No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96513B","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W.J., Bundtzen, T., Dawson, K.M., Eremin, R.A., Goryachev, N., Koch, R.D., Ratkin, V.V., Rozenblum, I.S., Shpikerman, V.I., Frolov, Y.F., Gorodinsky, M.E., Melnikov, V.D., Diggles, M.F., Ognyanov, N.V., Petrachenko, E.D., Petrachenko, R.I., Pozdeev, A.I., Ross, K.V., Wood, D.H., Grybeck, D., Khanchuk, A.I., Kovbas, L.I., Nekrasov, I.Y., and Sidorov, A.A., 1997, Significant metalliferous and selected non-metalliferous lode deposits and placer districts for the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-513, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96513B.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409593,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44627.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-513-b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130,\n 71.417\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 71.417\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 51.228\n ],\n [\n -130,\n 51.228\n ],\n [\n -130,\n 71.417\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n 71.417\n ],\n [\n 172,\n 71.417\n ],\n [\n 172,\n 51.228\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 51.228\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 71.417\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649b93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bundtzen, Thomas K.","contributorId":83560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bundtzen","given":"Thomas K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, Kenneth M.","contributorId":97525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eremin, Roman A.","contributorId":105759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eremin","given":"Roman","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goryachev, Nikolai A.","contributorId":7318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goryachev","given":"Nikolai A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Koch, Richard D. rkoch@usgs.gov","contributorId":4413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Richard","email":"rkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":187409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ratkin, Vladimir V.","contributorId":79924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratkin","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rozenblum, Ilya S.","contributorId":77960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rozenblum","given":"Ilya","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shpikerman, Vladimir I.","contributorId":35766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shpikerman","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Frolov, Yuri 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D.","contributorId":50557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrachenko","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Petrachenko, Rimma I.","contributorId":67119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrachenko","given":"Rimma","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Pozdeev, Anany I.","contributorId":10454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pozdeev","given":"Anany","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Ross, Katherina V.","contributorId":67120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Katherina","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Wood, Douglas H.","contributorId":44579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Grybeck, Donald","contributorId":8066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grybeck","given":"Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Khanchuk, Alexander I.","contributorId":19585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khanchuk","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Kovbas, Lidiya I.","contributorId":106527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovbas","given":"Lidiya","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Nekrasov, Ivan Ya.","contributorId":87172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nekrasov","given":"Ivan","email":"","middleInitial":"Ya.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Sidorov, Anatoly A.","contributorId":36589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidorov","given":"Anatoly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24}]}} ,{"id":70129380,"text":"70129380 - 1997 - Modeling waves and circulation in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T14:10:29","indexId":"70129380","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-21T12:37:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling waves and circulation in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a study of storm-driven sediment resuspension and transport in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. Two critical processes related to sediment transport in the lake are (1) the resuspension of sediments due to wind-generated storm waves and (2) the movement of resuspended material by lake currents during storm wind events. The potential for sediment resuspension is being studied with the wave prediction model which simulates local generation of waves by wind and shallow-water effects on waves (refraction, shoaling, bottom friction, and breaking). Long-term wind measurements are then used to determine the regional \"climate\" of bottom orbital velocity (showing the spatial and temporal variability of wave-induced currents at the bottom). The circulation of the lake is being studied with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Results of the modeling effort indicate that remote forcing due to water levels in Mississippi Sound dominate the circulation near the passes in the eastern end of the lake, while local wind forcing dominates water movement in the western end. During typical storms with winds from the north-northeast or the south-southeast, currents along the south coast near New Orleans generally transport material westward, while material in the central region moves against the wind. When periods of sustained winds are followed by a drop in coastal sea level, a large amount of suspended sediment can be flushed from the lake.","language":"English","publisher":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., and List, J., 1997, Modeling waves and circulation in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 47, p. 529-532.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"532","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/gcags/data/047/047001/0529.htm"},{"id":295562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Lake Pontchartrain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.46829223632812,\n 30.021543509740027\n ],\n [\n -89.74319458007812,\n 30.021543509740027\n ],\n [\n -89.74319458007812,\n 30.421440372174192\n ],\n [\n -90.46829223632812,\n 30.421440372174192\n ],\n [\n -90.46829223632812,\n 30.021543509740027\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775b5e4b0f888a81b832f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"List, Jeffrey H. jlist@usgs.gov","contributorId":2416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"Jeffrey H.","email":"jlist@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70128984,"text":"70128984 - 1997 - Sea-floor geology of a part of Mamala Bay, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-15T14:16:47","indexId":"70128984","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-15T14:12:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2990,"text":"Pacific Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea-floor geology of a part of Mamala Bay, Hawaii","docAbstract":"We surveyed the sea-floor geology within a 200-km2 area of Mamala Bay, off Honolulu, Hawaii by collecting and analyzing sidescan sonar images, 3.5-kHz profiles, video and still visual images, and box-core samples. The study area extends from 20-m water depth on the insular shelf to 600-m water depth in a southeast-trending trough. The sidescan images depict three principal types of sea-floor material: low-backscatter natural sediment, high-backscatter drowned carbonate reef, and intermediate-backscatter dredged-material deposits. Cores indicate that the natural sediment is muddy sand, composed of carbonate reef and microfauna debris with some volcanic grains. Vague areal trends in composition are evident. The dredged material comprises poorly sorted, cobble- to clay-size mixtures of reef, volcanic, and man-made debris, up to 35 cm thick. Dredged-material deposits are not evident in the 3.5-kHz profiles. In the sidescan images they appear as isolated, circular to subcircular imprints, apparently formed by individual drops, around the periphery of their occurrence, but they overlap and coalesce to a nearly continuous, intermediate-backscatter blanket toward the center of three disposal sites investigated.
\nWe did not observe significant currents during our camera surveys, but there is abundant evidence of sediment reworking: symmetrical and asymmetrical ripples in the visual images, sand waves in the 3.5-kHz profiles and side-scan images, moats around the reefs in 3.5-kHz profiles, winnowed dredged material in the visual images, and burial of dredged material by natural sediment in cores. Most current indicators imply a westerly to northwesterly transport direction, along contours or up-slope, although there are a few areas of easterly indicators. Internal waves probably drive the transport; their possible existence is implied by measured water-column density gradients.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pacific Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii Press","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., Torresan, M.E., and Barber, J.H., 1997, Sea-floor geology of a part of Mamala Bay, Hawaii: Pacific Science, v. 51, no. 1, p. 54-75.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295346,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295345,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/3096"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543f8c9de4b065f4ad22cf8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, Monty A. mhampton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"Monty","email":"mhampton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":503250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torresan, Michael E. mtorresan@usgs.gov","contributorId":4392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torresan","given":"Michael","email":"mtorresan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":503249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barber, John H. Jr.","contributorId":102821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019637,"text":"70019637 - 1997 - The paradox of nonmarine ichnofaunas in tidal rhythmites; integrating sedimentologic and ichnologic data from the Late Cretaceous of eastern Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-11T16:47:33.191431","indexId":"70019637","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The paradox of nonmarine ichnofaunas in tidal rhythmites; integrating sedimentologic and ichnologic data from the Late Cretaceous of eastern Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"The occurrence of trace fossil assemblages dominated by arthropod trackways and surface grazing trails within Carboniferous tidal rhythmites has puzzled sedimentologists and ichnologists, who interpreted them either as marine or nonmarine. The Virgilian (Stephanian) Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation) at Buildex Quarry (eastern Kansas) consists, for the most part, of planar-laminated coarse-grained siltstones deposited on an upper tidal flat, close to or at the fluvial-estuarine transition of a macrotidal estuarine paleovalley. Recurrent thickness fluctuations demonstrate the strong influence of tidal processes and provide evidence that these deposits are tidal rhythmites, with thicker strata representing spring tides and thinner ones recording neap tides. The Buildex sequence hosts a moderately diverse ichnofauna composed of arthropod trackways (Dendroidichnites irregulare, Diplichnites gouldi, Diplopodichnus bifurcus, Kouphichnium isp., Mirandaichnium famatinense, Stiallia pilosa, Stiaria intermedia), grazing traces (Gordia indianaensis, Helminthoidichnites tenuis, Helminthopsis hieroglyphica), subsurface feeding traces (Treptichnus bifurcus, T. pollardi, irregular networks), apterygote insect resting and feeding traces (Tonganoxichnus buildexensis, T. ottawensis), fish traces (Undichna britannica, U. simplicitas), and tetrapod trackways. In contrast to trace fossil assemblages from brackish-water estuarine settings, the Buildex ichnofauna is characterized by moderate to relatively high ichnodiversity, ichnotaxa commonly present in terrestrial/freshwater environments, dominance of surface trails and absence of burrows, dominance of temporary structures produced by a mobile deposit-feeder fauna, a mixture of traces belonging to the Scoyenia and Mermia ichnofacies, moderate density of individual ichnotaxa, and absence of monospecific suites. This ichnofauna is thought to record the activity of a typical freshwater/terrestrial benthos. The presence of this mixed freshwater/terrestrial ichnofauna in tidal rhythmites is regarded as indicative of tidal flats that were developed in the most proximal zone of the inner estuary under freshwater conditions, more precisely in a zone between the maximum limit of landward tidal currents and the salinity limit further towards the sea. Although lithofacies distribution in estuarine valleys is mainly salinity-independent, the distribution of benthos is not. Accordingly, ichnologic studies have the potential to provide a high-resolution delineation of fluvio-estuarine transitions.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2307/3515384","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L.A., Mangano, M., and Maples, C.G., 1997, The paradox of nonmarine ichnofaunas in tidal rhythmites; integrating sedimentologic and ichnologic data from the Late Cretaceous of eastern Kansas, USA: Palaios, v. 12, no. 5, p. 467-481, https://doi.org/10.2307/3515384.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"481","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"eastern Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.6413862458381,\n 40.016343063499875\n ],\n [\n -97.6413862458381,\n 36.95795102522135\n ],\n [\n -94.62208436793321,\n 36.95795102522135\n ],\n [\n -94.62208436793321,\n 40.016343063499875\n ],\n [\n -97.6413862458381,\n 40.016343063499875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae7ce4b08c986b324125","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangano, M. Gabirela","contributorId":208037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mangano","given":"M. Gabirela","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, Christopher G.","contributorId":87396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maples","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30018,"text":"wri964038D - 1997 - Fish communities of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T15:03:59","indexId":"wri964038D","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4038","chapter":"D","title":"Fish communities of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Fish communities were surveyed at 20 stream sites in agricultural areas in eastern Wisconsin in 1993 and 1995 as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. These streams, designated \"benchmark streams,\" were selected for study because of their potential use as regional references for healthy streams in agricultural areas, based on aquatic communities, habitat, and water chemistry. The agricultural benchmark streams were selected from four physical settings, or relatively homogeneous units (RHU's), that differ in bedrock type, texture of surficial deposits, and land use. Additional data were collected along with the fish-community data, including measures of habitat, water chemistry, and population surveys of algae and benthic invertebrates. Of the 20 sites, 19 are classified as trout (salmonid) streams. Fish species that require cold or cool water were the most commonly collected. At least one species of trout was collected at 18 sites, and trout were the most abundant species at 13 sites. The species with the greatest collective abundance, and collected at 18 of the 20 sites, were mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi), a coldwater species. The next most abundant species were brown trout (Salmo trutta), followed by brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae). In all, 31 species of fish were collected. The number of species per stream ranged from 2 to 14, and the number of individuals collected ranged from 19 to 264. According to Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores, 5 sites were rated excellent, 10 sites rated good, 4 rated fair, and 1 rated poor. The ratings of the five sites in the fair to poor range were low for various reasons. Two sites appeared to have more warmwater species than was ideal for a high-quality coldwater stream. One was sampled during high flow and the results may not be valid for periods of normal flow; the other may have been populated by migrating warmwater species. Two sites had insufficient deep-water habitat to support large numbers offish, especially top carnivores. Finally, one stream may be too cool to support enough warmwater species and too warm to support trout. In general, two methods of evaluating site habitat indicate that habitat is not a limiting factor for fish communities. However, two sites were rated as fair according to both habitat evaluation methods due to low base flow. Two sites rated below good according to one habitat evaluation method but rated good or excellent according to the other. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of data for 17 sites showed three station groupings. These groupings fell along RHU divisions and each group was associated with one of three trout species. A species-richness gradient was evident on the station-ordination diagram. Intolerant species were associated with each grouping, a reflection of the generally high water quality at the sites. However, no significant differences were found between IBI scores or habitat indices among the site groupings. The DCA axis 1 and 2 scores correlated with average velocity and percent pool as well as RHU factors percent sandy surficial deposits, percent wetland, percent agriculture, and bedrock. Average velocity was highest at three sites which also had among the highest measured flow and largest drainage areas. Percent pool was generally lower at sites with smaller percentages of sandy surficial deposits, with one exception. The usefulness of ordination methods in conjunction with more traditional methods of defining biotic integrity (IB I) has been noted in previous studies. In this study, however, perhaps because of the relative homogeneity of the benchmark streams, the IBI did not correlate with the same kinds of factors as the DCA axis scores did.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964038D","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., and Peterson, E.M., 1997, Fish communities of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4038, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964038D.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58823,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 45.46783598133375\n ],\n [\n -86.737060546875,\n 45.46783598133375\n ],\n [\n -86.737060546875,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 43.1090040242731\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Western Lake Michigan Drainages","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3189","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, D. J.","contributorId":94693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, E. M.","contributorId":70805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29139,"text":"wri964242 - 1997 - The relation between hydrogeology and water quality of the Lower Floridan Aquifer in Duval County, Florida, and implications for monitoring movement of saline water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T20:54:24.033432","indexId":"wri964242","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4242","title":"The relation between hydrogeology and water quality of the Lower Floridan Aquifer in Duval County, Florida, and implications for monitoring movement of saline water","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology of the Upper zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer and its relation to water quality were evaluated during a 3-year (1993-96) study. The Floridan aquifer system, a carbonate aquifer system composed of the Upper Floridan aquifer, a middle semi-confining unit, and the Lower Floridan aquifer, is the major source of water supply in northeastern Florida. The Lower Floridan aquifer is further subdivided into the Upper zone, a semi-confining unit, and the Fernandina permeable zone. As a result of increased withdrawals, heads in the aquifer system have declined and at the same time chloride concentrations have increased in the water from many wells in Duval County. A better understanding of the sources of and pathways for movement of brackish water is needed so that water managers can monitor the movement of brackish water and plan future water development. \r\n\r\nMost of the wells in Duval County deeper than 900 feet penetrate the Upper Floridan aquifer and the Upper zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer. Transmissivity estimates for these zones range from 2,000 to 194,000 feet squared per day. Permeability in the Upper zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer is primarily related to secondary porosity developed along bedding planes, joints, and fractures as a result of paleokarst processes. The Upper zone is about 300 to 500 feet thick in Duval County, based on the geophysical logs of about 40 wells ranging in depth from about 1,000 to 2,200 feet. In some areas the Upper zone has a single flow zone, but in other areas, two distinct flow zones are apparent. \r\n\r\nWater samples collected during this study confirm the continued increase in chloride concentrations in both the Upper Floridan aquifer and the Upper zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer. Most of the observed increases are in the eastern part of the county, but a pattern in the locations of wells yielding water with chloride increases is not discernible. In some areas, zones bearing brackish water are underlain by zones of fresher water, but in other areas, fresher water was not found beneath the brackish water. A single fracture or solution feature was the source of brackish water in several wells. \r\n\r\nThe most likely source of brackish water to the Upper zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer is the underlying Fernandina permeable zone, which contains freshwater in the western part of the county but saline water in the eastern part. The pathways for movement of saline water are interconnecting vertical and horizontal fracture or solution zones probably developed along paleokarst features that are not mappable from the land surface; therefore, a conventional monitor-well network probably would not provide early warning of saline-water intrusion. Continued monitoring of water-quality trends in water-supply wells, combined with collection of additional surface and borehole geophysical data, can provide an increased understanding of the movement of brackish water in the Floridan aquifer system.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964242","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.G., and Spechler, R., 1997, The relation between hydrogeology and water quality of the Lower Floridan Aquifer in Duval County, Florida, and implications for monitoring movement of saline water: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4242, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964242.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2331,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964242/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":409024,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48572.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Duval County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 30.1267\n ],\n [\n -81.333,\n 30.1267\n ],\n [\n -81.333,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 30.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604256","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spechler, R. M.","contributorId":85961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26582,"text":"wri974094 - 1997 - Geologic framework of the Edwards Aquifer and upper confining unit, and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer, south-central Uvalde County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T16:07:27","indexId":"wri974094","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4094","title":"Geologic framework of the Edwards Aquifer and upper confining unit, and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer, south-central Uvalde County, Texas","docAbstract":"The stratigraphic units of the Edwards aquifer in south-central Uvalde County generally are porous and permeable. The stratigraphic units that compose the Edwards aquifer in south-central Uvalde County are the Devils River Formation in the Devils River trend; and the West Nueces, McKnight, and Salmon Peak Formations in the Maverick Basin. The Balcones fault zone is the principal structural feature in Uvalde County; however, the displacement along the fault zone is less in Uvalde County than in adjacent Medina and Bexar Counties to the east. The Uvalde Salient is a structural high in south-central Uvalde County, and consists of several closely connected crustal uplifts that bring Edwards aquifer strata to the surface generally forming prominent hills. The crustal uplifts forming this structural high are the remnants of intrusive and extrusive magnatic activity. Six primary faults—Cooks, Black Mountain, Blue Mountain, Uvalde, Agape, and Connor—cross the length of the study area from the southwest to the northeast juxtaposing the Lower Cretaceous Salmon Peak Formation at the surface in the northwestern part of the study area against Upper Cretaceous formations in the central part of the study area. In the study area, the porosity of the rocks in the Edwards aquifer is related to depositional or diagenetic elements along specific stratigraphic horizons (fabric selective) and to dissolution and structural elements that can occur in any lithostratigraphic horizon (not fabric selective). Permeability depends on the physical properties of the rock such as size, shape, distribution of pores, and fissuring and dissolution. The middle 185 feet of the lower part of the Devils River Formation, the upper part of the Devils River Formation, and the upper unit of the Salmon Peak Formation probably are the most porous and permeable stratigraphic zones of the Edwards aquifer in south-central Uvalde County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri974094","collaboration":"In cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Clark, A.K., and Small, T.A., 1997, Geologic framework of the Edwards Aquifer and upper confining unit, and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer, south-central Uvalde County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4094, Document: iii, 11 p.; Plate: 24.5 x 20.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974094.","productDescription":"Document: iii, 11 p.; Plate: 24.5 x 20.5 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4094.jpg"},{"id":1983,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4094/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Uvalde County","otherGeospatial":"Edward Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.875,\n 29.375\n ],\n [\n -99.5,\n 29.375\n ],\n [\n -99.5,\n 29.25\n ],\n [\n -99.5625,\n 29.25\n ],\n [\n -99.633333,\n 29.158333\n ],\n [\n -99.633333,\n 29.125\n ],\n [\n -99.875,\n 29.125\n ],\n [\n -99.875,\n 29.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a88a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Allan K. 0000-0003-0099-1521 akclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-1521","contributorId":1279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Allan","email":"akclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Small, Ted A.","contributorId":77533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Small","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23333,"text":"ofr9797 - 1997 - Quaternary geology of Alameda County, and parts of Contra Costa, Santa Clara, San Mateo, San Francisco, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin Counties, California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-08T14:41:28.882276","indexId":"ofr9797","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-97","title":"Quaternary geology of Alameda County, and parts of Contra Costa, Santa Clara, San Mateo, San Francisco, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin Counties, California: A digital database","docAbstract":"Alameda County is located at the northern end of the Diablo Range of Central California. It is bounded on the north by the south flank of Mount Diablo, one of the highest peaks in the Bay Area, reaching an elevation of 1173 meters (3,849 ft). San Francisco Bay forms the western boundary, the San Joaquin Valley borders it on the east and an arbitrary line from the Bay into the Diablo Range forms the southern boundary. Alameda is one of the nine Bay Area counties tributary to San Francisco Bay. Most of the country is mountainous with steep rugged topography. Alameda County is covered by twenty-eight 7.5' topographic Quadrangles which are shown on the index map.
\nThe Quaternary deposits in Alameda County comprise three distinct depositional environments. One, forming a transgressive sequence of alluvial fan and fan-delta facies, is mapped in the western one-third of the county. The second, forming only alluvial fan facies, is mapped in the Livermore Valley and San Joaquin Valley in the eastern part of the county. The third, forming a combination of Eolian dune and estuarine facies, is restricted to the Alameda Island area in the northwestern corner of the county.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9797","usgsCitation":"Helley, E.J., and Graymer, R., 1997, Quaternary geology of Alameda County, and parts of Contra Costa, Santa Clara, San Mateo, San Francisco, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin Counties, California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-97, Report: 13 p.; 2 Plates: 36.51 x 33.21 inches and 20.00 × 14.89 inches; Readme; Database; Maps: PostScript files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9797.","productDescription":"Report: 13 p.; 2 Plates: 36.51 x 33.21 inches and 20.00 × 14.89 inches; Readme; Database; Maps: PostScript files","numberOfPages":"13","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284223,"rank":6,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9797.jpg"},{"id":1693,"rank":9,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0097/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":404091,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18708.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284217,"rank":5,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0097/al_q1_readme.txt"},{"id":284218,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0097/pdf/alqmap.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284220,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0097/pdf/alqexpl.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284222,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0097/alqps.tar.Z"},{"id":284221,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0097/al_q1.tar.Z"},{"id":284219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0097/pdf/alqgeo.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52632,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0097/pdf/of97-97.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Stateplane projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Alameda County, Contra Costa County, San Francisco County, San Joaquin County, San Mateo County, Santa Clara County, Stanislaus County","otherGeospatial":"Diablo Range, Mount Diablo","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.375,37.375 ], [ -122.375,38.0 ], [ -121.375,38.0 ], [ -121.375,37.375 ], [ -122.375,37.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","publicComments":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a1a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helley, E. J.","contributorId":76330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helley","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graymer, R. W.","contributorId":21174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30260,"text":"wri964274 - 1997 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow for the Ohio River alluvial aquifer near Owensboro, northwestern Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri964274","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4274","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow for the Ohio River alluvial aquifer near Owensboro, northwestern Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Ohio River alluvial aquifer is the primary source of drinking water for the residents of Owensboro and Daviess County and adjacent counties in Kentucky. The aquifer consists of sand and gravel deposits that partly fill a bedrock-valley system consisting of shales of Pennsylvanian age. The valley is a result of dissection by the Ohio River during the Pleistocene epoch. The sand and gravel deposits in the bedrock valley are glacial-outwash deposits of Illinoian and Wisconsin age. The thickness of the alluvium ranges from just a few feet near the bedrock-valley walls to nearly 150 feet in the Bon Harbor Hills area west of Owensboro. Estimates of transmissivity of the alluvium near the Ohio River are in excess of 50,000 gallons per day per foot. A two-dimensional, steady-state ground-water-flow model was developed to estimate the hydraulic properties, the rate of recharge, and the contributing areas to discharge boundaries for the Ohio River alluvial aquifer near Owensboro. Results from previous studies, available geohydrologic data, and observations of water levels from area ground-water wells were compiled to conceptualize the ground-water-flow system and construct the numerical model. Ground water enters the modeled area primarily by infiltration from precipitation and river leakage towards nearby wells and exits the modeled area primarily by withdrawal wells, flow through the valley across model boundaries, and discharge to the Ohio River. A sensitivity analysis of the model indicates the model is most sensitive to changes in horizontal hydraulic conductivity, especially near the Ohio River boundary. Particle tracking was used to compute the contributing areas to discharge boundaries. Contributing areas for withdrawal wells at Owensboro Municipal Utilities extended south and east toward the valley walls and model boundaries and toward the Ohio River, where most of the water withdrawn by the wells is from induced flow from the river.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964274","usgsCitation":"Unthank, M., 1997, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow for the Ohio River alluvial aquifer near Owensboro, northwestern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4274, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964274.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59049,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Unthank, M.D.","contributorId":35351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29351,"text":"wri964296 - 1997 - Hydrologic conditions and hazards in the Kennicott River Basin, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T21:37:47.705135","indexId":"wri964296","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4296","title":"Hydrologic conditions and hazards in the Kennicott River Basin, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"McCarthy, Alaska, is on the Kennicott River, about 1 mile from the terminus of Kennicott Glacier in the Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. Most visitors to McCarthy and the park cross the West Fork Kennicott River using a hand-pulled tram and cross the East Fork Kennicott River on a temporary footbridge. Outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes result in channel erosion, aggradation, and migration of the Kennicott River, which disrupt transportation links, destroy property, and threaten life. Hidden Creek Lake, the largest of six glacier-dammed lakes in the Kennicott River Basin, has annual outbursts that cause the largest floods on the Kennicott River. Outbursts from Hidden Creek Lake occur from early fall to mid-summer, and lake levels at the onset of the outbursts have declined between 1909 and 1995. Criteria for impending outbursts for Hidden Creek Lake include lake stage near or above 3,000 to 3,020 feet, stationary or declining lake stage, evidence of recent calving of large ice blocks from the ice margin, slush ice and small icebergs stranded on the lakeshore, and fresh fractures in the ice-margin region. \r\n\r\nThe lower Kennicott Glacier has thinned and retreated since about 1860. The East and West Fork Kennicott River channels migrated in response to changes in the lower Kennicott Glacier. The largest channel changes occur during outburst floods from Hidden Creek Lake, whereas channel changes from the other glacier-dammed lake outbursts are small. Each year, the West Fork Kennicott River conveys a larger percentage of the Kennicott Glacier drainage than it did the previous year.\r\n\r\nOutburst floods on the Kennicott River cause the river stage to rise over a period of several hours. Smaller spike peaks have a very rapid stage rise. Potential flood magnitude was estimated by combining known maximum discharges from Hidden Creek Lake and Lake Erie outburst floods with a theoretical large regional flood. Flood hazard areas at the transportation corridor were delineated, and possible future geomorphological changes were hypothesized.\r\nMcCarthy, Alaska, is on the Kennicott River, about 1 mile from the terminus of Kennicott Glacier in the Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. Most visitors to McCarthy and the park cross the West Fork Kennicott River using a hand-pulled tram and cross the East Fork Kennicott River on a temporary footbridge. Outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes result in channel erosion, aggradation, and migration of the Kennicott River, which disrupt transportation links, destroy property, and threaten life. Hidden Creek Lake, the largest of six glacier-dammed lakes in the Kennicott River Basin, has annual outbursts that cause the largest floods on the Kennicott River. Outbursts from Hidden Creek Lake occur from early fall to mid-summer, and lake levels at the onset of the outbursts have declined between 1909 and 1995. Criteria for impending outbursts for Hidden Creek Lake include lake stage near or above 3,000 to 3,020 feet, stationary or declining lake stage, evidence of recent calving of large ice blocks from the ice margin, slush ice and small icebergs stranded on the lakeshore, and fresh fractures in the ice-margin region. \r\n\r\nThe lower Kennicott Glacier has thinned and retreated since about 1860. The East and West Fork Kennicott River channels migrated in response to changes in the lower Kennicott Glacier. The largest channel changes occur during outburst floods from Hidden Creek Lake, whereas channel changes from the other glacier-dammed lake outbursts are small. Each year, the West Fork Kennicott River conveys a larger percentage of the Kennicott Glacier drainage than it did the previous year.\r\n\r\nOutburst floods on the Kennicott River cause the river stage to rise over a period of several hours. Smaller spike peaks have a very rapid stage rise. Potential flood magnitude was estimated by combining known maximum discharges from Hidden Creek Lake and Lake Erie outburst floods with","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964296","usgsCitation":"Rickman, R.L., and Rosenkrans, D., 1997, Hydrologic conditions and hazards in the Kennicott River Basin, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4296, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964296.","productDescription":"96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394284,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48618.htm"},{"id":58203,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4296/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4296/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kennicott River Basin, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -143.25,\n 61.3833\n ],\n [\n -142.7833,\n 61.3833\n ],\n [\n -142.7833,\n 61.6667\n ],\n [\n -143.25,\n 61.6667\n ],\n [\n -143.25,\n 61.3833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ef1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickman, R. L.","contributorId":24803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenkrans, D. S.","contributorId":53795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenkrans","given":"D. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4972,"text":"fs02797 - 1997 - Occurrence of selected organochlorine compounds in fish tissue from eastern Iowa streams, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T15:10:48","indexId":"fs02797","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"027-97","title":"Occurrence of selected organochlorine compounds in fish tissue from eastern Iowa streams, 1995","docAbstract":"Human activities have caused dramatic changes to our Nation's landscape for over a century. Use of synthetic organic compounds in agriculture and industry has resulted in the accumulation and persistence of some of these compounds in natural systems. Concern has arisen over the contamination of our Nation's waters and the organisms that depend on them.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs02797","usgsCitation":"Roberts, L.R., 1997, Occurrence of selected organochlorine compounds in fish tissue from eastern Iowa streams, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 027-97, 1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 43 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02797.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 43 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31820,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0027/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.23596191406249,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -91.2030029296875,\n 40.826280356677124\n ],\n [\n -91.2249755859375,\n 40.87614141141369\n ],\n [\n -91.3018798828125,\n 40.925964939514294\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 40.967455873296714\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 41.025499378313754\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 41.054501963290505\n ],\n [\n -91.021728515625,\n 41.14970617453726\n ],\n [\n -91.087646484375,\n 41.18692242290296\n ],\n [\n -91.1370849609375,\n 41.25716209782705\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -91.1480712890625,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 41.45507852101139\n ],\n [\n -90.95581054687499,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -90.85693359375,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -90.780029296875,\n 41.545589036668105\n ],\n 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-93.0322265625,\n 41.29844430929419\n ],\n [\n -92.8289794921875,\n 41.18278832811288\n ],\n [\n -92.65869140625,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -92.3785400390625,\n 40.896905775860006\n ],\n [\n -92.1478271484375,\n 40.88860081193033\n ],\n [\n -91.99951171875,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -91.856689453125,\n 40.78470081841747\n ],\n [\n -91.6973876953125,\n 40.78885994449482\n ],\n [\n -91.636962890625,\n 40.826280356677124\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 40.78885994449482\n ],\n [\n -91.23596191406249,\n 40.74725696280421\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db6921c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Linda R.","contributorId":13608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6682,"text":"fs19296 - 1997 - Pesticides in ground water in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1983-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T09:21:37","indexId":"fs19296","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"192-96","title":"Pesticides in ground water in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1983-1995","docAbstract":"The NE vergent Chocolate Mountains fault of south-eastern California has been interpreted as either a subduction thrust responsible for burial and prograde metamorphism of the ensimatic Orocopia Schist or as a normal fault involved in the exhumation of the schist. Our detailed structural analysis in the Gavilan Hills area provides new evidence to confirm the latter view. A zone of deformation is present at the top of the Orocopia Schist in which lineations are parallel to those in the upper plate of the Chocolate Mountains fault but oblique to ones at relatively deep levels in the schist. Both the Orocopia Schist and upper plate contain several generations of shear zones that show a transition from crystalloblastic through mylonitic to cataclastic textures. These structures formed during retrograde metamorphism and are considered to record the exhumation of the Orocopia Schist during early Tertiary time as a result of subduction return flow. The Gatuna fault, which places low-grade, supracrustal metasediments of the Winterhaven Formation above the gneisses of the upper plate, also seems to have been active at this time. Final unroofing of the Orocopia Schist occurred during early to middle Miocene regional extension and may have involved a second phase of movement on the Gatuna fault. Formation of the Chocolate Mountains fault during exhumation indicates that its top-to-the-NE sense of movement provides no constraint on the polarity of the Orocopia Schist subduction zone. This weakens the case for a previous model involving SW dipping subduction, while providing support for the view that the Orocopia Schist is a correlative of the Franciscan Complex.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97TC01415","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Oyarzabal, F., Jacobson, C., and Haxel, G.B., 1997, Extensional reactivation of the Chocolate Mountains subduction thrust in the Gavilan Hills of southeastern California: Tectonics, v. 16, no. 4, p. 650-661, https://doi.org/10.1029/97TC01415.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"650","endPage":"661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495386,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97tc01415","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227837,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.43316262079014,\n 35.380649853336976\n ],\n [\n -120.43316262079014,\n 32.79760076456954\n ],\n [\n -115.12226961941393,\n 32.79760076456954\n ],\n [\n -115.12226961941393,\n 35.380649853336976\n ],\n [\n -120.43316262079014,\n 35.380649853336976\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e45e4b0c8380cd53398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oyarzabal, F.R.","contributorId":77306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oyarzabal","given":"F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, C.E.","contributorId":46234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haxel, Gordon B. 0000-0002-6722-7803 gbhaxel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-7803","contributorId":261783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haxel","given":"Gordon","email":"gbhaxel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44837,"text":"wri964285 - 1997 - Delineation and extent of saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer, eastern Dade County, Florida, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T21:21:59.078458","indexId":"wri964285","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4285","title":"Delineation and extent of saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer, eastern Dade County, Florida, 1995","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964285","usgsCitation":"Sonenshein, R.S., 1997, Delineation and extent of saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer, eastern Dade County, Florida, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4285, 1 Plate: 46.71 x 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964285.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 46.71 x 30.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423587,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48609.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":169190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82193,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4285/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Dade County","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.625,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -80.625,\n 25.375\n ],\n [\n -80.125,\n 25.375\n ],\n [\n -80.125,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -80.625,\n 26\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab3e4b07f02db66f7a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sonenshein, Roy S.","contributorId":37323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonenshein","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019864,"text":"70019864 - 1997 - Proterozoic sequences and their implications for Precambrian and Cambrian geologic evolution of western Kentucky: Evidence from seismic-reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:32:17.659832","indexId":"70019864","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic sequences and their implications for Precambrian and Cambrian geologic evolution of western Kentucky: Evidence from seismic-reflection data","docAbstract":"Analyses of two seismic-reflection lines in western Kentucky indicate the presence of two Proterozoic, unconformity-bounded sequences. One is autochthonous and of probable Late Proterozoic age; the other is allochthonous and of probable Middle Proterozoic age. Reflector patterns and apparent relationships to similar sequences elsewhere in the region suggest that the two sequences are of continental-rift origin. The two Proterozoic sequences lie beneath and adjacent to rocks of the Cambrian rift sequence in the Rough Creek Graben. The oldest sequence, the pre-Grenville sequence, was apparently folded and thrust faulted by the Grenville compressional event, implying that it is older than ???0.975 Ga (Middle Proterozoic). Two seismic-reflection pattern types are present in the western Kentucky data that may relate to the Middle Run (lithic arenite) and volcanic sequences defined farther east near the Grenville Front. The presence of imbricate, thrust-belt geometries in the pre-Grenville sequence extends the known westward limit of Grenville compressional structures into western Kentucky. The younger, post-Grenville sequence is less deformed and was apparently formed after the Grenville compressional event; several lines of evidence indicate that it is Late Proterozoic (0.7 to 0.6 Ga) in age. This probable siliciclastic and volcanic-rift sequence is represented by only thin remnants in western Kentucky and has no equivalent near the Grenville Front in southwestern Ohio and central Kentucky. Rocks of the better documented Cambrian rifting event belong to the thick, pre-Knox sequence in the Rough Creek Graben of western Kentucky and lie unconformably above these earlier sequences. A previously undocumented, northward-thickening interval within the lower part of the Cambrian pre-Knox sequence is recognized north of the Rough Creek Graben.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.553","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Drahovzal, J.A., 1997, Proterozoic sequences and their implications for Precambrian and Cambrian geologic evolution of western Kentucky: Evidence from seismic-reflection data: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 553-566, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.553.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"566","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"western Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.35472872141455,\n 37.745064510655624\n ],\n [\n -89.18132292227347,\n 36.61709127153813\n ],\n [\n -83.66907845195124,\n 36.5906724521372\n ],\n [\n -83.34074263376083,\n 38.55981030192171\n ],\n [\n -84.46781373522816,\n 39.07571757086501\n ],\n [\n -86.14243241382523,\n 38.1953768619407\n ],\n [\n -88.35472872141455,\n 37.745064510655624\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f7be4b0c8380cd7f7b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drahovzal, James A.","contributorId":74772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drahovzal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210154,"text":"70210154 - 1997 - Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from VP/VS ratios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-30T16:03:25.84407","indexId":"70210154","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-10T09:20:09","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from VP/VS ratios","title":"Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from VP/VS ratios","docAbstract":"We use the ratios between P and S wave velocities (VP/VS), derived from seismic refraction data, to infer the composition of the crust in the Grenville and the Appalachian Provinces of North America. The crust exhibits VP/VS increasing with depth from 1.64 to 1.84; there is a clear distinction between the Grenville Province (average VP/VS=1.81) and the Appalachian Province (average VP/VS=1.73) which persists at all depths. The boundary between these provinces is east dipping extending for 100 km east of the Champlain thrust. In the Appalachian Province the increase in VP/VS ratios with depth from 1.67 to 1.74±0.02 may reflect a normal decrease of silica content in the continental crust. In the Grenville Province beneath the Central Granulite Terrane, an anomalous VP/VS ratio of 1.82±0.02 is observed extending to a depth of 10 km; this correlates with the abundance of Ca‐plagioclase in the Marcy Anorthosite. At greater depth (15–20 km), where seismic lamination and high electrical conductivity is observed, VP/VS is 1.84±0.02 and correlates with the Tahawus Complex, a layered mafic intrusion. Within the 25‐km‐thick lower crust of the Grenville Province the VP/VS is 1.84±0.02 and P‐velocity is 7.0±0.1 km/s, which are typical for plagioclase‐bearing rocks (gabbro‐norite). The high VP/VS ratio in the Grenville Province has not been reported in crust of any other age. Since the Grenville Province contains 75% of the world's known anorthosites, high VP/VS ratio is related to high plagioclase. We suggest that the composition of the Grenville lower crust was significantly modified by the emplacement of the anorthosites in the mid‐Proterozoic.
Four high-quality seismic reflection profiles through the southern Illinois Basin, totaling 245 km in length, provide an excellent regional subsurface stratigraphic and structural framework for evaluation of seismic risk, hydrocarbon occurrence, and other regional geologic studies. These data provide extensive subsurface information on the geometry of the intersection of the Cambrian Reelfoot and Rough Creek rifts, on extensive Proterozoic reflection sequences, and on structures (including the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex and Hicks Dome) that underlie a transitional area between the well-defined New Madrid seismic zone (to the southwest) and a more diffuse area of seismicity in the southern Illinois Basin.
Our principal interpretations from these data are listed here in order of geologic age, from oldest to youngest:
Prominent Proterozoic layering, possibly equivalent to Proterozoic (∼1 Ga) Middle Run Formation clastic strata and underlying (1.3–1.5 Ga) volcanic rocks of the East Continent rift basin, has been strongly deformed, probably as part of the Grenville foreland fold and thrust belt.
A well-defined angular unconformity is seen in many places between Proterozoic and Cambrian strata; a post-Grenville Proterozoic sequence is also apparent locally, directly beneath the base of the Cambrian.
We infer a major reversal in Cambrian rift polarity (accommodation zone) in the Rough Creek Graben in western Kentucky.
Seismic facies analysis suggests the presence of basin-floor fan complexes at and near the base of the Cambrian interval and within parts of a Proterozoic post-Grenville sequence in several parts of the Rough Creek Graben.
There is an abrupt pinchout of the Mount Simon Sandstone against crystalline basement beneath the Dale Dome (near the Texaco no. 1 Cuppy well, Hamilton County) in southeastern Illinois, and a more gradual Mount Simon pinchout to the southeast.
Where crossed by the seismic reflection line in southeast Illinois, some faults in the Wabash Valley Fault System produce discrete offset in Ordovician and younger strata only; one of the Wabash Valley faults cuts the top of the Precambrian on this seismic profile.
The data show clear evidence of late Paleozoic reverse faulting along both boundaries of the Rough Creek Graben in western Kentucky, although significant unreactivated Cambrian rift-bounding faults are also preserved.
Chaotic reflection patterns in the lower and middle Paleozoic strata near Hicks Dome, southern Illinois, are related to a combination of intrusive brecciation, intense faulting, and alteration of carbonate strata by acidic mineralizing fluids, all of which occurred in the Permian.
Late Paleozoic(?) reverse faulting is interpreted on one flank of the Rock Creek Graben, southern Illinois.
Permian and Mesozoic(?) extensional faulting is clearly imaged in the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex; neotectonic studies suggest that these structures were reactivated in the Quaternary.
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No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2530","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R., Repetski, J.E., and Harris, A.G., 1997, Stratigraphic framework of Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in the central Appalachian Basin from Campbell County Kentucky, to Tazwell County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2530, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2530.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":187680,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108302,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13023.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13023"}],"scale":"525000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.472,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -84.472,\n 36.783\n ],\n [\n -81.14,\n 36.783\n ],\n [\n -81.14,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -84.472,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af2b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":275423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019767,"text":"70019767 - 1997 - Regional streamflow regimes and hydroclimatology of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-16T16:26:04.807466","indexId":"70019767","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional streamflow regimes and hydroclimatology of the United States","docAbstract":"The dominant regions of interannual streamflow variability in the United States are defined, and their seasonality and persistence characteristics identified, using an orthogonally rotated principal components analysis (RPCA) of a climatically sensitive network of 559 stream gages for the period 1941–1988. This classification of streamflow regimes is comprehensive and unique in that separate analyses of the streamflow record, for each month of the year, are carried out to detail the month-to-month changes in the dominant streamflow patterns. Streamflow variations, or anomalies, in the Upper Mississippi, South Atlantic/Gulf, Far West, Ohio Valley, Northeast, and Eastern/Mid- Atlantic regions, as well as a pattern of opposing streamflow anomalies in the West, are observed in all seasons of the year. Anomalies in the Southern Plains and New England regions are observed in autumn, winter, and spring; those in the Rocky Mountains and Middle Mississippi regions occur in late spring and summer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR00615","usgsCitation":"Lins, H.F., 1997, Regional streamflow regimes and hydroclimatology of the United States: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 7, p. 1655-1667, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR00615.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1655","endPage":"1667","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":501363,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr00615","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227844,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 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Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-10T09:03:24","indexId":"pp1572","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1572","title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow through glacial deposits and crystalline bedrock in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"This report documents the development of a computer model to simulate steady-state (long-term average) flow of ground water in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, which lies at the eastern end of the Hubbard Brook valley in central New Hampshire. The 10-km2 study area includes Mirror Lake, the three streams that flow into Mirror Lake, Leeman's Brook, Paradise Brook, and parts of Hubbard Brook and the Pemigewasset River. The topography of the area is characterized by steep hillsides and relatively flat valleys. Major hydrogeologic units include glacial deposits, composed of till containing pockets of sand and gravel, and fractured crystalline bedrock, composed of schist intruded by granite, pegmatite, and lamprophyre. Ground water occurs in both the glacial deposits and bedrock. Precipitation and snowmelt infiltrate to the water table on the hillsides, flow downslope through the saturated glacial deposits and fractured bedrock, and discharge to streams and to Mirror Lake. \r\n\r\n The model domain includes the glacial deposits, the uppermost 150m of bedrock, Mirror Lake, the layer of organic sediments on the lake bottom, and streams and rivers within the study area. A streamflow routing package was included in the model to simulate baseflow in streams and interaction between streams and ground water. Recharge from precipitation is assumed to be areally uniform, and riparian evapotranspiration along stream banks is assumed negligible. The spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity is represented by dividing the model domain into several zones, each having uniform hydraulic properties. Local variations in recharge and hydraulic conductivities are ignored; therefore, the simulation results characterize the general ground-water system, not local details of ground-water movement. \r\n\r\n The model was calibrated using a nonlinear regression method to match hydraulic heads measured in piezometers and wells, and baseflow in three inlet streams to Mirror Lake. Model calibration indicates that recharge from precipitation to the water table is 26 to 28 cm/year. Hydraulic conductivities are 1.7 x 10-6 to 2.7 x 10-6 m/s for glacial deposits, about 3 x 10-7 m/s for bedrock beneath lower hillsides and valleys, and about 6x10-8 m/s for bedrock beneath upper hillsides and hilltops. Analysis of parameter uncertainty indicates that the above values are well constrained, at least within the context of regression analysis. In the regression, several attributes of the ground-water flow model are assumed perfectly known. The hydraulic conductivity for bedrock beneath upper hillsides and hilltops was determined from few data, and additional data are needed to further confirm this result. Model fit was not improved by introducing a 10-to-1 ration of horizontal-to-vertical anisotropy in the hydraulic conductivity of the glacial deposits, or by varying hydraulic conductivity with depth in the modeled part (uppermost 150m) of the bedrock. \r\n\r\n The calibrated model was used to delineate the Mirror Lake ground-water basin, defined as the volumes of subsurface through which ground water flows from the water table to Mirror Lake or its inlet streams. Results indicate that Mirror Lake and its inlet streams drain an area of ground-water recharge that is about 1.5 times the area of the surface-water basin. The ground-water basin extends far up the hillside on the northwestern part of the study area. Ground water from this area flows at depth under Norris Brook to discharge into Mirror Lake or its inlet streams. As a result, the Mirror Lake ground-water basin extends beneath the adjacent ground-water basin that drains into Norris Brook. \r\n\r\n Model simulation indicates that approximately 300,000 m3/year of precipitation recharges the Mirror Lake ground-water basin. About half the recharge enters the basin in areas where the simulated water table lies in glacial deposits; the other half enters the basin in areas where the simulated water table lies in be","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1572","usgsCitation":"Tiedeman, C.R., Goode, D., and Hsieh, P.A., 1997, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow through glacial deposits and crystalline bedrock in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1572, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1572.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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Claire R. 0000-0002-0128-3685 tiedeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685","contributorId":196777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"Claire","email":"tiedeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29663,"text":"wri944137 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:44:56","indexId":"wri944137","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4137","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The West Valley Creek Basin drains 20.9 square miles in the Piedmont Physiographic Province of southeastern Pennsylvania and is partly underlain by carbonate rocks that are highly productive aquifers. The basin is undergoing rapid urbanization that includes changes in land use and increases in demand for public water supply and wastewater disposal. Ground water is the sole source of supply in the basin.
West Valley Creek flows southwest in a 1.5-mile-wide valley that is underlain by folded and faulted carbonate rocks and trends east-northeast, parallel to regional geologic structures. The valley is flanked by hills underlain by quartzite and gneiss to the north and by phyllite and schist to the south. Surface water and ground water flow from the hills toward the center of the valley. Ground water in the valley flows west-southwest parallel to the course of the stream. Seepage investigations identified losing reaches in the headwaters area where streams are underlain by carbonate rocks and gaining reaches downstream. Tributaries contribute about 75 percent of streamflow. The ground-water and surface-water divides do not coincide in the carbonate valley. The ground-water divide is about 0.5 miles west of the surface-water divide at the eastern edge of the carbonate valley. Underflow to the east is about 1.1 inches per year. Quarry dewatering operations at the western edge of the valley may act partly as an artificial basin boundary, preventing underflow to the west.
Water budgets for 1990, a year of normal precipitation (45.8 inches), and 1991, a year of sub-normal precipitation (41.5 inches), were calculated. Streamflow was 14.61 inches in 1990 and 12.08 inches in 1991. Evapotranspiration was estimated to range from 50 to 60 percent of precipitation. Base flow was about 62 percent of streamflow in both years. Exportation by sewer systems was about 3 inches from the basin and, at times, equaled base flow during the dry autumn of 1991. Recharge was estimated to be 18.5 inches in 1990 and 13.7 inches in 1991.
Ground-water quality in the basin reflects differences in lithology and has been affected by human activities. Ground water in the carbonate rocks is naturally hard, has a near neutral pH, and contains more dissolved solids and less dissolved iron, manganese, and radon-222 than ground water in the noncarbonate rocks, which is soft, with moderately acidic to acidic pH. Regional contamination by chloride and nitrate and local contamination by organic compounds and metals was detected. Natural background concentrations are estimated to be about 1 milligram per liter for nitrate as nitrogen and less than 3 milligrams per liter for chloride. Ground water in unsewered areas and agricultural areas of the basin has median concentrations of nitrate that are greater than those in ground water from other areas; septic system effluent and fertilizer are probable sources of elevated nitrate. Water samples from wells in urbanized areas contain greater concentrations of chloride than samples from wells in residential areas; road salt is the probable source of elevated chloride. Organic solvents, especially trichloroethylene, were detected in 30 percent of the wells sampled in the urbanized carbonate valley. Most of the organic solvents and some of the metals in ground water were detected near old industrial sites.
Base-flow stream quality of West Valley Creek was determined at 15 sites from monthly sampling for 1 year. Differences in stream quality reflect differences in lithology, land use, and point sources in tributary subbasins and mainstem reaches. The chemical composition of base flow in the mainstem is dominated by ground-water discharge from carbonate rocks. Elevated concentrations of nitrate (greater than 3 milligrams per liter as nitrogen) in base flow were measured in a tributary draining agricultural land and in a tributary draining an unsewered residential area. Elevated concentrations of phosphate (greater than 0.5 milligrams per liter as phosphorus) were measured in a stream that receives treated sewage effluent. Discharge of water containing elevated sulfate (about 250 milligrams per liter) from quarry dewatering operations contributes to die increase in sulfate concentration (of 10 to 40 milligrams per liter) in base flow downstream from the quarry. The chloride load at all stream sites is greater than the load contributed by precipitation and mineral weathering to the basin, indicating anthropogenic sources of chloride throughout the basin.
The diversity index of the benthic invertebrate community has increased since 1973 at the longterm biological monitoring site on West Valley Creek, indicating an improvement in stream quality. The improvement probably is related to controls on discharges and banning of pesticides, such as DOT, in the 1970's. Concentrations of dissolved constituents, except for chloride, determined for base flow in the autumn do not appear to have changed since 1971. Application of the seasonal Kendall test for trend indicates that concentrations of chloride in base flow have increased since 1971; this increase may be related to the increase in urbanization in the basin. The benthic community structure at the West Valley Creek site in 1991 indicates slight nutrient enrichment.
Lithium was detected in ground water and surface water downgradient from two lithiumprocessing facilities. Until 1991, lithium was discharged into a losing reach of West Valley Creek, thus introducing lithium into the ground-water system. The potential for cross-contamination between the ground-water and surface-water systems is great, as demonstrated by the detection of lithium in ground water and surface water downstream and downgradient from the two lithium-processing facilities. The lithium that was discharged into the creek acts as a conservative tracer in gaining reaches of West Valley Creek, maintaining a mass balance and characteristic isotopic signature. Lithium-7/lithium-6 ratios were greater in streams that are affected by sewage and by lithium-processing discharges and in ground water downgradient from the lithium-processing facilities than natural background lithium isotopic ratios.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., Sloto, R.A., and Reif, A.G., 1997, Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4137, Report: ix, 160 p.; 1 Plate: 32.59 x 26.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944137.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 160 p.; 1 Plate: 32.59 x 26.79 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353357,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"West Valley Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.70833333,\n 39.91666667\n ],\n [\n -75.54166667,\n 39.91666667\n ],\n [\n -75.54166667,\n 40.08333333\n ],\n [\n -75.70833333,\n 40.08333333\n ],\n [\n -75.70833333,\n 39.91666667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019774,"text":"70019774 - 1997 - Tonganoxichnus, a new insect trace from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-01T16:51:34.904864","indexId":"70019774","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2614,"text":"Lethaia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tonganoxichnus, a new insect trace from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Upper Carboniferous tidal rhythmites of the Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation) at Buildex Quarry, eastern Kansas, USA, host a relatively diverse arthropod-dominated ichnofauna. Bilaterally symmetrical traces displaying unique anterior and posterior sets of morphological features are well represented within the assemblage. A new ichnogenus, Tonganoxichnus, is proposed for these traces. T. buildexensis, the type ichnospecies, has an anterior region characterized by the presence of a frontal pair of maxillary palp impressions, followed by a head impression and three pairs of conspicuous thoracic appendage imprints symmetrically opposite along a median axis. The posterior region commonly exhibits numerous delicate chevron-like markings, recording the abdominal appendages, and a thin, straight, terminal extension. T. buildexensis is interpreted as a resting trace. A second ichnospecies, T. ottawensis, is characterized by a fan-like arrangement of mostly bifid scratch marks at the anterior area that records the head- and thoracic-appendage backstrokes against the substrate. The posterior area shows chevron-like markings or small subcircular impressions that record the abdominal appendages of the animal, also ending in a thin, straight, terminal extension. Specimens display lateral repetition, and are commonly grouped into twos or threes with a fix point at the posteriormost tail-like structure. T. ottawensis is interpreted as a jumping structure, probably in connection with feeding purposes. The two ichnospecies occur in close association, and share sufficient morphologic features to support the same type of arthropod producer. T. buildexensis closely mimics the ventral anatomy of the tracemaker, whereas T. ottawensis records the jumping abilities of the animal providing significant ethologic and paleoecologic information. The presence of well-differentiated cephalic, thoracic, and abdominal features, particularly in T. buildexensis, resembles the diagnostic tagmosis and segmentation of insects. Detailed analysis of trace morphology and comparison with described Paleozoic insect fossils and extant related forms suggest a monuran as the most likely tracemaker.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00451.x","issn":"00241164","usgsCitation":"Mangano, M., Buatois, L., Maples, C., and Lanier, W.P., 1997, Tonganoxichnus, a new insect trace from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas: Lethaia, v. 30, no. 2, p. 113-125, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00451.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"125","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227933,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"eastern Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.32545052413245,\n 38.541077976422315\n ],\n [\n -95.32545052413245,\n 37.94622147592642\n ],\n [\n -94.7954699998871,\n 37.94622147592642\n ],\n [\n -94.7954699998871,\n 38.541077976422315\n ],\n [\n -95.32545052413245,\n 38.541077976422315\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb436e4b08c986b326251","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangano, M.G.","contributorId":7432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanier, William P.","contributorId":73672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanier","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209056,"text":"70209056 - 1997 - Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in wild songbirds: The spread of a new contagious disease in a mobile host population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T15:48:25.197239","indexId":"70209056","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-31T12:22:59","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1493,"text":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in wild songbirds: The spread of a new contagious disease in a mobile host population","docAbstract":"A new mycoplasmal conjunctivitis was first reported in wild house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) in early 1994. The causative agent was identified as Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), a nonzoonotic pathogen of poultry that had not been associated with disease in wild songbirds. Since the initial observations of affected house finches in the mid-Atlantic region, the disease has become widespread and has been reported throughout the eastern United States and Canada. By late 1995, mycoplasmal conjunctivitis had spread to an additional species, the American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis). This new disease exemplifies the rapid spread of a pathogen following introduction into a mobile wildlife population and provides lessons that may apply to emerging human diseases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi":"10.3201/eid0301.970110","usgsCitation":"Fischer, J.R., Stallknecht, D.E., Luttrell, M.P., Dhondt, A.A., and Converse, K.A., 1997, Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in wild songbirds: The spread of a new contagious disease in a mobile host population: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 3, no. 1, p. 69-71, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0301.970110.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479925,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0301.970110","text":"External Repository"},{"id":373193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -59.765625,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -59.853515625,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -59.0625,\n 50.736455137010665\n ],\n [\n -55.634765625,\n 52.908902047770255\n ],\n [\n -58.095703125,\n 53.48804553605622\n ],\n [\n -63.6328125,\n 52.855864177853974\n ],\n [\n -66.533203125,\n 54.16243396806779\n ],\n [\n -64.3359375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -66.09375,\n 58.95000823335702\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 60.930432202923335\n ],\n [\n -77.607421875,\n 62.59334083012024\n ],\n [\n -78.837890625,\n 59.17592824927136\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n 54.7246201949245\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 51.56341232867588\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 52.855864177853974\n ],\n [\n -82.177734375,\n 55.1286490684888\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 57.326521225217064\n ],\n [\n -93.8671875,\n 57.136239319177434\n ],\n [\n -95.00976562499999,\n 49.61070993807422\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 49.210420445650286\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -94.921875,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -90.087890625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -86.484375,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -84.0234375,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 24.44714958973082\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 24.686952411999155\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 31.052933985705163\n ],\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -72.50976562499999,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -68.994140625,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -69.697265625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -67.236328125,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -59.765625,\n 45.398449976304086\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, John R.","contributorId":100326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallknecht, David E.","contributorId":14323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stallknecht","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7125,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":784650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luttrell, M. Page","contributorId":23378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luttrell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Page","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dhondt, Andre A.","contributorId":93620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dhondt","given":"Andre","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Converse, Kathryn A. kathy_converse@usgs.gov","contributorId":16802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"Kathryn","email":"kathy_converse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":25491,"text":"wri934173 - 1997 - Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T19:41:38.173174","indexId":"wri934173","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4173","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, investigated the effects of agricultural best-management practices on water quality in the Conestoga River headwaters watershed. This report describes environmental factors and the surface-water and ground-water quality of one 47.5-acre field site, Field-Site 2, from October 1984 through September 1986, prior to implementation of nutrient management.
The site is partially terraced agricultural cropland underlain by carbonate rock. Twenty-seven acres are terraced, pipe-drained, and are under no-till cultivation. The remaining acreage is under minimum-till cultivation. Corn is the primary crop. The average annual rate of fertilization at the site was 480 pounds per acre of nitrogen and 110 pounds per acre of phosphorus.
An unconfined limestone and dolomitic aquifer underlies the site, Depth to bedrock ranges from 5 to 30 feet below land surface. Estimated specific yields range from 0.05 to 0.10, specific capacities of wells range from less than 1 to about 20 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown, and estimates of transmissivities range from 10 to 10,000 square feet per day. Average ground-water recharge was estimated to be about 23 inches per year.
The specific capacity and transmissivity data indicate that two aquifer regimes are present at the site. Wells drilled into dolomites in the eastern part of the site have larger specific capacities (averaging 20 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown) relative to specific capacities (averaging less than 1 gallon per minute per foot of drawdown) of wells drilled into limestones in the western part of the site.
Median concentrations of soil-soluble nitrate and soluble phosphorus in the top 4 feet of silt- or silty-clay-loam soil ranged from 177 to 329 and 8.5 to 35 pounds per acre, respectively.
Measured runoff from the pipe-drained terraces ranged from 10 to 48,000 cubic feet and was 1.7 and 0.8 percent, respectively, of the 1985 and 1986 annual precipitation. An estimated 90,700 cubic feet of surface runoff carried 87 pounds to total nitrogen and 37 pounds of total phosphorus, or less that 0.65 percent of the amount of either nutrient applied during the study period. Rainfall on the snow-covered, frozen ground produced more that half of the runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loads measured in pipe-drained runoff.
Graphical and regression analyses of surface runoff suggest that (1) mean-storm concentrations of total nitrogen species and total phosphorus decreased with increasing time between a runoff event and the last previous nutrient application, and (2) mean total-phosphorus concentrations approached a baseline value (estimated at 2 to 5 milligrams per liter for total-phosphorus concentrations) after several months without nutrient applications.
Dissolved nitrate concentrations in ground water in wells unaffected by an on-site ammonia spill ranged from 7.4 to 100 milligrams per liter.
Average annual additions and removals of nitrogen were estimated. Nitrogen was added to the site by applications of manure and commercial fertilizer nitrogen, as well as by precipitation and ground water entering across the western site boundary. These sources of nitrogen accounted for 95, 3, 1, and 1 percent, respectively, of estimated additions. Nitrogen was removed from the site in harvested crops, by ground-water discharge, by volatilization, and in surface runoff, which accounted for 42, 28, 29, and less than 1 percent, respectively, of estimated removals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934173","usgsCitation":"Koerkle, E.H., Hall, D.W., Risser, D.W., Lietman, P., and Chichester, D., 1997, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management (Rev. May 1997): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4173, viii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934173.","productDescription":"viii, 88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431733,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47872.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54213,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123607,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4173/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Ephrata","otherGeospatial":"Conestoga River headwaters","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.1889,\n 40.2\n ],\n [\n -76.1889,\n 40.1958\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 40.1958\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 40.2\n ],\n [\n -76.1889,\n 40.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Rev. May 1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faef7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koerkle, E. H.","contributorId":29853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koerkle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, D. W.","contributorId":106528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Risser, D. W.","contributorId":48211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lietman, P. L.","contributorId":63040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietman","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chichester, D. C.","contributorId":61856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chichester","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}