps; 28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4129.jpg"},{"id":2497,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri97-4129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,31 ], [ -86,34 ], [ -82,34 ], [ -82,31 ], [ -86,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, Debbie 0000-0002-5195-6657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-6657","contributorId":104106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Debbie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6177,"text":"pp1583 - 1997 - Bedload and river hydraulics - Inferences from the East Fork River, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T16:31:18","indexId":"pp1583","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1583","title":"Bedload and river hydraulics - Inferences from the East Fork River, Wyoming","docAbstract":"During 1973-79, bedload data were collected in a sophisticated trap on a river of moderate size, the East Fork. The transport rate was measured most days through a full snowmelt season, and the rate was determined separately for eight zones across the channel width. The quantitative data are unique and unlikely to be repeated. Nor need they be, because as a result of this effort a practical bedload sampler was adequately tested against full river measurement.
It was shown that bedload moves sporadically and randomly on the river bed. Therefore, transport rate is highly variable in short periods of time. There is also a wide variance from day to day. Yet, different rivers have transport rates, which are functions of discharge, depth, and sediment size, that are clearly distinct.
Comparison of computed and measured transport rates indicates that a major problem remains: What grain size is representative of the bedload when there is a wide or heterogeneous particle-size distribution? Size of the bedload in motion may be very different from the size of bed material obtained from samples of the streambed.
For general computation, the river channel slope may be averaged, and it may be assumed that water-surface slope does not change materially with changing discharge. Indeed, this generality is correct, in that, compared with depth, velocity, and width, slope is conservative at-a-station. However, in more detail, slope changes importantly with discharge in short reaches of channel, and those changes are very different in pool and riffle.
These local changes in slope are not merely an aspect of a detailed longitudinal profile but involve cross-channel as well as down-channel components. The pool and riffle sequence involves not only undulation of bed elevation and bar formation on alternate sides of the channel, but alternation of the zone of superovulation of the water surface, and changing relation of watersurface slope to discharge. These details can be seen only in the full topography of the water surface.
Riffles fill during high flow and scour at low flow. Changes in local water-surface slope illustrate this process. Pools are a storage zone for sediment in the low-flow season. Even though large volumes of sediment move, the distance moved is not large—in the East Fork River, sand of size 0.5-1 millimeter moved 650 meters during the 1979 snowmelt runoff season.
Bedload transport is greatest over or near bars and not in the deepest part of the channel. Direct observation of the locus of sediment transport indicates that this locus moves from one side of the channel to the other in concert with the occurrence of alternate bars. Separately, data indicate that at constant stream power, transport rate increases as depth decreases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/pp1583","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Emmett, W.W., 1997, Bedload and river hydraulics - Inferences from the East Fork River, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1583, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1583.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"64","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":33306,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1583/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1583/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"East Fork River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63dc61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmett, William W.","contributorId":68715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23597,"text":"ofr97221 - 1997 - Rainfall and water-level data for a wetland area near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, October 1995 through September 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr97221","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-221","title":"Rainfall and water-level data for a wetland area near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, October 1995 through September 1996","docAbstract":"Rainfall amounts and water levels were collected at a wetland area near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, to assist the Tennessee Department of Transportation with a program of wetland restoration. The site is located along a channelized reach of Big Creek Drainage Canal, east of State Route 240, and near the southern boundary of Naval Support Activity Memphis. Rainfall amounts and water levels for the site were recorded from October 1, 1995 to September 30, 1996. Total rainfall for this period was 47.58 inches. In general, water levels at the wetland were above or near the ground surface during the 6-month period from the first of January through the end of June 1996. For the remainder of the year, water levels generally subsided to several feet below land surface. However, some locations within the wetland were wet or highly saturated year round.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97221","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., 1997, Rainfall and water-level data for a wetland area near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, October 1995 through September 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-221, iii, 26 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97221.","productDescription":"iii, 26 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1646,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr97-221","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63480f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24942,"text":"ofr97259 - 1997 - Preliminary geologic map of the Simi 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-05T20:14:00.312594","indexId":"ofr97259","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-259","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Simi 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"The Simi Quadrangle covers an area of about 62 square miles in southern Ventura County. The Santa Clara River Valley occupies the northwestern corner of the quadrangle. Mountainous terrain of South Mountain and Oak Ridge characterizes the northern and central area. Elevation within the quadrangle ranges from about 250 feet along the arroyo bottoms to over 2200 feet. Steep, highly dissected slopes form much of the boundary of the area. In the southeast, Little Simi Valley, drained by Arroyo Simi/Arroyo Las Posas, separates the southern flank of Oak Ridge from the Las Posas Hills. The Las Posas upland area, a broad elevated region that slopes gently to the south, separates the South Mountain-Oak Ridge highlands from the Las Posas-Camarillo Hills between Little Simi Valley on the east and the Oxnard Plain on the west. This relatively low-lying area is also referred to as the Las Posas Valley. Numerous north-south-trending drainages cut South Mountain and Oak Ridge creating steep narrow canyons on north-facing slopes and wide flat-bottomed canyons with incised streams on south-facing slopes. A network of residential streets and ranch and oilfield roads that traverse the area from U.S. Highway 101 and State Highways 118, 23, and 126 provides access to the area. Current land use includes citrus and avocado orchards, oil well drilling and production, sand and gravel quarries, decorative-rock quarries, cattle grazing, suburban residential development, and golf courses.
\nThe oldest geologic unit mapped in the Simi Quadrangle is the upper Eocene to lower Miocene Sespe Formation. The Sespe Formation consists of alluvial fan and floodplain deposits of interbedded pebble-cobble conglomerate, massive to thick-bedded sandstone, and thin-bedded siltstone and claystone. In the northern part of the map area, Sespe Formation is overlain by and interfingers with the upper Oligocene to lower Miocene Vaqueros Formation that is composed of transitional and marine sandstone, siltstone, and claystone with local sandy coquina beds. In the Las Posas Hills, Sespe Formation is unconformably overlain by marine sandstones of the middle Miocene Topanga Group that are interlayered with and intruded by basalt flows, breccia, and diabase dikes of the Conejo Volcanics.
\nDeep-marine strata of the upper Miocene Modelo Formation cover the Vaqueros Formation and Topanga Group along the crests and southern flanks of South Mountain and Oak Ridge. They also occur as isolated outcrops in the Las Posas Hills. Locally, Modelo Formation consists of interbedded diatomaceous shale, claystone, mudstone, and siltstone with minor sandstone, limestone, chert, and tuff beds.
\nThe most widely exposed rock units in the area are the Plio-Pleistocene marine and non-marine Pico and Saugus Formations that crop out on the southern flank of South Mountain-Oak Ridge. Locally, the Pico Formation consists of marine siltstone and silty shale with minor sandstone and pebbly sandstone. The Saugus Formation overlies and interfingers with the Pico Formation and is composed of interbedded shallow-marine to brackish water sandstone, siltstone, pebble-to-cobble conglomerate, and coquina beds that grade laterally and vertically into non-marine sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate. A local member of the Saugus Formation is exposed in the southwest corner of the map area. It is predominantly a volcanic breccia conglomerate that resembles the Conejo Volcanics breccia, but is believed to represent remnants of landslide debris shed from the Conejo Volcanics into a local trough during Saugus time.
\nQuaternary surficial deposits cover the floor and margins of the Little Simi Valley, Santa Clara River Valley in the north, and Arroyo Las Posas in the south, and extend up into the larger canyons that drain South Mountain and Oak Ridge. Extensive surficial deposits are also present in the Las Posas upland area in the southwest. These upper Pleistocene to Holocene sediments consist of older and younger alluvial fan and valley deposits, colluvium, active alluvial fans, and active stream deposits. Pleistocene- to Holocene-age landslide deposits are widespread throughout the Simi Quadrangle, especially in the finer grained Tertiary sedimentary units where bedding planes are dip slopes. In addition, massive slumps are present in the Sespe and Vaqueros Formations on anti-dip slopes.
\nSeismic and well data from the San Fernando Valley (SFV) document evolution of that region from mid-Miocene rifting to north-south contraction. Formations in the western SFV subsurface (Cretaceous to Paleogene strata, and Miocene Topanga and Modelo Formations) trace southward to outcrops in the Santa Monica Mountains that constrain faulting along the valley's south basin edge. Cretaceous strata in the Simi Uplift to the west are over 2 km higher than equivalent strata beneath the western SFV across a boundary marked by the Chatsworth Reservoir fault, and Neogene thinning and offlap.
\nThe Simi fault, located at the eastern end of the Simi-Santa Rosa fault system, bounds the northern margins of the Simi and Tierra Rejada Valleys. West of Simi Valley, the Simi fault has placed Miocene Conejo Volcanics over Plio-Pleistocene Saugus Formation rocks. The 15.5 ± 0.8 m.y.a. base of the Conejo Volcanics, identified in oil well logs, is inferred to have a dip-slip separation of about 425 to 550 m, suggesting a low long-term slip rate of about 0.03 mm/yr. However, substantial late Quaternary offset is suggested by the presence of more than 150 m of Pleistocene and younger alluvium that fills the east-west trending, down-dropped bedrock trough beneath western Simi Valley. In addition, trenching within faulted colluvial deposits in Tierra Rejada Valley has revealed evidence of multiple shears within Holocene (?) deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97259","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., and Campbell, R.H., 1997, Preliminary geologic map of the Simi 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-259, Report: 11 p.; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97259.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; Readme","numberOfPages":"11","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391444,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22983.htm"},{"id":53909,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1915,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":286257,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/si-topo.e00.gz"},{"id":286256,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/si-wells.e00.gz"},{"id":286255,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/si-strc.e00.gz"},{"id":286254,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/si-geol.e00.gz"},{"id":286251,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/simi.txt"},{"id":286253,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/simi.tar.gz"},{"id":286252,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/simi.ps"},{"id":157559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0259/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Ventura County","otherGeospatial":"Simi 7.5' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.875,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.875,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.875,\n 34.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67abf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, R. H.","contributorId":52160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25455,"text":"wri964280 - 1997 - Distribution of fish, benthic invertebrate, and algal communities in relation to physical and chemical conditions, Yakima River basin, Washington, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T22:34:37.504708","indexId":"wri964280","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4280","title":"Distribution of fish, benthic invertebrate, and algal communities in relation to physical and chemical conditions, Yakima River basin, Washington, 1990","docAbstract":"Biological investigations were conducted in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, in conjunction with a pilot study for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Ecological surveys were conducted at 25 sites in 1990 to (1) assess water-quality conditions based on fish, benthic invertebrate, and algal communities; (2) determine the hydrologic, habitat, and chemical factors that affect the distributions of these organisms; and (3) relate physical and chemical conditions to water quality. Results of these investigations showed that land uses and other associated human activities influenced the biological characteristics of streams and rivers and overall water-quality conditions.
Fish communities of headwater streams in the Cascades and Eastern Cascades ecoregions of the Yakima River Basin were primarily composed of salmonids and sculpins, with cyprinids dominating in the rest of the basin. The most common of the 33 fish taxa collected were speckled dace, rainbow trout, and Paiute sculpin. The highest number of taxa (193) was found among the inverte- brates. Insects, particularly sensitive forms such as mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies (EPT--Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera fauna), formed the majority of the invertebrate communities of the Cascades and Eastern Cascades ecoregions. Diatoms dominated algal communities throughout the basin; 134 algal taxa were found on submerged rocks, but other stream microhabitats were not sampled as part of the study. Sensitive red algae and diatoms were predominant in the Cascades and Eastern Cascades ecoregions, whereas the abundance of eutrophic diatoms and green algae was large in the Columbia Basin ecoregion of the Yakima River Basin.
Ordination of physical, chemical, and biological site characteristics indicated that elevation was the dominant factor accounting for the distribution of biota in the Yakima River Basin; agricultural intensity and stream size were of secondary importance. Ordination identified three site groups and three community types. Site groups consisted of (1) small streams of the Cascades and Eastern Cascades ecoregions, (2) small streams of the Columbia Basin ecoregions, and (3) large rivers of the Cascades and Columbia Basin ecoregions. The small streams of the Columbia Basin could be further subdivided into two groups--one where agricultural intensity was low and one where agricultural intensity was moderate to high. Dividing the basin into these three groups removed much of the influence of elevation and facilitated the analysis of land-use effects. Community types identified by ordination were (1) high elevation, cold-water communities associated with low agricultural intensity; (2) lower elevation, warm-water communities associated with low agricultural intensity, and (3) lower elevation, warm-water communities associated with moderate to high agricultural intensity.
Multimetric community condition indices indicated that sites in the Cascades and Eastern Cascades site group were largely unimpaired. In contrast, all but two sites in the Columbia Basin site group were impaired, some severely. Agriculture (nutrients and pesticides) was the primary factor responsible for this impairment, and all impaired sites were characterized by multiple indicators of impairment. Three sites (Granger Drain, Moxee Drain, and Spring Creek) had high levels of impairment. Sites in the large-river site group were moderately to severely impaired downstream from the city of Yakima. High levels of impairment at large-river sites corresponded with high levels of pesticides in fish tissues and the occurrence of external anomalies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964280","usgsCitation":"Cuffney, T., Meador, M.R., Porter, S.D., and Gurtz, M., 1997, Distribution of fish, benthic invertebrate, and algal communities in relation to physical and chemical conditions, Yakima River basin, Washington, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4280, viii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964280.","productDescription":"viii, 94 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411459,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48606.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4280/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.25384405943124,\n 47.60448949128079\n ],\n [\n -121.25384405943124,\n 46.55396467424251\n ],\n [\n -119.69064218524818,\n 46.55396467424251\n ],\n [\n -119.69064218524818,\n 47.60448949128079\n ],\n [\n -121.25384405943124,\n 47.60448949128079\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648600","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuffney, T. F.","contributorId":108134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"T. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porter, S. D.","contributorId":8882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gurtz, M. E.","contributorId":29841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"M. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24362,"text":"ofr97309 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-69-5185 crossing East Fork White Lick Creek in Hendricks County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T14:04:47","indexId":"ofr97309","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-309","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-69-5185 crossing East Fork White Lick Creek in Hendricks County, Indiana","docAbstract":"Level II scour evaluations follow a process in which hydrologic, hydraulic, and sediment transport data are evaluated to calculate the depth of scour that may result when a given discharge is routed through a bridge opening. The results of the modified Level II analysis for structure 1-70-69-5185 on Interstate 70 crossing East Fork White Lick Creek in Hendricks County, Indiana, are presented. The site is near the town of Camby and is in the southeastern part of Hendricks County. Scour depths were computed with the Water Surface PROfile model, version V050196, which incorporates the scour-calculation procedures outlined in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18. Total scour depths at the piers were approximately 12.0 feet for the modeled discharge of 5,720 cubic feet per second and approximately 13.8 feet for the modeled discharge of 7,360 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97309","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, B., Voelker, D.C., and Miller, R.L., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-69-5185 crossing East Fork White Lick Creek in Hendricks County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-309, iv, 23 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97309.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0309/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53460,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0309/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Hendricks County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-86.3267,39.9238],[-86.325,39.8662],[-86.328,39.8662],[-86.3281,39.8526],[-86.3268,39.6318],[-86.4648,39.6297],[-86.4642,39.6006],[-86.574,39.6002],[-86.6546,39.6001],[-86.6522,39.6087],[-86.6463,39.6128],[-86.6403,39.6201],[-86.6404,39.6305],[-86.6654,39.6305],[-86.6858,39.63],[-86.6853,39.6884],[-86.6849,39.7773],[-86.6845,39.8648],[-86.6929,39.8643],[-86.6937,39.9228],[-86.3267,39.9238]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hendricks\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6890cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24358,"text":"ofr97307 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-69-87-4781 crossing Wabash River in Huntington County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-12T13:44:51","indexId":"ofr97307","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-307","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-69-87-4781 crossing Wabash River in Huntington County, Indiana","docAbstract":"Level II scour evaluations follow a process in which hydrologic, hydraulic, and sediment transport data are evaluated to calculate the depth of scour that may result when a given discharge is routed through a bridge opening. The results of the modified Level II analysis for structure 1-69-87-4781 on Interstate 69 crossing Wabash River in Huntington County, Indiana, are presented. The site is near the town of Markle in the eastern part of Huntington County. Scour depths were computed with the Water Surface PROfile model, version V050196, which incorporates the scour-calculation procedures outlined in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18. Total scour depths at the piers were approximately 13.1 feet for the modeled discharge of 10,600 cubic feet per second and approximately 14.6 feet for the modeled discharge of 17,000 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97307","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, B., Voelker, D.C., and Miller, R.L., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-69-87-4781 crossing Wabash River in Huntington County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-307, iv, 23 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97307.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0307/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53456,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0307/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Huntington County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65db19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5745,"text":"pp1422D - 1997 - Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5745,"text":"pp1422D - 1997 - Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States","indexId":"pp1422D","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70189801,"text":"pp1422 - 2004 - Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont","indexId":"pp1422","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70189801,"text":"pp1422 - 2004 - Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont","indexId":"pp1422","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T13:06:43","indexId":"pp1422D","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1422","chapter":"D","title":"Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States","docAbstract":"Chemical quality of ground water, spring water, and surface water differs substantially among the three physiographic provinces. Maps showing regional variations for 18 water properties and constituents are included in this Regional Aquifer System Analysis study report. Systematic variations in water quality are due to differences in geologic and hydrologic factors that include the dominant lithology, the availability of soluble minerals, and the degree of exposure of water to rock. Most ground water in the study area is low in concentrations of dissolved minerals, is moderately hard, and is slightly acidic. Spring water is generally harder than ground water and is slightly alkaline; whereas, surface water is softer than the ground water and is also slightly alkaline.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1422D","usgsCitation":"Briel, L.I., 1997, Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1422, Report: viii, 115 p.; Plate: 22.50 x 28.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1422D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 115 p.; Plate: 22.50 x 28.00 inches","startPage":"D1","endPage":"D115","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":32322,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422d/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.98 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":32323,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422d/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":110639,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76352.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"76352"},{"id":122544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -75.0146484375,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -75.34423828125,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -75.87158203125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -76.75048828125,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -78.24462890625,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -80.04638671875,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 39.07890809706475\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -84.48486328124999,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -86.15478515625,\n 36.2265501474709\n ],\n [\n -87.07763671875,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -87.73681640625,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -87.20947265625,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n -86.33056640625,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -84.287109375,\n 33.44977658311846\n ],\n [\n -81.93603515625,\n 34.415973384481866\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 35.62158189955968\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -77.62939453125,\n 38.25543637637947\n ],\n [\n -76.79443359375,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -75.78369140625,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -75.3662109375,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -74.68505859374999,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -74.15771484375,\n 40.66397287638688\n ],\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 41.04621681452063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48f3e4b07f02db55aa83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briel, L. I.","contributorId":7265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briel","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1281,"text":"wsp2468 - 1997 - Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T21:13:10.775705","indexId":"wsp2468","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2468","title":"Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992","docAbstract":"Available pesticide data (1966-92) for surface and ground water were analyzed for the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California, one of 60 large hydrologic systems being studied as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Most of the pesticide data were for the San Joaquin Valley, one of the most intensively farmed and irrigated areas of the United States. Data were obtained from the Storage and Retrieval data base of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the water-quality data base of the U.S. Geological Survey, and from data files of State agencies.
Pesticides detected in surface water include organochlorine pesticides, organophosphate pesticides, carbamate pesticides, and triazine herbicides. Pesticides detected in ground water include triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides and soil fumi gants. Surface-water data indicate seasonal patterns for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, which are attributed to their use on almond orchards and alfafa fields. Organochlorine pesticides were detected primarily in river-bed sediments. Concentrations detected in bed sediments of the San Joaquin River near Vernalis are among the highest of any major river system in the United States. Patterns and timing of pesticide use indicate that pesticides might be present in surface-water systems during most months of a year.
The most commonly detected pesticide in ground water is the soil fumigant, dibromochloropropane. Dibromochloropropane, used primarily on vineyards and orchards, was detected in ground water near the city of Fresno. Triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides were detected near vineyards and orchards in the same general locations as the detections of dibromochloropropane. Pesticides were detected in ground water of the east side of the valley floor, where the soils are sandy or coarsegrained, and water-soluble pesticides with long environmental half-lives were used. In contrast, fewer pesticides were detected in ground water of the west side of the valley, where soils generally are finer grained.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2468","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., 1997, Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2468, viii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2468.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wsp_2468.bmp"},{"id":414262,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25566.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14632,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2468/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin-Tulare basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.4,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.783\n ],\n [\n -121.4,\n 38.783\n ],\n [\n -121.4,\n 34.825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21839,"text":"ofr9655 - 1997 - Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States; southern Atlantic margin, stratigraphy and velocity in map grids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T13:34:47","indexId":"ofr9655","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-55","title":"Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States; southern Atlantic margin, stratigraphy and velocity in map grids","docAbstract":"In 1990, the Naval Oceanographic Office and the U.S. Geological Survey agreed to develop a digital data base of stratigraphy and acoustic properties of sediments along the U.S. East Coast of the United States. The objective of this work was to utilize more than 25,000 km of publicly available multichannel seismic-reflection profiles (Sheridan et al., 1988) in order to assign acoustic properties to the continental margin postrift sediments in an internally consistent, geologically meaningful, regionally extensive, digital form. The acoustic properties of interest include thickness, depth, compressional- and shear-wave velocity, compressional- and shear-wave attenuation, density, and lithology. This data base subdivides the 0- to 14-km thick Jurassic and younger postrift deposits into 18 mappable horizons. The spatial scale of gridding is 5' latitude by 5 ' longitude, or about 9x8 km.
This report describes the second part of developing the data base for the continental margin between Florida and Cape Hatteras: spatial gridding of the digital stratigraphic and velocity data, derivative calculations of density, shear-wave velocity, and attenuation, and construction of the final data base. The first report (Hutchinson et al., 1995) describes how the stratigraphy and velocity were digitized from the original profiles. Complementary reports that describe the data base for the area between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank are given in Klitgord and Schneider (1994) and Klitgord et al. (1994).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9655","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Poag, C.W., Johnson, A.H., Popenoe, P., and Wright, C., 1997, Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States; southern Atlantic margin, stratigraphy and velocity in map grids: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-55, ii, 165 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9655.","productDescription":"ii, 165 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51325,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0055/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"53.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":153619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 26\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Aaron H.","contributorId":46971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Popenoe, Peter","contributorId":62206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wright, C.","contributorId":69589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":28377,"text":"wri974029 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of confined aquifers in buried valleys in Rock County, Minnesota and Minnehaha County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:12:50","indexId":"wri974029","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4029","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of confined aquifers in buried valleys in Rock County, Minnesota and Minnehaha County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Confined glacial and bedrock aquifers are present within Quaternary and Cretaceous deposits that fill buried valleys incised in the Sioux Quartzite surface in Rock County, in southwestern Minnesota and Minnehaha County, South Dakota. This report describes the areal extent, thickness, water-bearing characteristics, water-supply potential, and water-quality characteristics of confined aquifers within buriedvalley deposits in Rock County.
\nHydrogeologic units present within buried-valley deposits in Rock County include unconfined and confined drift aquifers, undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifers, the Split Rock Creek aquifer, and interbedded confining units. The undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifers consist of sandstone layers within interbedded claystone and siltstone overlying the Split Rock Creek Formation or Sioux Quartzite. The Split Rock Creek Formation consisting of sand units (comprising the Split Rock Creek aquifer) and interbedded layers of siltstone and claystone, is present in buried valleys incised in the Sioux Quartzite surface in southern and possibly northeastern Rock County, Minnesota.
\nConfined drift aquifers with thicknesses greater than 5 feet were penetrated in 6 of 10 test holes. Thicknesses of the confined drift aquifers in Rock County range from at least 2 to greater than 32 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity for a confined drift aquifer derived from specific-capacity information from one domestic well log was 73 feet per day.
\nNo major (thickness greater than 5 feet) undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifers were penetrated in 10 test holes. Thicknesses of the undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifers compiled from the geologic logs for four domestic wells ranged from at least 7 feet to greater than 46 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity for an undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifer derived from specific-capacity information from one domestic well log was 55 feet per day.
\nCumulative sand thicknesses for the Split Rock Creek aquifer in 10 test holes ranged from zero to 128.5 feet in 2 to 6 layers. The largest cumulative sand thicknesses were penetrated near the southern margin of the Sioux Quartzite high in northern Rock County and in an east-west trending buried valley (Brandon Embayment) entering Rock County from Minnehaha County, South Dakota. These comparatively large cumulative sand thicknesses are probably due to a high-energy depositional environment.
\nEstimated horizontal hydraulic conductivities for the Split Rock Creek aquifer in Rock County derived from analysis of three slug tests were 0.1, 0.2, and 1 foot per day. The corresponding aquifer transmissivities, calculated as the horizontal hydraulic conductivity multiplied by the cumulative sand thickness, were 3, 16, and 130 feet squared per day. The greatest horizontal hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity estimates were for a site near the southern margin of the Sioux Quartzite high. The watersupply potential of the Split Rock Creek aquifer in Rock County is generally limited by the low transmissivity of the aquifer due to the fineness of the aquifer material (generally very fine- to fine-grained sand).
\nRecharge to the Split Rock Creek aquifer is thought to be derived primarily from hydraulic connection to the Sioux Quartzite aquifer as infiltration of precipitation moves through the fractures and joints of the Sioux Quartzite to the Split Rock Creek aquifer. The regional directions of flow in the aquifer are to the south away from the Sioux Quartzite high and to the west in the Brandon Embayment in Minnehaha County and its east-west trending extension into Rock County.
\nThe predominant ions in water from two wells screened in confined drift aquifers in Rock County were calcium and bicarbonate and in water from a third well were calcium and sulfate. The predominant ions in water from one well screened in an undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifer in Rock County were calcium and bicarbonate and in water from a second well were calcium and sulfate. The predominant ions in water from two wells screened in the Split Rock Creek aquifer in Rock County were calcium and bicarbonate and in water from a third well were calcium and sulfate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1997, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of confined aquifers in buried valleys in Rock County, Minnesota and Minnehaha County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4029, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974029.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57179,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4029/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, South Dakota","county":"Minnehaha County, Rock County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.053,43.8525],[-96.0526,43.5028],[-96.0841,43.5027],[-96.4541,43.5026],[-96.5974,43.5021],[-96.6133,43.5014],[-96.9235,43.5002],[-97.1293,43.5002],[-97.1286,43.8496],[-96.8899,43.8501],[-96.77,43.8486],[-96.6463,43.8482],[-96.5307,43.848],[-96.454,43.8502],[-96.4532,43.8502],[-96.4532,43.8515],[-96.0657,43.8527],[-96.053,43.8525]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Rock\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29449,"text":"wri974085 - 1997 - Nitrate and pesticides in surficial aquifers and trophic state and phosphorus sources for selected lakes, eastern Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota, 1993-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:23:09","indexId":"wri974085","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4085","title":"Nitrate and pesticides in surficial aquifers and trophic state and phosphorus sources for selected lakes, eastern Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota, 1993-96","docAbstract":"Nitrate concentrations (as nitrogen) were analyzed in water from 73 wells completed in surficial aquifers. Water from about one-third of the wells had concentrations greater than 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter), the regulatory limit for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Nitrate concentrations: (1) were greater in water from wells in agricultural settings than in nonagricultural settings; (2) were not greater in water from shallow wells (25 feet deep or less) in settings with rapid soil permeability than with moderate soil permeability, probably because the effects of permeability were offset by the effects of land use and well depth; and (3) were greater in water from shallow wells (25 feet deep or less) than from deep wells (greater than 25 feet deep).
\nTriazine herbicides were detected in water from 23 of the 73 sampled wells by immunoassay tests. Most of these wells are in agricultural settings. Ten pesticides, which included seven triazine herbicide compounds, were detected in water from 19 of 25 wells analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Atrazine and deethylatrazine, a degradation product of atrazine, were detected in water from 18 and 16 wells, respectively. None of the detected pesticides had concentrations that exceeded their respective regulatory limits for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
\nFour lakes in the Otter Tail River Basin, which in downstream order are Little Pine, Big Pine, Rush, and Otter Tail Lakes, ranged in trophic state from upper oligotrophic to lower eutrophic. The Secchi disk transparencies were 4.0 to 7.4 feet, chlorophyll a concentrations (epilimnetic) were 4.4 to 28 micrograms per liter, and total phosphorus concentrations (epilimnetic) were less than 0.010 to 0.022 mg/L (except one concentration of 0.060 mg/L). The trophic state of these lakes may have become less eutrophic from upstream to downstream lakes.
\nMajor external sources of phosphorus to Big Pine Lake were the Otter Tail and Toad Rivers. The phosphorus load from these two streams during March 16, 1995, to March 15, 1996 was 10,400 pounds. The phosphorus load from the Toad River (5,730 pounds) was greater than from the Otter Tail River (4,670 pounds) even though streamflow from the Toad River was about 70 percent less than the Otter Tail River. Phosphorus removal from Big Pine Lake through the Otter Tail River outlet during the 1-year period was 8,460 pounds. The total annual accumulation of phosphorus, which includes an estimated 700 pounds from ground-water discharge, was 2,640 pounds. The accumulated phosphorus probably was utilized by phytoplankton or was absorbed by nonliving particulate matter that eventually settled into bottom sediments.
\nBottom sediments were an internal source of phosphorus to Little Pine and Big Pine Lakes. Increased total phosphorus concentrations (hypolimnetic) of 0.037 to 0.120 mg/L at depth during August 9-10, 1995, indicated phosphorus release from bottom sediments. The increased phosphorus probably was associated with anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion during summer stratification.
\nPhosphorus at depth in Little Pine and Big Pine Lakes was mostly orthophosphate. During the fall turnover of the lakes, this orthophosphate may have circulated to near the lake surface and became an available nutrient for phytoplankton during the following growing season. The internal phosphorus load to Little Pine Lake may have been important because about three-fourths of the lake probably became stratified and anoxic in the hypolimnion. The internal phosphorus load to Big Pine Lake may not have been important because only a small portion of the lake became stratified and anoxic at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the East Otter Tail Soil and Water Conservation District and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1997, Nitrate and pesticides in surficial aquifers and trophic state and phosphorus sources for selected lakes, eastern Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota, 1993-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4085, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974085.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58294,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4085/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96,\n 46.75\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 46.1\n ],\n [\n -95.125,\n 46.1\n ],\n [\n -95.125,\n 46.75\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 46.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6973ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28375,"text":"wri974015 - 1997 - Hydraulic properties and ground-water flow in the St Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester area, southeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-10T21:40:10.607162","indexId":"wri974015","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4015","title":"Hydraulic properties and ground-water flow in the St Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester area, southeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"The hydraulic properties were updated and their effects on ground-water flow in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the Rochester area in southeastern Minnesota were evaluated, using new information compiled since a study by Delin (1990). Since 1988, new information on the hydrogeology of the ground-water system in the Rochester area has become available from well-drilling and construction activity associated with Rochester's rapid growth. The St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer consists of the St. Peter Sandstone, the Prairie du Chien Group (limestones and dolomites), and the Jordan Sandstone. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were determined from 15 aquifer tests and specific-capacity information compiled for 310 wells. A 140-square-mile area of the aquifer bounded on the west, south, and east by a ground-water divide contributes water to the Rochester, Minnesota, municipal wells.
\nTransmissivities for the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the study area range from less than 5,000 square feet per day (ft2/d) to greater than 20,000 ft2/d. Transmissivities greater than 20,000 ft2/d occur in the west-central, northwestern, and east-central parts of the study area. Transmissivities of less than 5,000 ft2/d occur in the northern, northeastern, central, and southern parts of the study area. The areas of greatest potential well yield coincide with areas of greatest transmissivity.
\nDelin (1990) developed a ground-water-flow model to simulate flow of ground water in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the Rochester area. The 1988 Rochester model was rerun using revised horizontal hydraulic conductivity arrays in the model, based on the transmissivity distribution determined for this study. The results of the simulations using horizontal hydraulic conductivities based on the transmissivity distribution determined for this study may indicate that transmissivity values derived from specific-capacity information generally are too high. The transmissivity distribution determined for this study, however, is valid as an indicator of the spatial variability of the relative magnitude of transmissivity and potential well yield for the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the study area.
\nWater-level changes in wells from January through February 1988 to February through March 1995 ranged from -6.8 to +15.3 feet. Water-level changes in 12 Rochester municipal wells for the same period ranged from -7.4 to +8.0 feet. Water levels in wells generally rose in the northern and eastern parts of the study area and generally declined in the southwestern and western parts. Near Rochester, water levels in wells generally declined near the city boundaries and showed little change or rose in the central part of the city. Water-level changes from 1988 to 1995 near the ground-water divide generally were less than 2 feet, resulting in no appreciable changes in the location of the divide.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974015","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Rochester and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1997, Hydraulic properties and ground-water flow in the St Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester area, southeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4015, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974015.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424288,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48647.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57177,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Olmsted County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.5516,44.1972],[-92.3189,44.1954],[-92.3178,44.1101],[-92.0803,44.1087],[-92.0806,43.8508],[-92.4498,43.8507],[-92.4507,43.8361],[-92.6891,43.8368],[-92.6889,43.8514],[-92.6775,43.8518],[-92.6804,44.1972],[-92.5516,44.1972]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Olmsted\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a114","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231233,"text":"70231233 - 1997 - Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey; road log and description of field stops, Sunday June 1, 1997","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231233,"text":"70231233 - 1997 - Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey; road log and description of field stops, Sunday June 1, 1997","indexId":"70231233","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey; road log and description of field stops, Sunday June 1, 1997"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231230,"text":"70231230 - 1997 - Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference","indexId":"70231230","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231230,"text":"70231230 - 1997 - Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference","indexId":"70231230","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-03T16:50:14.037302","indexId":"70231233","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T11:45:56","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey; road log and description of field stops, Sunday June 1, 1997","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"60th annual reunion of the Northeastern Friends of the Pleistocene","conferenceDate":"May 30- Jun 1, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Ledgewood, NJ","language":"English","publisher":"University of Maine, Climate Change Institute, Northeastern Friends of the Pleistocene","usgsCitation":"Witte, R.W., Epstein, J.B., and Wright, J., 1997, Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey; road log and description of field stops, Sunday June 1, 1997, in Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference, Ledgewood, NJ, May 30- Jun 1, 1997, p. 7.1-7.23.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"7.1","endPage":"7.23","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400078,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www2.newpaltz.edu/fop/guides.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.2401123046875,\n 40.48455955508278\n ],\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 40.61812224225511\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -74.674072265625,\n 41.36444153054222\n ],\n [\n -75.1629638671875,\n 40.9840449469281\n ],\n [\n -75.047607421875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -75.1904296875,\n 40.72644570551446\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -74.2401123046875,\n 40.48455955508278\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witte, Ron W.","contributorId":28284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witte","given":"Ron","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, John","contributorId":291341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70231230,"text":"70231230 - 1997 - Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231233,"text":"70231233 - 1997 - Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey; road log and description of field stops, Sunday June 1, 1997","indexId":"70231233","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey; road log and description of field stops, Sunday June 1, 1997"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231230,"text":"70231230 - 1997 - Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference","indexId":"70231230","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-03T16:51:15.689802","indexId":"70231230","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T11:37:34","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"60th annual reunion of the Northeastern Friends of the Pleistocene","conferenceDate":"May 30- Jun 1, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Ledgewood, NJ","language":"English","publisher":"University of Maine, Climate Change Institute, Northeastern Friends of the Pleistocene","usgsCitation":"Witte, R.W., Ashley, G.M., Epstein, J.B., Shaw, R.K., Wright, J., and Stanford, S.D., 1997, Pliocene-Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: Guidebook - Annual reunion of the northeastern friends of the Pleistocene field conference, 87 p.","productDescription":"87 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www2.newpaltz.edu/fop/guides.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.2401123046875,\n 40.48455955508278\n ],\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 40.61812224225511\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -74.674072265625,\n 41.36444153054222\n ],\n [\n -75.1629638671875,\n 40.9840449469281\n ],\n [\n -75.047607421875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -75.1904296875,\n 40.72644570551446\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -74.2401123046875,\n 40.48455955508278\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witte, Ron W.","contributorId":28284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witte","given":"Ron","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ashley, Gail M.","contributorId":291339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ashley","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaw, Richard K.","contributorId":291340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaw","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wright, John","contributorId":291341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stanford, Scott D.","contributorId":35822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70209720,"text":"70209720 - 1997 - Effects of El Nino on streamflow, lake level, and landslide potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-22T16:04:24.95412","indexId":"70209720","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T10:52:02","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"displayTitle":"Effects of El Niño on streamflow, lake level, and landslide potential","title":"Effects of El Nino on streamflow, lake level, and landslide potential","docAbstract":"One of the most important sources of year-to-year climate variation in the Southwest is the El Niño phenomenon of the tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño is a natural but largely unpredictable condition that results from complex interplay among clouds and storms, regional winds, oceanic temperatures, and ocean currents along the equatorial Pacific.
Under \"normal\" conditions, the tropical trade winds blow from east to west,
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of normal and El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean. From NOAA El Niño website.
ponding up warm water in the western Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, the trade winds pull up cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters along the equator from the Ecuadorian coast to the central Pacific. The warmth of the western Pacific results in a particularly vigorous hydrologic cycle there with towering cumulus clouds and tropical storms that \"radiate\" atmospheric waves and disturbances across vast regions of the globe. Heat and moisture lofted into the upper atmosphere by the clouds and storms are distributed by high-altitude winds across vast regions of the globe.
During an El Niño, this situation is disrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and allowing the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America. As the central and eastern Pacific warms, atmospheric pressure gradients along the equator weaken, and the trade winds diminish even more.
These changes in sea-level pressure of the atmosphere are characteristic of the strongest El Niño and were identified as the \"Southern Oscillation\" of the global atmosphere by Sir Gilbert Walker in the early decades of this century. A chicken-and-egg relation exists between the changes in ocean temperatures and changes in winds (and atmospheric pressure gradients); the two sets of changes reinforce and drive each other but neither is clearly or universally \"the\" initiator of El Niño. Ocean temperatures and surface winds interact to form the complex process, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The interactions can be set off by subtle changes in one or the other, by buffeting from other parts of the tropics, or from regions beyond the tropics. Such a complex interplay and its uncertain (and variable) origins are the primary limitations on our ability to predict El Niño.
As the waters of the central and eastern Pacific warm, the powerful tropical Pacific storms begin to form farther east than usual (Fig. 1). As the distribution of storms spreads east along the equator, their influence on global weather systems also changes. Most notably, for our purposes, the jet stream over the North Pacific Ocean is invigorated and pulled farther south than normal, where it collects moisture and storms and carries them to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
During an El Niño, the trade winds are too weak to cause upwelling of nutrient-rich waters off the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. Generations of South American fisherman thus have recognized these conditions by the disappearance of their standard catch, commonly during December and January, every three to seven years. Because of the near coincidence in timing between these conditions and Christmas, the fishing communities have called the phenomenon \"El Niño\", for the Christ child. The geologic record suggests that El Niño conditions have been a part of earth's climate for at least several thousand years.
An El Niño event usually lasts for several seasons, and, along with its other effects, represents an interruption of the \"normal\" seasonal cycle of the tropical climate. After a few seasons, and usually during spring time (in the Northern Hemisphere), the seasonal cycle reasserts itself and the tropical ocean cools back to the normal east-to-west sea-surface temperature gradients. Sometimes the warm El Niño events give way to unusually cold sea-surface temperatures and unusually strong trade winds, a condition now called La Niña. On other occasions, La Niñas may begin on their own, without an immediately preceding El Niño. The effects of the El Niño and La Niña on global climate are, in part, mirror images of each other. For example, drought is a common occurrence in the southwestern United States during La Niña, in contrast to the wet years associated with El Niño.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Impact of climate change and land use in the southwestern United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"conferenceTitle":"Impact of Climate Change and Land Use in the Southwestern United States","conferenceDate":"Sep 3-5, 1997","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.L., Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., Stephens, D., Highland, L.M., and Wilson, R.C., 1997, Effects of El Nino on streamflow, lake level, and landslide potential, in Impact of climate change and land use in the southwestern United States, Sep 3-5, 1997, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374199,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":374198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/natural/elnino/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 48.48748647988415\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 34.23451236236987\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -119.21264648437499,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.68530273437501,\n 33.93424531117312\n ],\n [\n -118.54248046874999,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -117.12112426757811,\n 32.534078465469605\n ],\n [\n -116.01974487304688,\n 32.6266533099821\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 32.74570253945518\n ],\n [\n -114.80163574218751,\n 32.505129231918936\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 31.325486676506983\n ],\n [\n -108.2208251953125,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -108.204345703125,\n 31.793555207271424\n ],\n [\n -106.5069580078125,\n 31.793555207271424\n ],\n [\n -106.63330078125,\n 31.872892847840678\n ],\n [\n -106.58935546875,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -103.0682373046875,\n 32.01739159980399\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -102.996826171875,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -102.996826171875,\n 37.01571219880126\n ],\n [\n -106.67724609375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -111.05529785156249,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -116.96044921875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -117.26806640625,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -116.47705078125,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 48.951366470947725\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":149896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel drcayan@usgs.gov","contributorId":149912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephens, Doyle","contributorId":64497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Doyle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Highland, Lynn M. highland@usgs.gov","contributorId":1292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Highland","given":"Lynn","email":"highland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wilson, Raymond C. rwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Raymond","email":"rwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019359,"text":"70019359 - 1997 - Factors influencing wetland use by Canada geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T16:30:08.708002","indexId":"70019359","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing wetland use by Canada geese","docAbstract":"Seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands in eastern South Dakota were surveyed in 1995 and 1996 to identify habitat characteristics influencing wetland use by Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima). Position of a wetland within the landscape and its area were important landscape-scale features influencing wetland use by geese. Our delineation of potential Canada goose habitat using a wetland geographic information system indicated that distribution and area of semi-permanent wetlands likely limit Canada goose occurrence in regions outside the Prairie Coteau. Periodicity in hydrologic cycles within landscapes also may influence goose use of wetlands in eastern South Dakota.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161521","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Naugle, D., Gleason, J., Jenks, J., Higgins, K., Mammenga, P., and Nusser, S., 1997, Factors influencing wetland use by Canada geese: Wetlands, v. 17, no. 4, p. 552-558, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161521.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"552","endPage":"558","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"eastern South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.95137329847168,\n 45.966992799930324\n ],\n [\n -97.95137329847168,\n 42.640560585560195\n ],\n [\n -96.48002556735344,\n 42.640560585560195\n ],\n [\n -96.48002556735344,\n 45.966992799930324\n ],\n [\n -97.95137329847168,\n 45.966992799930324\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ed2e4b0c8380cd53642","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naugle, D.E.","contributorId":85289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naugle","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gleason, J.S.","contributorId":89675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenks, J.A.","contributorId":31726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenks","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Higgins, K.F.","contributorId":55767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mammenga, P.W.","contributorId":37904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mammenga","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nusser, S.M.","contributorId":49302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nusser","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019107,"text":"70019107 - 1997 - Arias intensity assessment of liquefaction test sites on the east side of San Francisco Bay affected by the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of 17 October 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-16T16:45:27.17081","indexId":"70019107","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arias intensity assessment of liquefaction test sites on the east side of San Francisco Bay affected by the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of 17 October 1989","docAbstract":"Uncompacted artificial-fill deposits on the east side of San Francisco Bay suffered severe levels of soil liquefaction during the Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. Damaged areas included maritime-port facilities, office buildings, and shoreline transportation arteries, ranging from 65 to 85 km from the north end of the Loma Prieta rupture zone. Typical of all these sites, which represent occurrences of liquefaction-induced damage farthest from the rupture zone, are low cone penetration test and Standard Penetration Test resistances in zones of cohesionless silty and sandy hydraulic fill, and underlying soft cohesive Holocene and Pleistocene sediment that strongly amplified ground motions. Postearthquake investigations at five study sites using standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests provide a basis for evaluation of the Arias intensity-based methodology for assessment of liquefaction susceptibility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1023/A:1007942325031","issn":"0921030X","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R.E., and Mitchell, J.K., 1997, Arias intensity assessment of liquefaction test sites on the east side of San Francisco Bay affected by the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of 17 October 1989: Natural Hazards, v. 16, no. 2-3, p. 243-265, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007942325031.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"265","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226582,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39067722255336,\n 37.904003796997344\n ],\n [\n -122.30189371323102,\n 37.72005886742059\n ],\n [\n -122.13462701080266,\n 37.53133811683368\n ],\n [\n -122.06570234653842,\n 37.53872456945436\n ],\n [\n -122.31400435750568,\n 37.92688453317267\n ],\n [\n -122.39067722255336,\n 37.904003796997344\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed77e4b0c8380cd49814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, James K.","contributorId":99598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":937410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1243,"text":"wsp2341C - 1997 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the thick regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system of Indian Creek basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T22:32:21.269505","indexId":"wsp2341C","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2341","chapter":"C","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the thick regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system of Indian Creek basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Indian Creek Basin in the southwestern Piedmont of North Carolina is one of five type areas studied as part of the Appalachian Valleys-Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System analysis. Detailed studies of selected type areas were used to quantify ground-water flow characteristics in various conceptual hydrogeologic terranes. The conceptual hydrogeologic terranes are considered representative of ground-water conditions beneath large areas of the three physiographic provinces--Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont--that compose the Appalachian Valleys-Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System Analysis area. The Appalachian Valleys-Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System Analysis study area extends over approximately 142,000 square miles in 11 states and the District of Columbia in the Appalachian highlands of the Eastern United States. The Indian Creek type area is typical of ground-water conditions in a single hydrogeologic terrane that underlies perhaps as much as 40 percent of the Piedmont physiographic province.
The hydrogeologic terrane of the Indian Creek model area is one of massive and foliated crystalline rocks mantled by thick regolith. The area lies almost entirely within the Inner Piedmont geologic belt. Five hydrogeologic units occupy major portions of the model area, but statistical tests on well yields, specific capacities, and other hydrologic characteristics show that the five hydrogeologic units can be treated as one unit for purposes of modeling ground-water flow.
The 146-square-mile Indian Creek model area includes the Indian Creek Basin, which has a surface drainage area of about 69 square miles. The Indian Creek Basin lies in parts of Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston Counties, North Carolina. The larger model area is based on boundary conditions established for digital simulation of ground-water flow within the smaller Indian Creek Basin.
The ground-water flow model of the Indian Creek Basin is based on the U.S. Geological Survey?s modular finite-difference ground-water flow model. The model area is divided into a uniformly spaced grid having 196 rows and 140 columns. The grid spacing is 500 feet. The model grid is oriented to coincide with fabric elements such that rows are oriented parallel to fractures (N. 72° E.) and columns are oriented parallel to foliation (N. 18° W.). The model is discretized vertically into 11 layers; the top layer represents the soil and saprolite of the regolith, and the lower 10 layers represent bedrock. The base of the model is 850 feet below land surface. The top bedrock layer, which is only 25 feet thick, represents the transition zone between saprolite and unweathered bedrock.
The assignment of different values of transmissivity to the bedrock according to the topographic setting of model cells and depth results in inherent lateral and vertical anisotropy in the model with zones of high transmissivity in bedrock coinciding with valleys and draws, and zones of low transmissivity in bedrock coinciding with hills and ridges. Lateral anisotropy tends to be most pronounced in the north-northwest to south-southeast direction. Transmissivities decrease nonlineraly with depth. At 850 feet, depending on topographic setting, transmissivities have decreased to about 1 to 4 percent of the value of transmissivity immediately below the regolith-bedrock interface.
The model boundaries are, for the most part, specified-flux boundaries that coincide with streams that surround the Indian Creek Basin. The area of active model nodes within the boundaries is about 146 square miles and has about 17,400 active cells. The numerical model is designed not as a predictive tool, but as an interpretive one. The model is designed to help gain insight into flow-system dynamics. Predictive capabilities of the numerical model are limited by the constraints placed on the flow system by specified fluxes and recharge distribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2341C","usgsCitation":"Daniel, C., Smith, D.G., and Eimers, J., 1997, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the thick regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system of Indian Creek basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2341, viii, 137 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2341C.","productDescription":"viii, 137 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411533,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25369.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":26172,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2341c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137252,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2341c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Indian Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.25230702730993,\n 35.58329130222313\n ],\n [\n -81.51100330067938,\n 35.58329130222313\n ],\n [\n -81.51100330067938,\n 35.36336371030562\n ],\n [\n -81.25230702730993,\n 35.36336371030562\n ],\n [\n -81.25230702730993,\n 35.58329130222313\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db62527b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daniel, Charles C.","contributorId":91081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"Charles C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Douglas G. dgsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Douglas","email":"dgsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eimers, Jo Leslie","contributorId":52946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eimers","given":"Jo Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26703,"text":"wri974001 - 1997 - Shallow ground-water quality beneath cropland in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota and North Dakota, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T22:20:20.722735","indexId":"wri974001","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4001","title":"Shallow ground-water quality beneath cropland in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota and North Dakota, 1993-95","docAbstract":"During 1993-95, the agriculture on two sandy, surficial aquifers in the Red River of the North Basin affected the quality of shallow ground water in each aquifer differently. The Sheyenne Delta aquifer, in the western part of the basin, had land-use, hydrogeological, and rainfall characteristics that allowed few agricultural chemicals to reach or remain in the shallow ground water. The Otter Tail outwash aquifer, in the eastern part of the basin, had characteristics that caused significant amounts of nutrients and pesticides to reach and remain in the shallow ground water. Shallow ground water from both aquifers is dominated by calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions. During the respective sampling periods, water from the Sheyenne Delta aquifer was mostly anoxic and water from the Otter Tail outwash aquifer had a median dissolved oxygen concentration of 3.6 mg/L (milligrams per liter). The median nitrate concentration was 0.03 mg/L as nitrogen (mg/L-N) in shallow ground water from the Sheyenne Delta aquifer and 6.1 mg/L-N in that from the Otter Tail outwash aquifer. Of 18 herbicides and 4 insecticides commonly used in the aquifer areas and for which analyses were done, 5 herbicides and 1 herbicide metabolite were detected in the shallow ground water from the Sheyenne Delta aquifer and 8 herbicides and 2 metabolites were detected in that from the Otter Tail outwash aquifer. The total herbicide concentration median was less than the detection limit in shallow ground water from the Sheyenne Delta aquifer and 0.023 μg/L (micorgrams per liter) in that from the Otter Tail outwash aquifer. Triazine herbicides were the most commonly detected herbicides and were detected at the highest concentrations in the shallow ground water from both study areas. One sample from the Sheyenne Delta aquifer contained a high concentration of picloram. Agricultural chemicals in both aquifers were stratified vertically and their concentration correlated inversely with ground-water age. The highest concentrations of these chemicals and the youngest ground-water ages were at the water table. Concentrations decreased and age increased with water-table depth. Nitrate concentration varied seasonally over one-half an order of magnitude, though concentrations only repeated seasonally in some shallow ground water.
\nLand-use factors that increased nitrate and herbicide concentrations were greater tilled area, chemical application, irrigation, and cropland contiguity. Hydrogeological factors that increased these concentrations were a deeper watertable (higher oxygen concentration and less organic carbon), larger grain-size and degree of sorting of aquifer material (shorter time in the soil zone and aquifer), and fewer sulfur-containing minerals (lignite and pyrite) composing the aquifer. High rainfall, just before sampling of the Sheyenne Delta aquifer, contributed to the relatively low nitrate and pesticide concentrations in the shallow ground water of this aquifer by raising the water table higher into the soil zone, increasing ponded water (increasing biodegradation), preventing some chemical application (flooded fields), and leaching and then displacing nitrate-rich water downward, beneath new recharge. The shallow ground-water quality measured beneath cropland in these land-use study areas covers a large range. The land-use, hydrogeological, and rainfall factors controlling this quality also control shallow ground-water quality in other surficial aquifers in the Red River of the North Basin. Although not used for drinking water, 43% of the shallow ground water from the Otter Tail outwash aquifer was above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's nitrate maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L-N, reducing its potential uses. These high nitrate concentrations do not threaten the Otter Tail outwash aquifer's surface-water bodies with eutrophication however, because significant denitrification occurs beneath riparian wetlands before ground water discharges to surface waters.
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