Strains of Aeromonas salmonicida (n = 585) were collected from covertly infected and diseased salmonid hosts from 12 hatcheries in the eastern United States. Strains and sites were selected because of their potential for harboring antimicrobial resistance, in particular, to Romet™. Resistance to Romet was displayed by 315 strains (53.8%), which were isolated from all six host species sampled at 10 of 12 sites. Thirty of the resistant strains (9.5%) from five sites had no zone of inhibition, whereas the other strains had either confluent growth or resistant colonies within a zone of inhibition. Fifty-one resistant strains, representing each of the three resistance phenotypes, were selected for biochemical and antimicrobial comparisons with Romet-sensitive strains. All were confirmed to be A. salmonicida, and no characteristic biochemical phenotypes were found to be associated with resistance to Romet. Differential resistances between resistant and sensitive strains were detected to the antimicrobials oxytetracycline, tetracycline, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, trimethoprim, and SXT, a potentiated sulfonamide composed of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Plasmid DNA isolation and agarose gel electrophoresis were done for 25 Romet-resistant strains, and R-plasmids, not present in sensitive strains, were detected in 23 of these. Two different sizes of R-plasmids were detected, one about 55 kilobase pairs long and another about 50 kilobase pairs. Two strains isolated from New York brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis had reduced confluent growth within a zone of inhibition but contained no large plasmids. This may indicate chromosomally mediated resistance. Conjugational mating studies evaluated transfer of the R-plasmid DNA using eight Escherichia coli recipients. Successful R-plasmid transfer was accomplished with two donor strains (MI1 and MI2 from New Hampshire brook trout). Our results, in addition to those of other workers, illustrate the widespread resistance in A. salmonicida to approved antimicrobials and the capacity of this bacterium to become resistant in the fish culture environment.
This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure BRADTH00270022 on Town Highway 27 crossing the Waits River, Bradford, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, obtained from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in east-central Vermont. The 153-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. However, in the vicinity of the study site, the upstream and downstream left banks are suburban and the upstream and downstream right banks are shrub and brushland.
In the study area, the Waits River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.0002 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 125 ft and an average bank height of 4 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt and clay to bedrock with a median grain size (D50) of 0.393 mm (0.00129 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on September 7, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 27 crossing of the Waits River is a 109-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 104-ft steel-truss span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 16, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 99.2 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, laid-up stone abutments. The channel is skewed approximately 30 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
No evidence of scour was observed during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream right and downstream left banks and type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) along the left and right abutments. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 11.8 to 18.8 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98537","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (BRADTH00270022) on Town Highway 27, crossing the Waits River, Bradford, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-537, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98537.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98537.JPG"},{"id":280057,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0537/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bradford","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8200","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54867,"text":"wdrNY971 - 1998 - Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1997; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-14T10:37:17","indexId":"wdrNY971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-97-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1997; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1997 water year for New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; ground-water levels; and precipitation quality. This volume contains records for water discharge at 117 gaging stations; stage only at 9 gaging stations; stage and contents at 4 gaging stations, and 18 other lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 35 gaging stations and 1 precipitation-quality station; and water levels at 5 observation wells. Also included are data for 38 crest-stage partial-record stations. Locations of all these sites are shown on figure 8. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses.These data together with the data in volumes 2 and 3 represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State, Municipal, and Federal agencies in New York.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY971","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Butch, G.K., Lumia, R., and Murray, P.M., 1998, Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1997; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-97-1, xvi, 349 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY971.","productDescription":"xvi, 349 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363749,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/ny-97-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/ny-97-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb10d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butch, Gerard K. gkbutch@usgs.gov","contributorId":914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butch","given":"Gerard","email":"gkbutch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lumia, Richard rlumia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Richard","email":"rlumia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, Patricia M. pmurray@usgs.gov","contributorId":4863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Patricia","email":"pmurray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50170,"text":"ofr98256 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (WWINTH00300033) on Town Highway 30, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T15:01:20","indexId":"ofr98256","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-256","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (WWINTH00300033) on Town Highway 30, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure WWINTH00300033 on Town Highway 30 crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont (Figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in east-central Vermont. The 24.9-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. Downstream of the bridge is forested.
In the study area, Mill Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.004 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 58 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulder with a median grain size (D50) of 65.7 mm (0.215 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 5, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 30 crossing of the Mill Brook is a 46-ft-long, one-lane covered bridge consisting of a 40-foot wood-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 23, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 36.3 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete capped laid-up stone abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
The only scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank, the upstream right wingwall, the right abutment and the downstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was analyzed since it had the potential of being the worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.1 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 6.0 to 16.0 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98256","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Flynn, R.H., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (WWINTH00300033) on Town Highway 30, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-256, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98256.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98256.JPG"},{"id":280080,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0256/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"West Windsor","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b18e4b07f02db6a7316","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50213,"text":"ofr98570 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 34 (WWINTH00370034) on Town Highway 37, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T12:43:10","indexId":"ofr98570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-570","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 34 (WWINTH00370034) on Town Highway 37, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure WWINTH00370034 on Town Highway 37 crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in east-central Vermont. The 16.6-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture except for the upstream left bank where there is mostly shrubs and brush.
In the study area, Mill Brook has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.003 ft/ ft, an average channel top width of 52 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to cobbles with a median grain size (D50) of 43.4 mm (0.142 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 5, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. Point bars were observed upstream and downstream of this site. Furthermore, slip failure of the bank material was noted downstream at a cut-bank on the left side of the channel across from a point bar.
The Town Highway 37 crossing of Mill Brook is a 37-ft-long, one-lane covered bridge consisting of one 32-foot wood thru-truss span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 23, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 29.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, laid-up stone abutment walls with concrete facing and laid-up stone wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the right abutment during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-3 (less than 48 inches diameter) and type-4 (less than 60 inches diameter) stone fill. Type-3 stone fill was observed along the upstream right bank and along the right abutments. Type-4 stone fill was observed at the upstream end of the upstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
There was no contraction scour predicted for any of the modeled flows. Abutment scour at the left abutment ranged from 5.7 to 7.3 ft, while that at the right abutment ranged from 11.6 to 17.7 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98570","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 34 (WWINTH00370034) on Town Highway 37, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-570, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98570.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98570.JPG"},{"id":280042,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0570/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"West Windsor","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6602,"text":"fs05298 - 1998 - Effect of activities at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory on the water quality of the Snake River Plain aquifer in the Magic Valley study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T08:46:25","indexId":"fs05298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"052-98","title":"Effect of activities at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory on the water quality of the Snake River Plain aquifer in the Magic Valley study","docAbstract":"Radiochemical and chemical constituents in wastewater \ngenerated at facilities of the Idaho National Engineering \nand Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) (figure 1) have \nbeen discharged to waste-disposal ponds and wells since \nthe early 1950 s. Public concern has been expressed that \nsome of these constituents could migrate through the \nSnake River Plain aquifer to the Snake River in the Twin \nFalls-Hagerman area Because of these concerns the \nU.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requested that the U.S. \nGeological Survey (USGS) conduct three studies to gain a \ngreater understanding of the chemical quality of water in \nthe aquifer. One study described a one-time sampling \neffort for radionuclides, trace elements, and organic \ncompounds in the eastern part of the A&B Irrigation \nDistrict in Minidoka County (Mann and Knobel, 1990). \nAnother ongoing study involves sampling for tritium from \n19 springs on the north side of the Snake River in the \nTwin Falls-Hagerman area (Mann, 1989; Mann and Low, \n1994). A third study an ongoing annual sampling effort \nin the area between the southern boundary of the INEEL \nand Hagerman (figure 1) (hereafter referred to as the \nMagic Valley study area), is being conducted with the \nIdaho Department of Water Resources in cooperation with \nthe DOE. Data for a variety of radiochemical and \nchemical constituents from this study have been published \nby Wegner and Campbell (1991); Bartholomay, Edwards, \nand Campbell (1992, 1993, 1994a, 1994b); and \nBartholomay, Williams, and Campbell (1995, 1996, \n1997b). Data discussed in this fact sheet were taken from \nthese reports. An evaluation of data collected during the \nfirst four years of this study (Bartholomay Williams, and \nCampbell, 1997a) showed no pattern of water-quality \nchange for radionuclide data as concentrations randomly \nincreased or decreased. The inorganic constituent data \nshowed no statistical change between sample rounds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs05298","usgsCitation":"Bartholomay, R.C., 1998, Effect of activities at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory on the water quality of the Snake River Plain aquifer in the Magic Valley study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 052-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05298.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0052-98/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286106,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0052-98/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0,42.5 ], [ -115.0,43.5 ], [ -113.0,43.5 ], [ -113.0,42.5 ], [ -115.0,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44311,"text":"ofr97102 - 1998 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the Clinton Street-Ballpark Aquifer near Johnson City, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T11:08:21","indexId":"ofr97102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-102","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the Clinton Street-Ballpark Aquifer near Johnson City, New York","docAbstract":"The Clinton Street-Ballpark aquifer, in the Susquehanna River valley in southern Broome County, N.Y., supplies drinking water to the Village of Johnson City near Binghamton. The hydrogeology and water quality of the aquifer were studied in 1994-95 to identify the source area of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, which was detected at the Johnson City Camden Street wellfield in 1991.
The aquifer is generally 100 to 150 ft thick and consists primarily of ice-contact deposits of silty sand and gravel that are overlain by outwash deposits of sand and gravel. These two types of deposits are separated by lacustrine silt and clay of variable thickness into an upper and a lower layer of the aquifer. The coarse deposits form a single aquifer in areas where the lacustrine deposits are absent.
Synoptic water-level surveys indicated that ground water moves from upgradient areas flanking the aquifer boundaries toward two major pumping centers?the Anitec wellfield in Binghamton and the Camden Street wellfield in Johnson City. Areas contributing recharge to municipal and industrial wells in the aquifer were delineated by a previously developed groundwater- flow model. The residence time of ground water within the area contributing recharge to Johnson City well no. 2 in the Camden Street wellfield was estimated to be less than 6 years.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane, trichloroethene, and their metabolites were detected in ground water at several locations in and near Johnson City. Relatively high concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane were found in ground water about 3,000 ft north of the Camden Street wellfield. The suspected source is an area bordered on the south by Field Street, on the north by Harry L. Drive, on the east by New York State Route 201, and on the west by Marie Street. A trichloroethene metabolite, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, appears to be migrating westward from U.S. Air Force Plant 59 toward the Camden Street well-field, 1,000 ft southwest of the plant, although this compound has not been detected in water pumped by municipal wells, possibly because it has become diluted by ground water from other locations within the contributing area to the wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., Yager, R.M., Surface, J.M., Randall, A.D., and Eckhardt, D.A., 1998, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Clinton Street-Ballpark Aquifer near Johnson City, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-102, Report: 63 p.; 5 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97102.","productDescription":"Report: 63 p.; 5 Plates","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326220,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0102/ofr1997102_plate3.pdf","text":"Plate 3 ","size":"7.52 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1996-0102","linkHelpText":"- Areas contributing ground water to municipal and industrial wells, and travel times of selected flow lines near Johnson, City, N.Y., 1994"},{"id":326221,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0102/ofr1997102_plate4.pdf","text":"Plate 4 ","size":"5.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1996-0102","linkHelpText":"- Concentration of 1,1,1- Trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) and 1,1-Dichlorethane (1,1-DCA) in ground water, Johnson City, N.Y., 1994–95"},{"id":326218,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0102/ofr1997102_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"7.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1996-0102","linkHelpText":" - Location of wells and surface-water measurement sites in Binghamton and Johnson City, N.Y."},{"id":169353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0102/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0102/ofr19970102.pdf","text":"Report","size":"644 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1996-0102"},{"id":326219,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0102/ofr1997102_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2 ","size":"637 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1996-0102","linkHelpText":"- Water-table and selected ground-water flow directions in the unconfined layer of the Clinton Street-Ballpark aquifer, Broome County, N.Y., May 1995"},{"id":326222,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0102/ofr1997102_plate5.pdf","text":"Plate 5 ","size":"4.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1996-0102","linkHelpText":"- Concentrations of 1,1,1-Trichlorethene (TCE) and cis-1,2-Dichloroethene (cis-1,2-DCE) in ground water, Johnson City, N.Y., 1994–95"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
The Devils Lake Basin is a 3,810-squaremile closed subbasin of the Red River of the North Basin (fig. 1). About 3,320 square miles of the total 3,810 square miles is tributary to Devils Lake. The Devils Lake Basin contributes to the Red River of the North Basin when the level of Devils Lake is greater than 1,459 feet above sea level.
Lake levels of Devils Lake were recorded sporadically from 1867 to 1890. In 1901, the U.S. Geological Survey established a gaging station on Devils Lake. From 1867 through 1998, the lake level has fluctuated between a minimum of 1,400.9 feet above sea level in 1940 and a maximum of 1,444.7 feet above sea level in 1998 (fig. 2). The maximum, which occurred on July 7, 1998, was 22.1 feet higher than the level recorded in February 1993.
The rapid rise in the lake level of Devils Lake since 1993 is in response to abovenormal precipitation and below-normal evaporation from the summer of 1993 through 1998. Because of the rising lake level, more than 50,000 acres of land and many roads around the lake have been flooded. In addition, the water quality of Devils Lake changed substantially in 1993 because of the summer flooding (Williams-Sether and others, 1996). In response to the flooding, the Devils Lake Basin Interagency Task Force, comprised of many State and Federal agencies, was formed in 1995 to find and propose intermediate (5 years or less) flood mitigation options. Current and accurate hydrologic and water-quality information is needed to assess the effectiveness of the flood mitigation options, which include managing and storing water in the Devils Lake Basin, continuing infrastructure protection, and providing an outlet to the Sheyenne River (Wiche, 1998).
As part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Devils Lake emergency outlet feasibility study, the U.S. Geological Survey is modeling lake levels and sulfate concentrations in Devils Lake to simulate operation of an emergency outlet. Accurate simulation of sulfate concentrations in Devils Lake is required to determine potential effects of the outlet on downstream water quality. Historical sulfate concentrations are used to calibrate and verify the model. Most of the Devils Lake water-quality data available before 1998 were obtained from samples collected from the water column about three to four times a year. The samples were collected at one location in each of the Devils Lake major bays (West Bay, Main Bay, East Bay, and East Devils Lake). However, sample collection from only one location in a bay may not give an adequate representation of the water quality of the bay because of factors such as wind, precipitation, temperature, surface- and ground-water inflow, and possible bed-sediment interactions. Thus, spatial variability (the variability within each bay) and temporal variability (the variability with time) of dissolved sulfate need to be determined to evaluate the accuracy of the estimates obtained from the model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09699","usgsCitation":"Sether, B.A., Vecchia, A.V., and Berkas, W.R., 1998, Spatial and temporal variability of dissolved sulfate in Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 096-99, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09699.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34167,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6fbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sether, Bradley A.","contributorId":54985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sether","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berkas, Wayne R. wrberkas@usgs.gov","contributorId":425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"Wayne","email":"wrberkas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70120618,"text":"70120618 - 1997 - A science-based, watershed strategy to support effective remediation of abandoned mine lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T10:25:05","indexId":"70120618","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-15T10:20:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A science-based, watershed strategy to support effective remediation of abandoned mine lands","docAbstract":"A U.S. Geological Survey Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative will develop a strategy for gathering and communicating the scientific information needed to formulate effective and cost-efficient remediation of abandoned mine lands. A watershed approach will identify, characterize, and remediate contaminated sites that have the most profound effect on water and ecosystem quality within a watershed. The Initiative will be conducted during 1997 through 2001 in two pilot watersheds, the Upper Animas River watershed in Colorado and the Boulder River watershed in Montana. Initiative efforts are being coordinated with the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, and other stakeholders which are using the resulting scientific information to design and implement remediation activities.
The Initiative has the following eight objective-oriented components: estimate background (pre-mining) conditions; define baseline (current) conditions; identify target sites (major contaminant sources); characterize target sites and processes affecting contaminant dispersal; characterize ecosystem health and controlling processes at target sites; develop remediation goals and monitoring network; provide an integrated, quality-assured and accessible data network; and document lessons learned for future applications of the watershed approach.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, May 31-June 6, 1997","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H.T., Nimick, D.A., Von Guerard, P., Church, S.E., Frazier, A.G., Gray, J.R., Lipin, B.R., Marsh, S.P., Woodward, D.F., Kimball, B.A., Finger, S.E., Ischinger, L.S., Fordham, J.C., Power, M.S., Bunch, C.M., and Jones, J., 1997, A science-based, watershed strategy to support effective remediation of abandoned mine lands, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, May 31-June 6, 1997, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science 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Midcontinent Population of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis), which is composed of three subspecies: the greater (G. c. tabida), Canadian (G. c. rowani), and lesser (G. c. canadensis). The number of cranes killed by hunters in North Dakota averaged 6,793 during 1990-94 seasons, ranking second highest among crane-hunting states. The distribution of harvest among subspecies is important, due to concerns about the poorly known status of these subspecies, especially the greater. We estimated subspecies composition of the harvest in North Dakota using morphometric data collected from field samples of birds harvested since 1968. Subspecies composition varied both spatially (across counties from east to west) and temporally (among 3 periods of distinct harvest regulations and within season). Lessers predominated in the west and Canadians and greaters in the east. For the 1990-94 period we estimated that mortality due to hunting in North Dakota averaged at least 1,085 (18%) greaters, 2,138 (36%) Canadians, and 2,716 (46%) lessers.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the seventh North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Grand Island, Nebraska","collaboration":"January 10-13, 1996, Biloxi, Miss.","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., Johnson, D.H., and Kohn, S.C., 1997, Subspecies composition of sandhill crane harvest in North Dakota, 1968-94, chap. of Proceedings of the seventh North American Crane Workshop, p. 201-208.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"208","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aee","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Urbanek, R.P.","contributorId":47891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbanek","given":"R.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507323,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stahlecker, D.W.","contributorId":95584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stahlecker","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507324,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97455","usgsCitation":"Cannon, W., Kress, T.H., Sutphin, D.M., Morey, G.B., and Meints, J., 1997, Digital geologic map and mineral deposits of the Lake Superior region: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-455, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97455.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410975,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_33356.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3217,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-455/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.02933122524581,\n 48.56757678069704\n ],\n [\n -94.02933122524581,\n 41.78418227848081\n ],\n [\n -82.2830170683858,\n 41.78418227848081\n ],\n [\n -82.2830170683858,\n 48.56757678069704\n ],\n [\n -94.02933122524581,\n 48.56757678069704\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d481","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kress, T. H.","contributorId":83972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kress","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sutphin, D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morey, G. B.","contributorId":14406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meints, Joyce","contributorId":87592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meints","given":"Joyce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5393,"text":"fs00797 - 1997 - The USGS World Energy Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:36:35","indexId":"fs00797","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"007-97","title":"The USGS World Energy Program","docAbstract":"The world has recently experienced rapid change to market-driven economies and increasing reliance on petroleum supplies from areas of political instability. \n\nThe interplay of unprecedented growth of the global population, increasing worldwide energy demand, and political instability in two major petroleum exporting regions (the former Soviet Union and the Middle East) requires that the United States maintains a current, reliable, objective assessment of the world's energy resources. The need is compounded by the environmental implications of rapid increases in coal use in the Far East and international pressure on consumption of fossil fuels.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs00797","usgsCitation":"Ahlbrandt, T.S., 1997, The USGS World Energy Program: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 007-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs00797.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs00797.jpg"},{"id":285353,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0007-97/report.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db6730a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":57836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32107,"text":"ofr97533 - 1997 - Major structural controls on the distribution of pre-Tertiary rocks, Nevada Test Site vicinity, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T12:59:48","indexId":"ofr97533","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-533","title":"Major structural controls on the distribution of pre-Tertiary rocks, Nevada Test Site vicinity, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"The lateral and vertical distributions of Proterozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in southern Nevada are the combined products of original stratigraphic relationships and post-depositional faults and folds. This map compilation shows the distribution of these pre-Tertiary rocks in the region including and surrounding the Nevada Test Site. It is based on considerable new evidence from detailed geologic mapping, biostratigraphic control, sedimentological analysis, and a review of regional map relationships.
Proterozoic and Paleozoic rocks of the region record paleogeographic transitions between continental shelf depositional environments on the east and deeper-water slopefacies depositional environments on the west. Middle Devonian and Mississippian sequences, in particular, show strong lateral facies variations caused by contemporaneous changes in the western margin of North America during the Antler orogeny. Sections of rock that were originally deposited in widely separated facies localities presently lie in close proximity. These spatial relationships chiefly result from major east- and southeastdirected thrusts that deformed the region in Permian or later time.
Somewhat younger contractional structures are identified within two irregular zones that traverse the region. These folds and thrusts typically verge toward the west and northwest and overprint the relatively simple pattern of the older contractional terranes. Local structural complications are significant near these younger structures due to the opposing vergence and due to irregularities in the previously folded and faulted crustal section.
Structural and stratigraphic discontinuities are identified on opposing sides of two north-trending fault zones in the central part of the compilation region north of Yucca Flat. The origin and significance of these zones are enigmatic because they are largely covered by Tertiary and younger deposits. These faults most likely result from significant lateral offset, most likely in the sinistral sense.
Low-angle normal faults that are at least older than Oligocene, and may pre-date Late Cretaceous time, are also present in the region. These faults are shown to locally displace blocks of pre-Tertiary rock by several kilometers. However, none of these structures can be traced for significant distances beyond its outcrop extent, and the inference is made that they do not exert regional influence on the distribution of pre-Tertiary rocks. The extensional strain accommodated by these low-angle normal faults appears to be local and highly irregular.
In October 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, began a study of the fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois. Fill in this area is a mixture of steel-industry wastes, other industrial waste, municipal solid waste, dredging spoil, construction debris, ash, cinders, natural materials, and biological sludge. Fill deposits are concentrated along Lake Michigan; from the Lake Calumet area to the east of the Indiana Harbor Canal; along the Calumet, Little Calumet, and Grand Calumet Rivers; and along the Calumet Sag Channel. Industrial wastes and municipal solid wastes are used as fill near Lake Calumet. Steel-industry wastes, primarily slag, are used as fill along Lake Michigan, Wolf Lake, Lake George, parts of Lake Calumet, and parts of the Calumet and Little Calumet Rivers. Dredging spoil is located along the rivers, and in abandoned river channels, landfills, and tailing ponds. Cinders, ash, construction debris, and natural materials are scattered throughout the area.
Currently (1996), fill covers about 60.2 square miles of the study area. A total volume of about 2.1 x 1010 cubic feet of fill was calculated to be present in the Calumet region. Most of this fill is steel-industry waste.
Fill deposition in the study area has been essentially continuous from about 1870 to the present (1996). Fill deposited before 1964 was used as foundation for streets and railroad tracks, to create land for industrial expansion, and to dispose of waste material. Much of the fill deposited after 1964 was disposed of in landfills designed to minimize environmental effects.
Industrial wastes, municipal solid wastes, steel-industry wastes, and, perhaps, dredging spoil can be associated with increased concentrations of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, pesticides, cyanide, metals, or major ions in ground water in this area. Construction debris, ash, cinders, and natural fill may be associated with increased concentrations of major ions in ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri964126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Greeman, T.K., Duwelius, R.F., King, R.B., Nazimek, J.E., and Petrovski, D.M., 1997, Characterization of fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4126, Report: iv, 36 p.; 3 Plates: 50.00 x 26.00 inches; Downloads directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964126.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 36 p.; 3 Plates: 50.00 x 26.00 inches; Downloads directory","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360966,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54135,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":285873,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/Downloads","text":"Downloads Directory","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":285872,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":360967,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360965,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Calumet Region","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.666667,41.583333 ], [ -87.666667,41.666667 ], [ -87.166667,41.666667 ], [ -87.166667,41.583333 ], [ -87.666667,41.583333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bd544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duwelius, Richard F.","contributorId":31378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, Robin B.","contributorId":34506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nazimek, John E.","contributorId":19596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nazimek","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petrovski, David M.","contributorId":76784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrovski","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":32090,"text":"ofr97438 - 1997 - Debris-flow hazards in areas affected by the June 27, 1995, storm in Madison County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T22:06:40.844983","indexId":"ofr97438","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-438","title":"Debris-flow hazards in areas affected by the June 27, 1995, storm in Madison County, Virginia","docAbstract":"A severe storm on June 27, 1995 triggered hundreds of rock, debris and soil slides from the steep hillsides of Madison County, Virginia. Most of these transformed into debris flows that inundated areas downslope causing damage to structures, roads, utilities, livestock and crops. This report contains an analysis of areas susceptible to debris flows including an examination of source areas, channels and areas of deposition. These analyses are used to develop a methodology for identifying areas subject to debris-flow hazards in Madison County. The report concludes with a discussion of strategies for reducing debris-flow hazards and the long term risk of these hazards in Madison County as well as for similar areas along the eastern flank of the Blue Ridge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97438","usgsCitation":"Morgan, B., Wieczorek, G.F., Campbell, R.H., and Gori, P.L., 1997, Debris-flow hazards in areas affected by the June 27, 1995, storm in Madison County, Virginia (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-438, HTML Document; 2 Plates: 41.19 × 47.01 inches and 39.57 × 47.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97438.","productDescription":"HTML Document; 2 Plates: 41.19 × 47.01 inches and 39.57 × 47.29 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":166384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410414,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18772.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258672,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0438/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258671,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0438/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3373,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/438/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Madison County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.5,\n 38.542\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 38.333\n ],\n [\n -78.25,\n 38.333\n ],\n [\n -78.25,\n 38.542\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 38.542\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, B. A.","contributorId":87128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, R. H.","contributorId":52160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gori, P. L.","contributorId":87138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gori","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32111,"text":"ofr97678 - 1997 - Sub-crop geologic map of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T21:54:13.215318","indexId":"ofr97678","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-678","title":"Sub-crop geologic map of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"This map displays interpreted structural and stratigraphic relations among the Paleozoic and older rocks of the Nevada Test Site region beneath the Miocene volcanic rocks and younger alluvium in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat basins. These interpretations are based on a comprehensive examination and review of data for more than 77 drillholes that penetrated part of the pre-Tertiary basement beneath these post-middle Miocene structural basins. Biostratigraphic data from conodont fossils were newly obtained for 31 of these holes, and a thorough review of all prior microfossil paleontologic data is incorporated in the analysis. Subsurface relationships are interpreted in light of a revised regional geologic framework synthesized from detailed geologic mapping in the ranges surrounding Yucca Flat, from comprehensive stratigraphic studies in the region, and from additional detailed field studies on and around the Nevada Test Site.
All available data indicate the subsurface geology of Yucca Flat is considerably more complicated than previous interpretations have suggested. The western part of the basin, in particular, is underlain by relics of the eastward-vergent Belted Range thrust system that are folded back toward the west and thrust by local, west-vergent contractional structures of the CP thrust system. Field evidence from the ranges surrounding the north end of Yucca Flat indicate that two significant strike-slip faults track southward beneath the post-middle Miocene basin fill, but their subsurface traces cannot be closely defined from the available evidence. In contrast, the eastern part of the Yucca Flat basin is interpreted to be underlain by a fairly simple north-trending, broad syncline in the pre-Tertiary units. Far fewer data are available for the northern Frenchman Flat basin, but regional analysis indicates the pre- Tertiary structure there should also be relatively simple and not affected by thrusting.
This new interpretation has implications for ground water flow through pre-Tertiary rocks beneath the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, and has consequences for ground water modeling and model validation. Our data indicate that the Mississippian Chainman Shale is not a laterally extensive confining unit in the western part of the basin because it is folded back onto itself by the convergent structures of the Belted Range and CP thrust systems. Early and Middle Paleozoic limestone and dolomite are present beneath most of both basins and, regardless of structural complications, are interpreted to form a laterally continuous and extensive carbonate aquifer. Structural culmination that marks the French Peak accommodation zone along the topographic divide between the two basins provides a lateral pathway through highly fractured rock between the volcanic aquifers of Yucca Flat and the regional carbonate aquifer. This pathway may accelerate the migration of ground-water contaminants introduced by underground nuclear testing toward discharge areas beyond the Nevada Test Site boundaries. Predictive three-dimensional models of hydrostratigraphic units and ground-water flow in the pre-Tertiary rocks of subsurface Yucca Flat are likely to be unrealistic due to the extreme structural complexities. The interpretation of hydrologic and geochemical data obtained from monitoring wells will be difficult to extrapolate through the flow system until more is known about the continuity of hydrostratigraphic units.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97678","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office U.S. Department of Energy (Interagency Agreement DE-AI08-96NV11967)","usgsCitation":"Cole, J., Harris, A.G., and Wahl, R., 1997, Sub-crop geologic map of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-678, Report: ii, 24 p.; 1 Plate: 32.55 x 41.15 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97678.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 24 p.; 1 Plate: 32.55 x 41.15 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425886,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18824.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":60238,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0678/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":163317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0678/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":335274,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0678/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25,\n 36.892\n ],\n [\n -115.85,\n 36.892\n ],\n [\n -115.85,\n 37.283\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 37.283\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 36.892\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":21539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahl, Ronald R.","contributorId":7332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Ronald R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32034,"text":"ofr97738 - 1997 - Geologic map of the Dillon quadrangle, Summit and Grand Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T11:33:50","indexId":"ofr97738","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-738","title":"Geologic map of the Dillon quadrangle, Summit and Grand Counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"New 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping along the Interstate-70 urban corridor in western Colorado, in support of the USGS Central Region State/USGS Cooperative Geologic Mapping Project, is contributing to a more complete understanding of the stratigraphy, structure, tectonic evolution, and hazard potential of this rapidly developing region. The 1:24,000-scale Dillon quadrangle is near the headwaters of the Blue River and straddles features of the Blue River graben (Kellogg, 1999), part of the northernmost reaches of the Rio Grande rift, a major late Oligocene to recent zone of extension that extends from Colorado to Mexico. The Williams Range thrust fault, the western structural margin of the Colorado Front Range, cuts through the center of the quadrangle, although is mostly covered by surficial deposits.\r\n\r\n The oldest rocks in the quadrangle underlie the Williams Fork Mountains and the ridge immediately east of South Fork Middle Fork River, and include biotite-sillimanite schist and gneiss, amphibolite, and migmatite that are intruded by granite inferred to be part of the 1,667-1,750 Ma Routt Plutonic Suite (Tweto, 1987). The oldest exposed sedimentary unit is the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, but Pennsylvanian Maroon Formation, a sequence of red sandstone, conglomerate, and interbedded shale, underlies the southern part of the quadrangle. The thickest sequence of sedimentary rocks is Cretaceous in age and includes at least 500 m of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale. Surficial deposits include (1) an old, deeply dissected landslide deposit, possibly as old as Pliocene, on the west flank of the Williams Fork Mountains, (2) deeply weathered, very coarse gravel deposits underlying a mesa in the southwest part of the quadrangle (the Mesa Cortina subdivision. The gravels are gold bearing and were mined by hydraulic methods in the 1800s), (3) moderately to deeply weathered, widespread, bouldery material that is a combination of till of the Bull Lake glaciation, debris-flow deposits, landslide deposits, and possibly pre-Bull Lake till, (4) glacial deposits of both Bull Lake (middle Pleistocene) and Pinedale (late Pleistocene)glaciations, (5) recent landslide deposits, and (6)extensive colluvial and alluvial deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"REston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97738","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K., 1997, Geologic map of the Dillon quadrangle, Summit and Grand Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-738, 1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 94 x 92 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97738.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 94 x 92 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0738/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60198,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0738/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109002,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18844.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18844"},{"id":3329,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/mf-2390/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48afe4b07f02db52f3d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S.","contributorId":89896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30013,"text":"wri974063 - 1997 - Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York: Part 2 — Effect of urban runoff on the hydrology of the headwaters of East Meadow Brook, 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-06T22:25:42.72833","indexId":"wri974063","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4063","title":"Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York: Part 2 — Effect of urban runoff on the hydrology of the headwaters of East Meadow Brook, 1989-90","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974063","usgsCitation":"Stumm, F., and Ku, H.F., 1997, Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York: Part 2 — Effect of urban runoff on the hydrology of the headwaters of East Meadow Brook, 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4063, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974063.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410127,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48689.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58819,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4063/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County","otherGeospatial":"East Meadow Brook","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.5867,\n 40.7306\n ],\n [\n -73.5867,\n 40.7167\n ],\n [\n -73.5806,\n 40.7167\n ],\n [\n -73.5806,\n 40.7306\n ],\n [\n -73.5867,\n 40.7306\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687799","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumm, Frederick 0000-0002-5388-8811 fstumm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-8811","contributorId":1077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumm","given":"Frederick","email":"fstumm@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ku, Henry F. H.","contributorId":11258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ku","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"F. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221638,"text":"70221638 - 1997 - Lower to middle Eocene sequences of the New Jersey coastal plain and their significance for global climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T20:54:23.490004","indexId":"70221638","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T15:45:11","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5905,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower to middle Eocene sequences of the New Jersey coastal plain and their significance for global climate change","docAbstract":"Boreholes from Island Beach, Allaire, Atlantic City, and Mays Landing, NJ provide an excellent chronology of lower to middle Eocene passive margin sequences and allow analysis of long-term sea-level changes and sedimentation patterns. These New Jersey sequences are tied directly to the geomagnetic polarity time scale through magnetostratigraphy. Integrated stratigraphy (including magnetostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, plankton biostratigraphy, and benthic foraminiferal biofacies studies) reveals that these sections contain a relatively continuous record of lowermost Eocene to middle Eocene deposition interrupted by short hiatuses. A sequence boundary at the base of the section spans the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, representing a hiatus from 55.8 to 54.7 Ma. A second sequence boundary is associated with a hiatus from 54.0 to 53.4 Ma. A third sequence boundary is associated with a hiatus from 52.9 to 52.3 Ma. Two major unconformities occur near the lower/middle Eocene boundary at all three boreholes. The first represents a hiatus between 50.9 and ~50.5 to 49.9 Ma; the second, between ~49.6 and 48.6 Ma. Early Eocene water depths inferred from benthic foraminiferal biofacies analysis varied from 150 to 200 m and reached their maximum depth between 53.4 and 53.2 Ma. In the middle Eocene, the sedimentation record is less continuous with hiatuses from 48.3 to 47.9 Ma, 46.9 to 44.5 Ma, and 43.4 to ~41.2 Ma. A major lithofacies change from carbonate dominated to siliciclastic dominated occurred by 41.2 Ma.
Of the 14 sequences inferred by Exxon for the early to middle Eocene, nine are resolvable on the New Jersey Margin and the remaining five appear to be combined with others. Thus the New Jersey record is consistent with the Exxon record for the early to middle Eocene, although the New Jersey record is better dated. Comparison of the record of sedimentation with the global δ18O record shows interesting parallels. It is unlikely that early Eocene sequence boundaries are the result of glacioeustasy because hiatuses from the New Jersey Coastal Plain in this interval do not match increases in the δ18O record. In the late middle Eocene, concomitant increases in the planktonic and benthic δ18O records coincide with the timing of hiatuses on the New Jersey Coastal Plain. Increases in the δ18O records between 43 and 41 Ma coincide with a New Jersey hiatus and a corresponding change in sedimentation type from carbonate dominated to siliciclastic dominated. We conclude that these represent evidence of the first Antarctic ice cap and the beginning of the “Icehouse” world.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.315.1997","usgsCitation":"Browning, J.V., Miller, K.G., Van Fossen, M.C., Liu, C., Pak, D.K., Aubry, M., and Bybell, L.M., 1997, Lower to middle Eocene sequences of the New Jersey coastal plain and their significance for global climate change: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 150X, p. 229-242, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.315.1997.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"242","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150x.315.1997","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 40.30466538259176\n ],\n [\n -74.80316162109375,\n 40.17467622056341\n ],\n [\n -75.4705810546875,\n 39.68393975392731\n ],\n [\n -75.41839599609375,\n 39.47860556892209\n ],\n [\n -74.6356201171875,\n 39.33854604847979\n ],\n [\n -74.256591796875,\n 39.497682793774196\n ],\n [\n -74.05059814453125,\n 39.776880380637024\n ],\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 40.30466538259176\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"150X","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browning, James V.","contributorId":22635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browning","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Kenneth G.","contributorId":14260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Fossen, Mickey C.","contributorId":205475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Fossen","given":"Mickey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Chengjie","contributorId":260646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Chengjie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pak, Dorothy K.","contributorId":260647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pak","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aubry, Marie-Pierre","contributorId":174332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aubry","given":"Marie-Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27421,"text":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Rutgers University 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8066, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70221636,"text":"70221636 - 1997 - Upper Eocene sequence stratigraphy and the Absecon Inlet Formation, New Jersey Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T20:32:04.480042","indexId":"70221636","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T15:22:29","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5905,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Eocene sequence stratigraphy and the Absecon Inlet Formation, New Jersey Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"We evaluate the age, benthic biofacies, and sequence stratigraphy of thick and well-recovered upper Eocene sediments from the New Jersey Coastal Plain. These strata are herein defined as a lithostratigraphic unit and named the Absecon Inlet Formation. The formation is divided into upper and lower portions. At its type locality in the Atlantic City borehole, the lower portion of the Absecon Inlet Formation consists of 171 ft (52 m) of glauconitic silts and silty clays and is assigned to calcareous nannoplankton Zone NP 19/20 (late Eocene). At the ACGS#4 borehole, the type locality for its upper portion, the formation consists of slightly sandy clays and is assigned to Zone NP 21 (late Eocene to earliest Oligocene). The continuous stratigraphic occurrence of Hantkenina spp. in these sediments is evidence of an Eocene age for the upper portion of the Absecon Inlet Formation. Benthic foraminiferal analysis reveals five biofacies in the Absecon Inlet Formation, three of which can be related to paleowater depth: a Siphonina biofacies inhabited water depths of 75 ± 25 m; a Cibicidoides biofacies inhabited water depths of 100 ± 30 m; and a Globobulimina biofacies inhabited water depths of 125 ± 30 m. In addition, a Gyroidinoides biofacies occurs only within transgressive systems tracts. A Bulimina jacksonensis biofacies is believed to be related to a circum-Atlantic paleoceanographic event unrelated to depth changes on the shelf. Gamma-log, lithologic, and faunal/floral data are used to interpret the sequence stratigraphic architecture of the Absecon Inlet Formation. We conclude that the timing of unconformities (sequence boundaries) and maximum flooding surfaces within the Absecon Inlet Formation is consistent with the eustatic record of Exxon and the global δ18O record.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.331.1997","usgsCitation":"Browning, J.V., Miller, K.G., and Bybell, L.M., 1997, Upper Eocene sequence stratigraphy and the Absecon Inlet Formation, New Jersey Coastal Plain: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 150X, p. 243-266, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.331.1997.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150x.331.1997","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386757,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.99703979492188,\n 40.225024210604964\n ],\n [\n -74.7125244140625,\n 40.143189742924406\n ],\n [\n -75.06546020507812,\n 39.845449231287226\n ],\n [\n -75.06271362304688,\n 39.58558227224178\n ],\n [\n -75.10940551757812,\n 39.23650795487107\n ],\n [\n -74.88693237304688,\n 39.15881700964971\n ],\n [\n -74.99404907226562,\n 38.91561302513129\n ],\n [\n -74.86495971679688,\n 38.91133881927712\n ],\n [\n -74.46258544921875,\n 39.29604824402406\n ],\n [\n -74.20028686523438,\n 39.561235736324825\n ],\n [\n -74.0423583984375,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -73.99703979492188,\n 40.225024210604964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"150X","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browning, James V.","contributorId":22635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browning","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Kenneth G.","contributorId":14260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221633,"text":"70221633 - 1997 - Late Paleocene and early Eocene calcareous nannofossils from three boreholes in an onshore-offshore transect from New Jersey to the Atlantic Continental Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T20:33:30.058413","indexId":"70221633","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T15:01:01","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5905,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Paleocene and early Eocene calcareous nannofossils from three boreholes in an onshore-offshore transect from New Jersey to the Atlantic Continental Rise","docAbstract":"Closely spaced, upper Paleocene and lower Eocene samples from three boreholes near Clayton, NJ, at Island Beach, NJ, and at Site 605 on the Atlantic Ocean continental rise were examined for their calcareous nannofossil content. This study documents calcareous nannofossil occurrences in Zones NP9 and NP10 and identifies biostratigraphically useful species, presents unexpected upbasin-downbasin distributional patterns of calcareous nannofossils, discusses the gradual evolutionary transition between two calcareous nannofossil species, and clarifies the relationship between the genera Rhomboaster and Tribrachiatus. One new species, Rhomboaster weii, is described, and two new combinations, Blackites herculesii and Rhomboaster digitalis, are established.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.307.1997","usgsCitation":"Bybell, L.M., and Self-Trail, J., 1997, Late Paleocene and early Eocene calcareous nannofossils from three boreholes in an onshore-offshore transect from New Jersey to the Atlantic Continental Rise: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 150X, p. 91-110, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.307.1997.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150x.307.1997","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386754,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Clayton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 40.07386810509482\n ],\n [\n -74.75372314453125,\n 39.96238554917605\n ],\n [\n -75.24261474609375,\n 39.74732195489861\n ],\n [\n -72.7679443359375,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -71.9549560546875,\n 38.71551876930462\n ],\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 40.07386810509482\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"150X","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Self-Trail, Jean 0000-0002-3018-4985 jstrail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3018-4985","contributorId":147370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self-Trail","given":"Jean","email":"jstrail@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28805,"text":"wri974221 - 1997 - Detection of underground voids in Ohio by use of geophysical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri974221","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4221","title":"Detection of underground voids in Ohio by use of geophysical methods","docAbstract":"Geophysical methods are generally classified as electrical, potential field, and seismic methods. Each method type relies on contrasts of physical properties in the subsurface. Forward models based on the physical properties of air- and water-filled voids within common geologic materials indicate that several geophysical methods are technically feasible for detection of subsurface voids in Ohio, but ease of use and interpretation varies widely between the methods. Ground-penetrating radar is the most rapid and cost-effective method for collection of subsurface data in areas associated with voids under roadways. Electrical resistivity, gravity, or seismic reflection methods have applications for direct delineation of voids, but data-collection and analytical procedures are more time consuming. Electrical resistivity, electromagnetic, or magnetic methods may be useful in locating areas where conductive material, such as rail lines, are present in abandoned underground coal mines. Other electrical methods include spontaneous potential and very low frequency (VLF); these latter two methods are considered unlikely candidates for locating underground voids in Ohio. \r\n\r\nResults of ground-penetrating radar surveys at three highway sites indicate that subsurface penetration varies widely with geologic material type and amount of cultural interference. Two highway sites were chosen over abandoned underground coal mines in eastern Ohio. A third site in western Ohio was chosen in an area known to be underlain by naturally occurring voids in lime stone. Ground-penetrating radar surveys at Interstate 470, in Belmont County, Ohio, indicate subsurface penetration of less than 15 feet over a mined coal seam that was known to vary in depth from 0 to 40 feet. Although no direct observations of voids were made, anomalous areas that may be related to collapse structures above voids were indicated. Cultural interference dominated the radar records at Interstate 70, Guernsey County, Ohio, where coal was mined under the site at a depth of about 50 feet. Interference from overhead powerlines, the field vehicle, and guardrails complicated an interpretation of the radar records where the depth of penetration was estimated to be less than 5 feet. Along State Route 33, in Logan County, Ohio, bedding planes and structures possibly associated with dissolution of limestone were profiled with ground-penetrating radar. Depth of penetration was estimated to be greater than 50 feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974221","usgsCitation":"Munk, J., and Sheets, R.A., 1997, Detection of underground voids in Ohio by use of geophysical methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4221, vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974221.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4221/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4221/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6679e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munk, Jens","contributorId":78781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munk","given":"Jens","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheets, R. 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