{"pageNumber":"2843","pageRowStart":"71050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184563,"records":[{"id":70025768,"text":"70025768 - 2003 - Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: Measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:59:56","indexId":"70025768","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: Measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling","docAbstract":"The kinetics of carbonate and Mn oxide dissolution under acidic conditions were examined through the in situ exposure of pure phase samples to acidic ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona. The average long-term calculated in situ dissolution rates for calcite and dolomite were 1.65??10-7 and 3.64??10-10 mmol/(cm2 s), respectively, which were about 3 orders of magnitude slower than rates derived in laboratory experiments by other investigators. Application of both in situ and lab-derived calcite and dolomite dissolution rates to equilibrium reactive transport simulations of a column experiment did not improve the fit to measured outflow chemistry: at the spatial and temporal scales of the column experiment, the use of an equilibrium model adequately simulated carbonate dissolution in the column. Pyrolusite (MnO2) exposed to acidic ground water for 595 days increased slightly in weight despite thermodynamic conditions that favored dissolution. This result might be related to a recent finding by another investigator that the reductive dissolution of pyrolusite is accompanied by the precipitation of a mixed Mn-Fe oxide species. In PHREEQC reactive transport simulations, the incorporation of Mn kinetics improved the fit between observed and simulated behavior at the column and field scales, although the column-fitted rate for Mn-oxide dissolution was about 4 orders of magnitude greater than the field-fitted rate. Remaining differences between observed and simulated contaminant transport trends at the Pinal Creek site were likely related to factors other than the Mn oxide dissolution rate, such as the concentration of Fe oxide surface sites available for adsorption, the effects of competition among dissolved species for available surface sites, or reactions not included in the model.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.G., and Glynn, P.D., 2003, Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: Measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling: Applied Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1225-1239, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1225","endPage":"1239","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208913,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a6e4b0c8380cd64f1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J. G.","contributorId":28263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025623,"text":"70025623 - 2003 - Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70025623","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate","docAbstract":"If the large Late Hesperian outflow channels were eroded by extensive floods, as appears likely, then large bodies of water must have once occupied the northern plains during that period. Previous estimates of the sizes of bodies of water in the northern lowlands range up to 3 ?? 108 km3. Several contacts have been previously mapped around the edges of the northern plains and interpreted to be shorelines remaining from these former standing bodies of water. We examine the elevations and geologic relations along these contacts in detail and find little support for their interpretation as shorelines. Some contacts are clearly of volcanic origin, and all have significant variations in elevation. Better support for the former presence of water over large parts of the northern plains is provided by the Vastitas Borealis Formation (VBF). Most of the post-Noachian fill within the northern basin is ridged plains of Lower Hesperian age, interpreted to be volcanic in origin. Overlying the ridged plains is the VBF, a thin veneer of material of Upper Hesperian age. The VBF may have been deposited from large floods. Support for this interpretation is the similarity in age between the outflow channels and the VBF, the presence of the VBF at the lower ends of the outflow channels, and identification of numerous features in the outcrop areas of the VBF that are suggestive of basal melting of an ice sheet. To cover all the area over which the VBF is exposed would require ???2.3 ?? 107 km3 of water. Spread over the entire surface of Mars, this volume is equal to a global layer (global equivalent layer, or GEL) ???156 m deep. We find no support for the larger estimates of ocean volumes that range up to 3 ?? 108 km3 and which imply comparable amounts of water per unit area as are currently present on the surface of the Earth. Under present climatic conditions on Mars an ocean would freeze in a geologically short time period (???104 years), then would sublimate away at rates strongly dependent on the presence or absence of debris on the ice surface. The present VBF is interpreted as a sublimation residue from the ponded outflow channel effluents. The fate of a volume of water thought to have been emplaced by the outflow channels (???2.3 ?? 107 km3) is largely accounted for by the presence of other existing reservoirs on the planet. An approximately 20-30 m GEL of water is estimated to be in the present polar caps, and a 50 m GEL may have escaped to space since the Hesperian, leaving ???80 m GEL unaccounted for. This amount may be partly trapped in other volatile-rich deposits on the surface, and a significant amount could have reentered the groundwater system by south polar basal melting and been progressively cold-trapped at the base of a growing cryosphere. On the basis of our assessment of the Hesperian-aged deposits, we predict that testing of the Clifford and Parker [2001] hypothesis that a Noachian-aged ocean covered up to one third of the surface of Mars will be made very difficult by the enhanced degradation rates in the Noachian and subsequent geological events in the northern lowlands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., and Head, J.W., 2003, Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 108, no. 5, p. 8-1.","startPage":"8","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c9fe4b0c8380cd74d1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Head, J. W. III","contributorId":106267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025757,"text":"70025757 - 2003 - Lifespan of passive margins through earth history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025757","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3632,"text":"Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lifespan of passive margins through earth history","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03717453","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D., and Rowley, D., 2003, Lifespan of passive margins through earth history: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, v. 112, no. 2 AUG.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"2 AUG","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a476fe4b0c8380cd6786d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, D.","contributorId":20087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowley, D.B.","contributorId":6588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026073,"text":"70026073 - 2003 - A 38,000-year record of floods and debris flows in the Ilo region of southern Peru and its relation to El Niño events and great earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T12:48:51","indexId":"70026073","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 38,000-year record of floods and debris flows in the Ilo region of southern Peru and its relation to El Niño events and great earthquakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Previous work throughout the Ilo region of south coastal Peru has documented the existence of flood and debris-flow deposits produced by two El Ni&ntilde;o events evidently much more severe than any in recent history. These two events have been dated to ca. AD 1300&ndash;1400 and AD 1607&ndash;08. The Late Pleistocene to Holocene record of older sedimentary deposits in this region is dominated by flood and debris-flow deposits of similar scale. These older deposits have been described and dated from three coastal, alluvial-fan sites. These deposits, which are as old as 38 200 years, are dominated by massive debris-flow deposits, several tens of cm thick, typically composed of cobble- and boulder-sized clasts in a matrix of silty sand, with characteristics indicating generation by heavy rainfall in an arid environment. Twenty-two radiocarbon dates and a single infrared-stimulated luminescence date show that particularly severe El Ni&ntilde;o events occurred throughout the Late Pleistocene and two of three divisions of the Holocene with significantly different frequencies. The period of greatest activity was during the Early Holocene when at least six such events took place during a period of ca. 3600 years, beginning near the end of the Younger Dryas ca. 12 000 years ago. One of these events produced a debris flow that may have caused abandonment of the Paleo-Indian site at Quebrada Tacahuay, one of the oldest on the Andean coast. No severe events took place during the Middle Holocene between ca. 8400 and 5300 years ago, when a wide variety of other paleoclimate proxy records indicate that the El Ni&ntilde;o&ndash;Southern Oscillation regime was particularly weak. Since ca. 5300 years ago, four of these severe events have taken place. The Late Pleistocene sequence is constrained by only two dates, which indicate that at least ten severe events took place between ca. 38 200 and 12 900 years ago. Mechanisms probably responsible for generating these large-scale deposits include: (1) &lsquo;Mega-Ni&ntilde;os&rsquo; that produced anomalously heavy rainfall along most or all of the central Andean coast; (2) El Ni&ntilde;os that occurred shortly after great earthquakes that produced large amounts of sediment; or (3) El Ni&ntilde;os that produced anomalously heavy local rainfall. The existence of these large-scale deposits in the Ilo region implies a level of hazard much higher than indicated by the historical record alone</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00271-2","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., Moseley, M.E., and deFrance, S.D., 2003, A 38,000-year record of floods and debris flows in the Ilo region of southern Peru and its relation to El Niño events and great earthquakes: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 194, no. 1-3, p. 41-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00271-2.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"77","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208696,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00271-2"}],"volume":"194","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"554c8caae4b082ec541284b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, David K.","contributorId":77930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moseley, Michael E.","contributorId":36846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moseley","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"deFrance, Susan D.","contributorId":90902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"deFrance","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025561,"text":"70025561 - 2003 - Deformation of the Long Valley Caldera, California: Inferences from measurements from 1988 to 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025561","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation of the Long Valley Caldera, California: Inferences from measurements from 1988 to 2001","docAbstract":"Two periods of volcanic unrest occurred between 1989 and 1998 in the Long Valley Caldera, eastern California. Numerous earthquakes were recorded, and these periods of unrest were documented with high-precision geodetic measurements. The first round of unrest started rapidly in late 1989 and slowly decreased in rate through the early 1990s. For this interval there are both leveling and two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) measurements. The second round of unrest started slowly in mid-1997, climaxed in late 1997, and rapidly returned to quiescence by mid-1998. Deformation was recorded by both the two-color EDM and continuous GPS. Both episodes require inflation at 6-7 km beneath the resurgent dome, and both episodes had roughly 0.1 m extension across the resurgent dome. In addition, the data presented here suggest that there is a deeper, 10-20 km, inflation source beneath the south moat of the caldera. For both episodes, the better-resolved inflation beneath the resurgent dome is a near-vertical, prolate spheroid rather than an isotropic source, which suggests that magma came up through vertical cracks. However, the modeling suggests that the location changed with the depth from 6.0 to 6.7 km for the later episode. In contrast to the earlier episode, the 1997-1998 episode has additional deformation in the south moat, where the simplest model is that of a right-lateral slip on a steeply dipping plane that is defined by the location of earthquakes in the south moat. Models of the time-dependent behavior suggest that slip on this fault occurred from late November through December 1997, corresponding to the time of greatest moment release by the earthquake swarm in the south moat. Confounding the interpretation of these data is an active geothermal field near the center of the EDM network and adjacent to the south moat and resurgent dome. Additional modeling of leveling and EDM data within the geothermal field during a period of low rate of inflation of the dome suggests some methods of adjustments to the EDM data during the inflation episodes. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00172-0","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., 2003, Deformation of the Long Valley Caldera, California: Inferences from measurements from 1988 to 2001: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 127, no. 3-4, p. 247-267, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00172-0.","startPage":"247","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209365,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00172-0"}],"volume":"127","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4ce4b0c8380cd4ec56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026082,"text":"70026082 - 2003 - Constraints on the composition of ore fluids and implications for mineralising events at the Cleo gold deposit, Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026082","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":941,"text":"Australian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on the composition of ore fluids and implications for mineralising events at the Cleo gold deposit, Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia","docAbstract":"The Cleo gold deposit, 55 km south of Laverton in the Eastern Goldfields Province of Western Australia, is characterised by banded iron-formation (BIF)-hosted ore zones in the gently dipping Sunrise Shear Zone and high-grade vein-hosted ore in the Western Lodes. There is evidence that gold mineralisation in the Western Lodes (which occurred at ca 2655 Ma) post-dates the majority of displacement along the Sunrise Shear Zone, but it remains uncertain if the ore in both structures formed simultaneously or separately. Overall, the Pb, Nd, Sr, C. O and S isotopic compositions of ore-related minerals from both the Western Lodes and ore zones in the Sunrise Shear Zone are similar. Early low-salinity aqueous-carbonic fluids and late high-salinity fluids with similar characteristics are trapped in inclusions in quartz veins from both the Sunrise Shear Zone and the Western Lodes. The early CO2, CO2-H2O, and H2O- dominant inclusions are interpreted as being related to ore formation, and to have formed from a single low-salinity aqueous-carbonic fluid as a result of intermittent fluid immiscibility. Homogenisation temperatures indicate that these inclusions were trapped at approximately 280??C and at approximately 4 km depth, in the deeper epizonal range. Differences between the ore zones are detected in the trace-element composition of gold samples, with gold from the Sunrise Shear Zone enriched in Ni, Pb, Sn, Te and Zn, and depleted In As, Bi, Cd, Cu and Sb, relative to gold from the Western Lodes. Although there are differences in gold composition between the Sunrise Shear Zone and Western Lodes, and hence the metal content of ore fluids may have varied slightly between the different ore zones, no other systematic fluid or solute differences are detected between the ore zones. Given the fact that the ore fluids in each zone have very similar bulk properties, the considerable differences in gold grade, sulfide mineral abundance, and ore textures between the two ore zones most likely result from different gold-deposition mechanisms. The association of ore zones in the Sunrise Shear Zone with pyrite-replaced BIF suggests that wall-rock sulfidation was the most significant mechanism of gold precipitation, through the destabilisation of gold-bisulfide complexes. The Western Lodes, however, do not exhibit any host-rock preference and multistage veins commonly contain coarse-grained gold. Fluid-inclusion characteristics and breccia textures in veins in the Western Lodes suggest that rapid pressure changes, brought about by intermittent release of overpressured fluids and concomitant phase separation, are likely to have caused the destabilisation of gold-thiocomplexes, leading to formation of higher-grade gold ore zones.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Australian Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1440-0952.2003.00971.x","issn":"08120099","usgsCitation":"Brown, S., Johnson, C.A., Watling, R., and Premo, W.R., 2003, Constraints on the composition of ore fluids and implications for mineralising events at the Cleo gold deposit, Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 50, no. 1, p. 19-38, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2003.00971.x.","startPage":"19","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208779,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2003.00971.x"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa0de4b0c8380cd4d8e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, S.M.","contributorId":88776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watling, R.J.","contributorId":76110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watling","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Premo, W. R. 0000-0001-9904-4801","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":22782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70179832,"text":"70179832 - 2003 -  Genetic concepts and uncertainties in restoring fish populations and species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:26:58","indexId":"70179832","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":" Genetic concepts and uncertainties in restoring fish populations and species","docAbstract":"<p><span>Genetic considerations can be crucially important to the success of reintroductions&nbsp;of lotic species. Current paradigms for conservation and population genetics provide guidance&nbsp;for reducing uncertainties in genetic issues and for increasing the likelihood of achieving&nbsp;restoration. Effective restoration is facilitated through specific goals and objectives developed&nbsp;</span><span>from the definition that a restored or healthy population is (i) genetically adapted to the local&nbsp;environment, (ii) self-sustaining at abundances consistent with the carrying capacity of the&nbsp;</span><span>river system, (iii) genetically compatible with neighboring populations so that substantial outbreeding&nbsp;depression does not result from straying and interbreeding between populations,&nbsp;</span><span>and (iv) sufficiently diverse genetically to accommodate environmental variability over many&nbsp;decades. Genetic principles reveal the importance of describing and adhering to the ancestral&nbsp;</span><span>lineages for the species to be restored and enabling genetic processes to maintain diversity and&nbsp;fitness in the populations under restoration. Newly established populations should be protected&nbsp;from unnecessary human sources of mortality, gene flow from maladapted (e.g., hatchery)&nbsp;or exotic populations, and inadvertent selection by fisheries or other human activities.&nbsp;</span><span>Such protection facilitates initial, rapid adaptation of the population to its environment and&nbsp;should enhance the chances for persistence. Various uncertainties about specific restoration&nbsp;</span><span>actions must be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Such uncertainties include whether to allow&nbsp;natural colonization or to introduce fish, which populations are suitable as sources for reintroduction,&nbsp;appropriate levels of gene flow from other populations, appropriate levels of artificial&nbsp;production, appropriate minimum numbers of individuals released or maintained in the population,&nbsp;and the best developmental stages for releasing fish into the restored stream. Rigorous&nbsp;evaluation or experimental management is necessary to reduce uncertainty in our knowledge&nbsp;</span><span>so that future conservation and restoration activities can be more effective.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Strategies for restoring river ecosystems: Sources of variability and uncertainty in natural and managed systems","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Reisenbichler, R., Utter, F., and Krueger, C., 2003,  Genetic concepts and uncertainties in restoring fish populations and species, chap. <i>of</i> Strategies for restoring river ecosystems: Sources of variability and uncertainty in natural and managed systems, p. 149-183.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"149","endPage":"183","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://csis.msu.edu/research/publications/genetic-concepts-and-uncertainties-restoring-fish-populations-and-species"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808d98e4b01dfadfff15ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reisenbichler, R.R.","contributorId":77356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Utter, F.M.","contributorId":178440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Utter","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015309,"text":"1015309 - 2003 - Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T16:26:28","indexId":"1015309","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1303,"text":"Comptes Rendus - Biologies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets","docAbstract":"<p>The black-footed ferret (<i>Mustela nigripes</i>) of North America is critically endangered due in part to its extreme specialization on formerly stable and abundant prairie dogs (<i>Cynomys</i>). Its close relative, the Siberian polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>) seems to have been subjected to a varying environment that was not conducive to specialization. One source of environmental variation in Asian steppes was plague (caused by <i>Yersina pestis</i>), which was absent from North America. Introduction of plague to North America presents serious challenges to ferret recovery. Partial solutions to other biological and political problems have been found, resulting in improved production in captivity, increased survival post-release, and thriving populations in plague-free South Dakota.</p>","language":"English, French","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00046-5","usgsCitation":"Biggins, E., and Godbey, J.L., 2003, Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets: Comptes Rendus - Biologies, v. 326, no. Supplement 1, p. 104-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00046-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"111","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"326","issue":"Supplement 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6dc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggins, E.","contributorId":88303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godbey, Jerry L.","contributorId":58988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godbey","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53727,"text":"ofr2003476 - 2003 - Effects of channel modification on fish habitat in the upper Yellowstone River: Final report to the USACE, Omaha","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:31:18","indexId":"ofr2003476","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-476","title":"Effects of channel modification on fish habitat in the upper Yellowstone River: Final report to the USACE, Omaha","docAbstract":"<p>A two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation model was coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) to produce a variety of habitat classification maps for three study reaches in the upper Yellowstone River basin in Montana. Data from these maps were used to examine potential effects of channel modification on shallow, slow current velocity (SSCV) habitats that are important refugia and nursery areas for young salmonids. At low flows, channel modifications were found to contribute additional SSCV habitat, but this contribution was negligible at higher discharges. During runoff, when young salmonids are most vulnerable to downstream displacement, the largest areas of SSCV habitat occurred in side channels, point bars, and overbank areas. Because of the diversity of elevations in the existing Yellowstone River, SSCV habitat tends to be available over a wide range of discharges. Based on simulations in modified and unmodified sub-reaches, channel simplification results in decreased availability of SSCV habitat, particularly during runoff. The combined results of the fish population and fish habitat studies present strong evidence that during runoff, SSCV habitat is most abundant in side channel and overbank areas and that juvenile salmonids use these habitats as refugia. Channel modifications that result in reduced availability of side channel and overbank habitats, particularly during runoff, will probably cause local reductions in juvenile abundances during the runoff period. Effects of reduced juvenile abundances during runoff on adult numbers later in the year will depend on (1) the extent of channel modification, (2) patterns of fish displacement and movement, (3) longitudinal connectivity between reaches that contain refugia and those that do not, and (4) the relative importance of other limiting factors.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003476","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z.H., Bovee, K.D., and Waddle, T.J., 2003, Effects of channel modification on fish habitat in the upper Yellowstone River: Final report to the USACE, Omaha: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-476, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003476.","productDescription":"80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2003476.PNG"},{"id":320297,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0476/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Park County","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.74905395507812,\n              45.32704768567264\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.61721801757812,\n              45.41966030640988\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.54855346679686,\n              45.596743928454124\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.49636840820312,\n              45.69850658738848\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.52932739257812,\n              45.71097418682748\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.59112548828125,\n              45.64092778836502\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.60623168945312,\n              45.55444852652113\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.64468383789062,\n              45.487094732298374\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.65704345703124,\n              45.433153642271414\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.69549560546874,\n              45.42737117898911\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.77239990234375,\n              45.346354488594436\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74905395507812,\n              45.32704768567264\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db61629c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831 bowenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary","email":"bowenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003001,"text":"1003001 - 2003 - Estimating mortality rates of adult fish from entrainment through the propellers of river towboats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-14T17:54:20.47021","indexId":"1003001","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating mortality rates of adult fish from entrainment through the propellers of river towboats","docAbstract":"<p>We developed a method to estimate mortality rates of adult fish caused by entrainment through the propellers of commercial towboats operating in river channels. The method combines trawling while following towboats (to recover a fraction of the kills) and application of a hydrodynamic model of diffusion (to estimate the fraction of the total kills collected in the trawls). The sampling problem is unusual and required quantifying relatively rare events. We first examined key statistical properties of the entrainment mortality rate estimators using Monte Carlo simulation, which demonstrated that a design-based estimator and a new ad hoc estimator are both unbiased and converge to the true value as the sample size becomes large. Next, we estimated the entrainment mortality rates of adult fishes in Pool 26 of the Mississippi River and the Alton Pool of the Illinois River, where we observed kills that we attributed to entrainment. Our estimates of entrainment mortality rates were 2.52 fish/km of towboat travel (80% confidence interval, 1.00–6.09 fish/km) for gizzard shad<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Dorosoma cepedianum</i>, 0.13 fish/km (0.00–0.41) for skipjack herring<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Alosa chrysochloris</i>, and 0.53 fish/km (0.00–1.33) for both shovelnose sturgeon<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Scaphirhynchus platorynchus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and smallmouth buffalo<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Ictiobus bubalus</i>. Our approach applies more broadly to commercial vessels operating in confined channels, including other large rivers and intracoastal waterways.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/T01-098","usgsCitation":"Gutreuter, S., Dettmers, J.M., and Wahl, D.H., 2003, Estimating mortality rates of adult fish from entrainment through the propellers of river towboats: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 4, p. 646-661, https://doi.org/10.1577/T01-098.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"661","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Alton Pool, Illinois River, Mississippi River, Pool 26","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n  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M.","contributorId":27395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettmers","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahl, David H.","contributorId":206529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wahl","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37336,"text":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Kaskaskia Biological Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":312557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015312,"text":"1015312 - 2003 - Beaver herbivory and its effect on cottonwood trees: Influence of flooding along matched regulated and unregulated rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T20:09:21","indexId":"1015312","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beaver herbivory and its effect on cottonwood trees: Influence of flooding along matched regulated and unregulated rivers","docAbstract":"<p>We compared beaver (<i>Castor canadensis</i>) foraging patterns on Fremont cottonwood (<i>Populus deltoides</i> subsp. <i>wislizenii</i>) saplings and the probability of saplings being cut on a 10 km reach of the flow-regulated Green River and a 8.6 km reach of the free-flowing Yampa River in northwestern Colorado. We measured the abundance and density of cottonwood on each reach and followed the fates of individually marked saplings in three patches of cottonwood on the Yampa River and two patches on the Green River. Two natural floods on the Yampa River and one controlled flood on the Green River between May 1998 and November 1999 allowed us to assess the effect of flooding on beaver herbivory. Independent of beaver herbivory, flow regulation on the Green River has caused a decrease in number of cottonwood patches per kilometre of river, area of patches per kilometre, and average stem density within cottonwood patches. The number of saplings cut per beaver colony was three times lower on the Green River than on the Yampa River but the probability of a sapling being cut by a beaver was still higher on the Green River because of lower sapling density there. Controlled flooding appeared to increase the rate of foraging on the Green River by inundating patches of cottonwood, which enhanced access by beaver. Our results suggest regulation can magnify the impact of beaver on cottonwood through interrelated effects on plant spatial distribution and cottonwood density, with the result that beaver herbivory will need to be considered in plans to enhance cottonwood populations along regulated rivers.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.696","usgsCitation":"Breck, S., Wilson, K., and Andersen, D., 2003, Beaver herbivory and its effect on cottonwood trees: Influence of flooding along matched regulated and unregulated rivers: River Research and Applications, v. 19, no. 1, p. 43-58, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.696.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"58","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63dca5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breck, S.W.","contributorId":15149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breck","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, K.R.","contributorId":73961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1017140,"text":"1017140 - 2003 - The effects of ammonia on freshwater unionid mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:54","indexId":"1017140","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of ammonia on freshwater unionid mussels","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Newton, T., 2003, The effects of ammonia on freshwater unionid mussels: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 22, no. 11, p. 2543-2544.","productDescription":"pp. 2543-2544","startPage":"2543","endPage":"2544","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db666f93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newton, T.J.","contributorId":104428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015339,"text":"1015339 - 2003 - Small mammals within riparian habitats of a regulated and unregulated aridland river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:33:27","indexId":"1015339","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small mammals within riparian habitats of a regulated and unregulated aridland river","docAbstract":"<p>In northwestern Colorado, flow regulation on the Green River has created a transitional plant community that features encroachment by upland vegetation into cottonwood (<i>Populus</i> <i>fremontii</i>)-dominated, riparian forest on topographically high floodplain sites and reduced cottonwood regeneration on low floodplain sites. To assess how these changes might have affected small mammal distributions, in 1994 and 1995 we live-trapped during periods surrounding spring flooding at 3 sites: above and below the confluence of the regulated Green River and at the ecologically similar, but unregulated, Yampa River (reference site). More species were captured at the most regulated site along the Green River above its confluence with the Yampa River. Within sites, more species were captured in riparian habitats than adjacent upland habitats. Despite river regulation-induced habitat changes, we did not detect changes in species distributions within low and high floodplain habitat for <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i> or <i>Microtus montanus</i>, but changes may have occurred for <i>Dipodomys ordii</i>. The total effect of regulation-induced habitat change on small mammal populations may not be fully revealed until current, mature cottonwood forests disappear and associated woody debris decomposes.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","usgsCitation":"Falck, M., Wilson, K., and Andersen, D., 2003, Small mammals within riparian habitats of a regulated and unregulated aridland river: Western North American Naturalist, v. 63, no. 1, p. 35-42.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14875,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41717260 "}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a0ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Falck, M.J.","contributorId":96229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falck","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, K.R.","contributorId":73961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":53199,"text":"ofr2003288 - 2003 - The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T15:18:51","indexId":"ofr2003288","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-288","title":"The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002)","docAbstract":"<p>The Colorado River has experienced dramatic physical and biological change. Rated as the fifth largest river in the USA by volume, today its waters seldom reach the sea. Water diversions gradually reduce its flow to a point where its last remaining waters are diverted at Morales Dam leaving nearly 100 km of historic channel dry. In contrast, lower basin storage reservoirs cover 36% of the historic channel. Remaining portions of the flowing river have been channelized and straightened to a point where it now resembles a large canal. Levees, mechanical dredging, and the natural forces of erosion have degraded the river channel nearly 2 m in some locations, isolating it from its floodplain and affecting local water tables. The river no longer functions as a natural stream system characteristic of spring run-off, summer spates, and droughts. Today it serves as a water storage and conveyance system to meet human needs.</p>\n<p>Physical change has been severe, but not as devastating as the biological pollution. More than 80 nonnative fish species have been introduced to the lower basin. Today, over 20 fish species have established, many forming economically important sport fisheries. As these alien species expanded their range, native communities rapidly declined and disappeared from much of their historic range. By 1930, most had become rare. The last remnant populations of bonytail, razorback sucker, and Colorado pikeminnow in the lower basin were taken downstream of Davis Dam during the 1960&rsquo;s and 1970&rsquo;s. Today, Colorado pikeminnow, and it appears, wild bonytail are extirpated downstream of Glen Canyon Dam, and wild razorback suckers are extremely rare. The Colorado River and its fish assemblage is a totally different ecosystem than it was a century ago.</p>\n<p>State and federal agencies have been attempting to reestablish native communities for nearly three decades. More than 12 million razorback suckers, most of them small, were stocked between 1981 and 1991. Few of these fish survived and during the past decade managers have switched to stocking larger suckers to improve survival. Since 1995, nearly 18,000 bonytail and 30,000 large razorback suckers have been stocked in Lake Havasu. There was also a single stocking (611) of flannelmouth suckers in 1976. These programs have produced mixed results. The single introduction of flannelmouth sucker has resulted in a thriving community, estimated at more than 4,000 fish. This success spirited hopes by many that other natives would respond similarly but unfortunately, that has not occurred.</p>\n<p>Initial stocking returns suggest that stocking survival of bonytail and razorback sucker is relatively poor (&lt;12%) and the absence of any detectable recruitment indicates present reintroduction efforts are falling short of anticipated survival or potential recovery. In contrast, the single introduction of wild flannelmouth sucker, out-performed millions of hatchery produced razorback sucker. This suggests hatchery reared fish may be inferior to wild fish in terms of survival skills, which has been found to be the case for terrestrial animal introductions. A review of culturing, stocking, and repatriation techniques is warranted which examines ways to better prepare fish to convert to natural foods, recognize predators, and be physically conditioned to cope with currents and hopefully avoid or escape predators.</p>\n<p>Comparison of flannelmouth sucker success and the razorback sucker&rsquo;s failure provides compelling evidence that helps explain the dramatic physical habitat changes that have occurred and the possible role of habitat selection and predator communities. It mimics conditions observed in portions of the upper basin where flannelmouth suckers are still common but razorback suckers have been extirpated. Both sucker species are successfully spawning in the lower basin, however, recruitment can only be detected for flannelmouth. Habitat preference and associated predation pressure of those habitats appear to be the primary factors responsible for recruitment. Flannelmouth suckers prefer channel habitat that supports a fraction of the predators found in off-channel habitats where razorback suckers reside. The dependence of razorback sucker young on slack water habitat puts the species at a much higher predation risk.</p>\n<p>Through a process of trial and error during the past two decades, managers are now stocking large natives to increase their survival. Small native fish simply have not survived. While this improves short-term stocking survival, it ignores or at least delays dealing with the predation issue. Current stocking programs have reestablished or augmented relatively small populations of bonytail, razorback, and flannelmouth suckers between Davis and Parker Dams. All three species are better off than they were a decade ago in this section of the river. Unfortunately, bonytail and razorback sucker will only maintain a presence in the Colorado River main stem through continued stocking and it remains to be seen if management agencies will make that long-term commitment.</p>\n<p>While the gains for the bonytail and razorback sucker have been difficult, the successful reintroduction of flannelmouth sucker highlights the ecological changes that have taken place and suggests this, and possibly other channel oriented species (i.e., Gila robusta) could be established. In contrast, there is no evidence to suggest we can expect similar recruitment or expansions for bonytail and razorback sucker. Their dependence on slack water habitat leaves their young vulnerable to overwhelming predation.</p>\n<p>Recovery in the main stem will only be accomplished with a dramatic decrease and possibly a total removal of nonnative species. After ten years and over $6 million in expenditures to remove nonnative fish it appears this philosophy is neither technically nor politically viable. In the meantime, stocking is the only alternative available to insure these species don&rsquo;t disappear. The only viable option appears the creation and maintenance of small, isolated refuge communities where these species have shown they can produce young.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and California Fish and Game Department","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G., 2003, The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-288, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003288.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2003288.PNG"},{"id":320295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0288/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.60937499999999,\n              35.263561862152095\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.60662841796875,\n              35.14237113713991\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.6697998046875,\n              35.10193405724606\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.63409423828125,\n              35.068221159859256\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.6533203125,\n              35.03224538129597\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.6697998046875,\n              34.872411827691025\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.49676513671875,\n              34.687427949314845\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.41436767578124,\n              34.522398580663314\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.43634033203125,\n              34.447688696497444\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.17816162109375,\n              34.29579932143427\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3402099609375,\n              34.15499986715356\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3017578125,\n              34.125447565116126\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.1094970703125,\n              34.261756524459805\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.0765380859375,\n              34.30714385628804\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.32373046875,\n              34.4793919710481\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.35943603515625,\n              34.54049998801135\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.40887451171875,\n              34.617387052407175\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.45281982421875,\n              34.732584206123626\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.49676513671875,\n              34.856636719051735\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.60113525390625,\n              34.89043681762452\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.58740234375,\n              35.05698043137265\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.55169677734375,\n              35.11766197360177\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.54620361328125,\n              35.22767235493586\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.56268310546874,\n              35.26580442886754\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.60937499999999,\n              35.263561862152095\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Gordon","contributorId":7729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70175094,"text":"70175094 - 2003 - Effects of spatial and temporal variability of turbidity on phytoplankton blooms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T09:27:19","indexId":"70175094","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spatial and temporal variability of turbidity on phytoplankton blooms","docAbstract":"<p><span>A central challenge of coastal ecology is sorting out the interacting spatial and temporal components of environmental variability that combine to drive changes in phytoplankton biomass. For 2 decades, we have combined sustained observation and experimentation in South San Francisco Bay (SSFB) with numerical modeling analyses to search for general principles that define phytoplankton population responses to physical dynamics characteristic of shallow, nutrient-rich coastal waters having complex bathymetry and influenced by tides, wind and river flow. This study is the latest contribution where we investigate light-limited phytoplankton growth using a numerical model, by modeling turbidity as a function of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). The goal was to explore the sensitivity of estuarine phytoplankton dynamics to spatial and temporal variations in turbidity, and to synthesize outcomes of simulation experiments into a new conceptual framework for defining the combinations of physical-biological forcings that promote or preclude development of phytoplankton blooms in coastal ecosystems. The 3 main conclusions of this study are: (1) The timing of the wind with semidiurnal tides and the spring-neap cycle can significantly enhance spring-neap variability in turbidity and phytoplankton biomass; (2) Fetch is a significant factor potentially affecting phytoplankton dynamics by enhancing and/or creating spatial variability in turbidity; and (3) It is possible to parameterize the combined effect of the processes influencing turbidity&lsaquo;and thus affecting potential phytoplankton bloom development&lsaquo;with 2 indices for vertical and horizontal clearing of the water column. Our conceptual framework is built around these 2 indices, providing a means to determine under what conditions a phytoplankton bloom can occur, and whether a potential bloom is only locally supported or system-wide in scale. This conceptual framework provides a tool for exploring the inherent light climate attributes of shallow estuarine ecosystems and helps determine susceptibility to the harmful effects of nutrient enrichment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps254111","usgsCitation":"May, C.L., Koseff, J.R., Lucas, L., Cloern, J.E., and Schoellhamer, D., 2003, Effects of spatial and temporal variability of turbidity on phytoplankton blooms: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 254, p. 111-128, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps254111.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps254111","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"254","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2caee4b0589fa1c980a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, Christine L.","contributorId":79440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucas, Lisa 0000-0001-7797-5517 llucas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-5517","contributorId":2181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"llucas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70175061,"text":"70175061 - 2003 - Trends in the sediment yield of the Sacramento River, 1957-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T15:56:24","indexId":"70175061","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Trends in the sediment yield of the Sacramento River, 1957-2001","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2003 CALFED Science Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2003 CALFED Science Conference","conferenceDate":"January 14-16, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Sacramento, CA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Wright, S., and Schoellhamer, D., 2003, Trends in the sediment yield of the Sacramento River, 1957-2001, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 2003 CALFED Science Conference, Sacramento, CA, January 14-16, 2003, p. 177-177.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"177","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/events/conferences/conferences_index.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799dba4e4b0589fa1c7ed86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, S.A.","contributorId":90080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70174256,"text":"70174256 - 2003 - Specific-conductance, water-temperature, and water-level data, San Francisco Bay, California, for water years 2001-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:26:36","indexId":"70174256","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Specific-conductance, water-temperature, and water-level data, San Francisco Bay, California, for water years 2001-2002","docAbstract":"<p>This article presents time-series plots of specific-conductance, water-temperature, and water-level data collected in San Francisco Bay during water years 2001 and 2002 (October 1, 2000, through September 30, 2002). Specific-conductance and water-temperature data were recorded at 15-minute intervals at the following US Geological Survey (USGS) locations (Figure 1): &bull; Suisun Bay at Benicia Bridge, near Benicia, California (BEN) (site # 11455780) &bull; Carquinez Strait at Carquinez Bridge, near Crockett, California (CARQ) (site # 11455820) &bull; Napa River at Mare Island Causeway, near Vallejo, California (NAP) (site # 11458370) &bull; San Pablo Strait at Point San Pablo, California (PSP) (site # 11181360) &bull; San Pablo Bay at Petaluma River Channel Marker 9, California (SPB) (site # 380519122262901) &bull; San Francisco Bay at Presidio Military Reservation, California (PRES) (site # 11162690) &bull; San Francisco Bay at Pier 24, at San Francisco, California (P24) (site # 11162700) &bull; San Francisco Bay at San Mateo Bridge, near Foster City, California (SMB) (site # 11162765). Water-level data were recorded only at PSP through January 1, 2001. Suspended-sediment concentration data also were collected at most of these sites and were published by Buchanan and Ganju (2003). The data from PSP, PRES, P24, and SMB were recorded by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) before 1988, by the USGS National Research Program from 1988 to 1989, and by the USGSDWR cooperative program since 1990. BEN, CARQ, NAP, and SPB were established in 1998 by the USGS.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P., 2003, Specific-conductance, water-temperature, and water-level data, San Francisco Bay, California, for water years 2001-2002: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 16, no. 4, p. 25-30.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324772,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/2003/IEPNewsletter_fall2003_mar23.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.41241455078125,\n              38.15723682167875\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.50167846679686,\n              38.120512892298976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.508544921875,\n              38.04917251752295\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4810791015625,\n              37.98100996893789\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.50717163085938,\n              37.95286091815649\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.51678466796874,\n              37.923617790524716\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.50167846679686,\n              37.859675659210005\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.46322631835938,\n              37.78156937014928\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.40554809570311,\n              37.79784832917947\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39044189453124,\n              37.76202988573211\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.3876953125,\n              37.71750400999666\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39318847656249,\n              37.66099365286694\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.36709594726562,\n              37.590295170521955\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.26547241210936,\n              37.55111016010861\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.16796875,\n              37.48684571271661\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.09930419921876,\n              37.425797766419976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.02239990234375,\n              37.41816326969145\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.93450927734375,\n              37.42688834526727\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91253662109376,\n              37.45632796865522\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0416259765625,\n              37.51626173528878\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.13912963867188,\n              37.609879943747146\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.20504760742186,\n              37.73053874574077\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30392456054688,\n              37.860759886765194\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.31628417968749,\n              37.91603433975963\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39456176757811,\n              37.94311450175187\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.34924316406251,\n              37.990751356571195\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.21466064453125,\n              38.05782354290831\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.24212646484375,\n              38.09241741843045\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39044189453124,\n              38.155077102180655\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.41241455078125,\n              38.15723682167875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577e2bb2e4b0ef4d2f445a56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchanan, P.A. 0000-0002-4796-4734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-4734","contributorId":48997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53886,"text":"53886 - 2003 - Electrofishing and its harmful effects on fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-07T14:27:22.319366","indexId":"53886","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2003-0002","title":"Electrofishing and its harmful effects on fish","docAbstract":"Electrofishing, a valuable sampling technique in North America for over half a century, involves a very dynamic and complex mix of physics, physiology, and behavior that remains poorly understood. New hypotheses have been advanced regarding \"power transfer\" to fish and the epileptic nature of their responses to electric fields, but these too need to be more fully explored and validated.\r\n\r\nFishery researchers and managers in the Colorado River Basin, and elsewhere, are particularly concerned about the harmful effects of electrofishing on fish, especially endangered species. Although often not externally obvious or fatal, spinal injuries and associated hemorrhages sometimes have been documented in over 50% of fish examined internally. Such injuries can occur anywhere in the electrofishing field at or above the intensity threshold for twitch. These injuries are believed to result from powerful convulsions of body musculature (possibly epileptic seizures) caused mostly by sudden changes in voltage as when electricity is pulsed or switched on or off. Significantly fewer spinal injuries are reported when direct current, low-frequency pulsed direct current (<30 Hz), or specially designed pulse trains are used. Salmoniae are especially susceptible. Endangered cyprinids of the Colorado River Basin are generally much less susceptible, enough so to allow cautious use of less harmful currents for most recovery monitoring and research. However, the endangered catostomid Xyrauchen texanus appears sufficiently susceptible to warrant a continued minimal-use policy.\r\n\r\nOther harmful effects, such as bleeding at gills or vent and excessive physiological stress, are also of concern. Mortality, usually by asphyxiation, is a common result of excessive exposure to tetanizing intensities near electrodes or poor handling of captured specimens. Reported effects on reproduction are contradictory, but electrofishing over spawning grounds can harm embryos. Electrofishing is often considered the most effective and benign technique for capturing moderate- to large-size fish, but when adverse effects are problematic and cannot be sufficiently reduced, its use should be severely restricted.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Snyder, D.E., 2003, Electrofishing and its harmful effects on fish: Information and Technology Report 2003-0002, vii, 149 p.","productDescription":"vii, 149 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481713,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/53886/report.pdf"},{"id":125138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/53886/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a0e4b0c8380cd51bc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Darrel E.","contributorId":27543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Darrel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70175718,"text":"70175718 - 2003 - Ecology of Tamarix ramosissima in western North America and Central Asia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T12:55:32","indexId":"70175718","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ecology of Tamarix ramosissima in western North America and Central Asia","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Invasions of alien species in holarctic: proceedings of the US-Russia Symposium in Invasive Species","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"US-Russia Symposium in Invasive Species","language":"English","publisher":"Russina Academy of Sciences, I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters and A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P., 2003, Ecology of Tamarix ramosissima in western North America and Central Asia, <i>in</i> Invasions of alien species in holarctic: proceedings of the US-Russia Symposium in Invasive Species, p. 407-415.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"415","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc50e4b03fd6b7d94c2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, P.B.","contributorId":65041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":93819,"text":"93819 - 2003 - A natural history survey of fens and palustrine wetlands in intermittent drainages of the Little Missouri Grassland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T10:37:03","indexId":"93819","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"A natural history survey of fens and palustrine wetlands in intermittent drainages of the Little Missouri Grassland","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N., Tramontano, R., and Mushet, D., 2003, A natural history survey of fens and palustrine wetlands in intermittent drainages of the Little Missouri Grassland, 40 p.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6ac13c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tramontano, R.R.","contributorId":35263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tramontano","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":96205,"text":"96205 - 2003 - Cibola High Levee Pond Annual Report 2003. Interim Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T14:46:16","indexId":"96205","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Cibola High Levee Pond Annual Report 2003. Interim Report","docAbstract":"Bonytail and razorback sucker have once again spawned and produced swim-up larvae in Cibola High Levee Pond (CHLP).  CHLP continues to support annual recruitment of bonytail while recent razorback sucker recruitment remains elusive.  Thus far, razorbacks have experienced intermittent years of spawning success.\r\n\r\nBoth native species were observed spawning on, or near, the riprap on the river levee.  Razorbacks spawned from late January until mid-March over gravel and large cobble along the levee toe (2-3 m depth) and bonytail spawned along the levee shoreline during mid-April.  Razorback suckers rapidly fin during the reproductive act, which flushes fines from the substrate and leaves gravel relatively clean.  Bonytail on the other hand, appear to spawn over or on substrate that has been disturbed by beaver activity.  Substrate scour or disturbance appears to be an important factor in spawning site selectiona?|","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","collaboration":"Publication Online","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G., Carpenter, J., Marsh, P., and Minckley, C., 2003, Cibola High Levee Pond Annual Report 2003. Interim Report, 26 pp.","productDescription":"26 pp.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672d2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, G.A.","contributorId":9205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, J.","contributorId":102017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marsh, P.C.","contributorId":74710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Minckley, C.O.","contributorId":82649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minckley","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":96211,"text":"96211 - 2003 - Toxicology of marine mammals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-22T17:59:28","indexId":"96211","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Toxicology of marine mammals","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Publishers","publisherLocation":"London, UK; New York, NY","usgsCitation":"2003, Toxicology of marine mammals, 643 pp.","productDescription":"643 pp.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627ed9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Vos, J.G.","contributorId":30912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vos","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505674,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bossart, G.D.","contributorId":44079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bossart","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505675,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fournier, M.","contributorId":52434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fournier","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505677,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505676,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015111,"text":"1015111 - 2003 - Natural flooding and dams: Effects on riparian systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-22T18:07:35","indexId":"1015111","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3449,"text":"Southwest Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural flooding and dams: Effects on riparian systems","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P., 2003, Natural flooding and dams: Effects on riparian systems: Southwest Hydrology, v. 2, no. March/April, p. 20-21, 27.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"21, 27","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"March/April","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6982ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, P.","contributorId":98665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1008244,"text":"1008244 - 2003 - Selection of flooded agricultural fields and other landscapes by female northern pintails wintering in Tulare Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T15:25:02","indexId":"1008244","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selection of flooded agricultural fields and other landscapes by female northern pintails wintering in Tulare Basin, California","docAbstract":"<p>Habitat selection and use are measures of relative importance of habitats to wildlife and necessary information for effective wildlife conservation. To measure the relative importance of flooded agricultural fields and other landscapes to northern pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>) wintering in Tulare Basin (TB), California, we radiotagged female pintails during late August-early October, 1991-1993 in TB and other San Joaquin Valley areas and determined use and selection of these TB landscapes through March each year. Availability of landscape and field types in TB changed within and among years. Pintail use and selection (based upon use-to-availability log ratios) of landscape and field types differed among seasons, years, and diel periods. Fields flooded after harvest and before planting (i.e., pre-irrigated) were the most available, used, and selected landscape type before the hunting season (Prehunt). Safflower was the most available, used, and-except in 1993, when pre-irrigated fallow was available-selected pre-irrigated field type during Prehunt. Pre-irrigated barley-wheat received 19-22% of use before hunting season, but selection varied greatly among years and diel periods. During and after hunting season, managed marsh was the most available, used, and, along with floodwater areas, selected landscape type; pre-irrigated cotton and alfalfa were the least selected field types and accounted for &lt;13% of pintail use. Agricultural drainwater evaporation ponds, sewage treatment ponds, and reservoirs accounted for 42-48% of flooded landscape available but were little used and least selected. Exodus of pintails from TB coincided with drying of pre-irrigated fallow, safflower, and barley-wheat fields early in winter, indicating that preferred habitats were lacking in TB during late winter. Agriculture conservation programs could improve TB for pintails by increasing flooding of fallow and harvested safflower and grain fields. Conservation of remaining wetlands should concentrate on increasing the amount and productivity of marsh that is shallow-flooded as pre-irrigated grain fields dry. If pin- tails were provided with adequate preferred field and marsh habitats, including hunt-day sanctuaries, contaminant risks associated with exposure to drainwater evaporation ponds probably should remain low for these waterfowl even if their abundance in TB increased.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Fleskes, J.P., Jarvis, R.L., and Gilmer, D.S., 2003, Selection of flooded agricultural fields and other landscapes by female northern pintails wintering in Tulare Basin, California: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 31, no. 3, p. 793-803.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"793","endPage":"803","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340478,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784602"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Tulare Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.1519775390625,\n              37.21720611325497\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.41564941406251,\n              37.21283151445594\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.77270507812499,\n              37.12090636165327\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.97595214843749,\n              36.9367208722872\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.98693847656249,\n              36.6640126988417\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.75622558593749,\n              36.30627216957992\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.60791015625,\n              36.01356058518153\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.89929199218749,\n              35.22767235493586\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5477294921875,\n              34.9805024453652\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.036865234375,\n              34.93548199355901\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.78967285156249,\n              35.007502842952896\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.56994628906249,\n              35.24113278166642\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.641357421875,\n              35.61711648382185\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.63037109375,\n              35.964669147704086\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.7347412109375,\n              36.26199220445664\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.77319335937499,\n              36.49638952000399\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.905029296875,\n              36.6992553955527\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.15771484375,\n              36.92793899776678\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.4049072265625,\n              37.09462150015557\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.52575683593749,\n              37.18657859524883\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.8883056640625,\n              37.21283151445594\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.1519775390625,\n              37.21720611325497\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a00e4b07f02db5f7dde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleskes, Joseph P. 0000-0001-5388-6675 joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-6675","contributorId":1889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"Joseph","email":"joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarvis, Robert L.","contributorId":112518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilmer, David S.","contributorId":59508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":96253,"text":"96253 - 2003 - Quantile regression models of animal habitat relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T11:27:08","indexId":"96253","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Quantile regression models of animal habitat relationships","docAbstract":"<p>Typically, all factors that limit an organism are not measured and included in statistical models used to investigate relationships with their environment. If important unmeasured variables interact multiplicatively with the measured variables, the statistical models often will have heterogeneous response distributions with unequal variances. Quantile regression is an approach for estimating the conditional quantiles of a response variable distribution in the linear model, providing a more complete view of possible causal relationships between variables in ecological processes. Chapter 1 introduces quantile regression and discusses the ordering characteristics, interval nature, sampling variation, weighting, and interpretation of estimates for homogeneous and heterogeneous regression models. Chapter 2 evaluates performance of quantile rankscore tests used for hypothesis testing and constructing confidence intervals for linear quantile regression estimates (0 ≤ τ ≤ 1). A permutation <i>F</i> test maintained better Type I errors than the Chi-square <i>T</i> test for models with smaller <i>n</i>, greater number of parameters <i>p</i>, and more extreme quantiles τ. Both versions of the test required weighting to maintain correct Type I errors when there was heterogeneity under the alternative model. An example application related trout densities to stream channel width:depth. Chapter 3 evaluates a drop in dispersion, <i>F</i>-ratio like permutation test for hypothesis testing and constructing confidence intervals for linear quantile regression estimates (0 ≤ τ ≤ 1). Chapter 4 simulates from a large (<i>N</i> = 10,000) finite population representing grid areas on a landscape to demonstrate various forms of hidden bias that might occur when the effect of a measured habitat variable on some animal was confounded with the effect of another unmeasured variable (spatially and not spatially structured). Depending on whether interactions of the measured habitat and unmeasured variable were negative (interference interactions) or positive (facilitation interactions), either upper (τ &gt; 0.5) or lower (τ &lt; 0.5) quantile regression parameters were less biased than mean rate parameters. Sampling (<i>n</i> = 20 - 300) simulations demonstrated that confidence intervals constructed by inverting rankscore tests provided valid coverage of these biased parameters. Quantile regression was used to estimate effects of physical habitat resources on a bivalve mussel (<i>Macomona liliana</i>) in a New Zealand harbor by modeling the spatial trend surface as a cubic polynomial of location coordinates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado State University","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Cade, B.S., 2003, Quantile regression models of animal habitat relationships, 186 p.","productDescription":"186 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"PhD Dissertation: Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a86e4b07f02db64db50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":299359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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