Discharge is a master variable that controls many processes in stream ecosystems. However, there is uncertainty of which discharges are most important for driving particular ecological processes and thus how flow regime may influence entire stream ecosystems. Here the analytical method of effective discharge from fluvial geomorphology is used to analyze the interaction between frequency and magnitude of discharge events that drive organic matter transport, algal growth, nutrient retention, macroinvertebrate disturbance, and habitat availability. We quantify the ecological effective discharge using a synthesis of previously published studies and modeling from a range of study sites. An analytical expression is then developed for a particular case of ecological effective discharge and is used to explore how effective discharge varies within variable hydrologic regimes. Our results suggest that a range of discharges is important for different ecological processes in an individual stream. Discharges are not equally important; instead, effective discharge values exist that correspond to near modal flows and moderate floods for the variable sets examined. We suggest four types of ecological response to discharge variability: discharge as a transport mechanism, regulator of habitat, process modulator, and disturbance. Effective discharge analysis will perform well when there is a unique, essentially instantaneous relationship between discharge and an ecological process and poorly when effects of discharge are delayed or confounded by legacy effects. Despite some limitations the conceptual and analytical utility of the effective discharge analysis allows exploring general questions about how hydrologic variability influences various ecological processes in streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004222","usgsCitation":"Doyle, M.W., Stanley, E.H., Strayer, D.L., Jacobson, R.B., and Schmidt, J.C., 2005, Effective discharge analysis of ecological processes in streams: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 11, Article W11411; 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004222.","productDescription":"Article W11411; 16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477831,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.630.7008","text":"External Repository"},{"id":238061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0632e4b0c8380cd51149","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, Martin W.","contributorId":202217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doyle","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, Emily H.","contributorId":55725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanley","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12951,"text":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":414363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strayer, David L.","contributorId":90682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strayer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":414365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmidt, John C. 0000-0002-2988-3869 jcschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-3869","contributorId":1983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"John","email":"jcschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":414364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027626,"text":"70027626 - 2005 - Decadal-scale change of infiltration characteristics of a tephra-mantled hillslope at Mount St Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T21:34:51.991481","indexId":"70027626","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decadal-scale change of infiltration characteristics of a tephra-mantled hillslope at Mount St Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The cataclysmic 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens radically reduced the infiltration characteristics of ∼60 000 ha of rugged terrain and dramatically altered landscape hydrology. Two decades of erosional, biogenic, cryogenic, and anthropogenic activity have modified the infiltration characteristics of much of that devastated landscape and modulated the hydrological impact of the eruption. We assessed infiltration and runoff characteristics of a segment of hillslope thickly mantled with tephra, but now revegetated primarily with grasses and other plants, to evaluate hydrological modifications due to erosion and natural turbation. Eruptive disturbance reduced infiltration capacity of the hillslope by as much as 50‐fold. Between 1980 and 2000, apparent infiltration capacities of plots on the hillslope increased as much as ten fold, but remain approximately three to five times less than the probable pre‐eruption capacities. Common regional rainfall intensities and snowmelt rates presently produce little surface runoff; however, high‐magnitude, low‐frequency storms and unusually rapid snowmelt can still induce broad infiltration‐excess overland flow. After 20 years, erosion and natural mechanical turbation have modulated, but not effaced, the hydrological perturbation caused by the cataclysmic eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5863","usgsCitation":"Major, J., and Yamakoshi, T., 2005, Decadal-scale change of infiltration characteristics of a tephra-mantled hillslope at Mount St Helens, Washington: Hydrological Processes, v. 19, no. 18, p. 3621-3630, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5863.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3621","endPage":"3630","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211115,"rank":2,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5863"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.4151611328125,\n 46.11322971817248\n ],\n [\n -121.97845458984375,\n 46.11322971817248\n ],\n [\n -121.97845458984375,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -122.4151611328125,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -122.4151611328125,\n 46.11322971817248\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdfee4b0c8380cd4ea65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":414418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yamakoshi, T.","contributorId":105116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamakoshi","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027660,"text":"70027660 - 2005 - Modeling and measuring the nocturnal drainage flow in a high-elevation, subalpine forest with complex terrain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T08:26:22","indexId":"70027660","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and measuring the nocturnal drainage flow in a high-elevation, subalpine forest with complex terrain","docAbstract":"The nocturnal drainage flow of air causes significant uncertainty in ecosystem CO2, H2O, and energy budgets determined with the eddy covariance measurement approach. In this study, we examined the magnitude, nature, and dynamics of the nocturnal drainage flow in a subalpine forest ecosystem with complex terrain. We used an experimental approach involving four towers, each with vertical profiling of wind speed to measure the magnitude of drainage flows and dynamics in their occurrence. We developed an analytical drainage flow model, constrained with measurements of canopy structure and SF6 diffusion, to help us interpret the tower profile results. Model predictions were in good agreement with observed profiles of wind speed, leaf area density, and wind drag coefficient. Using theory, we showed that this one‐dimensional model is reduced to the widely used exponential wind profile model under conditions where vertical leaf area density and drag coefficient are uniformly distributed. We used the model for stability analysis, which predicted the presence of a very stable layer near the height of maximum leaf area density. This stable layer acts as a flow impediment, minimizing vertical dispersion between the subcanopy air space and the atmosphere above the canopy. The prediction is consistent with the results of SF6 diffusion observations that showed minimal vertical dispersion of nighttime, subcanopy drainage flows. The stable within‐canopy air layer coincided with the height of maximum wake‐to‐shear production ratio. We concluded that nighttime drainage flows are restricted to a relatively shallow layer of air beneath the canopy, with little vertical mixing across a relatively long horizontal fetch. Insight into the horizontal and vertical structure of the drainage flow is crucial for understanding the magnitude and dynamics of the mean advective CO2 flux that becomes significant during stable nighttime conditions and are typically missed during measurement of the turbulent CO2 flux. The model and interpretation provided in this study should lead to research strategies for the measurement of these advective fluxes and their inclusion in the overall mass balance for CO2 at this site with complex terrain.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2005JD006282","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Yi, C., Monson, R.K., Zhai, Z., Anderson, D., Lamb, B., Allwine, G., Turnipseed, A., and Burns, S.P., 2005, Modeling and measuring the nocturnal drainage flow in a high-elevation, subalpine forest with complex terrain: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 110, no. 22, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006282.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477854,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006282","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211091,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006282"}],"volume":"110","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bd7e4b0c8380cd6f842","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yi, C.","contributorId":62039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yi","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monson, Russell K.","contributorId":48136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhai, Z.","contributorId":24189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhai","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, D.E.","contributorId":47320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lamb, B.","contributorId":17058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Allwine, G.","contributorId":52462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allwine","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turnipseed, A.A.","contributorId":23726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Burns, Sean P.","contributorId":98921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70027661,"text":"70027661 - 2005 - Repeated surveys by acoustic Doppler current profiler for flow and sediment dynamics in a tidal river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:30:05","indexId":"70027661","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Repeated surveys by acoustic Doppler current profiler for flow and sediment dynamics in a tidal river","docAbstract":"A strategy of repeated surveys by acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was applied in a tidal river to map velocity vectors and suspended-sediment indicators. The Sacramento River at the junction with the Delta Cross Channel at Walnut Grove, California, was surveyed over several tidal cycles in the Fall of 2000 and 2001 with a vessel-mounted ADCP. Velocity profiles were recorded along flow-defining survey paths, with surveys repeated every 27 min through a diurnal tidal cycle. Velocity vectors along each survey path were interpolated to a three-dimensional Cartesian grid that conformed to local bathymetry. A separate array of vectors was interpolated onto a grid from each survey. By displaying interpolated vector grids sequentially with computer animation, flow dynamics of the reach could be studied in three-dimensions as flow responded to the tidal cycle. Velocity streamtraces in the grid showed the upwelling of flow from the bottom of the Sacramento River channel into the Delta Cross Channel. The sequential display of vector grids showed that water in the canal briefly returned into the Sacramento River after peak flood tides, which had not been known previously. In addition to velocity vectors, ADCP data were processed to derive channel bathymetry and a spatial indicator for suspended-sediment concentration. Individual beam distances to bed, recorded by the ADCP, were transformed to yield bathymetry accurate enough to resolve small bedforms within the study reach. While recording velocity, ADCPs also record the intensity of acoustic backscatter from particles suspended in the flow. Sequential surveys of backscatter intensity were interpolated to grids and animated to indicate the spatial movement of suspended sediment through the study reach. Calculation of backscatter flux through cross-sectional grids provided a first step for computation of suspended-sediment discharge, the second step being a calibrated relation between backscatter intensity and sediment concentration. Spatial analyses of ADCP data showed that a strategy of repeated surveys and flow-field interpolation has the potential to simplify computation of flow and sediment discharge through complex waterways. The use of trade, product, industry, or firm names in this report is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement of products by the US Government. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.019","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Dinehart, R., and Burau, J., 2005, Repeated surveys by acoustic Doppler current profiler for flow and sediment dynamics in a tidal river: Journal of Hydrology, v. 314, no. 1-4, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.019.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211092,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.019"}],"volume":"314","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa74be4b0c8380cd8532f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinehart, R.L.","contributorId":54610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinehart","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016376,"text":"1016376 - 2005 - Monitoring temporal change in riparian vegetation of Great Basin National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T14:01:06","indexId":"1016376","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring temporal change in riparian vegetation of Great Basin National Park","docAbstract":"Disturbance in riparian areas of semiarid ecosystems involves complex interactions of pulsed hydrologic flows, herbivory, fire, climatic effects, and anthropogenic influences. We resampled riparian vegetation within ten 10-m × 100-m plots that were initially sampled in 1992 in 4 watersheds of the Snake Range, east central Nevada. Our finding of significantly lower coverage of grasses, forbs, and shrubs within plots in 2001 compared with 1992 was not consistent with the management decision to remove livestock grazing from the watersheds in 1999. Change over time in cover of life-forms or bare ground was not predicted by scat counts within plots in 2001. Cover results were also not well explained by variability between the 2 sampling periods in either density of native herbivores or annual precipitation. In contrast, Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) exhibited reduced abundance at all but the highest-elevation plot in which it occurred in 1992, and the magnitude of change in abundance was strongly predicted by plot elevation. Abundance of white fir (Abies concolor) individuals increased while aspen (Populus tremuloides) individuals decreased at 4 of 5 sites where they were sympatric, and changes in abundance in the 2 species were negatively correlated across those sites. Utility of monitoring data to detect change over time and contribute to adaptive management will vary with sample size, observer bias, use of repeatable or published methods, and precision of measurements, among other factors.
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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, Jeanne C.","contributorId":75889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chambers","given":"Jeanne C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landau, Fred","contributorId":93867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landau","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, S.D.","contributorId":49749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027739,"text":"70027739 - 2005 - Part 1: Vadose-zone column studies of toluene (enhanced bioremediation) in a shallow unconfined aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T09:37:31","indexId":"70027739","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Part 1: Vadose-zone column studies of toluene (enhanced bioremediation) in a shallow unconfined aquifer","docAbstract":"The objectives of the laboratory study described in this paper were (1) to determine the effectiveness of four nutrient solutions and a control in stimulating the microbial degradation of toluene in the unsaturated zone as an alternative to bioremediation methodologies such as air sparging, in situ vitrification, or others (Part I), and (2) to compare the effectiveness of the addition of the most effective nutrient solution from Part I (modified Hoagland type, nitrate-rich) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on microbial degradation of toluene for repeated, simulated spills in the unsaturated zone (Part II).
For Part 1, fifteen columns (30-cm diameter by 150-cm height), packed with air-dried, 0.25-mm, medium-fine sand, were prepared to simulate shallow unconfined aquifer conditions. Toluene (10 mL) was added to the surface of each column, and soil solution and soil gas samples were collected from the columns every third day for 21 days. On day 21, a second application of toluene (10 mL) was made, and the experiment was run for another 21 days. Solution 4 was the most effective for microbial degradation in Part I. For Part II, three columns were designated nutrient-rich 3-day toluene columns and received toluene injections every 3 days; three columns were designated as nutrient-rich 7-day columns and received toluene injections every 7 days; and two columns were used as controls to which no nutrient was added.
As measured by CO2 respiration, the initial benefits for aerobic organisms from the O2enhancement were sustained by the bacteria for only a short period of time (about 8 days). Degradation benefits from the nutrient solution were sustained throughout the experiment.
The O2 and nutrient-enhanced columns degraded significantly more toluene than the control columns when simulating repeated spills onto the unsaturated zone, and demonstrated a potentially effective in situ bioremediation technology when used immediately or within days after a spill. The combined usage of H2O2 and nitrate-rich nutrients served to effectively maximize natural aerobic and anaerobic metabolic processes that biodegrade hydrocarbons in petroleum-contaminated media. Applications of this technology in the field may offer economical advantages to other, more intrusive abatement technologies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11270-005-1486-0","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Tindall, J., Friedel, M., Szmajter, R., and Cuffin, S., 2005, Part 1: Vadose-zone column studies of toluene (enhanced bioremediation) in a shallow unconfined aquifer: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 168, no. 1-4, p. 325-357, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-1486-0.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"357","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211118,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-1486-0"}],"volume":"168","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7518e4b0c8380cd779ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tindall, J.A.","contributorId":25711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tindall","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedel, M.J.","contributorId":90823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Szmajter, R.J.","contributorId":87573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szmajter","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cuffin, S.M.","contributorId":6898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffin","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027741,"text":"70027741 - 2005 - Palaeohydrology of the Southwest Yukon Territory, Canada, based on multiproxy analyses of lake sediment cores from a depth transect","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70027741","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1905,"text":"Holocene","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palaeohydrology of the Southwest Yukon Territory, Canada, based on multiproxy analyses of lake sediment cores from a depth transect","docAbstract":"Lake-level variations at Marcella Lake, a small, hydrologically closed lake in the southwestern Yukon Territory, document changes in effective moisture since the early Holocene. Former water levels, driven by regional palaeohydrology, were reconstructed by multiproxy analyses of sediment cores from four sites spanning shallow to deep water. Marcella Lake today is thermally stratified, being protected from wind by its position in a depression. It is alkaline and undergoes bio-induced calcification. Relative accumulations of calcium carbonate and organic matter at the sediment-water interface depend on the location of the depositional site relative to the thermocline. We relate lake-level fluctuations to down-core stratigraphic variations in composition, geochemistry, sedimentary structures and to the occurrence of unconformities in four cores based on observations of modern limnology and sedimentation processes. Twenty-four AMS radiocarbon dates on macrofossils and pollen provide the lake-level chronology. Prior to 10 000 cal. BP water levels were low, but then they rose to 3 to 4 m below modern levels. Between 7500 and 5000 cal. BP water levels were 5 to 6 m below modern but rose by 4000 cal. BP. Between 4000 and 2000 cal. BP they were higher than modern. During the last 2000 years, water levels were either near or 1 to 2 m below modern levels. Marcella Lake water-level fluctuations correspond with previously documented palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes and provide new, independent effective moisture information. The improved geochronology and quantitative water-level estimates are a framework for more detailed studies in the southwest Yukon. ?? 2005 Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Holocene","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1191/0959683605hl889rp","issn":"09596836","usgsCitation":"Anderson, L., Abbott, M., Finney, B.P., and Edwards, M.E., 2005, Palaeohydrology of the Southwest Yukon Territory, Canada, based on multiproxy analyses of lake sediment cores from a depth transect: Holocene, v. 15, no. 8, p. 1172-1183, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl889rp.","startPage":"1172","endPage":"1183","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211144,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl889rp"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73a4e4b0c8380cd77173","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, L.","contributorId":22571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbott, M.B.","contributorId":18572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finney, B. P.","contributorId":93643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finney","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, M. E.","contributorId":29977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027786,"text":"70027786 - 2005 - Nitrogen and carbon flow from rock to water: Regulation through soil biogeochemical processes, Mokelumne River watershed, California, and Grand Valley, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T10:06:06","indexId":"70027786","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen and carbon flow from rock to water: Regulation through soil biogeochemical processes, Mokelumne River watershed, California, and Grand Valley, Colorado","docAbstract":"Soil denitrification is an ecologically important nitrogen removal mechanism that releases to the atmosphere the greenhouse gas N2O, an intermediate product from the reduction of NO3- to N 2. In this study we evaluate the relationship between soil carbon and denitrification potential in watersheds with bedrock acting as a nonpoint source of nitrogen, testing the hypothesis that nitrate leaching to stream water is in part regulated by denitrification. Two sites, one in a Mediterranean climate and the other in an arid climate, were investigated to understand the interplay between carbon and denitrification potential. Both sites included carbonaceous bedrock with relatively high nitrogen concentrations (> 1,000 mg N kg-1) and had low background nitrogen concentrations in surface and groundwater. There was a net accumulation of carbon and nitrogen in soil relative to the corresponding bedrock, with the exception of carbonaceous shale from the arid site. There the concentration of carbon in the soil (15,620 mg C kg-1) was less than the shale parent (22,460 mg C kg-1), consistent with the bedrock being a source of soil carbon. Rates of denitrification potential (0.5-83 ??g N kg-1 hr-1) derived from laboratory incubations appeared to be related to the ratio of dissolved organic carbon and nitrate extracted from soils. These data indicate that microbial processes such as denitrification can help maintain background nitrogen concentrations to tens of ??M N in relatively undisturbed ecosystems when nitrogen inputs from weathering bedrock are accompanied by sufficient organic carbon concentrations to promote microbial nitrogen transformations.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004JF000124","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Holloway, J., and Smith, R.L., 2005, Nitrogen and carbon flow from rock to water: Regulation through soil biogeochemical processes, Mokelumne River watershed, California, and Grand Valley, Colorado: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 110, no. 1, F01010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JF000124.","productDescription":"F01010","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489849,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jf000124","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":211251,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JF000124"},{"id":238507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66bfe4b0c8380cd72f78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holloway, J.M. 0000-0003-3603-7668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":103041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":415211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027787,"text":"70027787 - 2005 - Use of relational databases to evaluate regional petroleum accumulation, groundwater flow, and CO2 sequestration in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027787","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of relational databases to evaluate regional petroleum accumulation, groundwater flow, and CO2 sequestration in Kansas","docAbstract":"Large-scale relational databases and geographic information system tools are used to integrate temperature, pressure, and water geo-chemistry data from numerous wells to better understand regional-scale geothermal and hydrogeological regimes of the lower Paleozoic aquifer systems in the mid-continent and to evaluate their potential for geologic CO2 sequestration. The lower Paleozoic (Cambrian to Mississippian) aquifer systems in Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma comprise one of the largest regional-scale saline aquifer systems in North America. Understanding hydrologic conditions and processes of these regional-scale aquifer systems provides insight to the evolution of the various sedimentary basins, migration of hydrocarbons out of the Anadarko and Arkoma basins, and the distribution of Arbuckle petroleum reservoirs across Kansas and provides a basis to evaluate CO2 sequestration potential. The Cambrian and Ordovician stratigraphic units form a saline aquifer that is in hydrologic continuity with the freshwater recharge from the Ozark plateau and along the Nemaha anticline. The hydrologic continuity with areas of freshwater recharge provides an explanation for the apparent underpressure in the Arbuckle Group. Copyright ?? 2005. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/07190504086","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Carr, T., Merriam, D.F., and Bartley, J., 2005, Use of relational databases to evaluate regional petroleum accumulation, groundwater flow, and CO2 sequestration in Kansas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 89, no. 12, p. 1607-1627, https://doi.org/10.1306/07190504086.","startPage":"1607","endPage":"1627","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210891,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/07190504086"}],"volume":"89","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf6ce4b08c986b329b58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, T.R.","contributorId":37094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartley, J.D.","contributorId":88533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartley","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027819,"text":"70027819 - 2005 - Combined use of 15N and 18O of nitrate and 11B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70027819","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combined use of 15N and 18O of nitrate and 11B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater","docAbstract":"Isotopic composition of NO3 (??15NNO3 and ??18ONO3) and B (??11B) were used to evaluate NO3 contamination and identify geochemical processes occurring in a hydrologically complex Basin and Range valley in northern Nevada with multiple potential sources of NO3. Combined use of these isotopes may be a useful tool in identifying NO3 sources because NO3 and B co-migrate in many environmental settings, their isotopes are fractionated by different environmental processes, and because wastewater and fertilizers may have distinct isotopic signatures for N and B. The principal cause of elevated NO3 concentrations in residential parts of the study area is wastewater and not natural NO3 or fertilizers. This is indicated by some samples with elevated NO3 concentrations plotting along ??15NNO3 and NO3 mixing lines between natural NO3 from the study area and theoretical septic-system effluent. This conclusion is supported by the presence of caffeine in one sample and the absence of samples with elevated NO3 concentrations that fall along mixing lines between natural NO3 and theoretical percolate below fertilized lawns. Nitrogen isotopes alone could not be used to determine NO3 sources in several wells because denitrification blurred the original isotopic signatures. The range of ??11B values in native ground water in the study area (-8.2??? to +21.2???) is large. The samples with the low ??11B values have a geochemical signature characteristic of hydrothermal systems. Physical and chemical data suggest B is not being strongly fractionated by adsorption onto clays. ??11B values from local STP effluent (-2.7???) and wash water from a domestic washing machine (-5.7???) were used to plot mixing lines between wastewater and native ground water. In general, wells with elevated NO3 concentrations fell along mixing lines between wastewater and background water on plots of ??11B against 1/B and Cl/B. Combined use of ??15N and ??11B in the study area was generally successful in identifying contaminant sources and processes that are occurring, however, it is likely to be more successful in simpler settings with a well-characterized ??11B value for background wells.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.04.007","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., 2005, Combined use of 15N and 18O of nitrate and 11B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater: Applied Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 9, p. 1626-1636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.04.007.","startPage":"1626","endPage":"1636","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211205,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.04.007"}],"volume":"20","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7dbe4b0c8380cd4cd2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027850,"text":"70027850 - 2005 - Comparison of Bacteroides-Prevotella 16S rRNA genetic markers for fecal samples from different animal species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T10:33:59","indexId":"70027850","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Bacteroides-Prevotella 16S rRNA genetic markers for fecal samples from different animal species","docAbstract":"To effectively manage surface and ground waters it is necessary to improve our ability to detect and identify sources of fecal contamination. We evaluated the use of the anaerobic bacterial group Bacteroides-Prevotella as a potential fecal indicator. Terminal restriction length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the 16S rRNA genes from this group was used to determine differences in populations and to identify any unique populations in chickens, cows, deer, dogs, geese, horses, humans, pigs, and seagulls. The group appears to be a good potential fecal indicator in all groups tested except for avians. Cluster analysis of Bacteroides-Prevotella community T-RFLP profiles indicates that Bacteroides-Prevotella populations from samples of the same host species are much more similar to each other than to samples from different source species. We were unable to identify unique peaks that were exclusive to any source species; however, for most host species, at least one T-RFLP peak was identified to be more commonly found in that species, and a combination of peaks could be used to identify the source. T-RFLP profiles obtained from water spiked with known-source feces contained the expected diagnostic peaks from the source. These results indicate that the approach of identifying Bacteroides-Prevotella molecular markers associated with host species might be useful in identifying sources of fecal contamination in the environment.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Biology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.71.10.5999-6007.2005","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Fogarty, L., and Voytek, M., 2005, Comparison of Bacteroides-Prevotella 16S rRNA genetic markers for fecal samples from different animal species: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 71, no. 10, p. 5999-6007, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.10.5999-6007.2005.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"5999","endPage":"6007","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477925,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1265916","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211207,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.10.5999-6007.2005"},{"id":238435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f840e4b0c8380cd4cf89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fogarty, L.R.","contributorId":27236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogarty","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voytek, M.A.","contributorId":44272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027865,"text":"70027865 - 2005 - Channelization and floodplain forests: Impacts of accelerated sedimentation and valley plug formation on floodplain forests of the Middle Fork Forked Deer River, Tennessee, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70027865","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Channelization and floodplain forests: Impacts of accelerated sedimentation and valley plug formation on floodplain forests of the Middle Fork Forked Deer River, Tennessee, USA","docAbstract":"We evaluated the severe degradation of floodplain habitats resulting from channelization and concomitant excessive coarse sedimentation on the Middle Fork Forked Deer River in west Tennessee from 2000 to 2003. Land use practices have resulted in excessive sediment in the tributaries and river system eventually resulting in sand deposition on the floodplain, increased overbank flooding, a rise in the groundwater table, and ponding of upstream timber. Our objectives were to: (1) determine the composition of floodplain vegetation communities along the degraded river reach, (2) to isolate relationships among these communities, geomorphic features, and environmental variables and (3) evaluate successional changes based on current stand conditions. Vegetation communities were not specifically associated with predefined geomorphic features; nevertheless, hydrologic and geomorphic processes as a result of channelization have clearly affected vegetation communities. The presence of valley plugs and continued degradation of upstream reaches and tributaries on the impacted study reach has arrested recovery of floodplain plant communities. Historically common species like Liquidambar styraciflua L. and Quercus spp. L. were not important, with importance values (IV) less than 1, and occurred in less than 20% of forested plots, while Acer rubrum L., a disturbance-tolerant species, was the most important species on the site (IV = 78.1) and occurred in 87% of forested plots. The results of this study also indicate that channelization impacts on the Middle Fork Forked Deer River are more temporally and spatially complex than previously described for other river systems. Rehabilitation of this system necessitates a long-term, landscape-scale solution that addresses watershed rehabilitation in a spatially and temporally hierarchical manner. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.004","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Oswalt, S., and King, S., 2005, Channelization and floodplain forests: Impacts of accelerated sedimentation and valley plug formation on floodplain forests of the Middle Fork Forked Deer River, Tennessee, USA: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 215, no. 1-3, p. 69-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.004.","startPage":"69","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210988,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.004"},{"id":238111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"215","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f45ee4b0c8380cd4bcc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oswalt, S.N.","contributorId":88144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oswalt","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, S.L.","contributorId":105663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027889,"text":"70027889 - 2005 - Chloroethene biodegradation in sediments at 4°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T07:50:11","indexId":"70027889","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chloroethene biodegradation in sediments at 4°C","docAbstract":"Microbial reductive dechlorination of [1,2-14C]trichloroethene to [14C]cis-dichloroethene and [14C]vinyl chloride was observed at 4°C in anoxic microcosms prepared with cold temperature-adapted aquifer and river sediments from Alaska. Microbial anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-14C]cis-dichloroethene and [1,2-14C]vinyl chloride to 14CO2 also was observed under these conditions.
\n\n
Soil moisture data collected using an automated data logging system were used to estimate ground water recharge at a crude oil spill research site near Bemidji, Minnesota. Three different soil moisture probes were tested in the laboratory as well as the field conditions of limited power supply and extreme weather typical of northern Minnesota: a self‐contained reflectometer probe, and two time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, 30 and 50 cm long. Recharge was estimated using an unsaturated zone water balance method. Recharge estimates for 1999 using the laboratory calibrations were 13 to 30 percent greater than estimates based on the factory calibrations. Recharge indicated by the self‐contained probes was 170 percent to 210 percent greater than the estimates for the TDR probes regardless of calibration method. Results indicate that the anomalously large recharge estimates for the self‐contained probes are not the result of inaccurate measurements of volumetric moisture content, but result from the presence of crude oil, or borehole leakage. Of the probes tested, the 50 cm long TDR probe yielded recharge estimates that compared most favorably to estimates based on a method utilizing water table fluctuations. Recharge rates for this probe represented 24 to 27 percent of 1999 precipitation. Recharge based on the 30 cm long horizontal TDR probes was 29 to 37 percent of 1999 precipitation. By comparison, recharge based on the water table fluctuation method represented about 29 percent of precipitation.
We conducted a study with cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in the delta of San Francisco Bay, using nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes to identify trophic position and food web structure. Cadmium is progressively enriched among trophic levels in discrete epiphyte‐based food webs composed of macrophyte‐dwelling invertebrates (the first link being epiphytic algae) and fishes (the first link being gobies). Cadmium concentrations were biomagnified 15 times within the scope of two trophic links in both food webs. Trophic enrichment in invertebrates was twice that of fishes. No tendency toward trophic‐level enrichment was observed for Cu, regardless of whether organisms were sorted by food web or treated on a taxonomic basis within discrete food webs. The greatest toxic effects of Cd are likely to occur with increasing trophic positions, where animals are ingesting Cd‐rich prey (or food). In Franks Tract this occurs within discrete food chains composed of macrophyte‐dwelling invertebrates or fishes inhabiting submerged aquatic vegetation. Unraveling ecosystem complexity is necessary before species most exposed and at risk can be identified.
One of the most frequently detected organic chemicals in a nationwide study concerning the effects of wastewater on stream water quality conducted in the year 2000 was the widely used insect repellant N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). It was detected at levels of 0.02 μg/L or greater in 73% of the stream sites sampled, with the selection of sampling sites being biased toward streams thought to be subject to wastewater contamination (i.e., downstream from intense urbanization and livestock production). Although DEET frequently was detected at all sites, the median concentration was low (0.05 μg/L). The highest concentrations of DEET were found in streams from the urban areas (maximum concentration, 1.1 μg/L). The results of the present study suggest that the movement of DEET to streams through wastewater-treatment systems is an important mechanism that might lead to the exposure of aquatic organisms to this chemical.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1897/04-297R.1","usgsCitation":"Sandstrom, M.W., Kolpin, D., Thurman, E., and Zaugg, S., 2005, Widespread detection of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide in U.S. streams: Comparison with concentrations of pesticides, personal care products, and other organic wastewater compounds: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 24, no. 5, p. 1029-1034, https://doi.org/10.1897/04-297R.1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1029","endPage":"1034","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n 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Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":423682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029662,"text":"70029662 - 2005 - Temporal analysis of the frequency and duration of low and high streamflow: Years of record needed to characterize streamflow variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70029662","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal analysis of the frequency and duration of low and high streamflow: Years of record needed to characterize streamflow variability","docAbstract":"A temporal analysis of the number and duration of exceedences of high- and low-flow thresholds was conducted to determine the number of years required to detect a level shift using data from Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Two methods were used - ordinary least squares assuming a known error variance and generalized least squares without a known error variance. Using ordinary least squares, the mean number of years required to detect a one standard deviation level shift in measures of low-flow variability was 57.2 (28.6 on either side of the break), compared to 40.0 years for measures of high-flow variability. These means become 57.6 and 41.6 when generalized least squares is used. No significant relations between years and elevation or drainage area were detected (P>0.05). Cluster analysis did not suggest geographic patterns in years related to physiography or major hydrologic regions. Referring to the number of observations required to detect a one standard deviation shift as 'characterizing' the variability, it appears that at least 20 years of record on either side of a shift may be necessary to adequately characterize high-flow variability. A longer streamflow record (about 30 years on either side) may be required to characterize low-flow variability. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.12.008","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Huh, S., Dickey, D., Meador, M.R., and Ruhl, K., 2005, Temporal analysis of the frequency and duration of low and high streamflow: Years of record needed to characterize streamflow variability: Journal of Hydrology, v. 310, no. 1-4, p. 78-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.12.008.","startPage":"78","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212767,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.12.008"}],"volume":"310","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4e0e4b08c986b320644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huh, S.","contributorId":63623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huh","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickey, D.A.","contributorId":55212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickey","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruhl, K.E.","contributorId":92869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029666,"text":"70029666 - 2005 - Effects of urban development in the Puget Lowland, Washington, on interannual streamflow patterns: Consequences for channel form and streambed disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:12:36","indexId":"70029666","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of urban development in the Puget Lowland, Washington, on interannual streamflow patterns: Consequences for channel form and streambed disturbance","docAbstract":"Recovery and protection of streams in urban areas depend on a comprehensive understanding of how human activities affect stream ecosystems. The hydrologic effects of urban development and the consequences for stream channel form and streambed stability were examined in 16 streams in the Puget Lowland, Washington, using three streamflow metrics that integrate storm‐scale effects of urban development over annual to decadal timescales: the fraction of time that streamflow exceeds the mean streamflow (TQmean), the coefficient of variation of annual maximum streamflow (CVAMF), and the fraction of time that streamflow exceeds the 0.5‐year flood (T0.5). Urban streams had low interannual variability in annual maximum streamflow and brief duration of frequent high flows, as indicated by significant correlations between road density and both CVAMFand T0.5. The broader distribution of streamflow indicated by TQmean may be affected by urban development, but differences in TQmean between streams are also likely a result of other physiographic factors. The increase in the magnitude of frequent high flows due to urban development but not their cumulative duration has important consequences for channel form and bed stability in gravel bed streams because geomorphic equilibrium depends on moderate duration streamflow (e.g., exceeded 10% of the time). Streams with low values of TQmean and T0.5 are narrower than expected from hydraulic geometry. Dimensionless boundary shear stress (t*) for the 0.5‐year flood was inversely related to T0.5 among the streams, indicating frequent and extensive bed disturbance in streams with low values of T0.5. Although stream channels expand and the size of bed material increases in response to urban streamflow patterns, these adjustments may be insufficient to reestablish the disturbance regime in urban streams because of the differential increase in the magnitude of frequent high flows causing disturbance relative to any changes in longer duration, moderate flows that establish a stable channel.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004097","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C.P., Booth, D.B., and Burges, S.J., 2005, Effects of urban development in the Puget Lowland, Washington, on interannual streamflow patterns: Consequences for channel form and streambed disturbance: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 7, Article W07009; 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004097.","productDescription":"Article W07009; 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0820e4b0c8380cd519b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":423732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Booth, Derek B.","contributorId":100873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":423733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burges, Stephen J.","contributorId":8567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burges","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029009,"text":"70029009 - 2005 - Arsenate adsorption mechanisms at the allophane: Water interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T10:54:43","indexId":"70029009","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenate adsorption mechanisms at the allophane: Water interface","docAbstract":"We investigated arsenate (As(V)) reactivity and surface speciation on amorphous aluminosilicate mineral (synthetic allophane) surfaces using batch adsorption experiments, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The adsorption isotherm experiments indicated that As(V) uptake increased with increasing [As(V)]o from 50 to 1000 μM (i.e., Langmuir type adsorption isotherm) and that the total As adsorption slightly decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations from 0.01 to 0.1 M. Arsenate adsorption was initially (0−10 h) rapid followed by a slow continuum uptake, and the adsorption processes reached the steady state after 720 h. X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses suggest that As(V) predominantly forms bidentate binuclear surface species on aluminum octahedral structures, and these species are stable up to 11 months. Solubility calculations and powder XRD analyses indicate no evidence of crystalline Al−As(V) precipitates in the experimental systems. Overall, macroscopic and spectroscopic evidence suggest that the As(V) adsorption mechanisms at the allophane−water interface are attributable to ligand exchange reactions between As(V) and surface-coordinated water molecules and hydroxyl and silicate ions. The research findings imply that dissolved tetrahedral oxyanions (e.g., H2PO42-and H2AsO42-) are readily retained on amorphous aluminosilicate minerals in aquifer and soils at near neutral pH. The inner-sphere adsorption mechanisms might be important in controlling dissolved arsenate and phosphate in amorphous aluminosilicate-rich low-temperature geochemical environments.
Cinnabar (HgS) dissolution rates were measured in the presence of 12 different natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolates including humic, fulvic, and hydrophobic acid fractions. Initial dissolution rates varied by 1.3 orders of magnitude, from 2.31 × 10−13 to 7.16 × 10−12 mol Hg (mg C)−1 m−2s−1. Rates correlate positively with three DOM characteristics: specific ultraviolet absorbance (R2 = 0.88), aromaticity (R2 = 0.80), and molecular weight (R2= 0.76). Three experimental observations demonstrate that dissolution was controlled by the interaction of DOM with the cinnabar surface: (1) linear rates of Hg release with time, (2) significantly reduced rates when DOM was physically separated from the surface by dialysis membranes, and (3) rates that approached constant values at a specific ratio of DOM concentration to cinnabar surface area, suggesting a maximum surface coverage by dissolution-reactive DOM. Dissolution rates for the hydrophobic acid fractions correlate negatively with sorbed DOM concentrations, indicating the presence of a DOM component that reduced the surface area of cinnabar that can be dissolved. When two hydrophobic acid isolates that enhanced dissolution to different extents were mixed equally, a 20% reduction in rate occurred compared to the rate with the more dissolution-enhancing isolate alone. Rates in the presence of the more dissolution-enhancing isolate were reduced by as much as 60% when cinnabar was prereacted with the isolate that enhanced dissolution to a lesser extent. The data, taken together, imply that the property of DOM that enhances cinnabar dissolution is distinct from the property that causes it to sorb irreversibly to the cinnabar surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2004.09.029","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Waples, J., Nagy, K.L., Aiken, G., and Ryan, J.N., 2005, Dissolution of cinnabar (HgS) in the presence of natural organic matter: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, no. 6, p. 1575-1588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.09.029.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1575","endPage":"1588","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209683,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.09.029"},{"id":236356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a022fe4b0c8380cd4ff22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waples, J.S.","contributorId":107078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waples","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagy, K. L.","contributorId":56408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":102649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029095,"text":"70029095 - 2005 - Ecohydrological control of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T10:50:53","indexId":"70029095","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecohydrological control of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions","docAbstract":"The amount and spatial distribution of deep drainage (downward movement of water across the bottom of the root zone) and groundwater recharge affect the quantity and quality of increasingly limited groundwater in arid and semiarid regions. We synthesize research from the fields of ecology and hydrology to address the issue of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions. We start with a recently developed hydrological model that accurately simulates soil water potential and geochemical profiles measured in thick (>50 m), unconsolidated vadose zones. Model results indicate that, since the climate change that marked the onset of the Holocene period 10 000–15 000 years ago, there has been no deep drainage in vegetated interdrainage areas and that continuous, relatively low (<−1 MPa) soil water potentials have been maintained at depths of 2–3 m. A conceptual model consistent with these results proposes that the native, xeric‐shrub‐dominated, plant communities that gained dominance during the Holocene generated and maintained these conditions. We present three lines of ecological evidence that support the conceptual model. First, xeric shrubs have sufficiently deep rooting systems with low extraction limits to generate the modeled conditions. Second, the characteristic deep‐rooted soil–plant systems store sufficient water to effectively buffer deep soil from climatic fluctuations in these dry environments, allowing stable conditions to persist for long periods of time. And third, adaptations resulting in deep, low‐extraction‐limit rooting systems confer significant advantages to xeric shrubs in arid and semiarid environments. We then consider conditions in arid and semiarid regions in which the conceptual model may not apply, leading to the expectation that portions of many arid and semiarid watersheds supply some deep drainage. Further ecohydrologic research is required to elucidate critical climatic and edaphic thresholds, evaluate the role of important physiological processes (such as hydraulic redistribution), and evaluate the role of deep roots in terms of carbon costs, nutrient uptake, and whole‐plant development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/03-0568","usgsCitation":"Seyfried, M., Schwinning, S., Walvoord, M.A., Pockman, W., Newman, B., Jackson, R., and Phillips, F.M., 2005, Ecohydrological control of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions: Ecology, v. 86, no. 2, p. 277-287, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0568.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"287","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a053de4b0c8380cd50d01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seyfried, M.S.","contributorId":100603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seyfried","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwinning, S.","contributorId":41207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwinning","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pockman, W. T.","contributorId":57260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pockman","given":"W. T.","affiliations":[{"id":7164,"text":"Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newman, B.D.","contributorId":37115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jackson, R.B.","contributorId":42174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Phillips, F. M.","contributorId":24493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}