Radiotelemetry was used to document population structure in adult rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from the Alagnak River, southwest Alaska. Rainbow trout (N = 134) longer than 440 mm were implanted with radio transmitters and tracked for varying periods from July 1997 to April 1999. Fifty-eight radio-tagged fish were tracked for sufficient duration (at least 11 months) to allow description of seasonal migratory patterns. Unique seasonal movements of fish suggested discrete, within-basin population structure. Telemetry data documented the existence of multiple migratory and nonmigratory groups of rainbow trout, indicating unique life history patterns. The observed groups consisted of what we defined as a lake-resident ecotype, a lake-river ecotype, and a riverine ecotype; the riverive ecotype demonstrated both highly migratory and nonmigratory movement behavior. Considerable variation in movement patterns was found within both the lake-river group and the river migratory group. Radio-tagged trout did not migrate between the two Alagnak watershed lakes in either year of the study, suggesting lake fidelity in the population structure. Alagnak River rainbow trout may have evolved the observed seasonal movement patterns to optimize winter thermal refugia and summer food availability of salmon eggs and carcasses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/T01-166","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Meka, J.M., Knudsen, E.E., Douglas, D.C., and Benter, R.B., 2003, Variable migratory patterns of different adult rainbow trout life history types in a southwest Alaska watershed: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 4, p. 717-732, https://doi.org/10.1577/T01-166.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"732","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alagnak River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.08251953125,\n 58.73970633523893\n ],\n [\n -156.69799804687497,\n 58.75110666755426\n ],\n [\n -156.2860107421875,\n 58.82511777083639\n ],\n [\n -156.082763671875,\n 58.85354158266562\n ],\n [\n -155.6817626953125,\n 58.82511777083639\n ],\n [\n -155.4949951171875,\n 58.76250326278713\n ],\n [\n -154.8358154296875,\n 58.64836904894546\n ],\n [\n -154.423828125,\n 58.63979389935778\n ],\n [\n -154.18212890625,\n 58.728302265067185\n ],\n [\n -154.16015625,\n 58.876263846088314\n ],\n [\n -154.346923828125,\n 59.08291631425877\n ],\n [\n -154.3634033203125,\n 59.2771080105117\n ],\n [\n -154.8907470703125,\n 59.293942145266506\n ],\n [\n -155.313720703125,\n 59.293942145266506\n ],\n [\n -155.8795166015625,\n 59.316374710316396\n ],\n [\n -156.104736328125,\n 59.369592780878754\n ],\n [\n -156.37939453125,\n 59.293942145266506\n ],\n [\n -156.8792724609375,\n 59.178742850970224\n ],\n [\n -157.1319580078125,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -157.269287109375,\n 58.839332591651775\n ],\n [\n -157.08251953125,\n 58.73970633523893\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc142e4b08c986b32a4dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meka, Julie M.","contributorId":44713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meka","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knudsen, E. Eric","contributorId":104818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knudsen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benter, Robert B.","contributorId":81678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Benter","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025488,"text":"70025488 - 2003 - New insights into Kilauea's volcano dynamics brought by large-scale relative relocation of microearthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70025488","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New insights into Kilauea's volcano dynamics brought by large-scale relative relocation of microearthquakes","docAbstract":"We investigated the microseismicity recorded in an active volcano to infer information concerning the volcano structure and long-term dynamics, by using relative relocations and focal mechanisms of microearthquakes. There were 32,000 earthquakes of the Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes recorded by more than eight stations of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory seismic network between 1988 and 1999. We studied 17,000 of these events and relocated more than 70%, with an accuracy ranging from 10 to 500 m. About 75% of these relocated events are located in the vicinity of subhorizontal decollement planes, at a depth of 8-11 km. However, the striking features revealed by these relocation results are steep southeast dipping fault planes working as reverse faults, clearly located below the decollement plane and which intersect it. If this decollement plane coincides with the pre-Mauna Loa seafloor, as hypothesized by numerous authors, such reverse faults rupture the pre-Mauna Loa oceanic crust. The weight of the volcano and pressure in the magma storage system are possible causes of these ruptures, fully compatible with the local stress tensor computed by Gillard et al. [1996]. Reverse faults are suspected of producing scarps revealed by kilometer-long horizontal slip-perpendicular lineations along the decollement surface and therefore large-scale roughness, asperities, and normal stress variations. These are capable of generating stick-slip, large-magnitude earthquakes, the spatial microseismic pattern observed in the south flank of Kilauea volcano, and Hilina-type instabilities. Rupture intersecting the decollement surface, causing its large-scale roughness, may be an important parameter controlling the growth of Hawaiian volcanoes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Got, J., and Okubo, P., 2003, New insights into Kilauea's volcano dynamics brought by large-scale relative relocation of microearthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 7.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65dae4b0c8380cd72c68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Got, J.-L.","contributorId":80867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Got","given":"J.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025486,"text":"70025486 - 2003 - Use of microstrip patch antennas in grain permittivity measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025486","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of microstrip patch antennas in grain permittivity measurement","docAbstract":"In this paper, a compact size free-space setup is proposed for the measurement of complex permittivity of granular materials. The horn antennas in the conventional setup are replaced by microstrip patch antennas which is a step toward system miniaturization. The experimental results obtained are in good agreement with those obtained with horn antennas.","largerWorkTitle":"Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Information and Measurement Technology Conference","conferenceDate":"20 May 2003 through 22 May 2003","conferenceLocation":"Vail, CO","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sabbagh, E., Ramahi, O., Trabelsi, S., Nelson, S., and Khan, L., 2003, Use of microstrip patch antennas in grain permittivity measurement, in Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, v. 1, Vail, CO, 20 May 2003 through 22 May 2003, p. 640-644.","startPage":"640","endPage":"644","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf41e4b08c986b329a50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sabbagh, El","contributorId":71369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabbagh","given":"El","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramahi, O.M.","contributorId":22546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramahi","given":"O.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trabelsi, S.","contributorId":27245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabelsi","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, S.O.","contributorId":73314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Khan, L.","contributorId":59605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025721,"text":"70025721 - 2003 - Density of the continental roots: Compositional and thermal contributions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T14:16:44.921939","indexId":"70025721","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density of the continental roots: Compositional and thermal contributions","docAbstract":"The origin and evolution of cratonic roots has been debated for many years. Precambrian cratons are underlain by cold lithospheric roots that are chemically depleted. Thermal and petrologic data indicate that Archean roots are colder and more chemically depleted than Proterozoic roots. This observation has led to the hypothesis that the degree of depletion in a lithospheric root depends mostly on its age. Here we test this hypothesis using gravity, thermal, petrologic, and seismic data to quantify differences in the density of cratonic roots globally. In the first step in our analysis we use a global crustal model to remove the crustal contribution to the observed gravity. The result is the mantle gravity anomaly field, which varies over cratonic areas from -100 to +100 mGal. Positive mantle gravity anomalies are observed for cratons in the northern hemisphere: the Baltic shield, East European Platform, and the Siberian Platform. Negative anomalies are observed over cratons in the southern hemisphere: Western Australia, South America, the Indian shield, and Southern Africa. This indicates that there are significant differences in the density of cratonic roots, even for those of similar age. Root density depends on temperature and chemical depletion. In order to separate these effects we apply a lithospheric temperature correction using thermal estimates from a combination of geothermal modeling and global seismic tomography models. Gravity anomalies induced by temperature variations in the uppermost mantle range from -200 to +300 mGal, with the strongest negative anomalies associated with mid-ocean ridges and the strongest positive anomalies associated with cratons. After correcting for thermal effects, we obtain a map of density variations due to lithospheric compositional variations. These maps indicate that the average density decrease due to the chemical depletion within cratonic roots varies from 1.1% to 1.5%, assuming the chemical boundary layer has the same thickness as the thermal boundary layer. The maximal values of the density drop are in the range 1.7-2.5%, and correspond to the Archean portion of each craton. Temperatures within cratonic roots vary strongly, and our analysis indicates that density variations in the roots due to temperature are larger than the variations due to chemical differences.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00072-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Kaban, M., Schwintzer, P., Artemieva, I., and Mooney, W.D., 2003, Density of the continental roots: Compositional and thermal contributions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 209, no. 1-2, p. 53-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00072-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00072-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fea9e4b0c8380cd4ee5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaban, M.K.","contributorId":47124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaban","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwintzer, P.","contributorId":105496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwintzer","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Artemieva, I.M.","contributorId":71728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artemieva","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025610,"text":"70025610 - 2003 - Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T18:40:54.81752","indexId":"70025610","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data","docAbstract":"We interpret seismic-reflection data, which were collected in Santa Monica Bay using a 70-in3 generator-injector air gun, to show the geologic structure of the continental shelf and slope and of the deep-water, Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins. The goal of this research is to investigate the earthquake hazard posed to urban areas by offshore faults. These data reveal that northwest of the Palos Verdes Peninsula, the Palos Verdes Fault neither offsets the seafloor nor cuts through an undeformed sediment apron that postdates the last sea level rise. Other evidence indicates that this fault extends northwest beneath the shelf in the deep subsurface. However, other major faults in the study area, such as the Dume and San Pedro Basin Faults, were active recently, as indicated by an arched seafloor and offset shallow sediment. Rocks under the lower continental slope are deformed to differing degrees on opposite sides of Santa Monica Canyon. Northwest of this canyon, the continental slope is underlain by a little-deformed sediment apron; the main structures that deform this apron are two lower-slope anticlines that extend toward Point Dume and are cored by faults showing reverse or thrust separation. Southeast of Santa Monica Canyon, lower-slope rocks are deformed by a complex arrangement of strike-slip, normal, and reverse faults. The San Pedro Escarpment rises abruptly along the southeast side of Santa Monica Canyon. Reverse faults and folds underpinning this escarpment steepen progressively southeastward. Locally they form flower structures and cut downward into basement rocks. These faults merge downward with the San Pedro Basin fault zone, which is nearly vertical and strike slip. The escarpment and its attendant structures diverge from this strike-slip fault zone and extend for 60 km along the margin, separating the continental shelf from the deep-water basins. The deep-water Santa Monica Basin has large extent but is filled with only a thin (less than 1.5-km) section of what are probably post-Miocene rocks and sediment. Extrapolating ages obtained from Ocean Drilling Program site 1015 indicates that this sedimentary cover is Quaternary, possibly no older than 600 ka. Folds and faults along the base of the San Pedro Escarpment began to form during 8-13 ka ago. Refraction-velocity data show that high-velocity rocks, probably the Catalina Schist or Miocene volcanic rocks, underlie the sedimentary section. The San Pedro Basin developed along a strike-slip fault, widens to the southeast, and is deformed by faults having apparent reverse separation and by folds near Redondo Canyon and the Palos Verdes Peninsula.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020019","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., Normark, W.R., Bohannon, R.G., Sliter, R.W., and Calvert, A., 2003, Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 5, p. 1955-1983, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020019.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1955","endPage":"1983","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387248,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Santa Monica","otherGeospatial":"Santa Monica Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.81439208984375,\n 34.0037197530556\n ],\n [\n -119.01626586914062,\n 33.91715274008259\n ],\n [\n -118.89266967773438,\n 33.68092541950744\n ],\n [\n -118.73336791992188,\n 33.58259116393916\n ],\n [\n -118.39828491210936,\n 33.735760815044635\n ],\n [\n -118.42025756835939,\n 33.7825716472443\n ],\n [\n -118.38592529296874,\n 33.83962341851979\n ],\n [\n -118.49441528320311,\n 34.01282694464166\n ],\n [\n -118.553466796875,\n 34.043556504127444\n ],\n [\n -118.7017822265625,\n 34.04128062212254\n ],\n [\n -118.81439208984375,\n 34.0037197530556\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a26e2e4b0c8380cd5942d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sliter, R. W.","contributorId":37758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calvert, A.J.","contributorId":16614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025720,"text":"70025720 - 2003 - Bioreactors for removing methyl bromide following contained fumigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:40:39","indexId":"70025720","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioreactors for removing methyl bromide following contained fumigations","docAbstract":"Use of methyl bromide (MeBr) as a quarantine, commodity, or structural fumigant is under scrutiny because its release to the atmosphere contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. A closed-system bioreactor consisting of 0.5 L of a growing culture of a previously described bacterium, strain IMB-1, removed MeBr (>110 μmol L-1) from recirculating air. Strain IMB-1 grew slowly to high cell densities in the bioreactor using MeBr as its sole carbon and energy source. Bacterial oxidation of MeBr produced CO2 and hydrobromic acid (HBr), which required continuous neutralization with NaOH for the system to operate effectively. Strain IMB-1 was capable of sustained oxidation of large amounts of MeBr (170 mmol in 46 d). In an open-system bioreactor (10-L fermenter), strain IMB-1 oxidized a continuous supply of MeBr (220 μmol L-1 in air). Growth was continuous, and 0.5 mol of MeBr was removed from the air supply in 14 d. The specific rate of MeBr oxidation was 7 × 10-16 mol cell-1 h-1. Bioreactors such as these can therefore be used to remove large quantities of contaminant MeBr, which opens the possibility of biodegradation as a practical means for its disposal.
Reactive solute transport models are useful tools for analyzing complex geochemical behavior resulting from biodegradation of organic compounds by multiple terminal electron acceptors (TEAPs). The usual approach of simulating the reactions of multiple TEAPs by an irreversible Monod rate law was compared with simulations that assumed a partial local equilibrium or kinetically controlled reactions subject to the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction (Δ G) was either less than zero or less than a threshold value. Simulations were performed using a single organic substrate and O2, FeOOH, SO4-2 and CO2 as the terminal electron acceptors. It was assumed that the organic substrate was slowly and completely fermented to CO2 and H2 and the H2 was oxidized by the TEAPs. Simulations using the Monod approach showed that this irreversible rate law forced the reduction of both FeOOH and CO2 to proceed even when Δ G was positive. This resulted in an over prediction in amount of FeOOH reduced to Fe(II) in parts of the domain and it resulted in large errors in pH. Simulations using mass action kinetics agreed with equilibrium simulations for the case of large rate constants. The extent of reductive dissolution of FeOOH was strongly dependent on the thermodynamic stability of the FeOOH phase. Transport simulations performed assuming that the reactions of the TEAPs stopped when Δ G exceeded a threshold value showed that only simulated H2 concentrations were affected if the threshold value was the same for each TEAP. Simulated H2 concentrations were controlled by the fastest reaction of the TEAP, but it was common for reactions to occur concomitantly rather than sequentially.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00008-6","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Curtis, G.P., 2003, Comparison of approaches for simulating reactive solute transport involving organic degradation reactions by multiple terminal electron acceptors: Computers & Geosciences, v. 29, no. 3, p. 319-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00008-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"329","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208808,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00008-6"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f84fe4b0c8380cd4cff6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, Gary P. 0000-0003-3975-8882 gpcurtis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-8882","contributorId":2346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Gary","email":"gpcurtis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025857,"text":"70025857 - 2003 - Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T15:23:58","indexId":"70025857","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits","docAbstract":"Laterally extensive beds of highly siliceous, hematitic chert (jasper) are associated with many volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of Late Cambrian to Early Cretaceous age, yet are unknown in analogous younger (including modern) settings. Textural studies suggest that VMS-related jaspers in the Ordovician Løkken ophiolite of Norway were originally deposited as Si- and Fe-rich gels that precipitated from hydrothermal plumes as colloidal silica and iron-oxyhydroxide particles. Rare earth element patterns and Ge/Si ratios of the jaspers reflect precipitation from plumes having seawater dilution factors of 103 to 104, similar to modern examples. We propose that silica in the ancient jaspers is not derived from submarine hydrothermal fluids-as suggested by previous workers-but instead was deposited from silic-rich sea-water. Flocculation and precipitation of the silica were triggered inorganically by the bridging effect of positively charged iron oxyhydroxides in the hydrothermal plume. A model involving amorphous silica (opal-A) precursors to the jaspers suggests that silica contents of Cambrian-Early Cretaceous oceans were at least 110 mg/L SiO2, compared to values of 40-60 mg/L SiO2 estimated in other studies. The evolution of ancient silica-rich to modern Fe-rich precipitates in submarine-hydrothermal plumes reflects a changeover from silica-saturated to silica-depleted seawater through Phanerozoic time, due mainly to ocean-wide emergence of diatoms in the Cretaceous.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Grenne, T., and Slack, J.F., 2003, Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits: Geology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 319-322, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"322","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208688,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7465e4b0c8380cd7760c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grenne, Tor","contributorId":7460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grenne","given":"Tor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35509,"text":"Geological Survey of Norway","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025485,"text":"70025485 - 2003 - Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025485","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study","docAbstract":"Six moderate magnitude earthquakes (5 < Mw < 6) ruptured normal fault segments of the southern sector of the North Apennine belt (central Italy) in the 1997 Colfiorito earthquake sequence. We study the progressive activation of adjacent and nearby parallel faults of this complex normal fault system using ???1650 earthquake locations obtained by applying a double-difference location method, using travel time picks and waveform cross-correlation measurements. The lateral extent of the fault segments range from 5 to 10 km and make up a broad, ???45 km long, NW trending fault system. The geometry of each segment is quite simple and consists of planar faults gently dipping toward SW with an average dip of 40??-45??. The fault planes are not listric but maintain a constant dip through the entire seismogenic volume, down to 8 km depth. We observe the activation of faults on the hanging wall and the absence of seismicity in the footwall of the structure. The observed fault segmentation appears to be due to the lateral heterogeneity of the upper crust: preexisting thrusts inherited from Neogene's compressional tectonic intersect the active normal faults and control their maximum length. The stress tensor obtained by inverting the six main shock focal mechanisms of the sequence is in agreement with the tectonic stress active in the inner chain of the Apennine, revealing a clear NE trending extension direction. Aftershock focal mechanisms show a consistent extensional kinematics, 70% of which are mechanically consistent with the main shock stress field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chiaraluce, L., Ellsworth, W., Chiarabba, C., and Cocco, M., 2003, Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 6.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3889e4b0c8380cd615e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiaraluce, L.","contributorId":61226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiaraluce","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chiarabba, C.","contributorId":39994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiarabba","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cocco, M.","contributorId":70128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocco","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025410,"text":"70025410 - 2003 - Habitat selection of the channel darter, Percina (Cottogaster) copelandi, a surrogate for the imperiled pearl darter, Percina aurora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T16:26:30","indexId":"70025410","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Habitat selection of the channel darter, Percina (Cottogaster) copelandi, a surrogate for the imperiled pearl darter, Percina aurora","title":"Habitat selection of the channel darter, Percina (Cottogaster) copelandi, a surrogate for the imperiled pearl darter, Percina aurora","docAbstract":"Percina (Cottogaster) aurora is an imperiled species under consideration for listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. To better understand habitat use of P. aurora, we studied a related and more abundant Cottogasterspecies, Percina copelandi, from the Ouachita River, Arkansas. We used a laboratory stream system to examine mesohabitat selection (pools versus riffles) and microhabitat selection (substratum particle size) of P. copelandi over three temperature regimes (summer, spring, and winter). Percina copelandi selected pool habitats over riffles and selected pools with coarse substrata (e.g., cobble) over fine substrata (e.g., gravel). In riffles, P. copelandi selected large substrata during winter and spring but did not show particle size selection during summer. These data, and various published and unpublished field data for P. aurora, suggest that habitat use of P. aurora is also centered around deep runs and pools, with large substrata likely being more important at low water temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2003.9664491","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Schofield, P., and Ross, S.T., 2003, Habitat selection of the channel darter, Percina (Cottogaster) copelandi, a surrogate for the imperiled pearl darter, Percina aurora: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 18, no. 2, p. 249-257, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2003.9664491.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"257","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f27e4b0c8380cd5cb2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schofield, Pamela J. 0000-0002-8752-2797 pschofield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-2797","contributorId":138883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"Pamela J.","email":"pschofield@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, Stephen T.","contributorId":64111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12981,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025878,"text":"70025878 - 2003 - Shallow-velocity models at the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of tremor wavefields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T13:27:16","indexId":"70025878","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow-velocity models at the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of tremor wavefields","docAbstract":"The properties of the surface wavefield at Kilauea Volcano are analysed using data from small-aperture arrays of short-period seismometers deployed in and around the Kilauea caldera. Tremor recordings were obtained during two Japan-US cooperative experiments conducted in 1996 and 1997. The seismometers were deployed in three semi-circular arrays with apertures of 300, 300 and 400 m, and a linear array with length of 1680 m. Data are analysed using a spatio-temporal correlation technique well suited for the study of the stationary stochastic wavefields of Rayleigh and Love waves associated with volcanic activity and scattering sources distributed in and around the summit caldera. Spatial autocorrelation coefficients are obtained as a function of frequency and are inverted for the dispersion characteristics of Rayleigh and Love waves using a grid search that seeks phase velocities for which the L-2 norm between data and forward modelling operators is minimized. Within the caldera, the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves range from 1400 to 1800 m s-1 at 1 Hz down to 300-400 m s-1 at 10 Hz, and the phase velocities of Love waves range from 2600 to 400 m s-1 within the same frequency band. Outside the caldera, Rayleigh wave velocities range from 1800 to 1600 m s-1 at 1 Hz down to 260-360 m s-1 at 10 Hz, and Love wave velocities range from 600 to 150 m s-1 within the same frequency band. The dispersion curves are inverted for velocity structure beneath each array, assuming these dispersions represent the fundamental modes of Rayleigh and Love waves. The velocity structures observed at different array sites are consistent with results from a recent 3-D traveltime tomography of the caldera region, and point to a marked velocity discontinuity associated with the southern caldera boundary.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01867.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Saccorotti, G., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2003, Shallow-velocity models at the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of tremor wavefields: Geophysical Journal International, v. 152, no. 3, p. 633-648, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01867.x.","startPage":"633","endPage":"648","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478474,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.01867.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01867.x"}],"volume":"152","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e49e4b08c986b31884d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saccorotti, G.","contributorId":107041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saccorotti","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025643,"text":"70025643 - 2003 - High plant diversity in Eocene South America: Evidence from Patagonia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T15:35:46","indexId":"70025643","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High plant diversity in Eocene South America: Evidence from Patagonia","docAbstract":"Tropical South America has the highest plant diversity of any region today, but this richness is usually characterized as a geologically recent development (Neogene or Pleistocene). From caldera-lake beds exposed at Laguna del Hunco in Patagonia, Argentina, paleolatitude ~47oS, we report 102 leaf species. Radioisotopic and paleomagnetic analyses indicate that the flora was deposited 52 million years ago, the time of the early Eocene climatic optimum, when tropical plant taxa and warm, equable climates reached middle latitudes of both hemispheres. Adjusted for sample size, observed richness exceeds that of any other Eocene leaf flora, supporting an ancient history of high plant diversity in warm areas of South America.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1080475","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Wilf, P., Cuneo, N., Johnson, K., Hicks, J., Wing, S., and Obradovich, J.D., 2003, High plant diversity in Eocene South America: Evidence from Patagonia: Science, v. 300, no. 5616, p. 122-125, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1080475.","startPage":"122","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1080475"}],"volume":"300","issue":"5616","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30c2e4b0c8380cd5d90a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilf, P.","contributorId":28785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilf","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cuneo, N.R.","contributorId":40395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuneo","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, K.R.","contributorId":28599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hicks, J.F.","contributorId":6215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wing, S.L.","contributorId":63588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wing","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Obradovich, J. D.","contributorId":48966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025644,"text":"70025644 - 2003 - An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:34:18","indexId":"70025644","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery","docAbstract":"A wide range of urban ecosystem studies, including urban hydrology, urban climate, land use planning, and resource management, require current and accurate geospatial data of urban impervious surfaces. We developed an approach to quantify urban impervious surfaces as a continuous variable by using multisensor and multisource datasets. Subpixel percent impervious surfaces at 30-m resolution were mapped using a regression tree model. The utility, practicality, and affordability of the proposed method for large-area imperviousness mapping were tested over three spatial scales (Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Richmond, Virginia, and the Chesapeake Bay areas of the United States). Average error of predicted versus actual percent impervious surface ranged from 8.8 to 11.4%, with correlation coefficients from 0.82 to 0.91. The approach is being implemented to map impervious surfaces for the entire United States as one of the major components of the circa 2000 national land cover database.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute","doi":"10.5589/m02-098","issn":"07038992","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Huang, C., Homer, C.G., Wylie, B.K., and Coan, M., 2003, An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 29, no. 2, p. 230-240, https://doi.org/10.5589/m02-098.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea0ae4b0c8380cd485c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan 0000-0003-0055-9798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-9798","contributorId":198972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coan, Michael mcoan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coan","given":"Michael","email":"mcoan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":406000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025646,"text":"70025646 - 2003 - Rime and graupel: Description and characterization as revealed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T13:23:29","indexId":"70025646","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3334,"text":"Scanning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rime and graupel: Description and characterization as revealed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy","docAbstract":"Snow crystals, which form by vapor deposition, occasionally come in contact with supercooled cloud droplets during their formation and descent. When this occurs, the droplets adhere and freeze to the snow crystals in a process known as accretion. During the early stages of accretion, discrete snow crystals exhibiting frozen cloud droplets are referred to as rime. If this process continues, the snow crystal may become completely engulfed in frozen cloud droplets. The resulting particle is known as graupel. Light microscopic investigations have studied rime and graupel for nearly 100 years. However, the limiting resolution and depth of field associated with the light microscope have prevented detailed descriptions of the microscopic cloud droplets and the three-dimensional topography of the rime and graupel particles. This study uses low-temperature scanning electron microscopy to characterize the frozen precipitates that are commonly known as rime and graupel. Rime, consisting of frozen cloud droplets, is observed on all types of snow crystals including needles, columns, plates, and dendrites. The droplets, which vary in size from 10 to 100 μm, frequently accumulate along one face of a single snow crystal, but are found more randomly distributed on aggregations consisting of two or more snow crystals (snowflakes). The early stages of riming are characterized by the presence of frozen cloud droplets that appear as a layer of flattened hemispheres on the surface of the snow crystal. As this process continues, the cloud droplets appear more sinuous and elongate as they contact and freeze to the rimed crystals. The advanced stages of this process result in graupel, a particle 1 to 3 mm across, composed of hundreds of frozen cloud droplets interspersed with considerable air spaces; the original snow crystal is no longer discernible. This study increases our knowledge about the process and characteristics of riming and suggests that the initial appearance of the flattened hemispheres may result from impact of the leading face of the snow crystal with cloud droplets. The elongated and sinuous configurations of frozen cloud droplets that are encountered on the more advanced stages suggest that aerodynamic forces propel cloud droplets to the trailing face of the descending crystal where they make contact and freeze.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/sca.4950250304","issn":"01610457","usgsCitation":"Rango, A., Foster, J., Josberger, E., Erbe, E., Pooley, C., and Wergin, W., 2003, Rime and graupel: Description and characterization as revealed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy: Scanning, v. 25, no. 3, p. 121-131, https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.4950250304.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"131","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad6be4b0c8380cd86ed0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rango, A.","contributorId":94449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rango","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, J.","contributorId":89687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erbe, E.F.","contributorId":33877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erbe","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pooley, C.","contributorId":55185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pooley","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wergin, W.P.","contributorId":106280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wergin","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025837,"text":"70025837 - 2003 - Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T14:26:04.076689","indexId":"70025837","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species","title":"Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species","docAbstract":"Abundance of invasive plants is often attributed to their ability ot outcompete native species. We compared resource acquisition and allocation of the invasive annual grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens with that of two native Mojave Desert annuals, Vulpia octoflora and Descurainia pinnata, in a glasshouse experiment. Each species was grown in monoculture at two densities and two levels of N availability to compare how these annuals capture resources and to understand their relative sensitivities to environmental change. During >4 mo of growth, Bromus used water more rapidly and had greater biomass and N content than the natives, partly because of its greater root‐surface area and its exploitation of deep soils. Bromus also had greater N uptake, net assimilation and transpiration rates, and canopy area than Vulpia. Resource use by Bromus was less sensitive to changes in N availability or density than were the natives. The two native species in this study produced numerous small seeds that tended to remain dormant, thus ensuring escape of offspring from unfavorable germination conditions; Bromus produced fewer but larger seeds that readily germinated. Collectively, these traits give Bromus the potential to rapidly establish in diverse habitats of the Mojave Desert, thereby gaining an advantage over coexisting native species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.3732/ajb.90.7.1045","usgsCitation":"Defalco, L., Bryla, D.R., Smith-Longozo, V., and Nowak, R.S., 2003, Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species: American Journal of Botany, v. 90, no. 7, p. 1045-1053, https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.7.1045.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1045","endPage":"1053","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478566,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.7.1045","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.576416015625,\n 34.94448806230625\n ],\n [\n -114.65881347656249,\n 35.232159412017154\n ],\n [\n -114.80712890625,\n 35.563512051219696\n ],\n [\n -115.20812988281251,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -115.84533691406249,\n 35.49198366469642\n ],\n [\n -116.30126953125,\n 35.25907654252574\n ],\n [\n -116.510009765625,\n 34.88142481679756\n ],\n [\n -115.850830078125,\n 34.48392002731987\n ],\n [\n -115.5596923828125,\n 34.16636338473789\n ],\n [\n -114.9005126953125,\n 34.17090836352573\n ],\n [\n -114.42260742187499,\n 34.4793919710481\n ],\n [\n -114.3402099609375,\n 34.65128519895413\n ],\n [\n -114.5489501953125,\n 34.94448806230625\n ],\n [\n -114.576416015625,\n 34.94448806230625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed58e4b0c8380cd49756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Defalco, Lesley A. ldefalco@usgs.gov","contributorId":138961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Defalco","given":"Lesley A.","email":"ldefalco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryla, David R.","contributorId":174984,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bryla","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith-Longozo, Vickie","contributorId":99508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith-Longozo","given":"Vickie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nowak, Robert S.","contributorId":15474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025403,"text":"70025403 - 2003 - Effects of electrofishing gear type on spatial and temporal variability in fish community sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025403","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of electrofishing gear type on spatial and temporal variability in fish community sampling","docAbstract":"Fish community data collected from 24 major river basins between 1993 and 1998 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program were analyzed to assess multiple-reach (three consecutive reaches) and multiple-year (three consecutive years) variability in samples collected at a site. Variability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV; SD/mean) of species richness, the Jaccard index (JI), and the percent similarity index (PSI). Data were categorized by three electrofishing sample collection methods: backpack, towed barge, and boat. Overall, multiple-reach CV values were significantly lower than those for multiple years, whereas multiple-reach JI and PSI values were significantly greater than those for multiple years. Multiple-reach and multiple-year CV values did not vary significantly among electrofishing methods, although JI and PSI values were significantly greatest for backpack electrofishing across multiple reaches and multiple years. The absolute difference between mean species richness for multiple-reach samples and mean species richness for multiple-year samples was 0.8 species (9.5% of total species richness) for backpack samples, 1.7 species (10.1%) for towed-barge samples, and 4.5 species (24.4%) for boat-collected samples. Review of boat-collected fish samples indicated that representatives of four taxonomic families - Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, Cyprinidae, and Ictaluridae - were collected at all sites. Of these, catostomids exhibited greater interannual variability than centrarchids, cyprinids, or ictalurids. Caution should be exercised when combining boat-collected fish community data from different years because of relatively high interannual variability, which is primarily due to certain relatively mobile species. Such variability may obscure longer-term trends.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T01-135","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., and McIntyre, J., 2003, Effects of electrofishing gear type on spatial and temporal variability in fish community sampling: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 4, p. 709-716, https://doi.org/10.1577/T01-135.","startPage":"709","endPage":"716","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209576,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T01-135"},{"id":236190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06dbe4b0c8380cd5144f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, J.P.","contributorId":94471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025402,"text":"70025402 - 2003 - Magnitude and variability of Holocene sediment accumulation in Santa Monica Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025402","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnitude and variability of Holocene sediment accumulation in Santa Monica Bay, California","docAbstract":"The spatial variability of Holocene (past 10,000 years) sediment accumulation in Santa Monica Bay (California) was examined to identify controls sediment trapping in a bathymetrically complex coastal embayment and to provide geologic context for the post-industrial sedimentary record and associated pollution gradients. Sediment chronologies based on downcore AMS 14C dates were used to quantify long-term (millennia) accumulation rates in an effort to elucidate particle-transport pathways and sinks. Sediment accumulation rates for the full range of bayfloor environments (50-630 m water depths) range from 22 to 102 mg/cm2/year (15-88 mm/100 year), have an overall mean of 51??21 mg/cm2/year (1??, n=11), and are comparable to rates reported for adjacent borderland basins. Maximal accumulation rates on the Malibu shelf and within a reentrant to Redondo canyon are interpreted to reflect (1) proximity to sediment sources and (2) localized oceanographic and topographic conditions conducive to sediment trapping and deposition. The 14C-derived accumulation rates are 2-10 times lower than rates determined through 210Pb geochronology for the same sites in a related study, revealing that Holocene sediment accumulation has been non-steady-state. Santa Monica Bay is an important sink for suspended matter; averaged over the past several millennia a mass of sediment equivalent to 10-80% of the modern annual river supply is sequestered yearly. Net influx of suspended matter derived from the adjacent Palos Verdes shelf is evinced by a concentration gradient of p,p???-DDE in bayfloor sediments, whereas the distribution of anthropogenic silver suggests transport from Santa Monica shelf to the southeastern boundary of the bay. The results of this study provide new insight to the long-term fates of particulate matter in Los Angeles coastal waters. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Environmental Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00329-X","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Sommerfield, C., and Lee, H., 2003, Magnitude and variability of Holocene sediment accumulation in Santa Monica Bay, California: Marine Environmental Research, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 151-176, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00329-X.","startPage":"151","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209559,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00329-X"},{"id":236156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4beee4b0c8380cd69896","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sommerfield, C.K.","contributorId":54387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerfield","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025422,"text":"70025422 - 2003 - Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:27:44","indexId":"70025422","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions","docAbstract":"The potential toxicity of elevated selenium (Se) concentrations in aquatic ecosystems has stimulated efforts to measure Se concentrations in benthos, nekton, and waterfowl in San Francisco Bay (SF Bay). In September 1998, we initiated a 14 mo field study to determine the concentration of Se in SF Bay zooplankton, which play a major role in the Bay food web, but which have not previously been studied with respect to Se. Monthly vertical plankton tows were collected at several stations throughout SF Bay, and zooplankton were separated into two operationally defined size classes for Se analyses: 73-2,000 ??m, and ???2,000 ??m. Selenium values ranged 1.02-6.07 ??g Se g-1 dry weight. No spatial differences in zooplankton Se concentrations were found. However, there were inter- and intra-annual differences. Zooplankton Se concentrations were enriched in the North Bay in Fall 1999 when compared to other seasons and locations within and outside SF Bay. The abundance and biovolume of the zooplankton community varied spatially between stations, but not seasonally within each station. Smaller herbivorous-omnivorous zooplankton had higher Se concentrations than larger omnivorous-carnivorous zooplankton. Selenium concentrations in zooplankton were negatively correlated with the proportion of total copepod biovolume comprising the large carnivorous copepod Tortanus dextrilobatus, but positively correlated with the proportion of copepod biovolume comprising smaller copepods of the family Oithonidae, suggesting an important role of trophic level and size in regulating zooplankton Se concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02803354","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Purkerson, D., Doblin, M., Bollens, S., Luoma, S., and Cutter, G., 2003, Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions: Estuaries, v. 26, no. 4, p. 956-969, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803354.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"956","endPage":"969","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cf3e4b08c986b3181d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purkerson, D.G.","contributorId":52768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purkerson","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doblin, M.A.","contributorId":19345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doblin","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bollens, S.M.","contributorId":30419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollens","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cutter, G.A.","contributorId":29166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutter","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025412,"text":"70025412 - 2003 - Determining long time-scale hyporheic zone flow paths in Antarctic streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:02:30","indexId":"70025412","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining long time-scale hyporheic zone flow paths in Antarctic streams","docAbstract":"In the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, glaciers are the source of meltwater during the austral summer, and the streams and adjacent hyporheic zones constitute the entire physical watershed; there are no hillslope processes in these systems. Hyporheic zones can extend several metres from each side of the stream, and are up to 70 cm deep, corresponding to a lateral cross‐section as large as 12 m2, and water resides in the subsurface year around. In this study, we differentiate between the near‐stream hyporheic zone, which can be characterized with stream tracer experiments, and the extended hyporheic zone, which has a longer time‐scale of exchange. We sampled stream water from Green Creek and from the adjacent saturated alluvium for stable isotopes of D and 18O to assess the significance and extent of stream‐water exchange between the streams and extended hyporheic zones over long time‐scales (days to weeks). Our results show that water residing in the extended hyporheic zone is much more isotopically enriched (up to 11‰ D and 2·2‰ 18O) than stream water. This result suggests a long residence time within the extended hyporheic zone, during which fractionation has occurred owing to summer evaporation and winter sublimation of hyporheic water. We found less enriched water in the extended hyporheic zone later in the flow season, suggesting that stream water may be exchanged into and out of this zone, on the time‐scale of weeks to months. The transient storage model OTIS was used to characterize the exchange of stream water with the extended hyporheic zone. Model results yield exchange rates (α) generally an order magnitude lower (10−5 s−1) than those determined using stream‐tracer techniques on the same stream. In light of previous studies in these streams, these results suggest that the hyporheic zones in Antarctic streams have near‐stream zones of rapid stream‐water exchange, where ‘fast’ biogeochemical reactions may influence water chemistry, and extended hyporheic zones, in which slower biogeochemical reaction rates may affect stream‐water chemistry at longer time‐scales.
The relationship between gas transfer velocity and wind speed was evaluated at low wind speeds by quantifying the rate of evasion of the deliberate tracer, SF6, from a small oligotrophic lake. Several possible relationships between gas transfer velocity and low wind speed were evaluated by using 1-min-averaged wind speeds as a measure of the instantaneous wind speed values. Gas transfer velocities in this data set can be estimated virtually equally well by assuming any of three widely used relationships between k600 and winds referenced to 10-m height, U10: (1) a bilinear dependence with a break in the slope at ∼3.7 m s-1, which resulted in the best fit; (2) a power dependence; and (3) a constant transfer velocity for U10 < ∼3.7 m s-1, with a linear dependence on wind speed at higher wind speeds. The lack of a unique relationship between transfer velocity and wind speed at low wind speeds suggests that other processes, such as convective cooling, contribute significantly to gas exchange when the wind speeds are low. All three proposed relationships clearly show a strong dependence on wind for winds >3.7 m s-1 which, coupled with the typical variability in instantaneous wind speeds observed in the field, leads to average transfer velocity estimates that are higher than those predicted for steady wind trends. The transfer velocities predicted by the bilinear steady wind relationship for U10 < ∼3.7 m s-1 are virtually identical to the theoretical predictions for transfer across a smooth surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Crusius, J., and Wanninkhof, R., 2003, Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 48, no. 3, p. 1010-1017, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1010","endPage":"1017","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14d7e4b0c8380cd54bc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanninkhof, R.","contributorId":74511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanninkhof","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025420,"text":"70025420 - 2003 - Analysis of aquifer mineralization by paleodrainage channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025420","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of aquifer mineralization by paleodrainage channels","docAbstract":"Mineralization of groundwater resources is a problem in south-central Kansas, due to the penetration of saline water from Permian bedrock formations into the overlying alluvial aquifer. One of the mechanisms involved in the mineralization involves small bedrock features of high permeability located in places occupied by streams and rivers in past geological eras. These geological features are termed 'paleodrainage channels'. The permeability of the overlying aquifer can be significantly smaller than that of the channel fill material. The comparatively fast migration of saline water through these channels of high permeability is associated with the transfer of minerals into the overlying freshwater aquifer. This study applies a set of boundary layer approaches to quantify the process of mineral transfer from the channels into the aquifer. The methods used in the present study provide quick estimation and evaluation of the dilution of the channel flow, as well as mineral concentration profile changes in the mineralized zone created in the overlying aquifer. More generally, the method can also be useful for the analysis and evaluation of various types of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous aquifers. The application of the method is exemplified by a complete set of calculations characterizing the possible mineralization process at a specific channel in south central Kansas. Sensitivity analyses are performed and provide information about the importance of the various parameters that affect the mineralization process. Some possible scenarios for the aquifer mineralization phenomena are described and evaluated. It is shown that the channel mineralization may create either several stream tubes of the aquifer with high mineral concentration, or many stream tubes mineralized to a lesser extent. Characteristics of these two patterns of aquifer mineralization are quantified and discussed. ?? 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00123-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rubin, H., and Buddemeier, R., 2003, Analysis of aquifer mineralization by paleodrainage channels: Journal of Hydrology, v. 277, no. 3-4, p. 280-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00123-9.","startPage":"280","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209408,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00123-9"},{"id":235821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"277","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb06e4b0c8380cd48b78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, H.","contributorId":54358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025651,"text":"70025651 - 2003 - Hydrological alteration along the Missouri River Basin: A time series approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025651","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":873,"text":"Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological alteration along the Missouri River Basin: A time series approach","docAbstract":"Human alteration of large rivers is common-place, often resulting in significant changes in flow characteristics. We used a time series approach to examine daily mean flow data from locations throughout the main-stem Missouri River. Data from a pre-alteration period (1925-1948) were compared with a post-alteration period (1967-1996), with separate analyses conducted using either data from the entire year or restricted to the spring fish spawning period (1 April-30 June). Daily mean flows were significantly higher during the post-alteration period at all locations. Flow variability was markedly reduced during the post-alteration period as a probable result of flow regulation and climatological shifts. Daily mean flow during the spring fish spawning period was significantly lower during the post-alteration period at the most highly altered locations in the middle portion of the river, but unchanged at the least altered locations in the upper and lower portions of the river. Our data also corroborate other analyses, using alternate statistical approaches, that suggest similar changes to the Missouri River system. Our results suggest human alterations on the Missouri River, particularly in the middle portion most strongly affected by impoundments and channelization, have resulted in changes to the natural flow regime.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s000270300005","issn":"10151621","usgsCitation":"Pegg, M., Pierce, C., and Roy, A., 2003, Hydrological alteration along the Missouri River Basin: A time series approach: Aquatic Sciences, v. 65, no. 1, p. 63-72, https://doi.org/10.1007/s000270300005.","startPage":"63","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478480,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs/125","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208825,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000270300005"},{"id":234856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36a8e4b0c8380cd608b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pegg, M.A.","contributorId":46469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pegg","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, C.L. 0000-0001-5088-5431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-5431","contributorId":93606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roy, A.","contributorId":25679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025718,"text":"70025718 - 2003 - Annual variations of biomass and photosynthesis in Zostera marina at its southern end of distribution in the North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T16:02:24","indexId":"70025718","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Annual variations of biomass and photosynthesis in Zostera marina at its southern end of distribution in the North Pacific","title":"Annual variations of biomass and photosynthesis in Zostera marina at its southern end of distribution in the North Pacific","docAbstract":"Density, biomass, morphology, phenology and photosynthetic characteristics of Zostera marina were related to continuous measurements of in situ irradiance, attenuation coefficient and temperature at three coastal lagoons in Baja California, Mexico. In situ irradiance was approximately two-fold lower at San Quintin Bay (SQ) than at Ojo de Liebre Lagoon (OL) and San Ignacio Lagoon (SI). As a consequence of the greater irradiance, plants at OL and SI were established 1 m deeper within the water column than those at SQ. At SQ, there was a four-fold variation in biomass of Z. marina caused by changes on shoot length and not shoot density, while at OL and SI biomass and shoot length did not fluctuate significantly throughout the year. Reproductive shoot density reached maximum values concomitantly with the greatest irradiance during spring-summer, however, the density was approximately three-fold greater at SQ than at the southern coastal lagoons. While irradiance levels were two-fold greater at the southern lagoons, in general, photosynthetic characteristics were similar among all three lagoons. The hours of light saturated photosynthesis, calculated from their photosynthetic characteristics and irradiance measurements, suggest that photosynthesis of shoots from OL and SI are saturated for more than 6 h per day throughout the year, while shoots from SQ are likely light limited during approximately 15% of the year. Consequently, an increase in attenuation coefficient values in the water column will likely decrease light availability to Z. marina plants at SQ, potentially decreasing their survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3770(03)00012-3","usgsCitation":"Cabello-Pasini, A., Muniz-Salazar, R., and Ward, D.H., 2003, Annual variations of biomass and photosynthesis in Zostera marina at its southern end of distribution in the North Pacific: Aquatic Botany, v. 76, no. 1, p. 31-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(03)00012-3.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec3de4b0c8380cd49146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cabello-Pasini, Alejandro","contributorId":80636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabello-Pasini","given":"Alejandro","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muniz-Salazar, Raquel","contributorId":194242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muniz-Salazar","given":"Raquel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}