Along 50 km of the complex, southwest-dipping, Laramide Grand Hogback monocline, which wraps around the southwest flank of the White River uplift in westcentral Colorado, detailed mapping provides evidence of late Cenozoic collapse that resulted from subsurface flow, diapirism, and dissolution of Pennsylvanian Eagle Valley Evaporite. Numerous discontinuous, small-amplitude, strike-parallel folds and steeply dipping faults that overlie the evaporite are interpreted as the result of both flow-induced and dissolution-induced collapse and diapirism concentrated along cross-strike, radial valleys draining the uplift. Folding of an immature Pliocene conglomerate into a tight syncline by collapse into an underlying diapir emphasizes the young age of evaporite tectonism. Major evaporite diapirs in valleys penetrate overlying Pennsylvanian Eagle Valley and Pennsylvanian-Permian Maroon Formations. In the absence of a Miocene basaltic datum used to quantify collapse elsewhere in west-central Colorado, we quantify removal of evaporite by contrasting estimated original evaporite thicknesses with thicknesses of remaining evaporite based on surface structural control and cross section construction. We estimate that ∼40 km3 of evaporite were removed along the southwest flank, the majority of which came from cross-strike valleys and a minority from intervening drainage divides. The mechanism for initiation of flow of evaporite is interpreted to be late Cenozoic regional uplift and accompanying deep incision of valleys draining the White River uplift. Unloading of evaporite beneath these valleys channeled evaporite to flow northward up dip to diapirically extrude from overlying Maroon and Eagle Valley Formations. Laramide monoclinal structures change gradually along strike from a single monocline, which produced a complexly folded back thrust, to double monoclines stacked on one another, which are located close to bends in the flank of the uplift.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Late cenozoic evaporite tectonism and volcanism in west-Central Colorado","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.121","usgsCitation":"Scott, R.B., Bryant, B., and Perry, W.J., 2002, Late Cenozoic deformation by evaporite tectonism in the Grand Hogback monocline, southwest of the White River uplift, Colorado: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 366, p. 121-148, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.121.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"148","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -103.73291015625,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -103.73291015625,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 36.94989178681327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Robert B. rbscott@usgs.gov","contributorId":766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Robert","email":"rbscott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":774167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryant, Bruce bbryant@usgs.gov","contributorId":1355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Bruce","email":"bbryant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, William J. Jr.","contributorId":220116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perry","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39983,"text":"wri20024112 - 2002 - Ground-water quality in the central High Plains aquifer, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T20:14:42.826429","indexId":"wri20024112","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4112","title":"Ground-water quality in the central High Plains aquifer, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas, 1999","docAbstract":"A network of 74 randomly distributed domestic water-supply wells completed in the central High Plains aquifer was sampled and analyzed from April to August 1999 as part of the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program to provide a broad-scale assessment of the ground-water-quality in this part of the High Plains aquifer.\r\nWater properties were relatively consistent across the aquifer, with water being alkaline and well oxidized. Water was mostly of the calcium and magnesium-bicarbonate type and very hard. Sulfate concentrations in water from three wells and chloride concentration in water from one well exceeded Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels. Fluoride concentration was equal to the Maximum Contaminant Level in one sample. Nitrate concentrations was relatively small in most samples, with the median concentration of 2.3 milligrams per liter. Dissolved organic carbon concentration was relatively low, with a median concentration of 0.5 milligram per liter. The Maximum Contaminant Level set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for nitrate as nitrogen of 10 milligrams per liter was exceeded by water samples from three wells. Most samples contained detectable concentrations of the trace elements aluminum, arsenic, barium, chromium, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, and uranium. Only a few samples had trace element concentrations exceeding Maximum Contaminant Levels. Fifty-five of the samples had radon concentrations exceeding the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level of 300 picocuries per liter. The greatest radon concentrations were detected where the Ogallala Formation overlies sandstones, shales and limestones of Triassic, Jurassic, or Cretaceous age.\r\n\r\nVolatile organic compounds were detected in 9 of 74 samples. Toluene was detected in eight of those nine samples. All volatile organic compound concentrations were substantially less than Maximum Contaminant Levels. Detections of toluene may have been artifacts of the sampling and analytical processes.\r\n\r\nPesticides were detected in 18 of the 74 water samples. None of the pesticide concentrations exceeded Maximum Contaminant Levels. The most frequently detected pesticides were atrazine and its metabolite deethylatrazine, which were detected in water from 15 and 17 wells, respectively. Most of the samples with a detectable pesticide had at least two detectable pesticides. Six of the samples had more than two detectable pesticides.\r\n\r\nTritium concentrations was greater than 0.5 tritium unit in 10 of 51 samples, indicating recent recharge to the aquifer. Twenty-one of the samples that had nitrate concentrations greater than 4.0 milligrams per liter were assumed to have components of recent recharge. Detection of volatile organic compounds was not associated with those indicators of recent recharge, with most of volatile organic compounds being detected in water from wells with small tritium and nitrate concentrations. Detection of pesticides was associated with greater tritium or nitrate concentrations, with 16 of the 18 wells producing water with pesticides also having tritium or nitrate concentrations indicating recent recharge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri20024112","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Becker, M.F., Bruce, B.W., Pope, L.M., and Andrews, W.J., 2002, Ground-water quality in the central High Plains aquifer, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4112, viii, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024112.","productDescription":"viii, 64 p.","numberOfPages":"74","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":97428,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4112/wrir024112.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002-4112"},{"id":172771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4112/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":414042,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52218.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"central High Plains aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.5,\n 36.4\n ],\n [\n -99.333,\n 36.4\n ],\n [\n -99.333,\n 39.2417\n ],\n [\n -103.5,\n 39.2417\n ],\n [\n -103.5,\n 36.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Magma intrusions and eruptions commonly produce abrupt changes in seismicity far from magma conduits1,2,3,4 that cannot be associated with the diffusion of pore fluids or heat5. Such ‘swarm’ seismicity also migrates with time, and often exhibits a ‘dog-bone’-shaped distribution3,4,6,7,8,9. The largest earthquakes in swarms produce aftershocks that obey an Omori-type (exponential) temporal decay10,11,12, but the duration of the aftershock sequences is drastically reduced, relative to normal earthquake activity7,13. Here we use one of the most energetic swarms ever recorded to study the dependence of these properties on the stress imparted by a magma intrusion8,11,14,15. A 1,000-fold increase in seismicity rate and a 1,000-fold decrease in aftershock duration occurred during the two-month-long dyke intrusion. We find that the seismicity rate is proportional to the calculated stressing rate, and that the duration of aftershock sequences is inversely proportional to the stressing rate. This behaviour is in accord with a laboratory-based rate/state constitutive law16, suggesting an explanation for the occurrence of earthquake swarms. Any sustained increase in stressing rate—whether due to an intrusion, extrusion or creep event—should produce such seismological behaviour.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publications","doi":"10.1038/nature00997","usgsCitation":"Toda, S., Stein, R.S., and Sagiya, T., 2002, Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu islands earthquake swarm that stressing rate governs seismicity: Nature, v. 419, p. 58-61, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00997.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"61","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416060,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Izu Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 139.09639342954478,\n 34.59408433709672\n ],\n [\n 139.09639342954478,\n 33.79361172692403\n ],\n [\n 139.73758087909994,\n 33.79361172692403\n ],\n [\n 139.73758087909994,\n 34.59408433709672\n ],\n [\n 139.09639342954478,\n 34.59408433709672\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"419","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toda, Shingi","contributorId":66400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toda","given":"Shingi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sagiya, Takeshi","contributorId":35895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sagiya","given":"Takeshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008333,"text":"1008333 - 2002 - Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T14:13:16.742084","indexId":"1008333","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges","docAbstract":"Native American burning impacts on California shrubland dominated landscapes are evaluated relative to the natural lightning fire potential for affecting landscape patterns.
Focus was on the coastal ranges of central and southern California.
Potential patterns of Indian burning were evaluated based upon historical documents, ethnographic accounts, archaeological records and consideration of contemporary land management tactics. Patterns of vegetation distribution in this region were evaluated relative to environmental factors and the resilience of the dominant shrub vegetation to different fire frequencies.
Lightning fire frequency in this region is one of the lowest in North America and the density of pre-Columbian populations was one of the highest. Shrublands dominate the landscape throughout most of the region. These woody communities have weak resilience to high fire frequency and are readily displaced by annual grasses and forbs under high fire frequency. Intact shrublands provided limited resources for native Americans and thus there was ample motivation for using fire to degrade this vegetation to an open mosaic of shrubland/grassland, not unlike the agropastoral modification of ecologically related shrublands by Holocene peoples in the Mediterranean Basin. Alien-dominated grasslands currently cover approximately one-quarter of the landscape and less than 1% of these grasslands have a significant native grass presence. Ecological studies in the Californian coastal ranges have failed to uncover any clear soil or climate factors explaining grassland and shrubland distribution patterns.
Coastal ranges of California were regions of high Indian density and low frequency of lightning fires. The natural vegetation dominants on this landscape are shrubland vegetation that often form dense impenetrable stands with limited resources for Native Americans. Natural fire frequencies are not high enough to maintain these landscapes in habitable mixtures of shrublands and grasslands but such landscape mosaics are readily produced with additional human subsidy of ignitions. It is hypothesized that a substantial fraction of the landscape was type converted from shrubland to grassland and much of the landscape that underwent such type conversion has either been maintained by Euro-American land management practices or resisted recolonization of native shrublands. It appears that these patterns are disturbance dependent and result from anthropogenic alteration of landscapes initiated by Native Americans and sustained and expanded upon by Euro-American settlers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00676.x","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 2002, Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges: Journal of Biogeography, v. 29, no. 3, p. 303-320, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00676.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132563,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db606091","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70243098,"text":"70243098 - 2002 - Kilometer-scale rapid transport of naphthalene sulfonate tracer in the unsaturated zone at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T14:13:32.48711","indexId":"70243098","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T08:53:41","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kilometer-scale rapid transport of naphthalene sulfonate tracer in the unsaturated zone at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory","docAbstract":"To investigate possible long-range flow paths through the interbedded basalts and sediments of a 200-m-thick unsaturated zone, we applied a chemical tracer to seasonally filled infiltration ponds on the Snake River Plain in Idaho. This site is near the Subsurface Disposal Area for radioactive and other hazardous waste at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Within 4 mo, we detected tracer in one of 13 sampled aquifer wells, and in eight of 11 sampled perched-water wells as far as 1.3 km away. These detections show that (i) low-permeability layers in the unsaturated zone divert some flow horizontally, but do not prevent rapid transport to the aquifer; (ii) horizontal convective transport rates within the unsaturated zone may exceed 14 m d−1, perhaps through essentially saturated basalt fractures, tension cracks, lava tubes, or rubble zones; and (iii) some perched water beneath the Subsurface Disposal Area derives from episodic surface water more than 1 km away. Such rapid and far-reaching flow may be common throughout the Snake River Plain, and possibly occurs in other locations that have a geologically complex unsaturated zone and comparable sources of infiltrating water.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/vzj2002.8900","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., Perkins, K., Rose, P.E., Rousseau, J.P., Orr, B.R., Twining, B.V., and Anderson, S.R., 2002, Kilometer-scale rapid transport of naphthalene sulfonate tracer in the unsaturated zone at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 1, no. 1, p. 89-101, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2002.8900.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"101","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416496,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Subsurface Disposal Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.133333,\n 43.541667\n ],\n [\n -113.133333,\n 43.416667\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 43.416667\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 43.541667\n ],\n [\n -113.133333,\n 43.541667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, Kim S. 0000-0001-8349-447X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-447X","contributorId":44097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Kim S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, Peter E.","contributorId":103574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rousseau, Joseph P.","contributorId":22030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rousseau","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Orr, Brennon R.","contributorId":18747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Brennon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Twining, Brian V. 0000-0003-1321-4721 btwining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-4721","contributorId":2387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twining","given":"Brian","email":"btwining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, Steven R.","contributorId":6532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":32980,"text":"ofr02102 - 2002 - Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"ofr02102","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-102","title":"Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and the Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency, conducted three cycles of injection, storage, and recovery tests to evaluate the feasibility of artificially recharging ground water in the Lancaster area of Antelope Valley, California. During the third cycle (March 1998 through April 1999), the tests included investigations of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes in the aquifer. Trihalomethanes are disinfection by-products formed by reaction between natural dissolved organic carbon that is present in water and chlorine that is added during the drinking-water-treatment process. This report includes a discussion of the design of the investigation; descriptions of the sampling, analytical, and experimental methods used in the investigation; and a presentation of the data collected.\r\n\r\nDuring the third cycle, 60 million gallons of chlorinated water was injected into the aquifer through well 7N/12W-27P2 in the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works well field in Lancaster between April 15 and June 16, 1998. One hundred fifty million gallons of water was extracted from the same well between June 30, 1998, and April 29, 1999. Water-quality samples were collected during the entire cycle from the well and from a nearby set of nested piezometers, and were analyzed for residual chlorine, dissolved organic carbon, trihalomethane, major anion, and dissolved solid concentrations; ultraviolet absorbance spectra; and a number of field water-quality parameters. A statistical analysis was done to evaluate the analytical precision of the residual chlorine, dissolved organic carbon, trihalomethane, and ultraviolet absorbance measurements on these samples. The formation of trihalomethanes in the injection water was examined in laboratory experiments: Trihalomethane concentrations in samples of injection water were monitored during a storage period, and trihalomethane formation potential in the presence of excess chlorine was measured. The role of mixing between injection water and ground water and the conservative or non-conservative behavior of trihalomethanes was studied by adding a conservative tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, to the injection water and monitoring its concentration in the extraction water. The potential for biodegradation of trihalomethanes by aquifer bacteria was assessed in laboratory experiments: Microcosms containing ground water or extraction water and sediment or concentrated bacteria were spiked with trihalomethanes, and the amount of trihalomethanes was monitored during an incubation period. The potential for sorption of trihalomethanes to aquifer sediments was assessed in laboratory experiments: Mixtures of sediment and water were spiked with trihalomethanes, and then the trihalomethane concentrations were measured after an equilibration period.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02102","usgsCitation":"Fram, M.S., Berghouse, J.K., Bergamaschi, B., Fujii, R., Goodwin, K.D., and Clark, J., 2002, Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-102, 48 p.; 8 illus.; 27 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02102.","productDescription":"48 p.; 8 illus.; 27 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berghouse, Joshua K.","contributorId":19990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berghouse","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goodwin, Kelly D.","contributorId":79934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clark, Jordan F.","contributorId":106177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jordan F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70161966,"text":"70161966 - 2002 - Ecological and evolutionary conditions for fruit abortion to regulate pollinating seed-eaters and increase plant production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T11:56:02","indexId":"70161966","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3593,"text":"Theoretical Population Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological and evolutionary conditions for fruit abortion to regulate pollinating seed-eaters and increase plant production","docAbstract":"Coevolved mutualisms, such as those between senita cacti, yuccas, and their respective obligate pollinators, benefit both species involved in the interaction. However, in these pollination mutualisms the pollinator's larvae impose a cost on plants through consumption of developing seeds and fruit. The effects of pollinators on benefits and costs are expected to vary with the abundance of pollinators, because large population sizes result in more eggs and larval seed-eaters. Here, we develop the hypothesis that fruit abortion, which is common in yucca, senita, and plants in general, could in some cases have the function of limiting pollinator abundance and, thereby, increasing fruit production. Using a general steady-state model of fruit production and pollinator dynamics, we demonstrate that plants involved in pollinating seed-eater mutualisms can increase their fecundity by randomly aborting fruit. We show that the ecological conditions under which fruit abortion can improve plants fecundity are not unusual. They are best met when the plant is long-lived, the population dynamics of the pollinator are much faster than those of the plant, the loss of one fruit via abortion kills a larva that would have the expectation of destroying more than one fruit through its future egg laying as an adult moth, and the effects of fruit abortion on pollinator abundance are spatially localized. We then use the approach of adaptive dynamics to find conditions under which a fruit abortion strategy based on regulating the pollinator population could feasibly evolve in this type of plant–pollinator interaction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/tpbi.2001.1571","usgsCitation":"Holland, J.N., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, Ecological and evolutionary conditions for fruit abortion to regulate pollinating seed-eaters and increase plant production: Theoretical Population Biology, v. 61, no. 3, p. 251-263, https://doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.2001.1571.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"263","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e041e4b039675d005e11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, J. Nathaniel","contributorId":49912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179959,"text":"70179959 - 2002 - Elevated temperature exacerbates Ichthyophonus infections in buffalo sculpin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T14:06:18","indexId":"70179959","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1648,"text":"Fish Health Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevated temperature exacerbates Ichthyophonus infections in buffalo sculpin","docAbstract":"High incidences of Ichthyophonus hoferi, a parasite primarily of marine and estuarine fishes, have recently been reported in rockfishes and Pacific herring from the eastern North Pacific (Kent et al 2001, Hershberger et al 2002). Taxonomic position of I. hoferi remains unresolved, but recent phylogenetic studies have grouped the organism with Dermocystidium, Psorospermium, the rosette agent of salmonids, and Rhinosporidium in the Mesomycetozoa, a novel clade of protists near the animal-fungal divergence (Herr et al 1999). Genetic differences among isolates from the east coast of North America indicate that more than one species of Ichthyophonus exist (Rand et al 2000), and different species have likely been assigned the same name based on morphological characteristics. Therefore, hereafter in this manuscript, the organism will be referred to as Ichthyophonus .
","language":"English","publisher":"American fisheries society","usgsCitation":"Halpenny, C., Kocan, R.M., Winton, J., Perry, J., and Hershberger, P., 2002, Elevated temperature exacerbates Ichthyophonus infections in buffalo sculpin: Fish Health Newsletter, p. 17-20.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"17","endPage":"20","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333611,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58833027e4b0d002316377c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halpenny, C.M.","contributorId":76523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halpenny","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kocan, R. M.","contributorId":41783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Perry, J.A.","contributorId":100254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hershberger, P.K. 0000-0002-2261-7760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":58818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70208992,"text":"70208992 - 2002 - Cordilleran-margin quartzites in Baja California – implications for tectonic transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-10T11:09:54","indexId":"70208992","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-10T11:02:28","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cordilleran-margin quartzites in Baja California – implications for tectonic transport","docAbstract":"One of the current controversies in Cordilleran tectonics concerns the position of Baja California prior to ∼300 km of opening of the Gulf of California. Geologic arguments, together with paleomagnetic results from Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks, suggest that the rocks of the Baja Peninsula formed and evolved along the coast of northwestern Mexico prior to opening of the Gulf. In contrast, paleomagnetic data from Cretaceous–early Tertiary plutonic rocks and clastic strata have been interpreted by some workers to suggest that Baja was located near southern Mexico at approximately 80 Ma. The presence of similar detrital zircon ages in lower Paleozoic quartzites of northeast Baja and in lower Paleozoic strata east of the Gulf, in northwestern Mexico and southwestern US, provides strong support for the northern paleoposition, suggesting that Baja has been transported northward by only ∼300 km
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00542-3","usgsCitation":"Gehrels, G., Stewart, J., and Ketner, K.B., 2002, Cordilleran-margin quartzites in Baja California – implications for tectonic transport: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 199, no. 1-2, p. 201-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00542-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"210","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Baja California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -130.869140625,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -110.0390625,\n 16.88865978738161\n ],\n [\n -102.3046875,\n 21.861498734372567\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 41.31082388091818\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"199","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gehrels, G.E.","contributorId":211571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gehrels","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":784441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ketner, Keith B.","contributorId":957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":784443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159760,"text":"70159760 - 2002 - Mitochondrial phylogeography of moose (Alces alces): Late Pleistocene divergence and population expansion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-28T09:49:58","indexId":"70159760","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2779,"text":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mitochondrial phylogeography of moose (Alces alces): Late Pleistocene divergence and population expansion","docAbstract":"We examined phylogeographic relationships of moose (Alces alces) worldwide to test the proposed existence of two geographic races and to infer the timing and extent of demographic processes underpinning the expansion of this species across the Northern Hemisphere in the late Pleistocene. Sequence variation within the left hypervariable domain of the control region occurred at low or moderate levels worldwide and was structured geographically. Partitioning of genetic variance among regions indicated that isolation by distance was the primary agent for differentiation of moose populations but does not support the existence of distinct eastern and western races. Levels of genetic variation and structure of phylogenetic trees identify Asia as the origin of all extant mitochondrial lineages. A recent coalescence is indicated, with the most recent common ancestor dating to the last ice age. Moose have undergone two episodes of population expansion, likely corresponding to the final interstade of the most recent ice age and the onset of the current interglacial. Timing of expansion for the population in the Yakutia–Manchuria region of eastern Asia indicates that it is one of the oldest populations of moose and may represent the source of founders of extant populations in North America, which were colonized within the last 15,000 years. Our data suggest an extended period of low population size or a severe bottleneck prior to the divergence and expansion of extant lineages and a recent, less-severe bottleneck among European lineages. Climate change during the last ice age, acting through contraction and expansion of moose habitat and the flooding of the Bering land bridge, undoubtedly was a key factor influencing the divergence and expansion of moose populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elselvier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1006/mpev.2001.1058","usgsCitation":"Hundertmark, K.J., Shields, G.F., Udina, I.G., Bowyer, R., Danilkin, A.A., and Schwartz, C.C., 2002, Mitochondrial phylogeography of moose (Alces alces): Late Pleistocene divergence and population expansion: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, v. 22, no. 3, p. 375-387, https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2001.1058.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"387","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, China, Finland, Russia, Sweden, United States","state":"Alaska, 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Terry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Danilkin, Alexei A.","contributorId":150028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danilkin","given":"Alexei","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70161973,"text":"70161973 - 2002 - Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: Interplay between spatial and temporal scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T12:40:06","indexId":"70161973","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: Interplay between spatial and temporal scales","docAbstract":"The paper aims at exploring the viability of the Florida snail kite population under various drought regimes in its wetland habitat. The population dynamics of snail kites are strongly linked with the hydrology of the system due to the dependence of this bird species on one exclusive prey species, the apple snail, which is negatively affected by a drying out of habitat. Based on empirical evidence, it has been hypothesised that the viability of the snail kite population critically depends not only on the time interval between droughts, but also on the spatial extent of these droughts. A system wide drought is likely to result in reduced reproduction and increased mortality, whereas the birds can respond to local droughts by moving to sites where conditions are still favourable. This paper explores the implications of this hypothesis by means of a spatially-explicit individual-based model. The specific aim of the model is to study in a factorial design the dynamics of the kite population in relation to two scale parameters, the temporal interval between droughts and the spatial correlation between droughts. In the model high drought frequencies led to reduced numbers of kites. Also, habitat degradation due to prolonged periods of inundation led to lower predicted numbers of kites. Another main result was that when the spatial correlation between droughts was low, the model showed little variability in the predicted numbers of kites. But when droughts occurred mostly on a system wide level, environmental stochasticity strongly increased the stochasticity in kite numbers and in the worst case the viability of the kite population was seriously threatened.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00512-9","usgsCitation":"Mooij, W.M., Bennetts, R.E., Kitchens, W.M., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: Interplay between spatial and temporal scales: Ecological Modelling, v. 149, no. 1-2, p. 25-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00512-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314135,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"149","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e043e4b039675d005e1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooij, Wolf M.","contributorId":94169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"Wolf","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennetts, Robert E.","contributorId":62508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":588236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31521,"text":"ofr0212 - 2002 - Physical data and biological data for algae, aquatic invertebrates, and fish from selected reaches on the Carson and Truckee rivers, Nevada and California, 1993-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:06","indexId":"ofr0212","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-12","title":"Physical data and biological data for algae, aquatic invertebrates, and fish from selected reaches on the Carson and Truckee rivers, Nevada and California, 1993-97","docAbstract":"This report, a product of the National Water-\r\nQuality Assessment Program, is a compilation of\r\nphysical data and biological data for algae, aquatic\r\ninvertebrates, and fish collected in the Carson and\r\nTruckee River Basins, Nevada and California.\r\nMost of the data were collected between 1993 and\r\n1996 at selected reaches on the Carson and Truckee\r\nRivers. Algae and aquatic invertebrate samples\r\nwere collected from cobble riffles, submerged\r\nwoody-snag habitats, and from depositional areas\r\nsuch as pools. Between 1993 and 1996, fish and\r\ncrayfish were collected from all wadeable habitats\r\nat each of seven basic-fixed sites using either electroshocking\r\nmethods or seining. Additional fish\r\nand crayfish were collected at one site on the Truckee\r\nRiver in 1997. Fish were identified to species,\r\nmeasured for total and standard length, checked\r\nfor anomalies, and weighed at the collection site.\r\nFish were returned to the stream after measurements\r\nwere taken. Measurements of water depth,\r\nstream velocity, determinations of substrate type\r\nand substrate embeddedness were made at each\r\nsampling site. Algae and aquatic invertebrate samples\r\nwere sent to the U.S. Geological Survey\r\nNational Water-Quality Laboratory for identification\r\nand enumeration.\r\nA total of 103 semi-quantitative and 55\r\nqualitative algae samples were collected at 20\r\nriver reaches on the Carson and Truckee Rivers\r\nbetween 1993 and 1996. These samples represent\r\nalgae in cobble riffles, on submerged woody\r\nsnags, and on sediment surfaces in depositional\r\nareas. In those 158 samples, 514 algal species,\r\nvarieties, or forms were identified. Of the 8 algal\r\nphyla represented, the diatoms (Phylum Bacillariophyta)\r\nwere the most abundant with 351 species,\r\nvarieties, or forms. The green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta)\r\nwere next in abundance with 108 species,\r\nvarieties, or forms followed by the blue-green\r\nalgae (Phylum Cyanophyta) with 41 species, varieties,\r\nor forms.\r\nA total of 49 semi-quantitative aquatic\r\ninvertebrate samples were collected at 27 river\r\nreaches on the Carson and Truckee Rivers between\r\n1993 and 1996. These samples represent invertebrates\r\nin cobble riffles and on submerged woody\r\nsnags. In those 49 samples, members of 6 phyla\r\nwere identified. Roundworms were identified only\r\nto phylum (Nematoda) and free-living flatworms\r\nand snails were identified only to class (Turbellaria\r\nand Gastroda). Organisms were identified as\r\nbelonging to 19 invertebrate orders. Most of the\r\ninvertebrates that could be identified to genus or\r\nspecies belonged in the orders Ephemeroptera,\r\nPlecoptera, and Trichoptera of the arthropod class\r\nInsecta.\r\nFish and crayfish populations in the Carson\r\nand Truckee Rivers were sampled 29 times\r\nbetween 1993 and 1997. These collections\r\nresulted in the identification of 18 fish species and\r\none endemic crayfish species. Twelve of the 18\r\nfish species identified are not native to the Carson\r\nand Truckee River Basins.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0212","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, S., and Seiler, R.L., 2002, Physical data and biological data for algae, aquatic invertebrates, and fish from selected reaches on the Carson and Truckee rivers, Nevada and California, 1993-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-12, 216 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0212.","productDescription":" 216 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2712,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-012/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, S.J.","contributorId":67922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170575,"text":"70170575 - 2002 - Effects of acute thermal stress on the survival, predator avoidance, and physiology of juvenile fall Chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T15:50:09","indexId":"70170575","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of acute thermal stress on the survival, predator avoidance, and physiology of juvenile fall Chinook salmon","docAbstract":"We subjected juvenile fall chinook salmon from the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River to acute thermal stressors in the laboratory that were derived from field data. We assessed the effects of thermal stress on: (1) the extent of direct mortality; (2) the vulnerability of fish to predation by smallmouth bass; and (3) some general physiological stress responses and synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70). Thermally-stressed fish showed little direct mortality and no increases in vulnerability to predation. However, these fish showed transient increases in plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and lactate, and a dramatic (25-fold higher than controls) and persistent (lasting 2 wk) increase in levels of liver hsp70. Our results indicate that exposure of Hanford Reach juvenile fall chinook salmon to such stressors did not lead to significant increases in direct mortality or vulnerability to predation, but did alter physiological homeostasis, which should be of concern to those managing this resource. Because our fish received only a single exposure to one of the stressors we examined, we are also concerned about the consequences of exposing fish to multiple, cumulative stressors - a likely scenario for fish in the wild.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M., Weiland, L., and Wagner, P., 2002, Effects of acute thermal stress on the survival, predator avoidance, and physiology of juvenile fall Chinook salmon: Northwest Science, v. 76, no. 2, p. 118-128.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320569,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57209130e4b071321fe65620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weiland, L.K.","contributorId":37493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"L.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagner, P.","contributorId":168932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210152,"text":"70210152 - 2002 - A preliminary study on fine structures of Jiashi earthquake region and earthquake generating fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T13:47:38.898532","indexId":"70210152","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-18T08:37:59","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":635,"text":"Acta Geophysica Sinica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A preliminary study on fine structures of Jiashi earthquake region and earthquake generating fault","docAbstract":"It is very unusual that nine large earthquakes of similar magnitudes (M = 6.1-6.8) occured within a very small area and a very short period of time (1997-1998) in Jiashi of Xinjiang Province, Northwest China. This paper analyzes the observed data of the aftershocks in the Jiashi earthquake region for studying the generating mechanism and deep structural background of the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm. The simultaneous inversion method was used to calculate the hypocenter positions and 3-D velocity structure of this region. The results show that the aftershocks concentrated in a NNE-trending belt, which roughly coincides with the NE-trending belt of the two strong earthquake belts. Velocity structure obtained from 3-D inversion suggests that there exist two low velocity zones, one trending NNE and the other NNW, below the depth of 12 km. These low velocity zones are almost consistent with the two strong earthquake belts. The preliminary results lead to the conclusion that the low velocity zones correspond to two deep crustal faults. At the time of our observation, microearthquakes took place on the NNE-trending fault, while the NNW-trending fault was relatively quiescent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Science Press","usgsCitation":"Li, S., Zhang, X., Mooney, W.D., Lai, X., Michael, A., and Duan, Y., 2002, A preliminary study on fine structures of Jiashi earthquake region and earthquake generating fault: Acta Geophysica Sinica, v. 45, no. 1, p. 76-82.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374886,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[110.33919,18.6784],[109.47521,18.1977],[108.65521,18.50768],[108.62622,19.36789],[109.11906,19.82104],[110.2116,20.10125],[110.78655,20.07753],[111.01005,19.69593],[110.57065,19.25588],[110.33919,18.6784]]],[[[127.65741,49.76027],[129.39782,49.4406],[130.58229,48.72969],[130.98728,47.79013],[132.50667,47.78897],[133.3736,48.18344],[135.02631,48.47823],[134.50081,47.57844],[134.11236,47.21247],[133.76964,46.11693],[133.09713,45.14407],[131.88345,45.32116],[131.02521,44.96795],[131.28856,44.11152],[131.14469,42.92999],[130.63387,42.90301],[130.64002,42.39501],[129.99427,42.98539],[129.59667,42.42498],[128.05222,41.99428],[128.20843,41.46677],[127.34378,41.50315],[126.86908,41.81657],[126.18205,41.10734],[125.07994,40.56982],[124.26562,39.92849],[122.86757,39.63779],[122.13139,39.17045],[121.05455,38.89747],[121.58599,39.36085],[121.37676,39.75026],[122.1686,40.42244],[121.64036,40.94639],[120.76863,40.59339],[119.6396,39.89806],[119.02346,39.25233],[118.04275,39.20427],[117.5327,38.73764],[118.0597,38.06148],[118.87815,37.89733],[118.91164,37.44846],[119.7028,37.15639],[120.82346,37.87043],[121.71126,37.48112],[122.35794,37.45448],[122.51999,36.93061],[121.10416,36.65133],[120.63701,36.11144],[119.66456,35.60979],[119.15121,34.90986],[120.22752,34.36033],[120.62037,33.37672],[121.22901,32.46032],[121.90815,31.69217],[121.89192,30.94935],[121.26426,30.67627],[121.50352,30.14291],[122.09211,29.83252],[121.93843,29.01802],[121.68444,28.22551],[121.12566,28.13567],[120.39547,27.05321],[119.5855,25.74078],[118.65687,24.54739],[117.28161,23.6245],[115.89074,22.78287],[114.76383,22.66807],[114.15255,22.22376],[113.80678,22.54834],[113.24108,22.05137],[111.84359,21.55049],[110.78547,21.39714],[110.44404,20.34103],[109.88986,20.28246],[109.62766,21.00823],[109.86449,21.39505],[108.52281,21.71521],[108.05018,21.55238],[107.04342,21.8119],[106.56727,22.2182],[106.7254,22.79427],[105.81125,22.97689],[105.32921,23.35206],[104.47686,22.81915],[103.50451,22.70376],[102.70699,22.7088],[102.17044,22.46475],[101.65202,22.3182],[101.80312,21.17437],[101.27003,21.20165],[101.18001,21.43657],[101.15003,21.84998],[100.41654,21.55884],[99.98349,21.74294],[99.2409,22.11831],[99.53199,22.94904],[98.89875,23.14272],[98.66026,24.06329],[97.60472,23.8974],[97.72461,25.08364],[98.67184,25.9187],[98.71209,26.74354],[98.68269,27.50881],[98.24623,27.74722],[97.91199,28.33595],[97.32711,28.26158],[96.24883,28.41103],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.11768,29.4528],[95.4048,29.03172],[94.56599,29.27744],[93.41335,28.64063],[92.50312,27.89688],[91.69666,27.77174],[91.25885,28.04061],[90.73051,28.06495],[90.01583,28.29644],[89.47581,28.04276],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.12044,27.87654],[86.95452,27.97426],[85.82332,28.20358],[85.01164,28.64277],[84.23458,28.83989],[83.89899,29.32023],[83.33712,29.46373],[82.32751,30.11527],[81.5258,30.42272],[81.11126,30.18348],[79.72137,30.88271],[78.73889,31.51591],[78.45845,32.61816],[79.17613,32.48378],[79.20889,32.99439],[78.81109,33.5062],[78.91227,34.32194],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.19285,35.8984],[75.8969,36.66681],[75.15803,37.13303],[74.98,37.41999],[74.82999,37.99001],[74.86482,38.37885],[74.25751,38.60651],[73.92885,38.50582],[73.67538,39.43124],[73.96001,39.66001],[73.82224,39.89397],[74.77686,40.36643],[75.46783,40.56207],[76.52637,40.42795],[76.90448,41.06649],[78.1872,41.18532],[78.54366,41.58224],[80.11943,42.12394],[80.25999,42.35],[80.18015,42.92007],[80.86621,43.18036],[79.96611,44.91752],[81.94707,45.31703],[82.45893,45.53965],[83.18048,47.33003],[85.16429,47.00096],[85.72048,47.45297],[85.76823,48.45575],[86.59878,48.54918],[87.35997,49.21498],[87.75126,49.2972],[88.01383,48.59946],[88.8543,48.06908],[90.28083,47.69355],[90.97081,46.88815],[90.58577,45.71972],[90.94554,45.28607],[92.13389,45.11508],[93.48073,44.97547],[94.68893,44.35233],[95.30688,44.24133],[95.76245,43.31945],[96.3494,42.72564],[97.45176,42.74889],[99.51582,42.52469],[100.84587,42.6638],[101.83304,42.51487],[103.31228,41.90747],[104.52228,41.90835],[104.96499,41.59741],[106.12932,42.13433],[107.74477,42.48152],[109.2436,42.51945],[110.4121,42.87123],[111.12968,43.40683],[111.82959,43.74312],[111.66774,44.07318],[111.34838,44.45744],[111.87331,45.10208],[112.43606,45.01165],[113.46391,44.80889],[114.46033,45.33982],[115.9851,45.72724],[116.71787,46.3882],[117.4217,46.67273],[118.87433,46.80541],[119.66327,46.69268],[119.77282,47.04806],[118.86657,47.74706],[118.06414,48.06673],[117.29551,47.69771],[116.30895,47.85341],[115.74284,47.72654],[115.48528,48.13538],[116.1918,49.1346],[116.6788,49.88853],[117.87924,49.51098],[119.28846,50.14288],[119.27937,50.58291],[120.18205,51.64357],[120.73819,51.96412],[1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S.-L.","contributorId":224740,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"S.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, X.","contributorId":30193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lai, X.-L.","contributorId":224741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lai","given":"X.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duan, Y.-H.","contributorId":224742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duan","given":"Y.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70182138,"text":"70182138 - 2002 - Assessing five national priorities in water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T14:54:03","indexId":"70182138","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3720,"text":"Water Resources Impact","printIssn":"1522-3175","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing five national priorities in water resources","docAbstract":"In 2001, the National Water-QualityAssessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began its second decade of studies. A total of 42 study units (major river basins and aquifers across the nation) will be reassessed in three groups of 14 on a rotating schedule. Each group of study units will be studied intensively for three years, followed by six years of low-intensity assessment. One of the primary goals in the second decade is to improve understanding of the key processes that control water-quality conditions in order to establish the links among the sources of contaminants, their transport through the hydrologic system, and the effects of contaminants and physical alterations on stream biota and ecosystems and on the quality of drinking water. An improved understanding of these links will provide the basis for predicting water-quality conditions in unmonitored areas and for predicting the likely effects of contemplated changes in land- and water-management practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"ProQuest","issn":"1522-3175 ","usgsCitation":"Wilber, W., and Couch, C.A., 2002, Assessing five national priorities in water resources: Water Resources Impact, v. 4, no. 4, p. 17-21.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335775,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c83de4b025c4642862ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilber, William","contributorId":48439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Couch, C. A.","contributorId":36972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Couch","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207674,"text":"70207674 - 2002 - Correlation of late Cenozoic basaltic lava flows in the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers in west-central Colorado based on geochemical, isotopic, age, and petrographic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:20:54.066867","indexId":"70207674","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-03T11:46:20","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of late Cenozoic basaltic lava flows in the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers in west-central Colorado based on geochemical, isotopic, age, and petrographic data","docAbstract":"Major-, minor-, and trace-element abundance data on 220, late Cenozoic, basaltic rocks in and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers in west-central Colorado are combined with isotopic, age, and petrographic data to correlate lava flows and establish the timing and minimum areal extent of collapse events associated with removal of Pennsylvanian evaporite. On the basis of these data, 46 distinct compositional groups of volcanic rocks were identified. The rocks within each group, which are represented by at least two samples, have compositions and ages that are indistinguishable from each other and are either (1) undifferentiated samples from the same eruption and possibly from outcrops of the same flow, (2) differentiated from the same magma batch erupted at different times or (3) related to each other by very small differences in the degree of partial melting. The areal extent of chemically correlated and dated volcanic flows in the region was established and these results were used to recognize and understand many of the collapse events as described in companion papers in this volume.
Compositional data are also used to infer the petrogenetic processes that generated the parental magmas. Subtle but significant differences among rocks that are broadly similar in geochemical and isotopic composition and were erupted over a small time interval (<0.5 m.y.) suggests that the mantle source region of these magmas is quite heterogeneous. Over the past 11 m.y., the lavas became less mafic and more enriched in incompatible trace elements. This heterogeneity is attributed to variable contributions of subducted material in the lithosphere during the melting processes. To account for its isotopic features, the source material must be at least mid-Proterozoic in age. A melt contribution from underlying asthenospheric mantle can not be ruled out but none of the volcanic rocks have clear characteristics of oceanic-island basalts or mid-oceanic-ridge basalts. The trace-element compositions of rocks that were sampled from multiple stacked flows are indistinguishable from one another.This suggests that lower and/or upper crustal assimilation had a minor effect on their overall chemistry. However, Pb isotopic data suggest that crustal contamination of at least some samples did occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.167","usgsCitation":"Budahn, J.R., Unruh, D.M., Kunk, M.J., Byers, F.M., Kirkham, R., and Streufert, R.K., 2002, Correlation of late Cenozoic basaltic lava flows in the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers in west-central Colorado based on geochemical, isotopic, age, and petrographic data: GSA Special Papers, v. 366, p. 167-196, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.167.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"196","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.55203247070312,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -106.72943115234375,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -106.72943115234375,\n 39.75365697136308\n ],\n [\n -107.55203247070312,\n 39.75365697136308\n ],\n [\n -107.55203247070312,\n 39.11301365149975\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, D. M.","contributorId":117170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byers, Frank M. Jr.","contributorId":35397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byers","given":"Frank","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirkham, R. M.","contributorId":16915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkham","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Streufert, R. K.","contributorId":81516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streufert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70200412,"text":"70200412 - 2002 - Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T16:29:24","indexId":"70200412","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T16:29:17","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 2000","docAbstract":"Delta smelt abundance in San Francisco Estuary has been declining since 1983. The exposure of delta smelt to toxic pesticides during larval and juvenile life stages may be one possible factor of this decline (Bennett and Moyle 1996; Moyle and others 1996). Although pesticides have been detected in the Delta (MacCoy and others 1995; Kuivila and others 1999), minimal data on pesticide concentrations and the duration of occurrence in delta smelt habitat are documented. A three-year study (1998– 2000) was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to quantify the exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides. Moon and others (2000) reported on the exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 1998 and 1999, and this article follows up on Moon’s work and reports the results from late spring and summer of 2000.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Estuary","usgsCitation":"Kuivila, K., and Moon, G.E., 2002, Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 2000: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 15, no. 2, p. 42-45.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"42","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":358450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/wq_control_plans/2006wqcp/exhibits/append2/doi/doi-48h.pdf"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f1a8e4b034bf6a805f0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn 0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":190790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moon, G. Edward","contributorId":173325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074371,"text":"70074371 - 2002 - Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone--what's next?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T10:48:15","indexId":"70074371","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T13:12:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone--what's next?","docAbstract":"A decision support system for the management of the Rocky Mountain Population of Trumpeter Swans (Cygnus buccinators) is being developed. As part of this, three expert systems are also in development: one for assessing the quality of Trumpeter Swan breeding habitat; one for making water level recommendations in montane, palustrine wetlands; and one for assessing the contribution a particular site can make towards meeting objectives from as flyway perspective. The focus of this paper is the development of the breeding habitat expert system, which currently consists of 157 rules. Out purpose is to provide decision support for issues that appear to be beyond the capability of a single persons to conceptualize and solve. We propose that by involving multiple experts in the development and use of the systems, management will be significantly improved. The knowledge base for the expert system has been developed using standard knowledge engineering techniques with a small team of ecological experts. Knowledge was then coded using production rules organized in decision trees using a commercial expert system development shell. The final system has been deployed on the world wide web.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Sojda, R.S., Cornely, J.E., and Howe, A.E., 2002, Development of an expert system for assessing trumpeter swan breeding habitat in the Northern Rocky Mountains.: Waterbirds, v. 25, no. 1, p. 313-318.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311476,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522368?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.92822265625,\n 41.244772343082104\n ],\n [\n -113.92822265625,\n 45.42158812329091\n ],\n [\n -108.7646484375,\n 45.42158812329091\n ],\n [\n -108.7646484375,\n 41.244772343082104\n ],\n [\n -113.92822265625,\n 41.244772343082104\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf48e4b0112df6c62e03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sojda, Richard S. sojda@usgs.gov","contributorId":1663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sojda","given":"Richard","email":"sojda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cornely, John E.","contributorId":10863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornely","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howe, Adele E.","contributorId":149954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howe","given":"Adele","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1002950,"text":"1002950 - 2002 - Habitat and movement of lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:32:38.87049","indexId":"1002950","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat and movement of lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system, USA","docAbstract":"Lake sturgeon Acipenser fluvescens, which are now protected from harvest, are considered rare in the upper Mississippi River and little information is available on the remaining populations. Transmitters were implanted into 31 lake sturgeon from two sites in the upper Mississippi River to describe their habitats and movement. The areas surrounding the tagging sites were core areas for both groups of lake sturgeon based on the high use (about 50% of locations by group) and frequent return to these areas by many of the tagged fish. Core areas contained sites with unique hydraulic characteristics, such that depositional substrates were common yet flow was present; these areas probably provide important feeding habitat for lake sturgeon. Minimal geographical overlap in range occurred between groups, suggesting that river reaches and associated core areas were unique to groups or substocks of fish. Lake sturgeon exhibited complex movement behaviors and had ranges of 3-198 km (median, 56 km) during the study. Tagged fish moved both downstream and upstream through upper Mississippi River navigation dams. However, dams appeared to be intermittent barriers to upstream passage because upstream passage events (10 fish, 19 passages) were fewer than downstream events (13 fish, 35 passages). Extensive use of the Wisconsin River by one group of lake sturgeon tagged in the upper Mississippi River has implications regarding management of a threatened population that transcends regulatory boundaries. Our study indicates that lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system share many movement and habitat use characteristics with populations in other systems. However, significant data gaps preclude development of cogent management strategies, including information on population numbers and dynamics, identification of spawning areas, relations between groups, and assessment of the effects of commercial navigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0507:HAMOLS%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Knights, B.C., Vallazza, J.M., Zigler, S.J., and Dewey, M.R., 2002, Habitat and movement of lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system, USA: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 3, p. 507-522, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0507:HAMOLS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"lower Wisconsin River, upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -90.054931640625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -90.054931640625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"131","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae29c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knights, Brent C. 0000-0001-8526-8468 bknights@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-8468","contributorId":2906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knights","given":"Brent","email":"bknights@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallazza, Jonathon M.","contributorId":23098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallazza","given":"Jonathon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zigler, Steven J. 0000-0002-4153-0652 szigler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-0652","contributorId":2410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zigler","given":"Steven","email":"szigler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dewey, Michael R.","contributorId":9994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025122,"text":"70025122 - 2002 - Solving Wakulla Springs underwater mysteries. Using GPS to map Florida's underground caverns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025122","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1918,"text":"Hydro International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solving Wakulla Springs underwater mysteries. Using GPS to map Florida's underground caverns","docAbstract":"Located in the Woodville Karst Plain stretching south from Tallahassee to the Gulf of Mexico, Florida's Wakulla Springs is one of the largest and deepest freshwater Springs in the world. It is also a gateway into one of the longest underwater cave system in the United States, a system that remained largely unexplored until recently. Soon, however, thanks to one of the world's most extreme scientific and exploration-related diving projects ever undertaken, visitors to Wakulla Springs State Park will be able to take a virtual tour through the Spring's huge underwater labyrinth. Using such cutting-edge technology as a 3D Digital Wall Mapper (DWM) and the Global Positioning System (GPS), the Wakulla 2 Expedition - with 151 volunteer cave divers, scientists and engineers from all over the world - created the world's first three-dimensional digital map of an underwater cave. Underwater caves are priceless treasures, helping supply fresh water to the region as well as acting as 'time capsules' to the past. Home to creatures found in few other places, areas such as Wakulla face threats of pollution and over-development. Wakulla 2 hopes their 3D interactive 'swim through' will help increase the understanding and preservation of these important areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydro International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"13854569","usgsCitation":"Am, E.B., 2002, Solving Wakulla Springs underwater mysteries. Using GPS to map Florida's underground caverns: Hydro International, v. 6, no. 6, p. 56-59.","startPage":"56","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b925fe4b08c986b319e9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Am, Ende B.","contributorId":6643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Am","given":"Ende","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025075,"text":"70025075 - 2002 - Environmental contaminants in prey and tissues of the peregrine falcon in the Big Bend Region, Texas, USA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T15:40:31.395016","indexId":"70025075","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contaminants in prey and tissues of the peregrine falcon in the Big Bend Region, Texas, USA.","docAbstract":"Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) have been recorded nesting in Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA and other areas of the Chihuahuan Desert since the early 1900s. From 1993 to 1996, peregrine falcon productivity rates were very low and coincided with periods of low rainfall. However, low productivity also was suspected to be caused by environmental contaminants. To evaluate potential impacts of contaminants on peregrine falcon populations, likely avian and bat prey species were collected during 1994 and 1997 breeding seasons in selected regions of western Texas, primarily in Big Bend National Park. Tissues of three peregrine falcons found injured or dead and feathers of one live fledgling also were analyzed. Overall, mean concentrations of DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], a metabolite of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], were low in all prey species except for northern rough-winged swallows (Stelgidopteryx serripennis, mean = 5.1 microg/g ww). Concentrations of mercury and selenium were elevated in some species, up to 2.5 microg/g dw, and 15 microg/g dw, respectively, which upon consumption could seriously affect reproduction of top predators. DDE levels near 5 microg/g ww were detected in carcass of one peregrine falcon found dead but the cause of death was unknown. Mercury, selenium, and DDE to some extent, may be contributing to low reproductive rates of peregrine falcons in the Big Bend region.
","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00207-X","usgsCitation":"Mora, M., Skiles, R., McKinney, B., Paredes, M., Buckler, D., Papoulias, D., and Klein, D., 2002, Environmental contaminants in prey and tissues of the peregrine falcon in the Big Bend Region, Texas, USA.: Environmental Pollution, v. 116, no. 1, p. 169-176, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00207-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"176","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.6505126953125,\n 28.950475674848008\n ],\n [\n -102.8045654296875,\n 28.950475674848008\n ],\n [\n -102.8045654296875,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -103.6505126953125,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -103.6505126953125,\n 28.950475674848008\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09b2e4b0c8380cd52012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mora, M.","contributorId":51513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skiles, R.","contributorId":51075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skiles","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKinney, B.","contributorId":57639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinney","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paredes, M.","contributorId":33503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paredes","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buckler, D.","contributorId":33900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Papoulias, D. 0000-0002-5106-2469","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":33886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klein, D.","contributorId":36933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025066,"text":"70025066 - 2002 - Interactions of an insecticide with competition and pond drying in amphibian communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T16:38:45.19935","indexId":"70025066","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of an insecticide with competition and pond drying in amphibian communities","docAbstract":"Amphibian populations are often imbedded in agricultural landscapes. Therefore the potential for contamination of their habitat is considerable. Our study examined the effects of an insecticide (carbaryl, a neurotoxin), on larval amphibian communities experiencing natural stresses of competition for resources, predation, and pond drying. In a set of experimental ponds, tadpoles of three anuran species (southern leopard frog [Rana sphenocephala], plains leopard frog [R. blairi], and the Woodhouse's toad [Bufo woodhousii]) were added to 1000-L ponds containing leaf litter, plankton, two newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), and four overwintered green frog (R. clamitans) tadpoles. We manipulated the overall tadpole density (low or high), pond hydroperiod (constant or drying), and chemical exposure (0, 3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 mg/L carbaryl) of the ponds. We measured mass, time, and survival to metamorphosis to determine treatment effects. Carbaryl positively affected Woodhouse's toad survival, although it had a negligible effect on both leopard frog species. Tadpole density interacted with the chemical treatment: Proportionately more Woodhouse's toads survived to metamorphosis in high-density environments than in low-density or control environments. Greater survival may be an indirect effect of increased algal food resources from carbaryl exposure. Most newts lost mass over the course of the experiment, although ponds with drying hydroperiods and high anuran density were the least favorable environments. Overwintered green frogs exposed to carbaryl had longer larval periods on average than did green frogs in control ponds. Our study demonstrated that even sublethal, short-lived contaminants can alter natural communities in ways that cannot be predicted from simple, one-factor studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3061155","usgsCitation":"Boone, M., and Semlitsch, R.D., 2002, Interactions of an insecticide with competition and pond drying in amphibian communities: Ecological Applications, v. 12, no. 1, p. 307-316, https://doi.org/10.2307/3061155.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Boone County","city":"Columbia","otherGeospatial":"University of Missouri-Columbia Research Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.34832763671875,\n 38.93003656944158\n ],\n [\n -92.32086181640625,\n 38.93003656944158\n ],\n [\n -92.32086181640625,\n 38.94285503599089\n ],\n [\n -92.34832763671875,\n 38.94285503599089\n ],\n [\n -92.34832763671875,\n 38.93003656944158\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc9e4b0c8380cd63040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boone, M.D.","contributorId":31157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Semlitsch, R. D.","contributorId":22522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semlitsch","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}