{"pageNumber":"285","pageRowStart":"7100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10961,"records":[{"id":70206433,"text":"70206433 - 1997 - Relation of the lower Pennsylvanian unconformity to a mid-carboniferous eustatic event in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-11T16:08:26.858009","indexId":"70206433","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T17:02:35","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of the lower Pennsylvanian unconformity to a mid-carboniferous eustatic event in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"

Two contrasting concepts specifying the age and duration of the hiatus resulting from a mid-Carboniferous eustatic event in the eastern United States are based on different evidence. The original model indicated that the hiatus is at an unconformity in cratonic areas that was assumed to coincide with the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary at the contact between the Mississippian Bluestone Formation and the Pennsylvanian Pocahontas Formation in the Appalachian foreland basin. This concept was adhered to exclusively until 1969 and continues to reappear in reports dealing with global correlations and division of the Carboniferous into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Systems. This division is at a major eustatic event that supposedly occurred at about 330 Ma in scattered parts of the world, including the Appalachian basin. An alternative concept, fully supported by geologic mapping and biostratigraphic studies, indicates that the unconformity and associated hiatus are much younger because they originate in the Appalachian foreland basin in the lower part (upper Namurian) of the Lower Pennsylvanian New River Formation, about 260 m above the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary. The duration of this hiatus increases in a northwesterly direction onto the cratonic shelf because the unconformity progressively truncated the underlying Lower Pennsylvanian and Upper Mississippian successions. The westward onlap of Pennsylvanian strata onto the eroded surface resulted in a hiatus from the Early Mississippian (Tournaisian) to the Middle Pennsylvanian (Westphalian B). The systemic boundary, which is in a depositional continuous sequence of strata in the Appalachian foreland basin, was correlated biostratigraphically by Pfefferkorn and Gillespie in 1982 with Gothan's \"Florensprung\" (floral break) described in 1913 at the Namurian A-B boundary in the Upper Silesian basin. An intra-Namurian erosive event was noted also in the Upper Silesian basin by Havlena, who reported in 1982 that an intra-Namurian erosive contact occurs well above the Florensprung. The origin of the Florensprung in depositional continuous strata has been attributed to tectonism, environment, or climate. However, spherules found in depositional continuous strata near the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in the Appalachian basin indicate that the effect of an asteroid impact may be the underlying cause for the biodiversity noted at the systemic boundary.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","usgsCitation":"Englund, K.J., and Thomas, R.E., 1997, Relation of the lower Pennsylvanian unconformity to a mid-carboniferous eustatic event in the eastern United States: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, no. 157 Part 3, p. 170-172.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"170","endPage":"172","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania, 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\"}}]}","issue":"157 Part 3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Englund, K. J.","contributorId":96684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Englund","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, R. E.","contributorId":104489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70100323,"text":"70100323 - 1997 - New K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages of plutonism, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T17:10:27.075582","indexId":"70100323","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T16:11:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3409,"text":"Society of Economic Geologists guidebook series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"New K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages of plutonism, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah","title":"New K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages of plutonism, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"

Twenty-one new K-Ar and 10 new 40Ar/39Ar ages are reported for igneous and hydrothermal minerals from intrusive rocks of the Wasatch igneous belt in the central Wasatch Mountains. Interpretation of our new data combined with previously published K-Ar ages and with new 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb ages reported by Vogel et al. (1997) suggests that the Clayton Peak stock was emplaced at about 36 to 35 Ma, the Alta stock at about 35 to 33 Ma, and the Little Cottonwood stock at about 31 to 30 Ma. Biotite K-Ar ages progressively increase from west to east in the Little Cottonwood stock, which is consistent with more rapid cooling of the eastern part of the stock and with other evidence suggesting about 15 degrees of eastward tilting of the central Wasatch Mountains following emplacement of the Wasatch igneous belt. Most porphyry stocks in the Park City mining district were emplaced at about 41 to 40 Ma; the Ontario stock was emplaced at about 36 Ma. Vein deposits in the Park City mining district formed at about 36 to 33 Ma. The Park Premier stock was emplaced in several pulses between about 35 to 32 Ma. Alteration related to porphyry copper mineralization in the Park Premier stock formed at 33.5 Ma and advanced argillic alteration and gold mineralization formed at 31.4 Ma. Molybdenum mineralization in the eastern part of the Little Cottonwood stock formed between 26 to 23.5 Ma.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/GB.29.04","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., Turrin, B.D., and Miller, R.J., 1997, New K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages of plutonism, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah: Society of Economic Geologists guidebook series, v. 29, p. 47-57, https://doi.org/10.5382/GB.29.04.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":285161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Wasatch Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.2083,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,39.3641 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535594bae4b0120853e8c0a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. J.","contributorId":9225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70100314,"text":"70100314 - 1997 - Geologic setting and characteristic of mineral deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T17:06:01.02468","indexId":"70100314","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T15:36:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3409,"text":"Society of Economic Geologists guidebook series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting and characteristic of mineral deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"

Base- and precious-metal deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains southeast of Salt Lake City were mined for more than 100 years beginning in 1868. Deposits present in the Park City, Little Cottonwood, and Big Cottonwood mining districts include Ag-Pb-Zn ± Cu ± Au replacements and veins, a low-grade porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Cu-bearing skarns, a quartz monzonite-type (low F) porphyry Mo deposit, and high sulfidation (quartz-alunite) Au deposits. Most production came from polymetallic replacement and vein deposits in the Park City mining district, which has a recorded production of more than 1.4 million oz Au, 253 million oz Ag, 2.7 billion lbs Pb, 1.5 billion lbs Zn, and 129 million lbs Cu from 1872 to 1978. Production in the Little and Big Cottonwood districts, mostly from Pb-Ag replacement deposits, was much smaller.

Most mineral deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains are genetically related to the Wasatch igneous belt, a series of high-K calc-alkaline stocks and cogenetic volcanic rocks that formed about 41(?) to 30 Ma. The mineral deposits mostly formed near the end of magmatic activity between about 36 to 31.4 Ma. A subeconomic porphyry Mo deposit in the Little Cottonwood stock is notably younger having formed about 26 to 23.5 Ma. The intrusive rocks were emplaced mostly along the westward extension of the west-trending Uinta arch during a period of NW-SE-directed extension, and much of the mineralization in the Park City district was controlled by ENE-striking normal faults. About 15 degrees of eastward tilting of the central Wasatch Mountains during Late Cenozoic Basin and Range extension has resulted in progressively deeper levels of exposure from <1 km on the east to about 11 km on the west and in profound variations in the types of mineral deposits exposed in different parts of the range. Most deposits formed at paleodepths ≤5 km, and the most productive deposits in the Park City district formed at depths of 1 to 2 km. The porphyry Mo deposit in the Little Cottonwood stock formed at greater depths of about 6 km.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/GB.29.02","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., 1997, Geologic setting and characteristic of mineral deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah: Society of Economic Geologists guidebook series, v. 29, p. 11-33, https://doi.org/10.5382/GB.29.02.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Wasatch Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.2083,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,39.3641 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355946de4b0120853e8bfca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70100313,"text":"70100313 - 1997 - Day one road log: Mid-Tertiary igneous rocks and mineral deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T13:23:02.210432","indexId":"70100313","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T15:23:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3409,"text":"Society of Economic Geologists guidebook series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Day one road log: Mid-Tertiary igneous rocks and mineral deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"

Today's field trip examines late Eocene and Oligocene granitoid intrusions, cogenetic volcanic rocks (Keetley Volcanics), and associated hydrothermally altered and mineralized rocks in the central Wasatch Mountains. Because of late Cenozoic tilting related to Basin and Range extension, a continuum of mid-Tertiary paleodepths is exposed that ranges from about 11 km on the west side of the Little Cottonwood stock to the actual paleosurface on the east side of the range (Fig. 1; John, 1989a). Consequently, we will see a wide variety of textures and styles of emplacement in the intrusive rocks, and a correspondingly wide variety of hydrothermal alteration types and mineral deposits (Lawton et al., 1980; John, 1989a).

Mid-Tertiary igneous rocks in the central Wasatch Mountains consist of three phaneritic stocks exposed in the western and central parts of the range (Little Cottonwood, Alta, and Clayton Peak stocks); six porphyry to fine-grained phaneritic stocks exposed in the middle and eastern parts of the range, primarily in the Park City mining district (Flagstaff, Glencoe, Mayflower, Ontario, Pine Creek, and Valeo stocks); a subvolcanic porphyry complex (Park Premier stock) exposed near the Park Premier mine which is now partly covered by water filling the Jordanelle Reservoir; and coeval volcanic rocks (Keetley Volcanics), subvolcanic intrusions, and a volcanic neck (Indian Hollow plug) are exposed on the east side of the range (Figs. 2 and 3). The intrusive rocks range from coarse-grained, coarsely porphyritic on the west to fine-grained, porphyroaphanitic on the east (John, 1989a). They form a high-K, calc-alkaline series (Vogel

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/GB.29.05","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., 1997, Day one road log: Mid-Tertiary igneous rocks and mineral deposits in the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah: Society of Economic Geologists guidebook series, v. 29, p. 59-67, https://doi.org/10.5382/GB.29.05.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285158,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Wasatch Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.2083,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,39.3641 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559001e4b0120853e8bead","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231434,"text":"70231434 - 1997 - Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231434,"text":"70231434 - 1997 - Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","indexId":"70231434","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:18:53.238498","indexId":"70231434","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T11:08:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","docAbstract":"

During much of the late Quaternary, Owens Lake overflowed into one or more of four successively lower-elevation basins. Most of the water came from the high, eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and changes in the volumes of that water reflect a dominant climatic cycle of ~100 k.y.

Variations in the inflow to, and outflow from, Owens Lake since ca. 800 ka left biological, chemical, mineralogical, and geophysical evidence in the sediments of those changes. Biological evidence includes fossil ostracodes, diatoms, fish, and mollusks (and δ18O data from their shells) which indicate fresh or brackish lake water on the basis of their modern habitats. Fossil pollens indicate ~20 regional vegetation cycles during the same period. Chemical evidence of high inflow and, commonly, outflow volumes is provided by the low inorganic- and organic-C content of some sediments, reflecting short lake-water residence times; long residence times produced higher and more variable quantities of these components. Mineralogical variations in illite/smectite ratios indicate changes in weathering processes and glacial comminution. High magnetic susceptibility correlates with other criteria that indicate high runoff.

Between 810 ka and 645 ka, Owens Lake was fresh, several meters deep, and depositing silt with a few beds of sand; it supported a flora and fauna now found in fresh, sometimes very cool, waters. (Note that most geologic ages describing the OL-92 chronology have been rounded to the nearest 5 or 10 ka.) A shallow-but-freshwater lake may have been the result of accelerated sedimentation during an earlier (>800 ka) glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, choking the basin with sediment nearly to its spillway level. Between 645 ka and 450 ka, the lake was probably even shallower, depositing beds of coarse to fine sand, but overflowing periodically allowing its water to remain fresh. Between 450 ka and 5 ka, Owens Lake was mostly deep, alternating between spilling and being closed part of the time. It deposited silt and clay on its floor, yet underwent detectable variations in salinity caused by climate changes; this part of the record is the most easily interpreted and constitutes the main basis for comparing this paleoclimatic record with other long records. From 5 ka to A.D. 1913, when the Owens River was diverted into an aqueduct, Owens Lake was shallow (~2 m to ~15 m), moderately saline (~5% to <15% salts), and depositing oolites. After 1913, the lake desiccated.

Comparison of the Owens Lake water-depth record with that of Searles Lake, two-basins downstream during much of late Pleistocene time, shows that they underwent similar responses to climate, but sedimentation changes documenting those responses commenced thousands of years apart, apparently because changes in precipitation volumes occurred gradually. Owens Lake, at the base of high mountains, was the first to reflect increasing amounts of regional precipitation; Searles, in a more arid environment, was the first to reflect decreasing amounts of precipitation.

Devils Hole, 150 km east of Owens Lake, has a well dated isotopic-temperature record that resembles the Owens Lake-depth record. Marine records of Pleistocene glacial fluctuations, which measure high-latitude ice-sheet volumes and thus both precipitation and temperature at those latitudes, also resemble the Owens Lake history. There are, however, differences between the ages of the maxima and minima of climatic events as reconstructed from the Owens Lake core and similar-appearing inflections in the other two records; the differences range from 0 to 33 k.y. and average ~15 k.y.

The question arises whether the differences between those ages are results of errors in the time-scale used for the Owens Lake record, or were there significant differences in the times when atmospheric climate change began to affect its different elements. The three records compared here are measurements of different elements and combinations of elements in two latitude belts: the deep-sea marine records measure combinations of temperature and precipitation that determined global ice volumes (at mostly high latitudes), the Devils Hole record measures atmospheric temperatures (in its mid-latitude region), and the Owens Lake record measures effective precipitation (in the same mid-latitude region).

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.143","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., Bischoff, J.L., and Bradbury, J.P., 1997, Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92, chap. of An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.143.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -117.81463623046875,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -117.81463623046875,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.27085020723902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":57096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70231432,"text":"70231432 - 1997 - An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231432,"text":"70231432 - 1997 - An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses","indexId":"70231432","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:19:14.09398","indexId":"70231432","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T10:54:14","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses","docAbstract":"

A long sequence of fossil palynomorph assemblages from a 323-m-long core taken at Owens Lake has enabled us to evaluate the gross vegetational trends for the Owens Valley region of California over the past ~800,000 years. Shifts in vegetation composition and abundance in the study area during the Pleistocene were indicated in core sediments by marked fluctuations in the pollen frequencies of pines, junipers, and, to a lesser extent, of big sagebrush, composites, and chenopods/amaranths. The modern vegetation distribution and modern pollen rain on the eastern flank of the Sierra Nevada indicate that maximal abundances of these taxa generally characterize higher elevation subalpine and montane coniferous forests, lower elevation coniferous woodland, steppe, and desert scrub environments. Pollen frequencies in the upper part of core OL-92 corroborate vegetational trends documented previously from late Wisconsin and Holocene Neotoma middens in the Great Basin. These trends and evidence from this study suggest that woodland taxa expanded their range down the slope of the eastern flank of the Sierra Nevada and were established in (and immediately adjacent to) Owens Valley during moderated climates of the late Wisconsin, apparently in response to decreases in temperature and increases in precipitation, but retreated upslope toward their present position starting as long ago as ca. 20 ka.

More importantly, pollen evidence from core OL-92 documents that the southern Sierra Nevada has experienced nine major cool-to-warm vegetation shifts (in addition to the late Wisconsin-early Holocene warming) during the time interval spanning the middle Pleistocene to early Holocene (Brunhes Normal Polarity Chron). We believe that at least six consecutive cool-to-warm shifts (the most recent ones) represent transitions from full-glacial to full-interglacial conditions on the basis of the magnitude of vegetation change in this portion of the pollen record. These marked changes in the frequency curves of dominant palynomorph taxa enabled us to identify boundaries that define 19 (?20) pollen zones in OL-92. The excursions of the pollen frequency curves within and across zone boundaries approximate the nature, duration, and timing of the middle and late Pleistocene climatic trends documented by geochemical (δ18O) evidence from OL-92 and from Devils Hole (DH-11) in the Amargosa Desert of Nevada.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.127","usgsCitation":"Litwin, R.J., Adam, D., Frederiksen, N.O., and Woolfenden, W.B., 1997, An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses, chap. of An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 127-142, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.127.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -117.81463623046875,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -117.81463623046875,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.27085020723902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litwin, Ronald J. 0000-0002-8661-1296 rlitwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-1296","contributorId":2478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"Ronald","email":"rlitwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adam, D.P.","contributorId":14815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frederiksen, N. O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woolfenden, W. B.","contributorId":291588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70246538,"text":"70246538 - 1997 - The Spruce Head composite pluton: An example of mafic to silicic Salinian magmatism in coastal Maine, northern Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T15:12:49.155674","indexId":"70246538","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T10:03:14","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The Spruce Head composite pluton: An example of mafic to silicic Salinian magmatism in coastal Maine, northern Appalachians","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The nature of magmatism in the Appalachian orogen","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-1191-6.19","usgsCitation":"Ayuso, R.A., and Arth, J.G., 1997, The Spruce Head composite pluton: An example of mafic to silicic Salinian magmatism in coastal Maine, northern Appalachians, chap. of The nature of magmatism in the Appalachian orogen, v. 191, p. 19-43, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-1191-6.19.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.25,\n 44.15038497014487\n ],\n [\n -69.25,\n 43.95\n ],\n [\n -68.86352791534901,\n 43.95\n ],\n [\n -68.86352791534901,\n 44.15038497014487\n ],\n [\n -69.25,\n 44.15038497014487\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"191","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70231421,"text":"70231421 - 1997 - Stratigraphy, lithologies, and sedimentary structures of Owens Lake core OL-92","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231421,"text":"70231421 - 1997 - Stratigraphy, lithologies, and sedimentary structures of Owens Lake core OL-92","indexId":"70231421","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Stratigraphy, lithologies, and sedimentary structures of Owens Lake core OL-92"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:21:42.663616","indexId":"70231421","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T09:32:33","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Stratigraphy, lithologies, and sedimentary structures of Owens Lake core OL-92","docAbstract":"

Owens Lake, a now-dry lake in southeastern California immediately east of the southern Sierra Nevada, was the site of a coring project designed to obtain a long paleoclimatic record. During the ensuing study, lacustrine deposits were recovered by the 323 m long core designated “OL-92.” The presence of the Bishop ash (ca. 760 ka) and the Matuyama-Brunhes paleomagnetic reversal (ca. 780 ka) near the base of core OL-92 shows that this core represents about 800 k.y. of deposition in Owens Lake.

The sediments are dominantly lacustrine clay, silt, and fine sand, although some intervals contain as much as 40 wt % CaCO3. The lowest ~57 m of recovered sediments is mostly silt or clay, but several sand beds are present; the overlying ~60 m of sediment is similar, but its sand content is more dispersed. Together, these two units are composed of ~70 wt % silt and clay and ~30 wt % sand, suggesting deposition in lakes that fluctuated between moderately deep and shallow. Overlying them is ~201 m of sediments that were mostly deposited in deep water; they consist predominantly of silt and clay but include two thin, coarse-sand beds. An oolite bed forms the upper ~4 m of natural deposits, and an anthropogenic salt bed, >2 m thick, forms much of the present surface. In addition to the Bishop ash, several much thinner tephra layers are also present.

About 70% of the clastic-sediment units are massive, some clearly because of bioturbation; other units display a thin bedding defined by changes in color or grain size. Rhythmic bedding, observed in numerous segments <1 m thick, seems to represent cyclical events ~100 yr long. Thin color bands caused by the chemical alteration of sediments on each side of hairline fractures create irregular subvertical veins. Clastic dikes, as much as ~2 cm wide and ~75 cm long, characterize some zones. Bioturbation structures, sand pods, ice-rafted(?) granules, small faults, minor discontinuities, and possible turbidity-current structures are also present.

Lithologic variations, in combination with other evidence, indicate that from ca. 810–645 ka, Owens was most commonly a moderately deep fresh-water lake; from ca. 645–450 ka, it was more commonly a shallow—but still fresh-water—lake; from ca. 450–5 ka, it was almost continuously a deep, mostly fresh-water lake; and after ca. 5 ka, it was a shallow, moderately saline lake. Other variations in the sediments and their contents, however, indicate additional cycles of average lake-overflow volumes that are not reflected by sediment-size changes.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.9","usgsCitation":"Smith, G.I., 1997, Stratigraphy, lithologies, and sedimentary structures of Owens Lake core OL-92, chap. of An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 9-23, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400392,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.18817138671875,\n 36.2354121683998\n ],\n [\n -117.79266357421874,\n 36.2354121683998\n ],\n [\n -117.79266357421874,\n 36.62875385775956\n ],\n [\n -118.18817138671875,\n 36.62875385775956\n ],\n [\n -118.18817138671875,\n 36.2354121683998\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":92637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":842561,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842562,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":92637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":842560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50032,"text":"ofr97814 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16, (NEWBTH00500016) on Town Highway 50, crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T11:34:04","indexId":"ofr97814","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-814","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16, (NEWBTH00500016) on Town Highway 50, crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nNEWBTH00500016 on Town Highway 50 crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nin east-central Vermont. The 23.4-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is shrub and brushland.\nIn the study area, Halls Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately \n0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 53 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The \nchannel bed material ranges from silt to gravel with a median grain size (D50) of 40.4 mm \n(0.133 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nAugust 29, 1995, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. The channel bed and banks \nare composed of fine material and show signs of erosion. There is also evidence of beaver \nactivity in the area.\nThe Town Highway 50 crossing of Halls Brook is a 44-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting \nof one 38-foot prestressed concrete slab span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, March 27, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge \nface is 35.2 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, stone masonry abutments. The channel is \nskewed approximately 40 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-toroadway is 5 degrees. \nA channel scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed just upstream \nof the bridge behind the remains of a beaver dam during the Level I assessment. An \nadditional channel scour hole 4.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed in the \ndownstream reach. The scour countermeasures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less \nthan 12 inches diameter) along the left abutment and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches \ndiameter) along the right abutment and left bank upstream and downstream. Along the \ndownstream right bank is type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) and along the \nupstream right bank is type-4 stone fill (less than 60 inches diameter). Additional details \ndescribing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D \nand E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge was analyzed since it has the potential of being the worst-case scour scenario. \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.6 to 4.6 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. The left \nabutment scour ranged from 11.6 to 12.1 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at \nthe incipient road-overtopping discharge. The right abutment scour ranged from 13.6 to \n17.9 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin Tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in Figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 46). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97814","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Degnan, J.R., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16, (NEWBTH00500016) on Town Highway 50, crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-814, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97814.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97814.PNG"},{"id":279652,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0814/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Newbury","otherGeospatial":"Halls Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.207802,44.029626 ], [ -72.207802,44.192053 ], [ -72.030133,44.192053 ], [ -72.030133,44.029626 ], [ -72.207802,44.029626 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8251","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, James R. 0000-0002-5665-9010 jrdegnan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-9010","contributorId":498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","email":"jrdegnan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1004020,"text":"1004020 - 1997 - Description and epizootiology of Babesia poelea n. sp. in brown boobies (Sula leucogaster (Boddaert)) on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T14:23:35","indexId":"1004020","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Description and epizootiology of Babesia poelea n. sp. in brown boobies (Sula leucogaster (Boddaert)) on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific","docAbstract":"

We describe a new species of piroplasm from brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, central Pacific. Mean parasitemia in adults and chicks was less than 1%, with the parasitemia in chicks significantly greater than in adults. There was no significant relation between the age of chicks and the degree of parasitemia. Parasitized red cells and red cell nuclei were significantly smaller than those of unparasitized cells, and infected birds appeared clinically normal. Prevalence of the parasite in chicks (54%) was significantly greater than in adults (13%), and the geographic distribution of parasitized chicks was skewed toward the eastern end of Sand Island. On the basis of morphologic characteristics, we named it Babesia poelea. The specific name is a concatenation of the Hawaiian names for dark (po'ele) and booby ('a). This is the second documentation of an endemic avian hemoparasite in seabirds from the central Pacific.

","language":"English","publisher":"The American Society of Parasitologists","doi":"10.2307/3284253","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., and Rameyer, R., 1997, Description and epizootiology of Babesia poelea n. sp. in brown boobies (Sula leucogaster (Boddaert)) on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific: Journal of Parasitology, v. 83, no. 4, p. 734-738, https://doi.org/10.2307/3284253.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"734","endPage":"738","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3284253","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":135712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Johnston Atoll","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -169.56058502197266,\n 16.71052058261123\n ],\n [\n -169.5568084716797,\n 16.730742195167586\n ],\n [\n -169.55294609069824,\n 16.738632974391997\n ],\n [\n -169.54092979431152,\n 16.752769803087457\n ],\n [\n -169.52960014343262,\n 16.765261940653513\n ],\n [\n -169.51483726501465,\n 16.770850262916724\n ],\n [\n -169.50608253479004,\n 16.77446614862232\n ],\n [\n -169.50204849243164,\n 16.777588903650855\n ],\n [\n -169.4965553283691,\n 16.779807672095146\n ],\n [\n -169.49252128601074,\n 16.780711607367206\n ],\n [\n -169.48960304260254,\n 16.781615538338865\n ],\n [\n -169.48505401611328,\n 16.78120466115759\n ],\n [\n -169.48076248168942,\n 16.77627406568194\n ],\n [\n -169.47861671447754,\n 16.769617558888797\n ],\n [\n -169.4747543334961,\n 16.76460448017899\n ],\n [\n -169.47338104248047,\n 16.755399794941262\n ],\n [\n -169.47509765625,\n 16.74833160943288\n ],\n [\n -169.49174880981445,\n 16.736002750956754\n ],\n [\n -169.50316429138184,\n 16.721453671888803\n ],\n [\n -169.50531005859375,\n 16.714877452674305\n ],\n [\n -169.5183563232422,\n 16.70928748811859\n ],\n [\n -169.53286170959473,\n 16.709616314095587\n ],\n [\n -169.54633712768555,\n 16.70994513950609\n ],\n [\n -169.56058502197266,\n 16.71052058261123\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rameyer, Robert 0000-0002-2145-1746 bob_rameyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-1746","contributorId":150128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rameyer","given":"Robert","email":"bob_rameyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019380,"text":"70019380 - 1997 - Bimodal magmatism, basaltic volcanic styles, tectonics, and geomorphic processes of the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T01:18:44.890424","indexId":"70019380","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bimodal magmatism, basaltic volcanic styles, tectonics, and geomorphic processes of the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"Geology presented in this field guide covers a wide spectrum of internal and surficial processes of the eastern Snake River Plain, one of the largest components of the combined late Cenozoic igneous provinces of the western United States. Focus is on widespread Quaternary basaltic plains volcanism that produced coalescent shields and complex eruptive centers that yielded compositionally evolved magmas. The guide is constructed in several parts beginning with discussion sections that provide an overview of the geology followed by road directions, with explanations, for specific locations. The geology overview briefly summarizes the collective knowledge gained, and petrologic implications made, over the past few decades. The field guide covers plains volcanism, lava flow emplacement, basaltic shield growth, phreatomagmatic eruptions, and complex and evolved eruptive centers. Locations and explanations are also provided for the hydrogeology, groundwater contamination, and environmental issues such as range fires and cataclysmic floods associated with the region.","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Hughes, S., Smith, R., Hackett, W.R., McCurry, M., Anderson, S.R., and Ferdock, G., 1997, Bimodal magmatism, basaltic volcanic styles, tectonics, and geomorphic processes of the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 42, no. 1, p. 423-458.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"458","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226743,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f133e4b0c8380cd4aabb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, S.S.","contributorId":30381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R.P.","contributorId":105283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hackett, W. R.","contributorId":9666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackett","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCurry, M.","contributorId":88097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCurry","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, S. R.","contributorId":93518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ferdock, G.C.","contributorId":99710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferdock","given":"G.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020149,"text":"70020149 - 1997 - Mapping the radon potential of the united states: Examples from the Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:17","indexId":"70020149","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mapping the radon potential of the united states: Examples from the Appalachians","docAbstract":"The geologic radon potential of the United States was recently assessed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Results indicate that approximately 33% of the U.S. population lives within geologic provinces where the average indoor radon levels have the potential to be greater than 4 pCi/L (147 Bq/m3). Rock types most commonly associated with high indoor radon include: 1) Uraniferous metamorphosed sediments, volcanics, and granite intrusives, especially those that are highly deformed or sheared. 2) Glacial deposits derived from uranium-bearing rocks and sediments. 3) Carboniferous, black shales. 4) Soils derived from carbonate rock, especially in karstic terrain. 5) Uraniferous fluvial, deltaic, marine, and lacustrine deposits. Different geologic terrains of the eastern United States illustrate some of the problems inherent in correlating indoor radon with geology. The Central and Southern Appalachian Highlands of the eastern United States have not been glaciated and most soils there are saprolitic, derived directly from the underlying bedrock. Regression analyses of bedrock geologic and radon parameters yield positive correlations (R > 0.5 to 0.9) and indicate that bedrock geology can account for a significant portion of the indoor radon variation. In glaciated areas of the United States such as the northern Appalachian Highlands and Appalachian Plateau, the correlation of bedrock geology to indoor radon is obscured or is positive only in certain cases. In these glaciated areas of the country, it is the type, composition, thickness, and permeability of glacial deposits, rather than the bedrock geology, that controls the radon source.","largerWorkTitle":"Environment International","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 6th International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment, NRE","conferenceDate":"5 June 1995 through 9 June 1995","conferenceLocation":"Montreal, Can","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00190-0","issn":"01604120","usgsCitation":"Gundersen, L., and Schumann, R., 1997, Mapping the radon potential of the united states: Examples from the Appalachians, in Environment International, v. 22, no. SUPPL. 1, Montreal, Can, 5 June 1995 through 9 June 1995, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00190-0.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499892,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/b023d5d046414367ac5c9cfedddfb12a","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00190-0"},{"id":228159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5086e4b0c8380cd6b742","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hopke P.K.","contributorId":128435,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Hopke P.K.","id":536460,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gundersen, L.C.S.","contributorId":24501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gundersen","given":"L.C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schumann, R.R.","contributorId":14429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019939,"text":"70019939 - 1997 - 14C ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcán Galeras, Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:06:27","indexId":"70019939","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"14C ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcán Galeras, Colombia","docAbstract":"

Volcán Galeras is the southernmost Colombian volcano with well-recorded historic activity. The volcano is part of a large and complex volcanic center upon which 400,000 people live. Historic activity has centered on a small-volume cone inside the youngest of several large amphitheaters that breach the west flank of the volcano, away from the city of Pasto (population 300,000). Lava flows (SiO2 between 54.6 and 64.7 wt.%) have dominated activity for more than 1 Ma, but explosive events have also occurred. Joint studies by volcanologists from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and the United States produced 24 new14C ages and more than 100 stratigraphic sections to interpret the past 50 ka of activity at Galeras, including sector collapse events. The youngest collapse event truncated 12.8 ka lava flows and may have occurred as recently as 8 to 10 ka. Tephra-fall material rapidly thins and becomes finer away from the vent area. The only widespread marker in the < 10 ka section is a biotite-bearing tephra deposited between 4.1 and 4.5 ka from a source south of Galeras. It separates cryoturbated from largely undisturbed layers on Galeras, and thus dates a stratigraphic horizon which is useful in the interpretation of other volcanoes and geotectonics in the equatorial Andes. Pyroclastic flows during the past 50 ka have been small to moderate in volume, but they have left numerous thin deposits on the north and east flanks where lava flows have been impeded by crater and amphitheater walls. Many of the pyroclastic-flow deposits are lithic rich, with fines and clasts so strongly altered by hydrothermal action before eruption that they, as well as the sector collapse deposits, resemble waste dumps of leached cappings from disseminated sulfide deposits more than volcanogenic deposits. This evidence of a long-lived hydrothermal system indicates susceptibility to mass failure and explosive events higher than expected for a volcano built largely by lava flows and modest Vulcanian eruptions. Photographs, written accounts, and our study document historic north and east flank pyroclastic flows as far as 10 km from the summit; however, none have left recognizable deposits in Pasto for more than 40 ka.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00085-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Banks, N., Calvache, V., and Williams, S., 1997, 14C ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcán Galeras, Colombia: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 77, no. 1-4, p. 39-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00085-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555c5eade4b0a92fa7eacbed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, N.G.","contributorId":60635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvache, V.M.L.","contributorId":28391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvache","given":"V.M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, S.N.","contributorId":15761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019597,"text":"70019597 - 1997 - Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:30:50","indexId":"70019597","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota","docAbstract":"

Boron-isotope (δ11B) values may be useful as surrogate tracers of contaminants and indicators of water mixing in agricultural settings. This paper characterizes the B contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure and selected fertilizers, and presents δ11B data for ground and surface water from two agricultural areas. Boron concentrations in dry hog manure averaged 61 mg/kg and in commercial fertilizers ranged from below detection limits in some brands of ammonium nitrate and urea to 382 mg/kg in magnesium sulfate. Values of δ11B of untreated hog manure ranged from 7.2 to 11.2o/oo and of N fertilizers were −2.0 to 0.7o/oo. In 22 groundwater samples from a sand-plain aquifer in east-central Minnesota, B concentrations averaged 0.04 mg/L and δ11B values ranged from 2.3 to 41.5o/oo. Groundwater beneath a hog feedlot and a cultivated field where hog manure was applied had B-isotope compositions consistent with the water containing hog-manure leachate. In a 775-km2 watershed with silty-loam soils in southcentral Minnesota: 18 samples of subsurface drainage from corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) fields had average B concentrations of 0.06 mg/L and δ11B values of 5.3 to 15.1o/oo; 27 stream samples had average B concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and δ11B values of 1.0 to 19.0o/oo; and eight groundwater samples had average B concentrations of 0.09 mg/L and δ11B values of −0.3 to 23.0o/oo. Values of δ11B and B concentrations, when plotted against one another, define a curved mixing trend that suggests subsurface drainage and stream water contain mixtures of B from shallow and deep groundwater.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., 1997, Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1212-1222, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1212","endPage":"1222","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f220e4b0c8380cd4b008","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019108,"text":"70019108 - 1997 - Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:17:11","indexId":"70019108","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"

Massachusetts Bay is a shallow (35 m average depth) semienclosed embayment, roughly 100 ?? 50 km, which opens into the Gulf of Maine at its eastern boundary. Surface waves associated with winter storm winds from the northeast cause large sediment resuspension events, and wave and circulation fields during these events have a quasi-steady response to the wind stress. Coupled wave, circulation, and boundary layer models indicate that wave-enhanced bottom friction has a significant damping effect on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay. The simulated response exhibits significant three-dimensional structure, but still can be fundamentally understood using idealized models. The depth-integrated momentum balance is dominated by along-bay stress, pressure gradient, and bottom stress. The effective bottom drag coefficient during typical storm conditions is increased by a factor of 2-5 when wave effects are included, but the mean bottom stress is relatively unaffected by wave effects due to a reduction in bottom currents by 30-50%. The vertical mixing is also relatively unaffected by the waves, and the result is that the increased drag causes a nearly depth-independent offset of the vertical current profiles. The alongshore transport in the bay is reduced 10-50%, depending on wind direction. 

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1997)123:5(233)","issn":"0733950X","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., and List, J.H., 1997, Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 123, no. 5, p. 233-239, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1997)123:5(233).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"239","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod Bay, Massachussetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 42.98857645832184\n ],\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 42.98857645832184\n ],\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 41.40153558289846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a062ee4b0c8380cd51133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019885,"text":"70019885 - 1997 - Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-16T16:38:47.86717","indexId":"70019885","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"

Evolutionary theory predicts that some aquatic organisms may adapt by directional selection to limiting physical environmental conditions, yet empirical data are conflicting. We sought to test the assumption that sculpins (family Cottidae) inhabiting thermally stable springs of the southeastern United States differ in temperature tolerance and metabolism from populations inhabiting more thermally labile stream habitats. Spring populations of pygmy sculpins (Cottus pygmaeus) and Ozark sculpins (C. hypselurus) differed interspecifically in thermal tolerance from populations of stream-dwelling mottled (C. bairdi) and Tallapoosa sculpins (C. tallapoosae), and both stream and spring populations of banded sculpins (C. carolinae). No intra- or interspecific differences in thermal tolerance were found among populations of C. bairdi, C. talla poosae, or C. carolinae. Cottus pygmaeus acclimated to 15°C differed intraspecifically in routine metabolism from fish acclimated to 20° and 25°C. Cottus pygmaeus and stream-dwelling C. bairdi and C. carolinae acclimated to temperatures of 20° and 25°C showed no interspecific differences in routine metabolism. Our results suggest that some spring-adapted populations or species may be more stenothermal than stream-dwelling congeners, but a greater understanding of the interactions of other physical and biological factors is required to better explain micro- and macro habitat distributions of eastern North American sculpins.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00148.x","usgsCitation":"Walsh, S., Haney, D.C., and Timmerman, C.M., 1997, Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 6, no. 2, p. 84-94, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00148.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227732,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc16ae4b08c986b32a56e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, S. J. 0000-0002-1009-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":62171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haney, D. C.","contributorId":97854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timmerman, C. M.","contributorId":98898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timmerman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019830,"text":"70019830 - 1997 - Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T18:01:16.054629","indexId":"70019830","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","docAbstract":"

Jonah field, located in the northwestern Green River basin, Wyoming, produces gas from overpressured fluvial channel sandstones of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation. Reservoirs exist in isolated and amalgamated channel facies 10-100 ft (3-30 m) thick and 150-4000 ft (45-1210 m) wide, deposited by meandering and braided streams. Compositional and paleocurrent studies indicate these streams flowed eastward and had their source area in highlands associated with the Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt to the west. Productive sandstones at Jonah have been divided into five pay intervals, only one of which (Jonah interval) displays continuity across most of the field. Porosities in clean, productive sandstones range from 8 to 12%, with core permeabilities of .01-0.9 md (millidarcys) and in-situ permeabilities as low as 3-20 µd (microdarcys), as determined by pressure buildup analyses. Structurally, the field is bounded by faults that have partly controlled the level of overpressuring. This level is 2500 ft (758 m) higher at Jonah field than in surrounding parts of the basin, extending to the top part of the Lance Formation. The field was discovered in 1975, but only in the 1990s did the area become fully commercial, due to improvements in fracture stimulation techniques. Recent advances in this area have further increased recoverable reserves and serve as a potential example for future development of tight gas sands elsewhere in the Rocky Mountain region.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Montgomery, S.L., and Robinson, J.W., 1997, Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1049-1062, https://doi.org/10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1049","endPage":"1062","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Sublette County","otherGeospatial":"Jonah field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.90916441832,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -110.90916441832,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -110.90916441832,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a400ce4b0c8380cd64a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montgomery, Scott L.","contributorId":43513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, J. W.","contributorId":54179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019603,"text":"70019603 - 1997 - Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T13:58:38.369193","indexId":"70019603","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis","docAbstract":"

Seismic reflection data show that the densely populated Puget Lowland of western Washington state is underlain by subhorizontal Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks deformed by west and northwest trending faults and folds. From south to north beneath the Lowland, features seen on the seismic data include: the horizontally-stratified, 3.5 km thick Tacoma sedimentary basin; the Seattle uplift with south dipping (∼20°) strata on its south flank and steeply (50° to 90°) north dipping strata and the west-trending Seattle fault on its north flank; the 7.5 km thick, northward-thinning Seattle sedimentary basin; the antiformal Kingston arch; and the northwest trending, transpressional Southern Whidbey Island fault zone (SWIF). Interpreting the uplifts as fault-bend and fault-propagation folds leads to the hypothesis that the Puget Lowland lies on a north directed thrust sheet. The base of the thrust sheet may lie at 14 to 20 km depth within or at the base of a thick block of basaltic Crescent Formation; its edges may be right-lateral strike-slip faults along the base of the Cascade Range on the east and the Olympic Mountains on the west. Our model suggests that the Seattle fault has a long-term slip rate of about 0.25 mm/year and is large enough to generate a M7.6 to 7.7 earthquake.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01830","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Johnson, S., Potter, C., Stephenson, W., and Finn, C.A., 1997, Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. 12, p. 27469-27489, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01830.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"27469","endPage":"27489","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01830","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.84781116719083,\n 47.049693329536154\n ],\n [\n -122.90931142816876,\n 47.06715055915913\n ],\n [\n -122.4736840822838,\n 47.070641309975855\n ],\n [\n -122.4890591650796,\n 47.24836650386561\n ],\n [\n -122.31480822672559,\n 47.304000933946384\n ],\n [\n -122.1251822055755,\n 47.44976305755432\n ],\n [\n -122.05343181919429,\n 47.640032865783496\n ],\n [\n -122.17643248156187,\n 47.81928935027662\n ],\n [\n -122.09955706758228,\n 48.04934515630055\n ],\n [\n -122.23793281274567,\n 48.117820205388455\n ],\n [\n -122.31480822672559,\n 48.30224764776912\n ],\n [\n -122.43780888909318,\n 48.42823125030364\n ],\n [\n -122.26868297833758,\n 48.492804453068544\n ],\n [\n -122.26868297833758,\n 48.74351742913896\n ],\n [\n -122.71456044962613,\n 49.006435257715\n ],\n [\n -123.32956376146412,\n 49.00307325804769\n ],\n [\n -123.84206652132899,\n 48.972805046528606\n ],\n [\n -123.79081624534261,\n 48.932418827094494\n ],\n [\n -123.64219044498181,\n 48.86503579993828\n ],\n [\n -123.46281447902882,\n 48.62509211277495\n ],\n [\n -123.3808140374505,\n 48.49620072239327\n ],\n [\n -123.314188678668,\n 48.42823120526424\n ],\n [\n -122.95031171916392,\n 48.110976756979255\n ],\n [\n -123.01181205034771,\n 47.715947400372244\n ],\n [\n -123.1604378507085,\n 47.48094533433269\n ],\n [\n -123.2014380714978,\n 47.331796169067644\n ],\n [\n -123.18093796110331,\n 47.112512442204405\n ],\n [\n -122.97081182955841,\n 47.03223043047478\n ],\n [\n -122.84781116719083,\n 47.049693329536154\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b41e4b08c986b3176dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, S.","contributorId":70323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, C.","contributorId":58332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephenson, W.","contributorId":37910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184263,"text":"70184263 - 1997 - Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T13:10:02","indexId":"70184263","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter","docAbstract":"

The Mesozoic accretionary wedge of south-central Alaska is cut by an array of faults including dextral and sinistral strike-slip faults, synthetic and antithetic thrust faults, and synthetic and antithetic normal faults. The three fault sets are characterized by quartz ± calcite ± chlorite ± prehnite slickensides, and are all relatively late, i.e. all truncate ductile fabrics of the host rocks. Cross-cutting relationships suggest that the thrust fault sets predate the late normal and strike-slip fault sets. Together, the normal and strike-slip fault system exhibits orthorhombic symmetry. Thrust faulting shortened the wedge subhorizontally perpendicular to strike, and then normal and strike-slip faulting extended the wedge oblique to orogenic strike. Strongly curved slickenlines on some faults of each set reveal that displacement directions changed over time. On dip-slip faults (thrust and normal), slickenlines tend to become steeper with younger increments of slip, whereas on strike-slip faults, slickenlines become shallower with younger strain increments. These patterns may result from progressive exhumation of the accretionary wedge while the faults were active, with the curvature of the slickenlines tracking the change from a non-Andersonian stress field at depth to a more Andersonian system (σ1 or σ2 nearly vertical) at shallower crustal levels.

We interpret this complex fault array as a progressive deformation that is one response to Paleocene-Eocene subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center beneath the accretionary complex because: (1) on the Kenai Peninsula, ENE-striking dextral faults of this array exhibit mutually cross-cutting relationships with Paleocene-Eocene dikes related to ridge subduction; and (2) mineralized strike-slip and normal faults of the orthorhombic system have yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages identical to near-trench intrusives related to ridge subduction. Both features are diachronous along-strike, having formed at circa 65 Ma in the west and 50 Ma in the east. Exhumation of deeper levels of the southern Alaska accretionary wedge and formation of this late fault array is interpreted as a critical taper adjustment to subduction of progressively younger oceanic lithosphere yielding a shallower basal de´collement dip as the Kula-Farallon ridge approached the accretionary prism. The late structures also record different kinematic regimes associated with subduction of different oceanic plates, before and after ridge subduction. Prior to triple junction passage, subduction of the Farallon plate occurred at nearly right angles to the trench axis, whereas after triple junction migration, subduction of the Kula plate involved a significant component of dextral transpression and northward translation of the Chugach terrane. The changes in kinematics are apparent in the sequence of late structures from: (1) thrusting; (2) near-trench plutonism associated with normal + strike-slip faulting; (3) very late gouge-filled dextral faults.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00084-3","usgsCitation":"Kusky, T.M., 1997, Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 139-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00084-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(96)00084-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 54\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 54\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 54\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kusky, Timothy M.","contributorId":11664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusky","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180932,"text":"70180932 - 1997 - Field guide to the Mesozoic accretionary complex along Turnagain Arm and Kachemak Bay, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T21:45:07.626151","indexId":"70180932","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Field guide to the Mesozoic accretionary complex along Turnagain Arm and Kachemak Bay, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"

Turnagain Arm, just east of Anchorage, provides a readily accessible, world-class cross section through a Mesozoic accretionary wedge. Nearly continuous exposures along the Seward Highway, the Alaska Railroad, and the shoreline of Turnagain Arm display the two main constituent units of the Chugach terrane: the McHugh Complex and Valdez Group. In this paper we describe seven bedrock geology stops along Turnagain Arm, and two others in the Chugach Mountains just to the north (Stops 1-7 and 9), which will be visited as part of the May, 1997 field trip of the Alaska Geological Society. Outcrops along Turnagain Arm have already been described in two excellent guidebook articles (Clark, 1981; Winkler and others 1984), both of which remain as useful and valid today as when first published. Since the early 1980's, studies along Turnagain Arm have addressed radiolarian ages of chert and conodont ages of limestone in the McHugh Complex (Nelson and others, 1986, 1987); geochemistry of basalt in the McHugh Complex (Nelson and Blome, 1991); post-accretion brittle faulting (Bradley and Kusky, 1990; Kusky and others, 1997); and the age and tectonic setting of gold mineralization (Haeussler and others, 1995). Highlights of these newer findings will described both in the text below, and in the stop descriptions.

Superb exposures along the southeastern shore of Kachemak Bay show several other features of the McHugh Complex that are either absent or less convincing along Turnagain Arm. While none of these outcrops can be reached via the main road network, they are still reasonably accessible - all are within an hour by motorboat from Homer, seas permitting. Here, we describe seven outcrops along the shore of Kachemak Bay that we studied between 1989 and 1993 during geologic mapping of the Seldovia 1:250,000- scale quadrangle. These outcrops (Stops 61-67) will not be part of the 1997 itinerary, but are included here tor the benefit of those who may wish to visit them later.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"1997 Guide to the geology of the Kenai Peninsula. Alaska","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D., Kusky, T.M., Karl, S.M., and Haeussler, P.J., 1997, Field guide to the Mesozoic accretionary complex along Turnagain Arm and Kachemak Bay, south-central Alaska, chap. of 1997 Guide to the geology of the Kenai Peninsula. Alaska, p. 2-12.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335027,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/alaska/data/024/024001/2_akgs0240002.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katchemak Bay, Turnagain Arm","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.37219851463183,\n 61.232593249587865\n ],\n [\n -150.37219851463183,\n 60.82088381337712\n ],\n [\n -148.96611137210698,\n 60.82088381337712\n ],\n [\n -148.96611137210698,\n 61.232593249587865\n ],\n [\n -150.37219851463183,\n 61.232593249587865\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.85226137382838,\n 59.83620683066252\n ],\n [\n -152.00806641177434,\n 59.83620683066252\n ],\n [\n -152.00806641177434,\n 59.36890471025441\n ],\n [\n -150.85226137382838,\n 59.36890471025441\n ],\n [\n -150.85226137382838,\n 59.83620683066252\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c4fe4b0efcedb74110a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kusky, Timothy M.","contributorId":11664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusky","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019133,"text":"70019133 - 1997 - Mid-crustal flow during Tertiary extension in the Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:20:23.274226","indexId":"70019133","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-crustal flow during Tertiary extension in the Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada","docAbstract":"

Structural analysis and geochronologic data indicate a nearly orthogonal, late Eocene–Oligocene flow pattern in migmatitic infrastructure immediately beneath the kilometer-thick, extensional, mylonitic shear zone of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex, Nevada. New U-Pb radiometric dating indicates that the development of a northward-trending lineation in the infrastructure is partly coeval with the development of a pervasive, west-northwest–trending lineation in the mylonitic shear zone. U-Pb monazite data from the leucogranite orthogneiss of Thorpe Creek indicate a crystallization age of ca. 36–39 Ma. Zircon fractions from a biotite monzogranite dike yield an age of ca. 29 Ma. The three dated samples from these units exhibit a penetrative, approximately north-south–trending elongation lineation. This lineation is commonly defined by oriented bundles of sillimanite and/or elongated aggregates of quartz and feldspar, indicating a synmetamorphic and syndeformational origin. The elongation lineation can be interpreted as a slip line in the flow plane of the migmatitic, nonmylonitic infrastructural core of the northern Ruby Mountains. A portion of this midcrustal flow is coeval with the well-documented, west-northwest sense of slip in the structurally overlying kilometer-thick, mid-Tertiary mylonitic shear zone. Lineations in the mylonitic zone are orthogonal to those in the deeper infrastructure, suggesting fundamental plastic decoupling between structural levels in this core complex. Furthermore, the infrastructure is characterized by overlapping, oppositely verging fold nappes, which are rooted to the east and west. One of the nappes may be synkinematic with the intrusion of the late Eocene orthogneiss of Thorpe Creek. In addition, the penetrative, elongation lineation in the infrastructure is subparallel to hinge lines of parasitic folds developed synchronous with the fold nappes, suggesting a kinematically related evolution.

","largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1576:MCFDTE>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"MacCready, T., Snoke, A., Wright, J., and Howard, K.A., 1997, Mid-crustal flow during Tertiary extension in the Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 12, p. 1576-1594, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1576:MCFDTE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1576","endPage":"1594","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.23496714325941,\n 42.09950870543412\n ],\n [\n -117.23496714325941,\n 38.06675719583029\n ],\n [\n -111.0826233932597,\n 38.06675719583029\n ],\n [\n -111.0826233932597,\n 42.09950870543412\n ],\n [\n -117.23496714325941,\n 42.09950870543412\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56c4e4b0c8380cd6d7f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacCready, T.","contributorId":69418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCready","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snoke, A.W.","contributorId":14899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snoke","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, J.E.","contributorId":52575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187045,"text":"70187045 - 1997 - NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T15:45:11.968532","indexId":"70187045","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes","title":"NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes","docAbstract":"

The distributions of C3 and C4 grasses were used to interpret the distribution, seasonal performance, and potential production of grasslands in the Great Plains of North America. Thirteen major grassland seasonal land cover classes were studied with data from three distinct sources. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor were collected for each pixel over a 5-yr period (1989–1993), analyzed for quantitative attributes and seasonal relationships, and then aggregated by land cover class. Data from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database were used to identify dominant plant species contributing to the potential production in each map unit. These species were identified as C3 or C4, and contributions to production were aggregated to provide estimates of the percentage of C3 and C4 production for each intersection of the STATSGO map units and the seasonal land cover classes. Carbon isotope values were obtained at specific sites from the soil organic matter of the upper horizon of soil cores and were related to STATSGO estimates of potential production.

The grassland classes were distributed with broad northwest-to-southeast orientations. Some classes had large variations in C3 and C4 composition with high proportions of C4species in the south and low proportions in the north. This diversity of photosynthetic types within land cover classes that cross regions of different temperature and precipitation results in similar seasonal patterns and magnitudes of NDVI. The easternmost class, 65, containing tallgrass prairie components, bluestem, Indiangrass, and switchgrass, possessed the highest maximum NDVI and time-integrated NDVI values each year. Grassland classes varied over 5 yr from a high integrated NDVI mean of 4.9 in class 65 in the east to a low of 1.2 in class 76 (sand sage, blue grama, wheatgrass, and buffalograss) in the southwest. Although environmental conditions varied widely during the 5 yr, the rankings of class performance were consistent across years for these NDVI metrics. Land cover classes were less consistent in time of onset, which was often earlier in areas in the north dominated by C3 grasses than in areas to the south dominated by C4grasses. At the level of seasonal land cover classes, no significant relationship was found between the proportions of C3 and C4 species and estimates of potential production derived from the STATSGO database or inferred from the seasonal patterns of NDVI. The isotopic data from specific sites and the potential production data from STATSGO suggest similar patterns of high proportional production by C4 species throughout the south and a decline in proportional production north of the central Great Plains. The land cover classes integrate ecosystem units that encompass a wide diversity of species and C3 and C4 proportions and provide a classification that consistently captures significant ecosystem parameters for the Great Plains.

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(Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeJong, Benjamin D. bdejong@usgs.gov","contributorId":2506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeJong","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdejong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":692163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70187939,"text":"70187939 - 1997 - Hazard assessment of inorganics, individually and in mixtures, to two endangered fish in the San Juan River, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:16:06","indexId":"70187939","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1570,"text":"Environmental Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard assessment of inorganics, individually and in mixtures, to two endangered fish in the San Juan River, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

Acute toxicity tests were conducted for 96 h with larval Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius) and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) in a reconstituted water quality simulating the San Juan River near Shiprock, New Mexico, to determine biological effect concentrations. Tests were conducted with arsenate, copper, selenate, selenite, zinc, and five mixtures of seven to nine inorganics simulating environmental mixtures reported for sites along the San Juan River (Ojo Amarillo Canyon, Gallegos Canyon, Hogback East Drain, Mancos River, and McElmo Creek). Razorback suckers were significantly more sensitive to arsenate, selenate, selenite, Hogback East Drain mixture, and Ojo Amarillo Canyon mixture than were Colorado squawfish. For both species, the Gallegos Canyon mixture had synergistic toxicity, the Mancos River and McElmo Creek mixtures had additive toxicity, and the Ojo Amarillo Canyon mixture had antagonistic toxicity. The Hogback East Drain mixture had additive toxicity to Colorado squawfish, but synergistic toxicity to razorback suckers. The major toxic component in the five mixtures was copper. Comparison of biological effect concentrations (i.e., 96-h LC50) with environmental water concentrations from the San Juan River resulted in a ratio of <100, which revealed a high potential hazard for copper and all five environmental mixtures. The high hazard ratios suggest inorganic contaminants could adversely affect larval Colorado squawfish and razorback suckers in the San Juan River at sites receiving elevated inorganics such as from nonpoint discharges and irrigation return flows.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1997)12:3<195::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-3","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S., and Buhl, K.J., 1997, Hazard assessment of inorganics, individually and in mixtures, to two endangered fish in the San Juan River, New Mexico: Environmental Toxicology, v. 12, no. 3, p. 195-209, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1997)12:3<195::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"209","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan River","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bcfe4b0b7ff9fb489bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001134,"text":"1001134 - 1997 - Changes in breeding bird populations in North Dakota: 1967 to 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T11:30:33","indexId":"1001134","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in breeding bird populations in North Dakota: 1967 to 1992-93","docAbstract":"

We compared breeding bird populations in North Dakota using surveys conducted in 1967 and 1992-93. In decreasing order, the five most frequently occurring species were Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), and Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). The five most abundant species - Horned Lark, Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus), Red-winged Blackbird, Western Meadowlark, and Brown-headed Cowbird - accounted for 31-41% of the estimated statewide breeding bird population in the three years. Although species composition remained relatively similar among years, between-year patterns in abundance and frequency varied considerably among species. Data from this survey and the North American Breeding Bird Survey indicated that species exhibiting significant declines were primarily grassland- and wetland-breeding birds, whereas species exhibiting significant increases primarily were those associated with human structures and woody vegetation. Population declines and increases for species with similar habitat associations paralleled breeding habitat changes, providing evidence that factors on the breeding grounds are having a detectable effect on breeding birds in the northern Great Plains.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089067","usgsCitation":"Igl, L., and Johnson, D.H., 1997, Changes in breeding bird populations in North Dakota: 1967 to 1992-93: The Auk, v. 114, no. 1, p. 74-92, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089067.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"74","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Igl, L.D. 0000-0003-0530-7266","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":13568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020015,"text":"70020015 - 1997 - Rapid extension in an Eocene volcanic arc: Structure and paleogeography of an intra-arc half graben in central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T12:12:47.128266","indexId":"70020015","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid extension in an Eocene volcanic arc: Structure and paleogeography of an intra-arc half graben in central Idaho","docAbstract":"A study of extension, volcanism, and sedimentation in the middle Eocene Panther Creek half graben in central Idaho shows that it formed rapidly during an episode of voluminous volcanism. The east-southeast-tilted Panther Creek half graben developed across the northeast edge of the largest cauldron complex of the Challis volcanic field and along the northeast-trending Trans-Challis fault zone. Two normal fault systems bound the east side of the half graben. One fault system strikes northeast, parallel to the Trans-Challis fault zone, and the other strikes north to northwest. The geometry of the basin-fill deposits shows that movement on these two normal fault systems was synchronous and that both faults controlled the development of the Panther Creek half graben. Strikes of the synextension volcanic and sedimentary rocks are similar throughout the half graben, whereas dips decrease incrementally upsection from as much as 60?? to less than 10??. Previous K-Ar dates and a new 40Ar/39Ar plateau date from the youngest widespread tuff in the basin suggest that most of basin formation spanned 3 m.y. between about 47.7 Ma and 44.5 Ma. As much as 6.5 km of volcanic and sedimentary rocks were deposited during that time. Although rates of extension and subsidence were very high, intense volcanic activity continually filled the basin with ash-flow tuffs, outpacing subsidence and sedimentation, until the end of basin development. After the abrupt end of Challis volcanism, locally derived pebble to boulder conglomerate and massive, reworked ash accumulated in the half graben. These sedimentary rocks make up a small part of the basin fill in the Panther Creek half graben and were derived mainly from Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks uplifted in the footwall of the basin. The east-southeast tilt of the sedimentary rocks, their provenance and coarse grain size, and the presence of a gravity slide block derived from tilted volcanic rocks in the hanging wall attest to continued tectonism during conglomerate deposition. Provenance data from the sedimentary rocks imply that the highland in the footwall of the Panther Creek half graben was never thickly blanketed by synex-tension volcanic rocks, despite intense volcanic activity. Analysis of the Panther Creek half graben and other intra-arc rift basins supports previous interpretations that relative rates of volcanism and subsidence control the proportion of volcanic rocks deposited in intra-arc rifts.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0253:REIAEV>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Janecke, S.U., Hammond, B., Snee, L., and Geissman, J.W., 1997, Rapid extension in an Eocene volcanic arc: Structure and paleogeography of an intra-arc half graben in central Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 3, p. 253-267, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0253:REIAEV>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227949,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.62545968073437,\n 45.387525781943594\n ],\n [\n -116.62545968073437,\n 43.61686225645221\n ],\n [\n -114.66989327448435,\n 43.61686225645221\n ],\n [\n -114.66989327448435,\n 45.387525781943594\n ],\n [\n -116.62545968073437,\n 45.387525781943594\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94dfe4b0c8380cd81684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janecke, S. U.","contributorId":42296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janecke","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, B.F.","contributorId":78491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geissman, J. W.","contributorId":105760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}