Fluid infiltration and pore fluid pressure changes are known to have a significant effect on the occurrence of earthquakes. Yet, for most damaging earthquakes, with nucleation zones below a few kilometers depth, direct measurements of fluid pressure variations are not available. Instead, pore fluid pressures are inferred primarily from seismic-wave propagation characteristics such as Vp/Vs ratio, attenuation, and reflectivity contacts. We present laboratory measurements of changes in P-wave velocity and attenuation during the injection of water into a granite sample as it was loaded to failure. A cylindrical sample of Westerly granite was deformed at constant confining and pore pressures of 50 and 1 MPa, respectively. Axial load was increased in discrete steps by controlling axial displacement. Anisotropic P-wave velocity and attenuation fields were determined during the experiment using an array of 13 piezoelectric transducers. At the final loading steps (86% and 95% of peak stress), both spatial and temporal changes in P-wave velocity and peak-to-peak amplitudes of P and S waves were observed. P-wave velocity anisotropy reached a maximum of 26%. Transient increases in attenuation of up to 483 dB/m were also observed and were associated with diffusion of water into the sample. We show that velocity and attenuation of P waves are sensitive to the process of opening of microcracks and the subsequent resaturation of these cracks as water diffuses in from the surrounding region. Symmetry of the orientation of newly formed microcracks results in anisotropic velocity and attenuation fields that systematically evolve in response to changes in stress and influx of water. With proper scaling, these measurements provide constraints on the magnitude and duration of velocity and attenuation transients that can be expected to accompany the nucleation of earthquakes in the Earth's crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020101","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Stanchits, S.A., Lockner, D., and Ponomarev, A., 2003, Anisotropic changes in P-wave velocity and attenuation during deformation and fluid infiltration of granite: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 4, p. 1803-1822, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020101.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1803","endPage":"1822","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebffe4b0c8380cd49010","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanchits, S. A.","contributorId":102235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanchits","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ponomarev, A.V.","contributorId":45465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponomarev","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025414,"text":"70025414 - 2003 - Increased baseflow in Iowa over the second half of the 20th Century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T18:13:32.433757","indexId":"70025414","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased baseflow in Iowa over the second half of the 20th Century","docAbstract":"Historical trends in annual discharge characteristics were evaluated for 11 gauging stations located throughout Iowa. Discharge records from nine eight-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC-8) watersheds were examined for the period 1940 to 2000, whereas data for two larger river systems (Cedar and Des Moines Rivers) were examined for a longer period of record (1903 to 2000). In nearly all watersheds evaluated, annual baseflow, annual minimum flow, and the annual baseflow percentage significantly increased over time. Some rivers also exhibited increasing trends in total annual discharge, whereas only the Maquoketa River had significantly decreased annual maximum flows. Regression of stream discharge versus precipitation indicated that more precipitation is being routed into streams as baseflow than as stormflow in the second half of the 20th Century. Reasons for the observed streamflow trends are hypothesized to include improved conservation practices, greater artificial drainage, increasing row crop production, and channel incision. Each of these reasons is consistent with the observed trends, and all are likely responsible to some degree in most watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04410.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., and Libra, R., 2003, Increased baseflow in Iowa over the second half of the 20th Century: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 4, p. 851-860, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04410.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"851","endPage":"860","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04410.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 40.51379915504413\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39f5e4b0c8380cd61ad1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Libra, R.D.","contributorId":54353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libra","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025488,"text":"70025488 - 2003 - New insights into Kilauea's volcano dynamics brought by large-scale relative relocation of microearthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70025488","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New insights into Kilauea's volcano dynamics brought by large-scale relative relocation of microearthquakes","docAbstract":"We investigated the microseismicity recorded in an active volcano to infer information concerning the volcano structure and long-term dynamics, by using relative relocations and focal mechanisms of microearthquakes. There were 32,000 earthquakes of the Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes recorded by more than eight stations of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory seismic network between 1988 and 1999. We studied 17,000 of these events and relocated more than 70%, with an accuracy ranging from 10 to 500 m. About 75% of these relocated events are located in the vicinity of subhorizontal decollement planes, at a depth of 8-11 km. However, the striking features revealed by these relocation results are steep southeast dipping fault planes working as reverse faults, clearly located below the decollement plane and which intersect it. If this decollement plane coincides with the pre-Mauna Loa seafloor, as hypothesized by numerous authors, such reverse faults rupture the pre-Mauna Loa oceanic crust. The weight of the volcano and pressure in the magma storage system are possible causes of these ruptures, fully compatible with the local stress tensor computed by Gillard et al. [1996]. Reverse faults are suspected of producing scarps revealed by kilometer-long horizontal slip-perpendicular lineations along the decollement surface and therefore large-scale roughness, asperities, and normal stress variations. These are capable of generating stick-slip, large-magnitude earthquakes, the spatial microseismic pattern observed in the south flank of Kilauea volcano, and Hilina-type instabilities. Rupture intersecting the decollement surface, causing its large-scale roughness, may be an important parameter controlling the growth of Hawaiian volcanoes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Got, J., and Okubo, P., 2003, New insights into Kilauea's volcano dynamics brought by large-scale relative relocation of microearthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 7.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65dae4b0c8380cd72c68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Got, J.-L.","contributorId":80867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Got","given":"J.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025486,"text":"70025486 - 2003 - Use of microstrip patch antennas in grain permittivity measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025486","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of microstrip patch antennas in grain permittivity measurement","docAbstract":"In this paper, a compact size free-space setup is proposed for the measurement of complex permittivity of granular materials. The horn antennas in the conventional setup are replaced by microstrip patch antennas which is a step toward system miniaturization. The experimental results obtained are in good agreement with those obtained with horn antennas.","largerWorkTitle":"Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Information and Measurement Technology Conference","conferenceDate":"20 May 2003 through 22 May 2003","conferenceLocation":"Vail, CO","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sabbagh, E., Ramahi, O., Trabelsi, S., Nelson, S., and Khan, L., 2003, Use of microstrip patch antennas in grain permittivity measurement, in Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, v. 1, Vail, CO, 20 May 2003 through 22 May 2003, p. 640-644.","startPage":"640","endPage":"644","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf41e4b08c986b329a50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sabbagh, El","contributorId":71369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabbagh","given":"El","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramahi, O.M.","contributorId":22546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramahi","given":"O.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trabelsi, S.","contributorId":27245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabelsi","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, S.O.","contributorId":73314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Khan, L.","contributorId":59605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025415,"text":"70025415 - 2003 - Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T21:30:22.421569","indexId":"70025415","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995","docAbstract":"Shifts in the demographic and economic character of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) are driving patterns of land cover and land use change in the region. Such changes may have important consequences for ecosystem functioning. The objective of this paper is to quantify the trajectories and rates of change in land cover and use across the GYE for the period 1975-1995 using satellite imagery. Spectral and geographic variables were used as inputs to classification tree regression analysis (CART) to find \"rules\" which defined land use and land cover classes on the landscape. The resulting CART functions were used to map land cover and land use across seven Landsat TM scenes for 1995. We then used a thresholding technique to identify locations that differed in spectral properties between the 1995 and 1985 time periods. These \"changed\" locations were classified using CART functions derived from spectral and geographic data from 1985. This was similarly done for the year 1975 based on Landsat MSS data. Differences between the 1975, 1985, and 1995 maps were considered change in land cover and use. We calibrated and tested the accuracy of our models using data acquired through manual interpretation of aerial photos. Elevation and vegetative indices derived from the remotely sensed satellite imagery explained the most variance in the land use and land cover classes (-i.e., defined the \"rules\" most often). Overall accuracies from our study were good, ranging from 94% at the coarsest level of detail to 74% at the finest. The largest changes over the study period were the increases in burned, urban, and mixed conifer-herbaceous classes and decreases in woody deciduous, mixed woody deciduous-herbaceous, and conifer habitats. These changes have important implications for ecological function and biodiversity. The expansion of mixed conifer classes may increase fuel loads and enhance risk to the growing number of rural homes. The reduction of woody deciduous cover types is likely reducing population sizes for the numerous plant and animal species that specialize on this habitat type. Some of these species are also negatively influenced by the increase of rural homes in and near woody deciduous habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0687:LUALCC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Parmenter, A., Hansen, A., Kennedy, R., Cohen, W., Langner, U., Lawrence, R., Maxwell, B., Gallant, A., and Aspinall, R., 2003, Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995: Ecological Applications, v. 13, no. 3, p. 687-703, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0687:LUALCC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"687","endPage":"703","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.192626953125,\n 43.95328204198018\n ],\n [\n -109.434814453125,\n 43.95328204198018\n ],\n [\n -109.434814453125,\n 45.29034662473613\n ],\n [\n -111.192626953125,\n 45.29034662473613\n ],\n [\n -111.192626953125,\n 43.95328204198018\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a42ebe4b0c8380cd65fab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parmenter, A.W.","contributorId":45877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmenter","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, A.","contributorId":81675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, R.E.","contributorId":99353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cohen, W.","contributorId":36347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langner, U.","contributorId":31959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langner","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lawrence, R.","contributorId":101430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Maxwell, B.","contributorId":56615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":99354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Aspinall, R.","contributorId":89706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aspinall","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70025857,"text":"70025857 - 2003 - Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T15:23:58","indexId":"70025857","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits","docAbstract":"Laterally extensive beds of highly siliceous, hematitic chert (jasper) are associated with many volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of Late Cambrian to Early Cretaceous age, yet are unknown in analogous younger (including modern) settings. Textural studies suggest that VMS-related jaspers in the Ordovician Løkken ophiolite of Norway were originally deposited as Si- and Fe-rich gels that precipitated from hydrothermal plumes as colloidal silica and iron-oxyhydroxide particles. Rare earth element patterns and Ge/Si ratios of the jaspers reflect precipitation from plumes having seawater dilution factors of 103 to 104, similar to modern examples. We propose that silica in the ancient jaspers is not derived from submarine hydrothermal fluids-as suggested by previous workers-but instead was deposited from silic-rich sea-water. Flocculation and precipitation of the silica were triggered inorganically by the bridging effect of positively charged iron oxyhydroxides in the hydrothermal plume. A model involving amorphous silica (opal-A) precursors to the jaspers suggests that silica contents of Cambrian-Early Cretaceous oceans were at least 110 mg/L SiO2, compared to values of 40-60 mg/L SiO2 estimated in other studies. The evolution of ancient silica-rich to modern Fe-rich precipitates in submarine-hydrothermal plumes reflects a changeover from silica-saturated to silica-depleted seawater through Phanerozoic time, due mainly to ocean-wide emergence of diatoms in the Cretaceous.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Grenne, T., and Slack, J.F., 2003, Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits: Geology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 319-322, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"322","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208688,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7465e4b0c8380cd7760c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grenne, Tor","contributorId":7460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grenne","given":"Tor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35509,"text":"Geological Survey of Norway","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025485,"text":"70025485 - 2003 - Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025485","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study","docAbstract":"Six moderate magnitude earthquakes (5 < Mw < 6) ruptured normal fault segments of the southern sector of the North Apennine belt (central Italy) in the 1997 Colfiorito earthquake sequence. We study the progressive activation of adjacent and nearby parallel faults of this complex normal fault system using ???1650 earthquake locations obtained by applying a double-difference location method, using travel time picks and waveform cross-correlation measurements. The lateral extent of the fault segments range from 5 to 10 km and make up a broad, ???45 km long, NW trending fault system. The geometry of each segment is quite simple and consists of planar faults gently dipping toward SW with an average dip of 40??-45??. The fault planes are not listric but maintain a constant dip through the entire seismogenic volume, down to 8 km depth. We observe the activation of faults on the hanging wall and the absence of seismicity in the footwall of the structure. The observed fault segmentation appears to be due to the lateral heterogeneity of the upper crust: preexisting thrusts inherited from Neogene's compressional tectonic intersect the active normal faults and control their maximum length. The stress tensor obtained by inverting the six main shock focal mechanisms of the sequence is in agreement with the tectonic stress active in the inner chain of the Apennine, revealing a clear NE trending extension direction. Aftershock focal mechanisms show a consistent extensional kinematics, 70% of which are mechanically consistent with the main shock stress field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chiaraluce, L., Ellsworth, W., Chiarabba, C., and Cocco, M., 2003, Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 6.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3889e4b0c8380cd615e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiaraluce, L.","contributorId":61226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiaraluce","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chiarabba, C.","contributorId":39994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiarabba","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cocco, M.","contributorId":70128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocco","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025422,"text":"70025422 - 2003 - Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:27:44","indexId":"70025422","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions","docAbstract":"The potential toxicity of elevated selenium (Se) concentrations in aquatic ecosystems has stimulated efforts to measure Se concentrations in benthos, nekton, and waterfowl in San Francisco Bay (SF Bay). In September 1998, we initiated a 14 mo field study to determine the concentration of Se in SF Bay zooplankton, which play a major role in the Bay food web, but which have not previously been studied with respect to Se. Monthly vertical plankton tows were collected at several stations throughout SF Bay, and zooplankton were separated into two operationally defined size classes for Se analyses: 73-2,000 ??m, and ???2,000 ??m. Selenium values ranged 1.02-6.07 ??g Se g-1 dry weight. No spatial differences in zooplankton Se concentrations were found. However, there were inter- and intra-annual differences. Zooplankton Se concentrations were enriched in the North Bay in Fall 1999 when compared to other seasons and locations within and outside SF Bay. The abundance and biovolume of the zooplankton community varied spatially between stations, but not seasonally within each station. Smaller herbivorous-omnivorous zooplankton had higher Se concentrations than larger omnivorous-carnivorous zooplankton. Selenium concentrations in zooplankton were negatively correlated with the proportion of total copepod biovolume comprising the large carnivorous copepod Tortanus dextrilobatus, but positively correlated with the proportion of copepod biovolume comprising smaller copepods of the family Oithonidae, suggesting an important role of trophic level and size in regulating zooplankton Se concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02803354","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Purkerson, D., Doblin, M., Bollens, S., Luoma, S., and Cutter, G., 2003, Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions: Estuaries, v. 26, no. 4, p. 956-969, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803354.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"956","endPage":"969","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cf3e4b08c986b3181d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purkerson, D.G.","contributorId":52768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purkerson","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doblin, M.A.","contributorId":19345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doblin","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bollens, S.M.","contributorId":30419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollens","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cutter, G.A.","contributorId":29166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutter","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025420,"text":"70025420 - 2003 - Analysis of aquifer mineralization by paleodrainage channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025420","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of aquifer mineralization by paleodrainage channels","docAbstract":"Mineralization of groundwater resources is a problem in south-central Kansas, due to the penetration of saline water from Permian bedrock formations into the overlying alluvial aquifer. One of the mechanisms involved in the mineralization involves small bedrock features of high permeability located in places occupied by streams and rivers in past geological eras. These geological features are termed 'paleodrainage channels'. The permeability of the overlying aquifer can be significantly smaller than that of the channel fill material. The comparatively fast migration of saline water through these channels of high permeability is associated with the transfer of minerals into the overlying freshwater aquifer. This study applies a set of boundary layer approaches to quantify the process of mineral transfer from the channels into the aquifer. The methods used in the present study provide quick estimation and evaluation of the dilution of the channel flow, as well as mineral concentration profile changes in the mineralized zone created in the overlying aquifer. More generally, the method can also be useful for the analysis and evaluation of various types of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous aquifers. The application of the method is exemplified by a complete set of calculations characterizing the possible mineralization process at a specific channel in south central Kansas. Sensitivity analyses are performed and provide information about the importance of the various parameters that affect the mineralization process. Some possible scenarios for the aquifer mineralization phenomena are described and evaluated. It is shown that the channel mineralization may create either several stream tubes of the aquifer with high mineral concentration, or many stream tubes mineralized to a lesser extent. Characteristics of these two patterns of aquifer mineralization are quantified and discussed. ?? 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00123-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rubin, H., and Buddemeier, R., 2003, Analysis of aquifer mineralization by paleodrainage channels: Journal of Hydrology, v. 277, no. 3-4, p. 280-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00123-9.","startPage":"280","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209408,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00123-9"},{"id":235821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"277","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb06e4b0c8380cd48b78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, H.","contributorId":54358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025419,"text":"70025419 - 2003 - 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake engineering seismoscope recordings and Eastern North America ground-motion attenuation relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T16:27:26.619223","indexId":"70025419","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake engineering seismoscope recordings and Eastern North America ground-motion attenuation relations","docAbstract":"Engineering seismoscope data collected at distances less than 300 km for the M 7.7 Bhuj, India, mainshock are compatible with ground-motion attenuation in eastern North America (ENA). The mainshock ground-motion data have been corrected to a common geological site condition using the factors of Joyner and Boore (2000) and a classification scheme of Quaternary or Tertiary sediments or rock. We then compare these data to ENA ground-motion attenuation relations. Despite uncertainties in recording method, geological site corrections, common tectonic setting, and the amount of regional seismic attenuation, the corrected Bhuj dataset agrees with the collective predictions by ENA ground-motion attenuation relations within a factor of 2. This level of agreement is within the dataset uncertainties and the normal variance for recorded earthquake ground motions.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020194","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Cramer, C., and Kumar, A., 2003, 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake engineering seismoscope recordings and Eastern North America ground-motion attenuation relations: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1390-1394, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020194.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1390","endPage":"1394","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e245e4b0c8380cd45a75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cramer, C.H.","contributorId":100012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kumar, A.","contributorId":16140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025418,"text":"70025418 - 2003 - On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T16:31:44.295634","indexId":"70025418","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency","docAbstract":"We consider expected relationships between apparent stress τa and static stress drop Δτs using a standard energy balance and find τa = Δτs (0.5 - ξ), where ξ is stress overshoot. A simple implementation of this balance is to assume overshoot is constant; then apparent stress should vary linearly with stress drop, consistent with spectral theories (Brune, 1970) and dynamic crack models (Madariaga, 1976). Normalizing this expression by the static stress drop defines an efficiency ηsw = τsa/Δτs as follows from Savage and Wood (1971). We use this measure of efficiency to analyze data from one of a number of observational studies that find apparent stress to increase with seismic moment, namely earthquakes recorded in the Cajon Pass borehole by Abercrombie (1995). Increases in apparent stress with event size could reflect an increase in seismic efficiency; however, ηsw for the Cajon earthquakes shows no such increase and is approximately constant over the entire moment range. Thus, apparent stress and stress drop co-vary, as expected from the energy balance at constant overshoot. The median value of ηsw for the Cajon earthquakes is four times lower than ηsw for laboratory events. Thus, these Cajon-recorded earthquakes have relatively low and approximately constant efficiency. As the energy balance requires ηsw = 0.5 - ξ, overshoot can be estimated directly from the Savage-Wood efficiency; overshoot is positive for Cajon Pass earthquakes. Variations in apparent stress with seismic moment for these earthquakes result primarily from systematic variations in static stress drop with seismic moment and do not require a relative decrease in sliding resistance with increasing event size (dynamic weakening). Based on the comparison of field and lab determinations of the Savage-Wood efficiency, we suggest the criterion ηsw > 0.3 as a test for dynamic weakening in excess of that seen in the lab.
Both ground and helicopter surveys are commonly used to collect sex and age composition data for ungulates. Little attention has been paid, however, to whether data collected by each technique are similar. We compared helicopter and ground composition data for both elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus across a variety of habitats in the state of Washington, USA. We found that ground and helicopter counts differed (P's < 0.002) consistently in male age structure estimates for elk, and that the two survey methods differed in estimates of adult sex ratios for mule deer (P = 0.023). Counts from helicopters provided larger sample sizes, tended to be more consistent annually in their results, and were corroborated by other demographic studies of the test populations. We conclude that helicopter and ground surveys differ for male age structure and perhaps male:female ratios, but are similar for young:female ratios. Managers should maintain a standardized technique using the same survey vehicle for trend analysis of composition data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2981/wlb.2003.051","issn":"09096396","usgsCitation":"Bender, L.C., Myers, W.L., and Gould, W., 2003, Comparison of helicopter and ground surveys for North American elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus population composition: Wildlife Biology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 199-205, https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.2003.051.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"205","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f868e4b0c8380cd4d0aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, Louis C.","contributorId":72509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, Woodrow L.","contributorId":200876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Woodrow","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gould, William R.","contributorId":244516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gould","given":"William R.","affiliations":[{"id":27575,"text":"NMSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003001,"text":"1003001 - 2003 - Estimating mortality rates of adult fish from entrainment through the propellers of river towboats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-14T17:54:20.47021","indexId":"1003001","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating mortality rates of adult fish from entrainment through the propellers of river towboats","docAbstract":"We developed a method to estimate mortality rates of adult fish caused by entrainment through the propellers of commercial towboats operating in river channels. The method combines trawling while following towboats (to recover a fraction of the kills) and application of a hydrodynamic model of diffusion (to estimate the fraction of the total kills collected in the trawls). The sampling problem is unusual and required quantifying relatively rare events. We first examined key statistical properties of the entrainment mortality rate estimators using Monte Carlo simulation, which demonstrated that a design-based estimator and a new ad hoc estimator are both unbiased and converge to the true value as the sample size becomes large. Next, we estimated the entrainment mortality rates of adult fishes in Pool 26 of the Mississippi River and the Alton Pool of the Illinois River, where we observed kills that we attributed to entrainment. Our estimates of entrainment mortality rates were 2.52 fish/km of towboat travel (80% confidence interval, 1.00–6.09 fish/km) for gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, 0.13 fish/km (0.00–0.41) for skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris, and 0.53 fish/km (0.00–1.33) for both shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus and smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus. Our approach applies more broadly to commercial vessels operating in confined channels, including other large rivers and intracoastal waterways.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/T01-098","usgsCitation":"Gutreuter, S., Dettmers, J.M., and Wahl, D.H., 2003, Estimating mortality rates of adult fish from entrainment through the propellers of river towboats: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 4, p. 646-661, https://doi.org/10.1577/T01-098.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"661","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Alton Pool, Illinois River, Mississippi River, Pool 26","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.70930480957031,\n 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S.","contributorId":79829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettmers, John M.","contributorId":27395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettmers","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahl, David H.","contributorId":206529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wahl","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37336,"text":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Kaskaskia Biological Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":312557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53199,"text":"ofr2003288 - 2003 - The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T15:18:51","indexId":"ofr2003288","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-288","title":"The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002)","docAbstract":"The Colorado River has experienced dramatic physical and biological change. Rated as the fifth largest river in the USA by volume, today its waters seldom reach the sea. Water diversions gradually reduce its flow to a point where its last remaining waters are diverted at Morales Dam leaving nearly 100 km of historic channel dry. In contrast, lower basin storage reservoirs cover 36% of the historic channel. Remaining portions of the flowing river have been channelized and straightened to a point where it now resembles a large canal. Levees, mechanical dredging, and the natural forces of erosion have degraded the river channel nearly 2 m in some locations, isolating it from its floodplain and affecting local water tables. The river no longer functions as a natural stream system characteristic of spring run-off, summer spates, and droughts. Today it serves as a water storage and conveyance system to meet human needs.
\nPhysical change has been severe, but not as devastating as the biological pollution. More than 80 nonnative fish species have been introduced to the lower basin. Today, over 20 fish species have established, many forming economically important sport fisheries. As these alien species expanded their range, native communities rapidly declined and disappeared from much of their historic range. By 1930, most had become rare. The last remnant populations of bonytail, razorback sucker, and Colorado pikeminnow in the lower basin were taken downstream of Davis Dam during the 1960’s and 1970’s. Today, Colorado pikeminnow, and it appears, wild bonytail are extirpated downstream of Glen Canyon Dam, and wild razorback suckers are extremely rare. The Colorado River and its fish assemblage is a totally different ecosystem than it was a century ago.
\nState and federal agencies have been attempting to reestablish native communities for nearly three decades. More than 12 million razorback suckers, most of them small, were stocked between 1981 and 1991. Few of these fish survived and during the past decade managers have switched to stocking larger suckers to improve survival. Since 1995, nearly 18,000 bonytail and 30,000 large razorback suckers have been stocked in Lake Havasu. There was also a single stocking (611) of flannelmouth suckers in 1976. These programs have produced mixed results. The single introduction of flannelmouth sucker has resulted in a thriving community, estimated at more than 4,000 fish. This success spirited hopes by many that other natives would respond similarly but unfortunately, that has not occurred.
\nInitial stocking returns suggest that stocking survival of bonytail and razorback sucker is relatively poor (<12%) and the absence of any detectable recruitment indicates present reintroduction efforts are falling short of anticipated survival or potential recovery. In contrast, the single introduction of wild flannelmouth sucker, out-performed millions of hatchery produced razorback sucker. This suggests hatchery reared fish may be inferior to wild fish in terms of survival skills, which has been found to be the case for terrestrial animal introductions. A review of culturing, stocking, and repatriation techniques is warranted which examines ways to better prepare fish to convert to natural foods, recognize predators, and be physically conditioned to cope with currents and hopefully avoid or escape predators.
\nComparison of flannelmouth sucker success and the razorback sucker’s failure provides compelling evidence that helps explain the dramatic physical habitat changes that have occurred and the possible role of habitat selection and predator communities. It mimics conditions observed in portions of the upper basin where flannelmouth suckers are still common but razorback suckers have been extirpated. Both sucker species are successfully spawning in the lower basin, however, recruitment can only be detected for flannelmouth. Habitat preference and associated predation pressure of those habitats appear to be the primary factors responsible for recruitment. Flannelmouth suckers prefer channel habitat that supports a fraction of the predators found in off-channel habitats where razorback suckers reside. The dependence of razorback sucker young on slack water habitat puts the species at a much higher predation risk.
\nThrough a process of trial and error during the past two decades, managers are now stocking large natives to increase their survival. Small native fish simply have not survived. While this improves short-term stocking survival, it ignores or at least delays dealing with the predation issue. Current stocking programs have reestablished or augmented relatively small populations of bonytail, razorback, and flannelmouth suckers between Davis and Parker Dams. All three species are better off than they were a decade ago in this section of the river. Unfortunately, bonytail and razorback sucker will only maintain a presence in the Colorado River main stem through continued stocking and it remains to be seen if management agencies will make that long-term commitment.
\nWhile the gains for the bonytail and razorback sucker have been difficult, the successful reintroduction of flannelmouth sucker highlights the ecological changes that have taken place and suggests this, and possibly other channel oriented species (i.e., Gila robusta) could be established. In contrast, there is no evidence to suggest we can expect similar recruitment or expansions for bonytail and razorback sucker. Their dependence on slack water habitat leaves their young vulnerable to overwhelming predation.
\nRecovery in the main stem will only be accomplished with a dramatic decrease and possibly a total removal of nonnative species. After ten years and over $6 million in expenditures to remove nonnative fish it appears this philosophy is neither technically nor politically viable. In the meantime, stocking is the only alternative available to insure these species don’t disappear. The only viable option appears the creation and maintenance of small, isolated refuge communities where these species have shown they can produce young.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and California Fish and Game Department","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G., 2003, The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-288, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003288.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2003288.PNG"},{"id":320295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0288/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -114.60662841796875,\n 35.14237113713991\n ],\n [\n -114.6697998046875,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -114.63409423828125,\n 35.068221159859256\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 35.03224538129597\n ],\n [\n -114.6697998046875,\n 34.872411827691025\n ],\n [\n -114.49676513671875,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -114.41436767578124,\n 34.522398580663314\n ],\n [\n -114.43634033203125,\n 34.447688696497444\n ],\n [\n -114.17816162109375,\n 34.29579932143427\n ],\n [\n -114.3402099609375,\n 34.15499986715356\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -114.1094970703125,\n 34.261756524459805\n ],\n [\n -114.0765380859375,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.32373046875,\n 34.4793919710481\n ],\n [\n -114.35943603515625,\n 34.54049998801135\n ],\n [\n -114.40887451171875,\n 34.617387052407175\n ],\n [\n -114.45281982421875,\n 34.732584206123626\n ],\n [\n -114.49676513671875,\n 34.856636719051735\n ],\n [\n -114.60113525390625,\n 34.89043681762452\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -114.55169677734375,\n 35.11766197360177\n ],\n [\n -114.54620361328125,\n 35.22767235493586\n ],\n [\n -114.56268310546874,\n 35.26580442886754\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Gordon","contributorId":7729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015307,"text":"1015307 - 2003 - Evaluation of the eastern (Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) and western (Centrocercus urophasianus phaios) subspecies of Sage-grouse using mitochondrial control-region sequence data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-16T20:44:06","indexId":"1015307","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the eastern (Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) and western (Centrocercus urophasianus phaios) subspecies of Sage-grouse using mitochondrial control-region sequence data","docAbstract":"The status of Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is of increasing concern, as populations throughout its range have contracted as a result of habitat loss and degradation. Historically, Sage-grouse were classified into two subspecies: eastern(C. u. urophasianus) and western Sage-grouse (C. u. phaios) based on slight differences in coloration noted among eight individuals sampled from Washington, Oregon, and California. We sequenced a rapidly evolving portion of the mitochondrial control region in 332 birds from 16 populations. Although our sampling area covers the proposed boundary between the eastern and western subspecies, no genetic evidence to support the delineation of these subspecies was found. However, a population straddling southwestern Nevada and eastern California was found to contain an unusually high proportion of unique haplotypes, consistent with its genetic isolation from other Sage-grouse populations. Of additional interest was the lack of diversity in the two populations sampled from Washington, one of which contained only a single haplotype. We suggest that multiple lines of evidence are valuable for the formulation of conservation strategies and hence the southwestern Nevada/eastern California population merits further morphological, behavioral, and molecular investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1024089618546","usgsCitation":"Benedict, N., Oyler-McCance, S., Taylor, S., and Braun, C., 2003, Evaluation of the eastern (Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) and western (Centrocercus urophasianus phaios) subspecies of Sage-grouse using mitochondrial control-region sequence data: Conservation Genetics, v. 4, no. 3, p. 301-310, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024089618546.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"310","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa51d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benedict, N.G.","contributorId":90681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oyler-McCance, S.J.","contributorId":75877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oyler-McCance","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, S.E.","contributorId":30948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braun, C.E.","contributorId":57421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015339,"text":"1015339 - 2003 - Small mammals within riparian habitats of a regulated and unregulated aridland river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:33:27","indexId":"1015339","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small mammals within riparian habitats of a regulated and unregulated aridland river","docAbstract":"In northwestern Colorado, flow regulation on the Green River has created a transitional plant community that features encroachment by upland vegetation into cottonwood (Populus fremontii)-dominated, riparian forest on topographically high floodplain sites and reduced cottonwood regeneration on low floodplain sites. To assess how these changes might have affected small mammal distributions, in 1994 and 1995 we live-trapped during periods surrounding spring flooding at 3 sites: above and below the confluence of the regulated Green River and at the ecologically similar, but unregulated, Yampa River (reference site). More species were captured at the most regulated site along the Green River above its confluence with the Yampa River. Within sites, more species were captured in riparian habitats than adjacent upland habitats. Despite river regulation-induced habitat changes, we did not detect changes in species distributions within low and high floodplain habitat for Peromyscus maniculatus or Microtus montanus, but changes may have occurred for Dipodomys ordii. The total effect of regulation-induced habitat change on small mammal populations may not be fully revealed until current, mature cottonwood forests disappear and associated woody debris decomposes.
Genetic considerations can be crucially important to the success of reintroductions of lotic species. Current paradigms for conservation and population genetics provide guidance for reducing uncertainties in genetic issues and for increasing the likelihood of achieving restoration. Effective restoration is facilitated through specific goals and objectives developed from the definition that a restored or healthy population is (i) genetically adapted to the local environment, (ii) self-sustaining at abundances consistent with the carrying capacity of the river system, (iii) genetically compatible with neighboring populations so that substantial outbreeding depression does not result from straying and interbreeding between populations, and (iv) sufficiently diverse genetically to accommodate environmental variability over many decades. Genetic principles reveal the importance of describing and adhering to the ancestral lineages for the species to be restored and enabling genetic processes to maintain diversity and fitness in the populations under restoration. Newly established populations should be protected from unnecessary human sources of mortality, gene flow from maladapted (e.g., hatchery) or exotic populations, and inadvertent selection by fisheries or other human activities. Such protection facilitates initial, rapid adaptation of the population to its environment and should enhance the chances for persistence. Various uncertainties about specific restoration actions must be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Such uncertainties include whether to allow natural colonization or to introduce fish, which populations are suitable as sources for reintroduction, appropriate levels of gene flow from other populations, appropriate levels of artificial production, appropriate minimum numbers of individuals released or maintained in the population, and the best developmental stages for releasing fish into the restored stream. Rigorous evaluation or experimental management is necessary to reduce uncertainty in our knowledge so that future conservation and restoration activities can be more effective.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Strategies for restoring river ecosystems: Sources of variability and uncertainty in natural and managed systems","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Reisenbichler, R., Utter, F., and Krueger, C., 2003, Genetic concepts and uncertainties in restoring fish populations and species, chap. of Strategies for restoring river ecosystems: Sources of variability and uncertainty in natural and managed systems, p. 149-183.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"149","endPage":"183","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://csis.msu.edu/research/publications/genetic-concepts-and-uncertainties-restoring-fish-populations-and-species"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808d98e4b01dfadfff15ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reisenbichler, R.R.","contributorId":77356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Utter, F.M.","contributorId":178440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Utter","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53727,"text":"ofr2003476 - 2003 - Effects of channel modification on fish habitat in the upper Yellowstone River: Final report to the USACE, Omaha","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:31:18","indexId":"ofr2003476","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-476","title":"Effects of channel modification on fish habitat in the upper Yellowstone River: Final report to the USACE, Omaha","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation model was coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) to produce a variety of habitat classification maps for three study reaches in the upper Yellowstone River basin in Montana. Data from these maps were used to examine potential effects of channel modification on shallow, slow current velocity (SSCV) habitats that are important refugia and nursery areas for young salmonids. At low flows, channel modifications were found to contribute additional SSCV habitat, but this contribution was negligible at higher discharges. During runoff, when young salmonids are most vulnerable to downstream displacement, the largest areas of SSCV habitat occurred in side channels, point bars, and overbank areas. Because of the diversity of elevations in the existing Yellowstone River, SSCV habitat tends to be available over a wide range of discharges. Based on simulations in modified and unmodified sub-reaches, channel simplification results in decreased availability of SSCV habitat, particularly during runoff. The combined results of the fish population and fish habitat studies present strong evidence that during runoff, SSCV habitat is most abundant in side channel and overbank areas and that juvenile salmonids use these habitats as refugia. Channel modifications that result in reduced availability of side channel and overbank habitats, particularly during runoff, will probably cause local reductions in juvenile abundances during the runoff period. Effects of reduced juvenile abundances during runoff on adult numbers later in the year will depend on (1) the extent of channel modification, (2) patterns of fish displacement and movement, (3) longitudinal connectivity between reaches that contain refugia and those that do not, and (4) the relative importance of other limiting factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003476","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z.H., Bovee, K.D., and Waddle, T.J., 2003, Effects of channel modification on fish habitat in the upper Yellowstone River: Final report to the USACE, Omaha: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-476, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003476.","productDescription":"80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2003476.PNG"},{"id":320297,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0476/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Park County","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.74905395507812,\n 45.32704768567264\n ],\n [\n -110.61721801757812,\n 45.41966030640988\n ],\n [\n -110.54855346679686,\n 45.596743928454124\n ],\n [\n -110.49636840820312,\n 45.69850658738848\n ],\n [\n -110.52932739257812,\n 45.71097418682748\n ],\n [\n -110.59112548828125,\n 45.64092778836502\n ],\n [\n -110.60623168945312,\n 45.55444852652113\n ],\n [\n -110.64468383789062,\n 45.487094732298374\n ],\n [\n -110.65704345703124,\n 45.433153642271414\n ],\n [\n -110.69549560546874,\n 45.42737117898911\n ],\n [\n -110.77239990234375,\n 45.346354488594436\n ],\n [\n -110.74905395507812,\n 45.32704768567264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db61629c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831 bowenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary","email":"bowenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179907,"text":"70179907 - 2003 - Behavior and migratory delay of radio-tagged juvenile spring Chinook salmon and steelhead through Lower Granite Dam and reservoir during a drought year. 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T10:24:56","indexId":"70179907","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Behavior and migratory delay of radio-tagged juvenile spring Chinook salmon and steelhead through Lower Granite Dam and reservoir during a drought year. 2001","docAbstract":"Abstract not available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","publisherLocation":"Walla Walla, WA","usgsCitation":"Plumb, J., Novick, M., Braatz, A., Lucchesi, J., Sprando, J., Adams, N., and Rondorf, D., 2003, Behavior and migratory delay of radio-tagged juvenile spring Chinook salmon and steelhead through Lower Granite Dam and reservoir during a drought year. 2001, 64 p. .","productDescription":"64 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.46238708496094,\n 46.70691089512586\n ],\n [\n -117.40539550781249,\n 46.67299877463589\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 46.65320687122665\n ],\n [\n -117.32574462890624,\n 46.6088844501943\n ],\n [\n -117.23304748535155,\n 46.55130547880643\n ],\n [\n -117.26257324218749,\n 46.53760967898475\n ],\n [\n -117.36419677734375,\n 46.5772707811812\n ],\n [\n -117.40882873535156,\n 46.62020426357956\n ],\n [\n -117.4500274658203,\n 46.65462081890466\n ],\n [\n -117.47337341308594,\n 46.68901548485151\n ],\n [\n -117.48435974121095,\n 46.68995749641134\n ],\n [\n -117.48435974121095,\n 46.705027447019\n ],\n [\n -117.46238708496094,\n 46.70691089512586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58833026e4b0d002316377be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumb, J.M.","contributorId":37870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumb","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novick, M.S.","contributorId":177796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Novick","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Braatz, A.C.","contributorId":65962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braatz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lucchesi, J.N.","contributorId":178478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucchesi","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sprando, J.M.","contributorId":81606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprando","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Adams, N.S.","contributorId":178351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":659175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70179882,"text":"70179882 - 2003 - Using 3D acoustic telemetry to assess the response of resident salmonids to strobe lights in Lake Roosevelt, Washington: Chief Joseph Kokanee Enhancement Feasibility Study, 2001-2002 annual report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:02:50","indexId":"70179882","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Using 3D acoustic telemetry to assess the response of resident salmonids to strobe lights in Lake Roosevelt, Washington: Chief Joseph Kokanee Enhancement Feasibility Study, 2001-2002 annual report","docAbstract":"In 1995, the Chief Joseph Kokanee Enhancement Project was established to mitigate the loss of anadromous fish due to the construction of Chief Joseph and Grand Coulee dams. The objectives of the Chief Joseph Enhancement Project are to determine the status of resident kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations above Chief Joseph and Grand Coulee dams and to enhance kokanee and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations. Studies conducted at Grand Coulee Dam documented substantial entrainment of kokanee through turbines at the third powerhouse.
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