{"pageNumber":"2840","pageRowStart":"70975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184556,"records":[{"id":70024948,"text":"70024948 - 2003 - Useful resorting in surface-wave method with the autojuggie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-05T15:16:18.291333","indexId":"70024948","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Useful resorting in surface-wave method with the autojuggie","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1635043","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Tian, G., Steeples, D., Xia, J., and Spikes, K., 2003, Useful resorting in surface-wave method with the autojuggie: Geophysics, v. 68, no. 6, p. 1906-1908, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1635043.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1906","endPage":"1908","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17374","text":"External Repository"},{"id":387720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbfb9e4b08c986b329d29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tian, G.","contributorId":58425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steeples, D.W.","contributorId":45057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeples","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spikes, K.T.","contributorId":68927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spikes","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024947,"text":"70024947 - 2003 - Pyrolysis-combustion 14C dating of soil organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024947","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pyrolysis-combustion 14C dating of soil organic matter","docAbstract":"Radiocarbon (14C) dating of total soil organic matter (SOM) often yields results inconsistent with the stratigraphic sequence. The onerous chemical extractions for SOM fractions do not always produce satisfactory 14C dates. In an effort to develop an alternative method, the pyrolysis-combustion technique was investigated to partition SOM into pyrolysis volatile (Py-V) and pyrolysis residue (Py-R) fractions. The Py-V fractions obtained from a thick glacigenic loess succession in Illinois yielded 14C dates much younger but more reasonable than the counterpart Py-R fractions for the soil residence time. Carbon isotopic composition (??13C) was heavier in the Py-V fractions, suggesting a greater abundance of carbohydrate- and protein-related constituents, and ??13C was lighter in the Py-R fractions, suggesting more lignin- and lipid-related constituents. The combination of 14C dates and ??13C values indicates that the Py-V fractions are less biodegradation resistant and the Py-R fractions are more biodegradation resistant. The pyrolysis-combustion method provides a less cumbersome approach for 14C dating of SOM fractions. With further study, this method may become a useful tool for analyzing unlithified terrestrial sediments when macrofossils are absent. ?? 2003 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2003.07.004","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Wang, H., Hackley, K.C., Panno, S., Coleman, D., Liu, J., and Brown, J., 2003, Pyrolysis-combustion 14C dating of soil organic matter: Quaternary Research, v. 60, no. 3, p. 348-355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.07.004.","startPage":"348","endPage":"355","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207679,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.07.004"},{"id":232831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9060e4b0c8380cd7fcdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Hongfang","contributorId":92635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Hongfang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coleman, D.D.","contributorId":93198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, J.C.-L.","contributorId":52370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"J.C.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, J.","contributorId":57801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024941,"text":"70024941 - 2003 - Landscape trends in Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States ecoregions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:32:12","indexId":"70024941","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape trends in Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States ecoregions","docAbstract":"<p><span>Landscape pattern and composition metrics are potential indicators for broad-scale monitoring of change and for relating change to human and ecological processes. We used a probability sample of 20-km × 20-km sampling blocks to characterize landscape composition and pattern in five US ecoregions: the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern Plains, Northern Piedmont, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge Mountains. Land use/land cover (LULC) data for five dates between 1972 and 2000 were obtained for each sample block. Analyses focused on quantifying trends in selected landscape pattern metrics by ecoregion and comparing trends in land cover proportions and pattern metrics among ecoregions. Repeated measures analysis of the landscape pattern documented a statistically significant trend in all five ecoregions towards a more fine-grained landscape from the early 1970s through 2000. The ecologically important forest cover class also became more fine-grained with time (i.e., more numerous and smaller forest patches). Trends in LULC, forest edge, and forest percent like adjacencies differed among ecoregions. These results suggest that ecoregions provide a geographically coherent way to regionalize the story of national land use and land cover change in the United States. This study provides new information on LULC change in the southeast United States. Previous studies of the region from the 1930s to the 1980s showed a decrease in landscape fragmentation and an increase in percent forest, while this study showed an increase in forest fragmentation and a loss of forest cover.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-0078-2","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Griffith, J.A., Stehman, S., and Loveland, T., 2003, Landscape trends in Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States ecoregions: Environmental Management, v. 32, no. 5, p. 572-588, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0078-2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"572","endPage":"588","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207966,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0078-2"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43f7e4b0c8380cd66739","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, J. A.","contributorId":84118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehman, S.V.","contributorId":91974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stehman","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27852,"text":"State University of New York, Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024940,"text":"70024940 - 2003 - Using fecal glucocorticoids for stress assessment in Mourning Doves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-05T13:24:52","indexId":"70024940","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using fecal glucocorticoids for stress assessment in Mourning Doves","docAbstract":"<p>Fecal glucocorticoid assays provide a potentially useful, noninvasive means to study physiological responses of wildlife to various stressors. The objective of our study was to validate a method for measuring glucocorticoid metabolites in Mourning Dove <i>(Zenaida macroura</i>) feces. We validated the assay using standard procedures (e.g., parallelism, recovery of exogenous corticosterone) to demonstrate that the assay accurately and precisely measured glucocorticoid metabolites in Mourning Dove fecal extracts. We conducted adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) challenge experiments to validate the assay's ability to determine biologically important changes in fecal glucocorticoids. Fecal glucocorticoid levels increased significantly approximately 2-3 hr after administration of ACTH at 50 IU per kg body mass to wild Mourning Doves held in captivity. In contrast, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites did not increase in control birds, birds that received saline injections, or a lower dose of ACTH (1 IU per kg body mass). Variation in overall fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels may have been influenced by season and the length of time birds were held in captivity. Non-invasive fecal glucocorticoid metabolite analyses, in combination with demographic information, may have considerable utility for monitoring the effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on Mourning Dove populations.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1650/7216","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Washburn, B.E., Millspaugh, J.J., Schulz, J.H., Jones, S.B., and Mong, T., 2003, Using fecal glucocorticoids for stress assessment in Mourning Doves: Condor, v. 105, no. 4, p. 696-706, https://doi.org/10.1650/7216.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"696","endPage":"706","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7216","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc04de4b08c986b32a04b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Washburn, Brian E.","contributorId":138567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Washburn","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12440,"text":"USDA Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Millspaugh, Joshua J.","contributorId":22082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millspaugh","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, John H.","contributorId":44082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, Susan B.","contributorId":175324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mong, T.","contributorId":54768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mong","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024939,"text":"70024939 - 2003 - Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024939","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes","docAbstract":"We quantified relationships between both fyke-net catch rates (catch/net-night) and electrofishing catch rates (catch/mi) and population densities (number/acre) of walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) for adult population estimates and total population estimates to determine whether catchability was density dependent. Fyke-net catch rates were modeled as a nonlinear function of adult walleye density and of four size-classes of the adult population, and electrofishing catch rates were modeled as a nonlinear function of adult and total walleye density and four size-classes of the adult and total populations. The results showed nonlinear relationships between catch rate and density for the adult and total populations. We accounted for measurement errors in catch rates and densities by estimating bias-corrected slopes by means of Monte Carlo simulations and estimated measurement-error ratios by means of an errors-in-variables model. We found that the bias-corrected slopes were higher than ordinary-least-squares regression estimates and that measurement errors were greater in catch rates than in density estimates. Lastly, we sought to explain the residual variability in the relationships between (1) fyke-net catch rates and adult walleye densities and (2) electrofishing catch rates and adult and total walleye densities. We found that the fyke-net catch rate was positively related to adult walleye density and percent littoral zone (percentage of lake surface area ???20 ft deep) and negatively related to conductivity. We found that the electrofishing catch rate of adult walleyes was positively related to adult walleye density and conductivity and that the electrofishing catch rate of the total walleye population was positively related to total walleye density. We concluded that the nonlinear relationship between catch rates and walleye abundance limits the use of catch rates to index walleye abundance in northern Wisconsin lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M02-121","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Rogers, M., Hansen, M., and Beard, T., 2003, Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 4, p. 1193-1206, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-121.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1206","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207940,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-121"},{"id":233255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3cce4b0c8380cd4b97f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, M.W.","contributorId":68929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, M.J.","contributorId":39166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beard, T.D. Jr.","contributorId":100160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024894,"text":"70024894 - 2003 - Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024894","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration","docAbstract":"We analyzed and radiocarbon-dated 205 fossil woodrat middens from 14 sites in central and northern Wyoming and adjacent Utah and Montana to document spatiotemporal patterns of Holocene invasion by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). Holocene migration into central and northern Wyoming and southern Montana from the south proceeded by a series of long-distance dispersal events, which were paced by climate variability and structured by the geographic distribution and connectivity of suitable habitats on the landscape. The migration of Utah juniper into the region involved multiple long-distance dispersal events, ranging from 30 to 135 km. One of the earliest established populations, on East Pryor Mountain in south central Montana, is currently the northernmost population of the species. Establishment by long-distance dispersal of that population and another in the Bighorn Basin occurred during a period of relatively dry climate between 7500 and 5400 years ago. Further expansion of these initial colonizing populations and backfilling to occupy suitable sites to the south was delayed during a wet period from 5400 to 2800 years ago. Development of dry conditions 2800 years ago led to a rapid expansion in which Utah juniper colonized sites throughout its current range. Landscape structure and climate variability play important roles in governing the pattern and pace of natural invasions and deserve close attention in studying and modeling plant invasions, whether exotic or natural.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Lyford, M., Jackson, S., Betancourt, J., and Gray, S., 2003, Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration: Ecological Monographs, v. 73, no. 4, p. 567-583.","startPage":"567","endPage":"583","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b49e4b0c8380cd623c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyford, M.E.","contributorId":33883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, S.T.","contributorId":19680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024938,"text":"70024938 - 2003 - Calculation of Estimated Ultimate Recovery for wells in continuous-type oil and gas accumulations of the Uinta-Piceance Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024938","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculation of Estimated Ultimate Recovery for wells in continuous-type oil and gas accumulations of the Uinta-Piceance Province","docAbstract":"The calculation of Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) from oil and gas production data of individual wells and the development of EUR distributions from all producing wells in an assessment unit are important steps in the quantitative assessment of continuous-type hydrocarbon resources. The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a method of calculating EURs for wells in continuous-type accumulations, including coal-bed gas accumulations. The EUR distribution of producing wells is used as a guide for the estimation of an EUR distribution for potential wells in areas of undiscovered resources. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00074-0","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Cook, T., 2003, Calculation of Estimated Ultimate Recovery for wells in continuous-type oil and gas accumulations of the Uinta-Piceance Province: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 39-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00074-0.","startPage":"39","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207923,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00074-0"},{"id":233220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2ffe4b0c8380cd4b533","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, T.","contributorId":59991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1016300,"text":"1016300 - 2003 - Nest-site characteristics and linear abundance of cliff-nesting American kestrels on San Clemente Island, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:40","indexId":"1016300","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest-site characteristics and linear abundance of cliff-nesting American kestrels on San Clemente Island, California","docAbstract":"American Kestrels( Falco sparverius) are typically secondary-cavity nesters, and use of natural\r\ncliff cavities for nest sites is less-commonly reported. On San Clemente Island (SCI), California, however, American Kestrels nest primarily on cliffs in major canyons(93%), to a lesser extent on seacliffs(4%), as well as in man-made structures (3%). We located and mapped 99 American Kestrel territories on SCI, and recorded 11 nest-site characteristics at 40 cliff nests during 2001-02. Nest cliffs were typically fractured igneous rock with mean height of 16.1 m +_ 1.8 SE. Mean slope of nest cliffs was vertical (x=91 degrees). Nest cliffs and cavities were significantly oriented to the southeast, away from the prevailing wind direction(NW). In eight canyons, where we believe that we found all occupied American Kestrel territories, the mean linear abundance was 2.1 pairs/km, greater than most published estimates. Contrary to most previous studies, no American Kestrels nested in tree cavities despite their presence in SCI canyons. The absence of cavity-excavating breeding birds from the island likely restricts kestrels to nesting in naturally-formed cavities and man-made structures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, B.L., Kershner, E.L., Finn, S., Condon, A.M., Cooper, D.M., and Garcelon, D., 2003, Nest-site characteristics and linear abundance of cliff-nesting American kestrels on San Clemente Island, California: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 37, no. 4, p. 323-329.","productDescription":"p. 323-329","startPage":"323","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697d0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Brian L.","contributorId":54954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kershner, Eric L.","contributorId":15572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kershner","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, S.P.","contributorId":65438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Condon, Anne M.","contributorId":74725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condon","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cooper, Douglass M.","contributorId":52542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Douglass","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Garcelon, David","contributorId":64206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcelon","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1003688,"text":"1003688 - 2003 - Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from wetland ecosystems during 1996 to 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-21T11:07:40","indexId":"1003688","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from wetland ecosystems during 1996 to 1999","docAbstract":"We cultured 126 Pasteurella multocida isolates, 92 from water and 34 from sediment samples collected from wetlands in the Pacific and Central flyways of the United States between 1996 and 1999. Most (121) of the isolates were P. multocida serotype 1, but serotypes 3, 3/4, 10, and 11 were also found. Many (82) of the isolates were further characterized by DNA fingerprinting procedures and tested in Pekin ducks for virulence. Almost all the serotype 1 isolates we tested caused mortality in Pekin ducks. Serotype 1 isolates varied in virulence, but the most consistent pattern was higher mortality in male ducks than in females. We found no evidence that isolates found in sediment vs. water, between Pacific and Central flyways, or during El Nino years had consistently different virulence. We also found a number of non-serotype 1 isolates that were avirulent in Pekin ducks. Isolates had DNA fingerprint profiles similar to those found in birds that died during avian cholera outbreaks.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-39.4.798","usgsCitation":"Samuel, M., Shadduck, D., Goldberg, D., Wilson, M.A., Joly, D., and Lehr, M.A., 2003, Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from wetland ecosystems during 1996 to 1999: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 39, no. 4, p. 798-807, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.4.798.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"798","endPage":"807","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478516,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.4.798","text":"External Repository"},{"id":129248,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shadduck, D.J.","contributorId":74708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shadduck","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldberg, Diana R. 0000-0001-8540-8512","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8540-8512","contributorId":82252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Diana R.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":313945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, M. A.","contributorId":107649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joly, D.O.","contributorId":48131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joly","given":"D.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lehr, M. A.","contributorId":57791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lehr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1017385,"text":"1017385 - 2003 - Snatching victory from the jaws of defeat: some nests robbed by predators still produce ducklings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-02T08:46:23","indexId":"1017385","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1157,"text":"California Waterfowl","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Snatching victory from the jaws of defeat: some nests robbed by predators still produce ducklings","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Waterfowl","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, J., and Eadie, J., 2003, Snatching victory from the jaws of defeat: some nests robbed by predators still produce ducklings: California Waterfowl, no. April/May, p. 8-9.","productDescription":"p. 8-9","startPage":"8","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"April/May","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a02e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eadie, J.M.","contributorId":8034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eadie","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1016289,"text":"1016289 - 2003 - Comparison of ion-exchange resin counterions in the nutrient measurement of calcareous soils: Implications for correlative studies of plant-soil relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-19T20:16:47.240523","indexId":"1016289","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1281,"text":"Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of ion-exchange resin counterions in the nutrient measurement of calcareous soils: Implications for correlative studies of plant-soil relationships","docAbstract":"<p><span>For more than 40 years, ion-exchange resins have been used to characterize nutrient bioavailability in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. To date, however, no standardized methodology has been developed, particularly with respect to the counterions that initially occupy resin exchange sites. To determine whether different resin counterions yield different measures of soil nutrients and rank soils differently with respect to their measured nutrient bioavailability, we compared nutrient measurements by three common counterion combinations (HCl, HOH, and NaHCO</span><sub>3</sub><span>). Five sandy calcareous soils were chosen to represent a range of soil characteristics at Canyonlands National Park, Utah, and resin capsules charged with the different counterions equilibrated in saturated pastes of these soils for one week. Data were converted to proportions of total ions of corresponding charge for ANOVA. Results from the different methods were not comparable with respect to any nutrient. Of eleven nutrients measured, all but iron (Fe</span><sup>2+</sup><span>), manganese (Mn</span><sup>2+</sup><span>), and zinc (Zn</span><sup>2+</sup><span>) differed significantly (</span><i>p</i><span>≤0.05) as a function of soil×counterion interactions; Fe</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;and Zn</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;varied as functions of counterion alone. Of the counterion combinations, HCl-resins yielded the most net ion exchange with all measured nutrients except Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>,</span><span class=\"NLM_disp-formula-image inline-formula\"><img class=\"no-mml-formula\" src=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/lcss20/2003/lcss20.v034.i13-14/css-120023232/20171018/images/lcss_a_10361535_o_ilm0001.gif\" alt=\"\" data-formula-source=\"{&quot;type&quot; : &quot;image&quot;, &quot;src&quot; : &quot;/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/lcss20/2003/lcss20.v034.i13-14/css-120023232/20171018/images/lcss_a_10361535_o_ilm0001.gif&quot;}\" data-mce-src=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/lcss20/2003/lcss20.v034.i13-14/css-120023232/20171018/images/lcss_a_10361535_o_ilm0001.gif\"></span><span>&nbsp;and</span><span class=\"NLM_disp-formula-image inline-formula\"><img class=\"no-mml-formula\" src=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/lcss20/2003/lcss20.v034.i13-14/css-120023232/20171018/images/lcss_a_10361535_o_ilm0002.gif\" alt=\"\" data-formula-source=\"{&quot;type&quot; : &quot;image&quot;, &quot;src&quot; : &quot;/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/lcss20/2003/lcss20.v034.i13-14/css-120023232/20171018/images/lcss_a_10361535_o_ilm0002.gif&quot;}\" data-mce-src=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/lcss20/2003/lcss20.v034.i13-14/css-120023232/20171018/images/lcss_a_10361535_o_ilm0002.gif\"></span><span>&nbsp;the three of which desorbed in the greatest quantities from HOH-resins. Conventional chemical extractions using ammonium acetate generally yielded high proportional values of Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>, and Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>. Further, among-soil rankings of nutrient bioavailability varied widely among methods. This study highlights the fact that various ion-exchange resin techniques for measuring soil nutrients may have differential effects on the soil-resin environment and yield data that should not be compared nor considered interchangeable. The most appropriate methods for characterizing soil-nutrient bioavailability depends on soil characteristics and likely on the physiological uptake mechanisms of plants or functional groups of interest. The effects of different extraction techniques on nutrient measures should be understood before selecting an extraction method. For example, in the calcareous soils used for this experiment, nutrient extraction methods that alter soil carbonates through dissolution or precipitation could compromise the accurate measurement of plant-available nutrients. The implications of this study emphasize the universal importance of understanding the differential effects of alternate methods on soil chemistry.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1081/CSS-120023232","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, S.K., Belnap, J., and Miller, M.E., 2003, Comparison of ion-exchange resin counterions in the nutrient measurement of calcareous soils: Implications for correlative studies of plant-soil relationships: Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, v. 34, no. 13&14, p. 1981-2001, https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120023232.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1981","endPage":"2001","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"13&14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae305","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, S. K.","contributorId":9209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sherrod","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, M. E.","contributorId":104003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1017392,"text":"1017392 - 2003 - A characterization of vegetation in nesting and non-nesting plots for Southwestern Willow Flycatchers in central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:39","indexId":"1017392","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"seriesTitle":{"id":489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":18}},"title":"A characterization of vegetation in nesting and non-nesting plots for Southwestern Willow Flycatchers in central Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Allison, L., Paradizick, C., Rourke, J., and McCarthey, T., 2003, A characterization of vegetation in nesting and non-nesting plots for Southwestern Willow Flycatchers in central Arizona, <i>in</i> Studies in Avian Biology, v. 26, p. 81-90.","productDescription":"p. 81-90","startPage":"81","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b10f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allison, L.J.","contributorId":30953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allison","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paradizick, C.E.","contributorId":6807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paradizick","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rourke, J.W.","contributorId":8051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rourke","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCarthey, T.D.","contributorId":27832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthey","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1017394,"text":"1017394 - 2003 - Spring wildflowers spectacular in 2003 at the Desert Tortoise Natural Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"1017394","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3604,"text":"Tortoise Tracks","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spring wildflowers spectacular in 2003 at the Desert Tortoise Natural Area","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tortoise Tracks","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Berry, K., 2003, Spring wildflowers spectacular in 2003 at the Desert Tortoise Natural Area: Tortoise Tracks, v. 23, no. 2, p. 1-3.","productDescription":"p. 1-3","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berry, K.H.","contributorId":17934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1016899,"text":"1016899 - 2003 - Return to Glacier Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:42:00","indexId":"1016899","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":691,"text":"Alaska Park Science","printIssn":"1545- 496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Return to Glacier Bay","docAbstract":"Seven species of pigeons and doves were cultured for yeasts in the upper digestive tract. The following list gives the isolation rate for each columbid species and the yeasts cultured from them: feral pigeon Columba Livia (Gmelin) 95% -Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout, C. tropicalis (Castellani) Berkhout, C. krusei (Cast.) Berkhout, C. guilliermondii (Cast.) Langeron et Guerra, Torulopsis glabrata (Anderson) Lodder et De Vries, Saccharomyces telluris Van der Walt, and Geotrichum sp.; white-crowned pigeon (C. leucocephala Linnaeus) 56% -- S. telluris; mourning dove (Zenaidura rnacroura Linnaeus) 24% -- C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, and Geotrichurn sp.; passerine ground dove (Collumbigallina passerina Linnaeus) 20% -- C. parapsilosis (Ashford) Langeron et Talice, Kloeckera apiculata (Reess Emend. Klocker) Janke; zenaida dove (Zenaida aurita Temminck) 16% -- C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, and T. glabrata; one moustasche dove (Geotrygon mystacea Gosse) -- C. guillierrnondii; ringed turtle dove (Streptopelia rizoria Linnaeus) 14% -- C. albicans and Geotrichurn sp. No signs of disease could be seen in the 139 birds that were examined, and it was concluded that these yeasts comprise a part of the columbid's normal microbial flora.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska Park Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., 2003, Return to Glacier Bay: Alaska Park Science, v. 2, no. 1, p. 5-12.","productDescription":"pp. 5-12","startPage":"5","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","edition":"(Summer)","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6043d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025514,"text":"70025514 - 2003 - Genetic variation among interconnected populations of Catostomus occidentalis: Implications for distinguishing impacts of contaminants from biogeographical structuring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T16:24:24","indexId":"70025514","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic variation among interconnected populations of Catostomus occidentalis: Implications for distinguishing impacts of contaminants from biogeographical structuring","docAbstract":"Exposure to contaminants can affect survivorship, recruitment, reproductive success, mutation rates and migration, and may play a significant role in the partitioning of genetic variation among exposed and nonexposed populations. However, the application of molecular population genetic data to evaluate such influences has been uncommon and often flawed. We tested whether patterns of genetic variation among native fish populations (Sacramento sucker, Catostomus occidentalis) in the Central Valley of California were consistent with long-term pesticide exposure history, or primarily with expectations based on biogeography. Field sampling was designed to rigorously test for both geographical and contamination influences. Fine-scale structure of these interconnected populations was detected with both amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and microsatellite markers, and patterns of variation elucidated by the two marker systems were highly concordant. Analyses indicated that biogeographical hypotheses described the data set better than hypotheses relating to common historical pesticide exposure. Downstream populations had higher genetic diversity than upstream populations, regardless of exposure history, and genetic distances showed that populations from the same river system tended to cluster together. Relatedness among populations reflected primarily directions of gene flow, rather than convergence among contaminant-exposed populations. Watershed geography accounted for significant partitioning of genetic variation among populations, whereas contaminant exposure history did not. Genetic patterns indicating contaminant-induced selection, increased mutation rates or recent bottlenecks were weak or absent. We stress the importance of testing contaminant-induced genetic change hypotheses within a biogeographical context. Strategic application of molecular markers for analysis of fine-scale structure, and for evaluating contaminant impacts on gene pools, is discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01933.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Whitehead, A., Anderson, S., Kuivila, K., Roach, J., and May, B., 2003, Genetic variation among interconnected populations of Catostomus occidentalis: Implications for distinguishing impacts of contaminants from biogeographical structuring: Molecular Ecology, v. 12, no. 10, p. 2817-2833, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01933.x.","startPage":"2817","endPage":"2833","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209563,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01933.x"},{"id":236161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a158ae4b0c8380cd54e75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitehead, A.","contributorId":78514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.L.","contributorId":49575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuivila, K.M.","contributorId":34529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roach, J.L.","contributorId":21253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roach","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"May, B.","contributorId":19112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024621,"text":"70024621 - 2003 - Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. III. An anion-exchange resin technique for sampling and preservation of sulfoxyanions in natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024621","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1755,"text":"Geochemical Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. III. An anion-exchange resin technique for sampling and preservation of sulfoxyanions in natural waters","docAbstract":"A sampling protocol for the retention, extraction, and analysis of sulfoxyanions in hydrothermal waters has been developed in the laboratory and tested at Yellowstone National Park and Green Lake, NY. Initial laboratory testing of the anion-exchange resin Bio-Rad??? AG1-X8 indicated that the resin was well suited for the sampling, preservation, and extraction of sulfate and thiosulfate. Synthetic solutions containing sulfate and thiosulfate were passed through AG1-X8 resin columns and eluted with 1 and 3 M KCl, respectively. Recovery ranged from 89 to 100%. Comparison of results for water samples collected from five pools in Yellowstone National Park between on-site IC analysis (U.S. Geological Survey mobile lab) and IC analysis of resin-stored sample at SUNY-Stony Brook indicates 96 to 100% agreement for three pools (Cinder, Cistern, and an unnamed pool near Cistern) and 76 and 63% agreement for two pools (Sulfur Dust and Frying Pan). Attempts to extract polythionates from the AG1-X8 resin were made using HCl solutions, but were unsuccessful. Bio-Rad??? AG2-X8, an anion-exchange resin with weaker binding sites than the AG1-X8 resin, is better suited for polythionate extraction. Sulfate and thiosulfate extraction with this resin has been accomplished with KCl solutions of 0.1 and 0.5 M, respectively. Trithionate and tetrathionate can be extracted with 4 M KCl. Higher polythionates can be extracted with 9 M hydrochloric acid. Polythionate concentrations can then be determined directly using ion chromatographic methods, and laboratory results indicate recovery of up to 90% for synthetic polythionate solutions using AG2-X8 resin columns. ?? The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Division of Geochemistry of the American Chemical Society 2003.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemical Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1039/b211951j","issn":"14674866","usgsCitation":"Druschel, G., Schoonen, M., Nordstorm, D., Ball, J., Xu, Y., and Cohn, C., 2003, Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. III. An anion-exchange resin technique for sampling and preservation of sulfoxyanions in natural waters: Geochemical Transactions, v. 4, p. 12-19, https://doi.org/10.1039/b211951j.","startPage":"12","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478488,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/b211951j","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207643,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b211951j"},{"id":232771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9dd6e4b08c986b31daf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druschel, G.K.","contributorId":62374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druschel","given":"G.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoonen, M.A.A.","contributorId":82479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoonen","given":"M.A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstorm, D.K.","contributorId":98081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstorm","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Xu, Y.","contributorId":47816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cohn, C.A.","contributorId":51061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026354,"text":"70026354 - 2003 - The open black box: The role of the end-user in GIS integration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026354","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1165,"text":"Canadian Geographer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The open black box: The role of the end-user in GIS integration","docAbstract":"Formalist theories of knowledge that underpin GIS scholarship on integration neglect the importance and creativity of end-users in knowledge construction. This has practical consequences for the success of large distributed databases that contribute to spatial-data infrastructures. Spatial-data infrastructures depend on participation at local levels, such as counties and watersheds, and they must be developed to support feedback from local users. Looking carefully at the work of scientists in a watershed in Puget Sound, Washington, USA during the salmon crisis reveals that the work of these end-users articulates different worlds of knowledge. This view of the user is consonant with recent work in science and technology studies and research into computer-supported cooperative work. GIS theory will be enhanced when it makes room for these users and supports their practical work. ?? / Canadian Association of Geographers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Geographer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/1541-0064.02e13","issn":"00083658","usgsCitation":"Poore, B., 2003, The open black box: The role of the end-user in GIS integration: Canadian Geographer, v. 47, no. 1, p. 62-74, https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-0064.02e13.","startPage":"62","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208350,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-0064.02e13"},{"id":234044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae56e4b08c986b32400a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, B.S.","contributorId":102249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70179823,"text":"70179823 - 2003 - IHN virus traffic in the Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:39:18","indexId":"70179823","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"IHN virus traffic in the Columbia River basin","docAbstract":"<p>Abstract not available&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the american fisheries society symposium on propagated fish in resource management","conferenceTitle":"American fisheries society symposium on propagated fish in resource management","conferenceLocation":"Boise, ID","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kurath, G., Garver, K., and Troyer, R., 2003, IHN virus traffic in the Columbia River basin, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the american fisheries society symposium on propagated fish in resource management, Boise, ID.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808d9ae4b01dfadfff15b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kurath, G.","contributorId":152437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garver, K.A.","contributorId":42766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garver","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Troyer, R.M.","contributorId":63592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troyer","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025293,"text":"70025293 - 2003 - Polybaric evolution of phonolite, trachyte, and rhyolite volcanoes in eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica: Controls on peralkalinity and silica saturation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T21:10:28.185089","indexId":"70025293","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polybaric evolution of phonolite, trachyte, and rhyolite volcanoes in eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica: Controls on peralkalinity and silica saturation","docAbstract":"<p>In<span>&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span>Marie<span>&nbsp;</span>Byrd<span>&nbsp;</span>Land<span>&nbsp;volcanic province, peralkaline and metaluminous trachytes, phonolites, and rhyolites occur&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;18 large shield&nbsp;</span>volcanoes<span>&nbsp;that are closely associated&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;time and space. They are arrayed radially across an 800 km wide structural dome, with the oldest at the crest and the youngest around the flanks. Several lines of evidence suggest that these rocks evolved via opensystem,&nbsp;</span>polybaric<span>&nbsp;fractionation. We have used mass balance modeling of major elements together with trace-element data and mineral chemistry to help explain the&nbsp;</span>evolution<span>&nbsp;of this diverse suite of felsic rocks, which appear to have been generated coevally&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;isolated magma chambers, and erupted close to each other&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;patterns related to tectonic uplift and extension within the West Antarctic rift system. Isotopic and trace-element data indicate that this occurred with only minimal crustal contamination. We focus on&nbsp;</span>volcanoes<span>&nbsp;of the Executive Committee Range and Mount Murphy, where we find good representation of basalts and felsic rocks within a small area. Our results suggest that the felsic rocks were derived from basaltic magmas that differentiated at multiple levels during their passage to the surface: first to ferrogabbroic compositions near the base of the lithosphere, then to intermediate compositions near the base of the crust, and finally to felsic compositions&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;mid- to upper crustal reservoirs. The high-pressure history has been largely masked by low-pressure processes. The best indications of a high-pressure history are the mineral phases&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;cumulate nodules and their correlation with modeling results, with REE anomalies, and with the composition of an unusual gabbroic intrusion.&nbsp;</span>Silica<span>&nbsp;</span>saturation<span>&nbsp;characteristics are believed to have originated&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;magma chambers near the base of the crust, via fractionation of variable proportions of kaersutite and plagioclase. Development of&nbsp;</span>peralkalinity<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;felsic rocks took place&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;upper crustal reservoirs by fractionating a high ratio of plagioclase to clinopyroxene under conditions of low pH</span><sub>2</sub><span>O. With increasing pH</span><sub>2</sub><span>O, the ratio plagioclase/clinopyroxene&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the fractionated assemblage decreases and metaluminous liquids resulted. Crustal contamination seems to have had a role&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;suppressing&nbsp;</span>peralkalinity<span>, and was probably a factor&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the origin of high-</span>silica<span>&nbsp;metaluminous&nbsp;</span>rhyolite<span>, but metaluminous rocks are uncommon. The volume and diversity of felsic rocks were probably enhanced by the structure of the lithosphere, the persistence of plume activity, and the immobility of the Antarctic plate. Mechanical boundaries at the base of the lithosphere and crust, and within the crust, appear to have acted as filters, trapping magmas at multiple levels, and prolonging the fractionation process. Final volumes would have been further enhanced by repeated refluxing of the same magma chambers, controlled by plume activity and plate immobility.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.45.12.1055","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"LeMasurier, W., Futa, K., Hole, M., and Kawachi, Y., 2003, Polybaric evolution of phonolite, trachyte, and rhyolite volcanoes in eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica: Controls on peralkalinity and silica saturation: International Geology Review, v. 45, no. 12, p. 1055-1099, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.12.1055.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1099","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","volume":"45","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ce6e4b0c8380cd79c3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeMasurier, W.E.","contributorId":7006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeMasurier","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futa, K.","contributorId":26435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hole, M.","contributorId":80876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kawachi, Y.","contributorId":45875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kawachi","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025443,"text":"70025443 - 2003 - Impact of structural and autocyclic basin-floor topography on the depositional evolution of the deep-water Valparaiso forearc basin, central Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025443","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":972,"text":"Basin Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of structural and autocyclic basin-floor topography on the depositional evolution of the deep-water Valparaiso forearc basin, central Chile","docAbstract":"The Valparaiso Basin constitutes a unique and prominent deep-water forearc basin underlying a 40-km by 60-km mid-slope terrace at 2.5-km water depth on the central Chile margin. Seismic-reflection data, collected as part of the CONDOR investigation, image a 3-3.5-km thick sediment succession that fills a smoothly sagged, margin-parallel, elongated trough at the base of the upper slope. In response to underthrusting of the Juan Ferna??ndez Ridge on the Nazca plate, the basin fill is increasingly deformed in the seaward direction above seaward-vergent outer forearc compressional highs. Syn-depositional growth of a large, margin-parallel monoclinal high in conjunction with sagging of the inner trough of the basin created stratal geometries similar to those observed in forearc basins bordered by large accretionary prisms. Margin-parallel compressional ridges diverted turbidity currents along the basin axis and exerted a direct control on sediment depositional processes. As structural depressions became buried, transverse input from point sources on the adjacent upper slope formed complex fan systems with sediment waves characterising the overbank environment, common on many Pleistocene turbidite systems. Mass failure as a result of local topographic inversion formed a prominent mass-flow deposit, and ultimately resulted in canyon formation and hence a new focused point source feeding the basin. The Valparaiso Basin is presently filled to the spill point of the outer forearc highs, causing headward erosion of incipient canyons into the basin fill and allowing bypass of sediment to the Chile Trench. Age estimates that are constrained by subduction-related syn-depositional deformation of the upper 700-800m of the basin fill suggest that glacio-eustatic sea-level lowstands, in conjunction with accelerated denudation rates, within the past 350 ka may have contributed to the increase in simultaneously active point sources along the upper slope as well as an increased complexity of proximal depositional facies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Basin Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00205.x","issn":"0950091X","usgsCitation":"Laursen, J., and Normark, W.R., 2003, Impact of structural and autocyclic basin-floor topography on the depositional evolution of the deep-water Valparaiso forearc basin, central Chile: Basin Research, v. 15, no. 2, p. 201-226, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00205.x.","startPage":"201","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209577,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00205.x"},{"id":236193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38cbe4b0c8380cd616c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laursen, J.","contributorId":46718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laursen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025125,"text":"70025125 - 2003 - Diel cycles in dissolved metal concentrations in streams: Occurrence and possible causes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T08:36:39","indexId":"70025125","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel cycles in dissolved metal concentrations in streams: Occurrence and possible causes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Substantial diel (24‐hour) cycles in dissolved (0.1‐μm filtration) metal concentrations were observed during low flow for 18 sampling episodes at 14 sites on 12 neutral and alkaline streams draining historical mining areas in Montana and Idaho. At some sites, concentrations of Cd, Mn, Ni, and Zn increased as much as 119, 306, 167, and 500%, respectively, from afternoon minimum values to maximum values shortly after sunrise. Arsenic concentrations exhibited the inverse temporal pattern with increases of up to 54%. Variations in Cu concentrations were small and inconsistent. Diel metal cycles are widespread and persistent, occur over a wide range of metal concentrations, and likely are caused primarily by instream geochemical processes. Adsorption is the only process that can explain the inverse temporal patterns of As and the divalent metals. Diel metal cycles have important implications for many types of water‐quality studies and for understanding trace‐metal mobility.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001571","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D.A., Gammons, C.H., Cleasby, T., Madison, J.P., Skaar, D., and Brick, C.M., 2003, Diel cycles in dissolved metal concentrations in streams: Occurrence and possible causes: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 9, p. 2-1-2-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001571.","productDescription":"Article 1247; 17 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478497,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001571","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00c0e4b0c8380cd4f8cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gammons, Chris","contributorId":140801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gammons","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cleasby, Tom 0000-0003-0694-1541 tcleasby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-1541","contributorId":1137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"Tom","email":"tcleasby@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Madison, James P.","contributorId":171749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Madison","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skaar, Don","contributorId":9171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skaar","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brick, Christine M.","contributorId":99481,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brick","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026346,"text":"70026346 - 2003 - Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:11:26","indexId":"70026346","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s","docAbstract":"<p><span>The interannual variability and trend of above-ground photosynthetic activity of Arctic tundra vegetation in the 1990s is examined for the north slope region of Alaska, based on the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index (SINDVI) derived from local area coverage (LAC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. Smaller SINDVI values occurred during the three years (1992-1994) following the volcanic eruption of Mt Pinatubo. Even after implementing corrections for this stratospheric aerosol effect and adjusting for changes in radiometric calibration coefficients, an apparent increasing trend of SINDVI in the 1990s is evident for the entire north slope. The most pronounced increase was observed for the foothills physiographical province.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/0143116021000020144","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Stow, D., Daeschner, S., Hope, A., Douglas, D., Petersen, A., Myneni, R.B., Zhou, L., and Oechel, W., 2003, Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 24, no. 5, p. 1111-1117, https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116021000020144.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1111","endPage":"1117","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -168.48632812499997,\n              66.79190947341796\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.064453125,\n              66.79190947341796\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.064453125,\n              71.93815765811694\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.48632812499997,\n              71.93815765811694\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.48632812499997,\n              66.79190947341796\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc13ee4b08c986b32a4ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stow, D.","contributorId":79271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daeschner, Scott","contributorId":41192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daeschner","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hope, A.","contributorId":97036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hope","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Petersen, A.","contributorId":40383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Myneni, Ranga B.","contributorId":33901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myneni","given":"Ranga","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13570,"text":"Boston University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":409102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zhou, L.","contributorId":68455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Oechel, W.","contributorId":76104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oechel","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024927,"text":"70024927 - 2003 - Evacuation of Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags from Northern Pikeminnow Consuming Tagged Juvenile Chinook Salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T15:51:10","indexId":"70024927","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evacuation of Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags from Northern Pikeminnow Consuming Tagged Juvenile Chinook Salmon","docAbstract":"<p>Prey fish implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags can be used in predation studies if the timing of tag evacuation from the predators is understood. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine how PIT tags in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that were consumed by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis were evacuated in relation to various parameters. The rate of evacuation was directly related to temperature, while predator size and the number of prey consumed had less effect on the timing of tag evacuation. A power model was fitted to predict the proportion of tags expected to be evacuated at different intervals after ingestion. These results could be used in planning field or laboratory predation experiments with PIT-tagged prey fish.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M02-079","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J., and Barfoot, C., 2003, Evacuation of Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags from Northern Pikeminnow Consuming Tagged Juvenile Chinook Salmon: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 4, p. 1265-1270, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-079.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1265","endPage":"1270","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207816,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-079"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bd4e4b0c8380cd528d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, J.H.","contributorId":72154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barfoot, C.A.","contributorId":51490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barfoot","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025312,"text":"70025312 - 2003 - Simulation of Submarine Ground Water Discharge to a Marine Estuary: Biscayne Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025312","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of Submarine Ground Water Discharge to a Marine Estuary: Biscayne Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"Variable density ground water flow models are rarely used to estimate submarine ground water discharge because of limitations in computer speed, data availability, and availability of a simulation tool that can minimize numerical dispersion. This paper presents an application of the SEAWAT code, which is a combined version of MODFLOW and MT3D, to estimate rates of submarine ground water discharge to a coastal marine estuary. Discharge rates were estimated for Biscayne Bay, Florida, for the period from January 1989 to September 1998 using a three-dimensional, variable density ground water flow and transport model. Hydrologic stresses in the 10-layer model include recharge, evapotranspiration, ground water withdrawals from municipal wellfields, interactions with surface water (canals in urban areas and wetlands in the Everglades), boundary fluxes, and submarine ground water discharge to Biscayne Bay. The model was calibrated by matching ground water levels in monitoring wells, baseflow to canals, and the position of the 1995 salt water intrusion line. Results suggest that fresh submarine ground water discharge to Biscayne Bay may have exceeded surface water discharge during the 1989, 1990, and 1991 dry seasons, but the average discharge for the entire simulation period was only ???10% of the surface water discharge to the bay. Results from the model also suggest that tidal canals intercept fresh ground water that might otherwise have discharged directly to Biscayne Bay. This application demonstrates that regional scale variable density models are potentially useful tools for estimating rates of submarine ground water discharge.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02417.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C., 2003, Simulation of Submarine Ground Water Discharge to a Marine Estuary: Biscayne Bay, Florida: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 6, p. 758-771, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02417.x.","startPage":"758","endPage":"771","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209475,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02417.x"},{"id":235964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9007e4b08c986b319294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024893,"text":"70024893 - 2003 - Feedback-driven response to multidecadal climatic variability at an alpine treeline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-11T06:36:05","indexId":"70024893","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3059,"text":"Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feedback-driven response to multidecadal climatic variability at an alpine treeline","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract test\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has significant climatological and ecological effects in northwestern North America. Its possible effects and their modification by feedbacks are examined in the forest-tundra ecotone in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Tree ring samples were collected to estimate establishment dates in 10 quadrats. Age-diameter regressions were used to estimate the ages of uncored trees. The temporal pattern of establishment and survival was compared to the pattern of the PDO. A wave of establishment began in the mid-1940s, rose to a peak rate in the mid-1970s, and dropped precipitously beginning ca. 1980 to near zero for the 1990s. The period of establishment primarily coincided with the negative phase of the PDO, but the establishment and survival pattern is not correlated with the PDO index. The pattern indicates a period during which establishment was possible and was augmented by positive feedback from surviving trees. Snow may be the most important factor in the feedback, but studies indicate that its effects vary locally. Spatially differentiated analyses of decadal or longer periodicity may elucidate responses to climatic variation.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0272-3646.24.6.520","issn":"02723646","usgsCitation":"Alftine, K., Malanson, G., and Fagre, D., 2003, Feedback-driven response to multidecadal climatic variability at an alpine treeline: Physical Geography, v. 24, no. 6, p. 520-535, https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.24.6.520.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"520","endPage":"535","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.1202392578125,\n              48.07807894349862\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.45056152343749,\n              48.07807894349862\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.45056152343749,\n              48.99824008113872\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.1202392578125,\n              48.99824008113872\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.1202392578125,\n              48.07807894349862\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f65e4b0c8380cd538b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alftine, K.J.","contributorId":63201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alftine","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malanson, G.P.","contributorId":14982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malanson","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fagre, D.B.","contributorId":52135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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