{"pageNumber":"2858","pageRowStart":"71425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184606,"records":[{"id":70026023,"text":"70026023 - 2003 - Mercury methylation in mine wastes collected from abandoned mercury mines in the USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026023","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mercury methylation in mine wastes collected from abandoned mercury mines in the USA","docAbstract":"Speciation and transformation of Hg was studied in mine wastes collected from abandoned Hg mines at McDermitt, Nevada, and Terlingua, Texas, to evaluate formation of methyl-Hg, which is highly toxic. In these mine wastes, we measured total Hg and methyl-Hg contents, identified various Hg compounds using a pyrolysis technique, and determined rates of Hg methylation and methyl-Hg demethylation using isotopic-tracer methods. Mine wastes contain total Hg contents as high as 14000 ??g/g and methyl-Hg concentrations as high as 88 ng/g. Mine wastes were found to contain variable amounts of cinnabar, metacinnabar, Hg salts, Hg0, and Hg0 and Hg2+ sorbed onto matrix particulates. Samples with Hg0 and matrix-sorbed Hg generally contained significant methyl-Hg contents. Similarly, samples containing Hg0 compounds generally produced significant Hg methylation rates, as much as 26%/day. Samples containing mostly cinnabar showed little or no Hg methylation. Mine wastes with high methyl-Hg contents generally showed low methyl-Hg demethylation, suggesting that Hg methylation was dominant. Methyl-Hg demethylation was by both oxidative and microbial pathways. The correspondence of mine wastes containing Hg0 compounds and measured Hg methylation suggests that Hg0 oxidizes to Hg2+, which is subsequently bioavailable for microbial Hg methylation.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal De Physique. IV : JP","conferenceTitle":"XII International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment","conferenceDate":"26 May 2003 through 30 May 2003","conferenceLocation":"Grenoble","language":"English","issn":"11554339","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Hines, M., Biester, H., and Lasorsa, B., 2003, Mercury methylation in mine wastes collected from abandoned mercury mines in the USA, <i>in</i> Journal De Physique. IV : JP, v. 107, no. I, Grenoble, 26 May 2003 through 30 May 2003, p. 573-576.","startPage":"573","endPage":"576","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5421e4b0c8380cd6ceba","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Boutron C.Ferrari C.","contributorId":128414,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Boutron C.Ferrari C.","id":536574,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, M.E.","contributorId":97287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biester, H.","contributorId":44333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biester","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lasorsa, B.K.","contributorId":42756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasorsa","given":"B.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025879,"text":"70025879 - 2003 - Simulating ground water-lake interactions: Approaches and insights","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025879","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating ground water-lake interactions: Approaches and insights","docAbstract":"Approaches for modeling lake-ground water interactions have evolved significantly from early simulations that used fixed lake stages specified as constant head to sophisticated LAK packages for MODFLOW. Although model input can be complex, the LAK package capabilities and output are superior to methods that rely on a fixed lake stage and compare well to other simple methods where lake stage can be calculated. Regardless of the approach, guidelines presented here for model grid size, location of three-dimensional flow, and extent of vertical capture can facilitate the construction of appropriately detailed models that simulate important lake-ground water interactions without adding unnecessary complexity. In addition to MODFLOW approaches, lake simulation has been formulated in terms of analytic elements. The analytic element lake package had acceptable agreement with a published LAK1 problem, even though there were differences in the total lake conductance and number of layers used in the two models. The grid size used in the original LAK1 problem, however, violated a grid size guideline presented in this paper. Grid sensitivity analyses demonstrated that an appreciable discrepancy in the distribution of stream and lake flux was related to the large grid size used in the original LAK1 problem. This artifact is expected regardless of MODFLOW LAK package used. When the grid size was reduced, a finite-difference formulation approached the analytic element results. These insights and guidelines can help ensure that the proper lake simulation tool is being selected and applied.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02586.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Haitjema, H., Krohelski, J.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2003, Simulating ground water-lake interactions: Approaches and insights: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 2, p. 227-237, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02586.x.","startPage":"227","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208894,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02586.x"},{"id":234978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fd0e4b08c986b319159","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haitjema, H.M.","contributorId":88132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haitjema","given":"H.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feinstein, D. T.","contributorId":47328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025417,"text":"70025417 - 2003 - Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in an effluent-dominated reach of the Santa Cruz River, AZ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025417","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in an effluent-dominated reach of the Santa Cruz River, AZ","docAbstract":"This study provides an assessment of the ecological conditions of a 46-km effluent-dominated stream section of the Santa Cruz River in the vicinity of the International Waste Water Treatment Plant, Nogales, AZ. We associated changes in the structure of the macroinvertebrate community to natural and anthropogenic chemical and physical variables using multivariate analysis. The analysis shows that biological criteria for effluent-dominated streams can be established using macroinvertebrate community attributes only with an understanding of the contribution of three classes of variables on the community structure: (1) low flow hydrological discharge as affected by groundwater withdrawals, treatment plant discharge, and subsurface geomorphology; (2) chemical composition of the treatment plant discharge and natural dilution; and (3) naturally produced floods resulting from seasonality of precipitation. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00014-1","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Boyle, T., and Fraleigh, H., 2003, Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in an effluent-dominated reach of the Santa Cruz River, AZ: Ecological Indicators, v. 3, no. 2, p. 93-117, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00014-1.","startPage":"93","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209394,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00014-1"},{"id":235784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a62d5e4b0c8380cd7212d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyle, T.P.","contributorId":79061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fraleigh, H.D. Jr.","contributorId":50703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraleigh","given":"H.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026086,"text":"70026086 - 2003 - Genetic structure in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) on the southern high plains of Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026086","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic structure in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) on the southern high plains of Texas","docAbstract":"Genetic variation within populations reflects population-level social and demographic processes and influences how a population behaves as an evolutionary unit. We examined partitioning of genetic variation in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) from the Southern High Plains of Texas during 1994-1995. Sixty-nine male and 35 female skunks were sampled on four 12.8-km2 study plots. Plot centers ranged from 17.6 to 61.6 km apart. We used multi-locus DNA fingerprinting with 2 probes, pV47 and CTTxAGG, to test 3 hypotheses: (1) females are more genetically similar to other females than males are to other males on the same plot (indicating greater female philopatry than male philopatry), (2) genetic similarity is greater within plots than among plots (indicating partitioning of genetic variation in space), and (3) genetic similarity of males decreases as the distance separating males increases (indicating geographic distance affects rates of gene flow). In general, males on a plot had lower average genetic similarity than females. Genetic similarity within plots was not different from genetic similarity among plots for males or for females. Genetic similarity of males did not decrease with increasing distance among plots. The lack of geographical genetic structure in striped skunks suggests at the scale of this study (<60 km) that gene flow of biparentally inherited genes is not distance-mediated. However, the higher similarity values for females than for males on the same plot supports an effect of male-biased dispersal and female philopatry on partitioning of genetic variation between sexes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western North American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15270904","usgsCitation":"Hansen, L., Mathews, N., Hansen, R., Vander Lee, B.A., and Scott, L.R., 2003, Genetic structure in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) on the southern high plains of Texas: Western North American Naturalist, v. 63, no. 1, p. 80-87.","startPage":"80","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1584e4b0c8380cd54e58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, L.A.","contributorId":14988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mathews, N.E.","contributorId":45807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathews","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, R.W.","contributorId":106436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vander Lee, B. A.","contributorId":31556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vander Lee","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, Lutz R.","contributorId":101854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Lutz","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025418,"text":"70025418 - 2003 - On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T16:31:44.295634","indexId":"70025418","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency","docAbstract":"<div class=\"margin-size-16-b margin-size-16-t\"><div class=\"margin-size-4-t margin-size-16-b\"><p class=\"typography serif indefinite-width\"><span>We consider&nbsp;expected&nbsp;relationships&nbsp;between&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;τ<sub>a</sub>&nbsp;and&nbsp;static&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;Δτ<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;using a standard&nbsp;energy&nbsp;balance and find τ<sub>a</sub>&nbsp;= Δτ<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;(0.5 - ξ), where ξ is&nbsp;stress&nbsp;overshoot. A simple implementation of this balance is to assume overshoot is constant; then&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;should vary linearly with&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop, consistent with spectral theories (Brune, 1970) and dynamic crack models (Madariaga, 1976). Normalizing this expression by the&nbsp;static&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;defines an&nbsp;efficiency&nbsp;η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;= τ<sub>s</sub>a/Δτ<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;as follows from Savage and Wood (1971). We use this measure of&nbsp;efficiency&nbsp;to analyze data from one of a number of observational studies that find&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;to increase with seismic moment, namely earthquakes recorded in the Cajon Pass borehole by Abercrombie (1995). Increases in&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;with event size could reflect an increase in seismic&nbsp;efficiency; however, η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;for the Cajon earthquakes shows no such increase and is approximately constant over the entire moment range. Thus,&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;and&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;co-vary, as&nbsp;expected&nbsp;from the&nbsp;energy&nbsp;balance at constant overshoot. The median value of η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;for the Cajon earthquakes is four times lower than η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;for laboratory events. Thus, these Cajon-recorded earthquakes have relatively low and approximately constant&nbsp;efficiency. As the&nbsp;energy&nbsp;balance requires η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;= 0.5 - ξ, overshoot can be estimated directly from the Savage-Wood&nbsp;efficiency; overshoot is positive for Cajon Pass earthquakes. Variations in&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;with seismic moment for these earthquakes result primarily from systematic variations in&nbsp;static&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;with seismic moment and do not require a relative decrease in sliding resistance with increasing event size (dynamic weakening). Based on the comparison of field and lab determinations of the Savage-Wood&nbsp;efficiency, we suggest the criterion η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;&gt; 0.3 as a test for dynamic weakening in excess of that seen in the lab.</span></p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020162","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N., Wong, T., and Hickman, S., 2003, On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1381-1389, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020162.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1381","endPage":"1389","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6dc9e4b0c8380cd75323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, T.-F.","contributorId":64852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"T.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, S.H. 0000-0003-2075-9615","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":16027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026022,"text":"70026022 - 2003 - Age of the Mono Lake excursion and associated tephra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026022","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of the Mono Lake excursion and associated tephra","docAbstract":"The Mono Lake excursion (MLE) is an important time marker that has been found in lake and marine sediments across much of the Northern Hemisphere. Dating of this event at its type locality, the Mono Basin of California, has yielded controversial results with the most recent effort concluding that the MLE may actually be the Laschamp excursion (Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 197 (2002) 151). We show that a volcanic tephra (Ash #15) that occurs near the midpoint of the MLE has a date (not corrected for reservoir effect) of 28,620 ?? 300 14C yr BP (??? 32,400 GISP2 yr BP) in the Pyramid Lake Basin of Nevada. Given the location of Ash #15 and the duration of the MLE in the Mono Basin, the event occurred between 31,500 and 33,300 GISP2 yr BP, an age range consistent with the position and age of the uppermost of two paleointensity minima in the NAPIS-75 stack that has been associated with the MLE (Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 358 (2000) 1009). The lower paleointensity minimum in the NAPIS-75 stack is considered to be the Laschamp excursion (Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 358 (2000) 1009).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00249-4","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., Liddicoat, J., Smoot, J., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Negrini, R., and Lund, S., 2003, Age of the Mono Lake excursion and associated tephra: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 22, no. 2-4, p. 135-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00249-4.","startPage":"135","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00249-4"},{"id":234951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f1e4b0c8380cd47fc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liddicoat, J.","contributorId":89321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liddicoat","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smoot, J.","contributorId":21726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":38750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Negrini, R.","contributorId":26390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Negrini","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lund, S.","contributorId":84933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026017,"text":"70026017 - 2003 - Arctic transitions in the Land - Atmosphere System (ATLAS): Background, objectives, results, and future directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026017","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arctic transitions in the Land - Atmosphere System (ATLAS): Background, objectives, results, and future directions","docAbstract":"This paper briefly reviews the background, objectives, and results of the Arctic Transitions in the Land-Atmosphere System (ATLAS) Project to date and provides thoughts on future directions. The key goal of the ATLAS Project is to improve understanding of controls over spatial and temporal variability of terrestrial processes in the Arctic that have potential consequences for the climate system, i.e., processes that affect the exchange of water and energy with the atmosphere, the exchange of radiatively active gases with the atmosphere, and the delivery of freshwater to the Arctic Ocean. Three important conclusions have emerged from research associated with the ATLAS Project. First, associated with the observation that the Alaskan Arctic has warmed significantly in the last 30 years, permafrost is warming, shrubs are expanding, and there has been a temporary release of carbon dioxide from tundra soils. Second, the winter is a more important period of biological activity than previously appreciated. Biotic processes, including shrub expansion and decomposition, affect snow structure and accumulation and affect the annual carbon budget of tundra ecosystems. Third, observed vegetation changes can have a significant positive feedback to regional warming. These vegetation effects are, however, less strong than those exerted by land-ocean heating contrasts and the topographic constraints on air mass movements. The papers of this special section provide additional insights related to these conclusions and to the overall goal of ATLAS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McGuire, A., Sturm, M., and Chapin, F.S., 2003, Arctic transitions in the Land - Atmosphere System (ATLAS): Background, objectives, results, and future directions: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 108, no. 2.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed57e4b0c8380cd49750","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sturm, M.","contributorId":81834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturm","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F. S. III","contributorId":16776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025732,"text":"70025732 - 2003 - Physiological responses of juvenile rainbow trout to fasting and swimming activity: Effects on body composition and condition indices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025732","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological responses of juvenile rainbow trout to fasting and swimming activity: Effects on body composition and condition indices","docAbstract":"The physiological traits that allow fish to survive periods of limited food resources are poorly understood. We assessed changes in proximate body composition, relative organ mass, blood metabolites, and relative weight (Wr) of sedentary and actively swimming (15 cm/s) juvenile rainbow trout (154-182 mm total length) over 147 d of fasting. Fasting caused measurable responses that were augmented when fish were swimming. Lipids and plasma triacylglycerides declined over time. Proteins were catabolized simultaneously with lipid reserves, but ammonia concentrations in plasma did not increase. The liver somatic index (LSI) did not change substantially over 105 d, suggesting that gluconeogenesis maintained blood glucose concentrations and hepatic glycogen reserves for a substantial period of fasting. The gut somatic index (GSI) and Wr declined linearly during fasting, but the LSI did not decline until after 105 d of fasting. Consequently, the use of different body condition indices could lead to different conclusions about the condition of juvenile rainbow trout. Swimming activity caused fish to have lower lipid and protein reserves than those of sedentary fish. No mortalities were observed among sedentary fish, but mortalities occurred among actively swimming fish after 97 d of fasting when 3.2% or less lipid remained in their bodies. Body condition indices did not account for differences in proximate body composition between sedentary and actively swimming fish and were relatively poor predictors of lipid content and risk of mortality. The probability of mortality was most accurately predicted by percent lipid content. Therefore, we suggest that fisheries scientists consider using percent lipid content when evaluating the physiological status and risk of mortality due to starvation among juvenile rainbow trout.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0576:PROJRT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Simpkins, D., Hubert, W., Rio, D., and Rule, D., 2003, Physiological responses of juvenile rainbow trout to fasting and swimming activity: Effects on body composition and condition indices: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 3, p. 576-589, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0576:PROJRT>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"576","endPage":"589","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208912,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0576:PROJRT>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":235005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b27e4b0c8380cd792a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpkins, D.G.","contributorId":80027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpkins","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rio, Del","contributorId":7477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rio","given":"Del","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rule, D.C.","contributorId":9826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rule","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025419,"text":"70025419 - 2003 - 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake engineering seismoscope recordings and Eastern North America ground-motion attenuation relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T16:27:26.619223","indexId":"70025419","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake engineering seismoscope recordings and Eastern North America ground-motion attenuation relations","docAbstract":"Engineering seismoscope data collected at distances less than 300 km for the M 7.7 Bhuj, India, mainshock are compatible with ground-motion attenuation in eastern North America (ENA). The mainshock ground-motion data have been corrected to a common geological site condition using the factors of Joyner and Boore (2000) and a classification scheme of Quaternary or Tertiary sediments or rock. We then compare these data to ENA ground-motion attenuation relations. Despite uncertainties in recording method, geological site corrections, common tectonic setting, and the amount of regional seismic attenuation, the corrected Bhuj dataset agrees with the collective predictions by ENA ground-motion attenuation relations within a factor of 2. This level of agreement is within the dataset uncertainties and the normal variance for recorded earthquake ground motions.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020194","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Cramer, C., and Kumar, A., 2003, 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake engineering seismoscope recordings and Eastern North America ground-motion attenuation relations: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1390-1394, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020194.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1390","endPage":"1394","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e245e4b0c8380cd45a75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cramer, C.H.","contributorId":100012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kumar, A.","contributorId":16140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025770,"text":"70025770 - 2003 - Gyrfalcon diet in central west Greenland during the nesting period","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025770","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gyrfalcon diet in central west Greenland during the nesting period","docAbstract":"We studied food habits of Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) nesting in central west Greenland in 2000 and 2001 using three sources of data: time-lapse video (3 nests), prey remains (22 nests), and regurgitated pellets (19 nests). These sources provided different information describing the diet during the nesting period. Gyrfalcons relied heavily on Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) and arctic hares (Lepus arcticus). Combined, these species contributed 79-91% of the total diet, depending on the data used. Passerines were the third most important group. Prey less common in the diet included waterfowl, arctic fox pups (Alopex lagopus), shorebirds, gulls, alcids, and falcons. All Rock Ptarmigan were adults, and all but one arctic hare were young of the year. Most passerines were fledglings. We observed two diet shifts, first from a preponderance of ptarmigan to hares in mid-June, and second to passerines in late June. The video-monitored Gyrfalcons consumed 94-110 kg of food per nest during the nestling period, higher than previously estimated. Using a combination of video, prey remains, and pellets was important to accurately document Gyrfalcon diet, and we strongly recommend using time-lapse video in future diet studies to identify biases in prey remains and pellet data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Booms, T., and Fuller, M., 2003, Gyrfalcon diet in central west Greenland during the nesting period: Condor, v. 105, no. 3, p. 528-537.","startPage":"528","endPage":"537","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e71e4b0c8380cd5c545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booms, T.L.","contributorId":15387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booms","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026070,"text":"70026070 - 2003 - Tree-ring dated landslide movements and their relationship to seismic events in southwestern Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T08:42:20","indexId":"70026070","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tree-ring dated landslide movements and their relationship to seismic events in southwestern Montana, USA","docAbstract":"<p>To determine periods of incremental landslide movement and their possible relationship to regional seismic events, the tree-ring records of 32 titled and damaged conifers at three sites on landslides in the Gravelly Range of southwestern Montana were examined. Several signs of disturbance in the tree-ring record indicating landslide movement were observed. Commonly, the tree-ring record displayed a marked reduction in annual ring width and/or the reaction wood formation. The tree-ring records from the three landslide sites indicate multiple periods of movement during the 20th century. Many of the periods of movement indicated by the strongest signals (most trees) at the sites occurred the year following significant earthquakes in the region. Those seismic events for which evidence in the tree-ring record was found at one or more of the three sites are the 1983 Borah Peak, 1959 Hebgen Lake, 1935 Helena, 1925 Clarkson, and 1908 Virginia City earthquakes. This study suggests that many of the landslide movements were triggered by, or are coincident with, earthquakes as much as 200 km from the study area.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1016/S0033-5894(02)00010-8","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P.E., and O’Neill, J., 2003, Tree-ring dated landslide movements and their relationship to seismic events in southwestern Montana, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 59, no. 1, p. 25-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-5894(02)00010-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7a5e4b08c986b3273cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, Paul E. pcarrara@usgs.gov","contributorId":1342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"Paul","email":"pcarrara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neill, J.M.","contributorId":85562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025771,"text":"70025771 - 2003 - Phylogeography of Canada Geese (<i>Branta canadensis</i>) in western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:19:31","indexId":"70025771","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phylogeography of Canada Geese (<i>Branta canadensis</i>) in western North America","docAbstract":"Using molecular genetic markers that differ in mode of inheritance and rate of evolution, we examined levels and partitioning of genetic variation for seven nominal subspecies (11 breeding populations) of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) in western North America. Gene trees constructed from mtDNA control region sequence data show that subspecies of Canada Geese do not have distinct mtDNA. Large- and small-bodied forms of Canada Geese were highly diverged (0. 077 average sequence divergence) and represent monophyletic groups. A majority (65%) of 20 haplotypes resolved were observed in single breeding locales. However, within both large- and small-bodied forms certain haplotypes occurred across multiple subspecies. Population trees for both nuclear (microsatellites) and mitochondrial markers were generally concordant and provide resolution of population and subspecific relationships indicating incomplete lineage sorting. All populations and subspecies were genetically diverged, but to varying degrees. Analyses of molecular variance, nested-clade and coalescence-based analyses of mtDNA suggest that both historical (past fragmentation) and contemporary forces have been important in shaping current spatial genetic distributions. Gene flow appears to be ongoing though at different rates, even among currently recognized subspecies. The efficacy of current subspecific taxonomy is discussed in light of hypothesized historical vicariance and current demographic trends of management and conservation concern.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0889:POCGBC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., Talbot, S.L., Pearce, J.M., Pierson, B.J., Bollinger, K., and Derksen, D.V., 2003, Phylogeography of Canada Geese (<i>Branta canadensis</i>) in western North America: The Auk, v. 120, no. 3, p. 889-907, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0889:POCGBC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"889","endPage":"907","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a5de4b0c8380cd78e8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":95434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pierson, Barbara J. 0000-0001-8233-874X bpierson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-874X","contributorId":194939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Barbara","email":"bpierson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bollinger, K.S.","contributorId":85542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026016,"text":"70026016 - 2003 - Strong ground-motion prediction from Stochastic-dynamic source models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T16:35:24.791026","indexId":"70026016","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strong ground-motion prediction from Stochastic-dynamic source models","docAbstract":"In the absence of sufficient data in the very near source, predictions of the intensity and variability of ground motions from future large earthquakes depend strongly on our ability to develop realistic models of the earthquake source. In this article we simulate near-fault strong ground motion using dynamic source models. We use a boundary integral method to simulate dynamic rupture of earthquakes by specifying dynamic source parameters (fracture energy and stress drop) as spatial random fields. We choose these quantities such that they are consistent with the statistical properties of slip heterogeneity found in finite-source models of past earthquakes. From these rupture models we compute theoretical strong-motion seismograms up to a frequency of 2 Hz for several realizations of a scenario strike-slip Mw 7.0 earthquake and compare empirical response spectra, spectra obtained from our dynamic models, and spectra determined from corresponding kinematic simulations. We find that spatial and temporal variations in slip, slip rise time, and rupture propagation consistent with dynamic rupture models exert a strong influence on near-source ground motion. Our results lead to a feasible approach to specify the variability in the rupture time distribution in kinematic models through a generalization of Andrews' (1976) result relating rupture speed to apparent fracture energy, stress drop, and crack length to 3D dynamic models. This suggests that a simplified representation of dynamic rupture may be obtained to approximate the effects of dynamic rupture without having to do full dynamic simulations.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020006","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Guatteri, M., Mai, P., Beroza, G., and Boatwright, J., 2003, Strong ground-motion prediction from Stochastic-dynamic source models: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 1, p. 301-313, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020006.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"313","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b86e4b08c986b31cf46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guatteri, Mariagiovanna","contributorId":29979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guatteri","given":"Mariagiovanna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mai, P.M.","contributorId":32712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mai","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beroza, G. C.","contributorId":95626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beroza","given":"G. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026015,"text":"70026015 - 2003 - Relation of age-0 largemouth bass abundance to hydrilla coverage and water level at Lochloosa and Orange Lakes, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026015","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of age-0 largemouth bass abundance to hydrilla coverage and water level at Lochloosa and Orange Lakes, Florida","docAbstract":"Changes in electrofishing catch per hour (CPH) of age-0 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were examined in relation to aquatic macrophytes and seasonal water elevation at Lochloosa and Orange lakes, Florida, during the 1990s. At Lochloosa Lake, stepwise multiple regression revealed a significant positive relationship between the mean CPH of age-0 largemouth bass and the percentage of areal coverage by hydrilla Hydrilla verticallata. At Orange Lake, mean CPH was directly associated with the percentage of areal coverage by hydrilla and inversely related to summer water levels. Thus, the influence of vegetation on age-0 largemouth bass abundance was similar at both lakes, but the effects of water levels were not. Further investigations into the effects of fluctuations in water levels on age-0 largemouth bass in natural lakes are needed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0251:ROALBA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Tate, W., Allen, M.S., Myers, R., Nagid, E., and Estes, J., 2003, Relation of age-0 largemouth bass abundance to hydrilla coverage and water level at Lochloosa and Orange Lakes, Florida: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 1, p. 251-257, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0251:ROALBA>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"251","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478573,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0251:roalba>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208799,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0251:ROALBA>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a673e4b0e8fec6cdc19a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tate, W.B.","contributorId":78917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, M. S.","contributorId":63001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Myers, R.A.","contributorId":10971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nagid, E.J.","contributorId":80050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagid","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Estes, J.R.","contributorId":13792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026014,"text":"70026014 - 2003 - Paleomagnetism and geochronology of an Early Proterozoic quartz diorite in the southern Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026014","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleomagnetism and geochronology of an Early Proterozoic quartz diorite in the southern Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"We present geochronologic and paleomagnetic data from a north-trending quartz diorite intrusion that cuts Archean metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks of the South Pass Greenstone Belt of the Wyoming craton. The quartz diorite was previously thought to be either Archean or Early Proterozoic (?) in age and is cut by north and northeast-trending Proterozoic diabase dikes of uncertain age, for which we also report paleomagnetic data. New U-Pb analyses of baddeleyite and zircon from the quartz diorite yield a concordia upper intercept age of 2170 ?? 8 Ma (95% confidence). An 40Ar/39Ar amphibole date from the same sample yields a similar apparent age of about 2124 ?? 30 Ma (2??), thus confirming that the intrusion is Early Proterozoic in age and that it has probably not been thermally disturbed since emplacement. A magmatic event at ca. 2.17 Ga has not previously been documented in the Wyoming craton. The quartz diorite and one of the crosscutting diabase dikes yield essentially identical, well-defined characteristic remanent magnetizations. Results from eight sites in the quartz diorite yield an in situ mean direction of north declination and moderate to steep positive inclination (Dec.=355??, Inc.=65??, k=145, ??95=5??) with a paleomagnetic pole at 84??N, 215??E (??m=6??, ??p=7??). Data from other diabase dike sites are inconsistent with the quartz diorite results, but the importance of these results is uncertain because the age of the dikes is not well known. Interpretation of the quartz diorite remanent magnetization is problematic. The in situ direction is similar to expected directions for magnetizations of Late Cretaceous/early Tertiary age. However, there is no compelling evidence to suggest that these rocks were remagnetized during the late Mesozoic or Cenozoic. Assuming this magnetization to be primary, then the in situ paleomagnetic pole is strongly discordant with poles of 2167, 2214, and 2217 Ma from the Canadian Shield, and is consistent with proposed separation of the Wyoming Craton and Laurentia prior to about 1.8 Ga. Correcting the quartz diorite pole for the possible effects of Laramide-age tilting of the Wind River Range, based on the attitude of nearby overlying Cambrian Flathead Sandstone (dip=20??, N20??E), gives a tilt corrected pole of 75??N, 58??E (??m=4??, ??p=6??), which is also discordant with respect to time-equivalent poles from the Superior Province. Reconstruction of the Superior and Wyoming Province using a rotation similar to that proposed by Roscoe and Card [Can. J. Earth Sci. 46(1993)2475] is problematic, but reconstruction of the Superior and Wyoming Provinces based on restoring them to their correct paleolatitude and orientation using a closest approach fit indicates that the two cratons could have been adjacent at about 2.17 Ga prior to rifting at about 2.15 Ga. The paleomagnetic data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that the Huronian and Snowy Pass Supergroups could have evolved as part of a single epicratonic sedimentary basin during the Early Proterozoic. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00633-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Harlan, S.S., Geisman, J., and Premo, W.R., 2003, Paleomagnetism and geochronology of an Early Proterozoic quartz diorite in the southern Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA: Tectonophysics, v. 362, no. 1-4, p. 105-122, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00633-9.","startPage":"105","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208798,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00633-9"},{"id":234798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"362","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a741ce4b0c8380cd7744e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geisman, J.W.","contributorId":6233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geisman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Premo, W. R. 0000-0001-9904-4801","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":22782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025772,"text":"70025772 - 2003 - An evaluation of selective feeding by three age-groups of the rainbow mussel Villosa iris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025772","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2885,"text":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of selective feeding by three age-groups of the rainbow mussel Villosa iris","docAbstract":"A tri-algal diet was fed to three age-groups of the rainbow mussel Villosa iris: ages 2-3 d, 50-53 d, and 3-6 years. Changes in the relative abundance of each algal species were determined in 5-h feeding trials from feeding chambers and by gut content analyses. All age-groups rejected Scenedesmus quadricauda and preferentially selected Nannochloropsis oculata and Selenastrum capricornutum, principally on the basis of size. Changes in the relative abundance of algae in feeding chambers did not differ significantly among age-groups. Observed differences in the ingested quantities of the similar-sized N. oculata and S. capricornutum were attributed to other particle-related characteristics. Results indicate that the rainbow mussel can be fed similar-sized algae at ali ages in captive propagation facilities. When developing a suitable algal diet for rearing juvenile mussels, one probably need not investigate different species at each stage of development if the algae used are in the 2.8-8.5-??m size range.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/C02-031","issn":"15222055","usgsCitation":"Beck, K., and Neves, R.J., 2003, An evaluation of selective feeding by three age-groups of the rainbow mussel Villosa iris: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 65, no. 3, p. 203-209, https://doi.org/10.1577/C02-031.","startPage":"203","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208930,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/C02-031"},{"id":235043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea51e4b0c8380cd4879a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beck, K.","contributorId":107475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neves, R. J.","contributorId":30936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neves","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025420,"text":"70025420 - 2003 - Analysis of aquifer mineralization by paleodrainage channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025420","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of aquifer mineralization by paleodrainage channels","docAbstract":"Mineralization of groundwater resources is a problem in south-central Kansas, due to the penetration of saline water from Permian bedrock formations into the overlying alluvial aquifer. One of the mechanisms involved in the mineralization involves small bedrock features of high permeability located in places occupied by streams and rivers in past geological eras. These geological features are termed 'paleodrainage channels'. The permeability of the overlying aquifer can be significantly smaller than that of the channel fill material. The comparatively fast migration of saline water through these channels of high permeability is associated with the transfer of minerals into the overlying freshwater aquifer. This study applies a set of boundary layer approaches to quantify the process of mineral transfer from the channels into the aquifer. The methods used in the present study provide quick estimation and evaluation of the dilution of the channel flow, as well as mineral concentration profile changes in the mineralized zone created in the overlying aquifer. More generally, the method can also be useful for the analysis and evaluation of various types of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous aquifers. The application of the method is exemplified by a complete set of calculations characterizing the possible mineralization process at a specific channel in south central Kansas. Sensitivity analyses are performed and provide information about the importance of the various parameters that affect the mineralization process. Some possible scenarios for the aquifer mineralization phenomena are described and evaluated. It is shown that the channel mineralization may create either several stream tubes of the aquifer with high mineral concentration, or many stream tubes mineralized to a lesser extent. Characteristics of these two patterns of aquifer mineralization are quantified and discussed. ?? 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00123-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rubin, H., and Buddemeier, R., 2003, Analysis of aquifer mineralization by paleodrainage channels: Journal of Hydrology, v. 277, no. 3-4, p. 280-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00123-9.","startPage":"280","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209408,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00123-9"},{"id":235821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"277","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb06e4b0c8380cd48b78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, H.","contributorId":54358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025773,"text":"70025773 - 2003 - Baseflow and stormflow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025773","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Baseflow and stormflow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States","docAbstract":"Annual yields (fluxes per unit area) of Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, As and Se were estimated for two small non-tidal stream catchments on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay, United States - a poorly drained dissected-upland watershed in the Nanticoke River Basin, and a well-drained feeder tributary in the lower reaches of the Chester River Basin. Both watersheds are dominated by agriculture. A hydrograph-separation technique was used to determine the baseflow and stormflow components of metal yields, thus providing important insights into the effects of hydrology and climate on the transport of metals. Concentrations of suspended-sediment were used as a less-costly proxy of metal concentrations which are generally associated with particles. Results were compared to other studies in Chesapeake Bay and to general trends in metal concentrations across the United States. The study documented a larger than background yield of Zn and Co from the upper Nanticoke River Basin and possibly enriched concentrations of As, Cd and Se from both the upper Nanticoke River and the Chesterville Branch (a tributary of the lower Chester River). The annual yield of total Zn from the Nanticoke River Basin in 1998 was 18,000 g/km2/a, and was two to three times higher than yields reported from comparable river basins in the region. Concentrations of Cd also were high in both basins when compared to crustal concentrations and to other national data, but were within reasonable agreement with other Chesapeake Bay studies. Thus, Cd may be enriched locally either in natural materials or from agriculture.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00103-8","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Miller, C., Foster, G., and Majedi, B., 2003, Baseflow and stormflow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States: Applied Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 4, p. 483-501, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00103-8.","startPage":"483","endPage":"501","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208628,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00103-8"},{"id":234498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efd4e4b0c8380cd4a48c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, C.V.","contributorId":41026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, G.D.","contributorId":98464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Majedi, B.F.","contributorId":108289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majedi","given":"B.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026012,"text":"70026012 - 2003 - Structure, production and resource use in some old-growth spruce/fir forests in the front range of the Rocky Mountains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026012","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure, production and resource use in some old-growth spruce/fir forests in the front range of the Rocky Mountains, USA","docAbstract":"Old-growth forests of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm.) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) dominate much of the landscape of the Rocky Mountains. We characterized the structure, biomass and production of 18 old-growth (200-450-year-old) spruce/fir forests in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, as well as the stand-level supply and use of light and nitrogen. Stands were chosen to span a broad range of elevation, aspect, and topography. Aboveground tree biomass in these old-growth forests averaged 253 Mg/ha (range 130-488 Mg/ha), with aboveground net primary production of 3700 kg ha-1 yr-1 (range from 2700 to 5200 kg ha-1 yr-1). Within stands, trees >35 cm in diameter accounted for 70% of aboveground biomass, but trees <35 cm contributed 70% of the production of woody biomass. Differences in slope and aspect among sites resulted in a range of incoming light from 58 to 74 TJ ha-1 yr-1, and tree canopies intercepted an average of 71% of incoming light (range 50-90%). Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of trees did not relate to the supply of light or N, but ANPP correlated strongly with the amount of light and N used (r2 = 0.45-0.54, P < 0.01). Uptake of 1 kg of N was associated with about 260 kg of ANPP, and one TJ of intercepted shortwave radiation produced about 78 kg of ANPP. Across these old-growth stands, stands with greater biomass showed higher rates of both ANPP and resource use; variation in aboveground biomass was associated with 24% of the variation in N use (P = 0.04), 44% of the light use (P = 0.003), and 45% of the ANPP (P = 0.002). ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00794-0","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Binkley, D., Olsson, U., Rochelle, R., Stohlgren, T., and Nikolov, N., 2003, Structure, production and resource use in some old-growth spruce/fir forests in the front range of the Rocky Mountains, USA: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 172, no. 2-3, p. 271-279, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00794-0.","startPage":"271","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208777,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00794-0"},{"id":234764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"172","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c6be4b08c986b31d3f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsson, U.","contributorId":85377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsson","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rochelle, R.","contributorId":21729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochelle","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.","contributorId":40766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nikolov, N.","contributorId":76525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nikolov","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025751,"text":"70025751 - 2003 - Analysis of a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a neural network-based pattern analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70025751","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a neural network-based pattern analysis","docAbstract":"This paper addresses the problem of how to capture the complex relationships that exist between process variables and to diagnose the dynamic behaviour of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WTP). Due to the complex biological reaction mechanisms, the highly time-varying, and multivariable aspects of the real WTP, the diagnosis of the WTP are still difficult in practice. The application of intelligent techniques, which can analyse the multi-dimensional process data using a sophisticated visualisation technique, can be useful for analysing and diagnosing the activated-sludge WTP. In this paper, the Kohonen Self-Organising Feature Maps (KSOFM) neural network is applied to analyse the multi-dimensional process data, and to diagnose the inter-relationship of the process variables in a real activated-sludge WTP. By using component planes, some detailed local relationships between the process variables, e.g., responses of the process variables under different operating conditions, as well as the global information is discovered. The operating condition and the inter-relationship among the process variables in the WTP have been diagnosed and extracted by the information obtained from the clustering analysis of the maps. It is concluded that the KSOFM technique provides an effective analysing and diagnosing tool to understand the system behaviour and to extract knowledge contained in multi-dimensional data of a large-scale WTP. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00494-3","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Hong, Y., Rosen, M.R., and Bhamidimarri, R., 2003, Analysis of a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a neural network-based pattern analysis: Water Research, v. 37, no. 7, p. 1608-1618, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00494-3.","startPage":"1608","endPage":"1618","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208770,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00494-3"},{"id":234748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb03e4b0c8380cd48b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hong, Y.-S.T.","contributorId":14169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hong","given":"Y.-S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R.","contributorId":43096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bhamidimarri, R.","contributorId":51508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhamidimarri","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026089,"text":"70026089 - 2003 - Cold cratonic roots and thermal blankets: How continents affect mantle convection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:52:34.640562","indexId":"70026089","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cold cratonic roots and thermal blankets: How continents affect mantle convection","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two-dimensional&nbsp;</span>convection<span>&nbsp;models with moving&nbsp;</span>continents<span>&nbsp;show that&nbsp;</span>continents<span>&nbsp;profoundly&nbsp;</span>affect<span>&nbsp;the pattern of&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>convection<span>. If the&nbsp;</span>continents<span>&nbsp;are wider than the wavelength of the&nbsp;</span>convection<span>&nbsp;cells (-3000 km, the thickness of the&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>), they cause neighboring deep&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>thermal<span>&nbsp;upwellings to coalesce into a single focused upwelling. This focused upwelling zone will have a potential temperature anomaly of about 200°C, much higher than the 100°C temperature anomaly of upwelling zones generated beneath typical oceanic lithosphere. Extensive high-temperature melts (including flood basalts and late potassic granites) will be produced, and the excess temperature anomaly will induce continental uplift (as revealed in sea level changes) and the eventual breakup of the supercontinent. The&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>thermal<span>&nbsp;anomaly will persist for several hundred million years after such a breakup. In contrast, small continental blocks (&lt;1000 km diameter) do not induce focused&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;upwelling zones. Instead, small continental blocks are dragged to&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;down-welling zones, where they spend most of their time, and will migrate laterally with the downwelling. As a result of sitting over relatively&nbsp;</span>cold<span>&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;(downwellings), small continental blocks are favored to keep their&nbsp;</span>cratonic<span>&nbsp;</span>roots<span>. This may explain the long-term survival of small&nbsp;</span>cratonic<span>&nbsp;blocks (e.g., the Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons of western Australia, and the West African craton). The optimum size for long-term stability of a continental block is &lt;3000 km. These results show that&nbsp;</span>continents<span>&nbsp;profoundly&nbsp;</span>affect<span>&nbsp;the pattern of&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>convection<span>. These effects are illustrated in terms of the timing and history of supercontinent breakup, the production of high-temperature melts, and sea level changes. Such two-dimensional calculations can be further refined and tested by three-dimensional numerical simulations of&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>convection<span>&nbsp;with moving continental and oceanic plates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.45.6.479","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Trubitsyn, V., Mooney, W.D., and Abbott, D., 2003, Cold cratonic roots and thermal blankets: How continents affect mantle convection: International Geology Review, v. 45, no. 6, p. 479-492, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.6.479.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"492","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387739,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7a6e4b0c8380cd4cc28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trubitsyn, V.P.","contributorId":33737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trubitsyn","given":"V.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abbott, D.H.","contributorId":64860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025422,"text":"70025422 - 2003 - Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:27:44","indexId":"70025422","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions","docAbstract":"The potential toxicity of elevated selenium (Se) concentrations in aquatic ecosystems has stimulated efforts to measure Se concentrations in benthos, nekton, and waterfowl in San Francisco Bay (SF Bay). In September 1998, we initiated a 14 mo field study to determine the concentration of Se in SF Bay zooplankton, which play a major role in the Bay food web, but which have not previously been studied with respect to Se. Monthly vertical plankton tows were collected at several stations throughout SF Bay, and zooplankton were separated into two operationally defined size classes for Se analyses: 73-2,000 ??m, and ???2,000 ??m. Selenium values ranged 1.02-6.07 ??g Se g-1 dry weight. No spatial differences in zooplankton Se concentrations were found. However, there were inter- and intra-annual differences. Zooplankton Se concentrations were enriched in the North Bay in Fall 1999 when compared to other seasons and locations within and outside SF Bay. The abundance and biovolume of the zooplankton community varied spatially between stations, but not seasonally within each station. Smaller herbivorous-omnivorous zooplankton had higher Se concentrations than larger omnivorous-carnivorous zooplankton. Selenium concentrations in zooplankton were negatively correlated with the proportion of total copepod biovolume comprising the large carnivorous copepod Tortanus dextrilobatus, but positively correlated with the proportion of copepod biovolume comprising smaller copepods of the family Oithonidae, suggesting an important role of trophic level and size in regulating zooplankton Se concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02803354","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Purkerson, D., Doblin, M., Bollens, S., Luoma, S., and Cutter, G., 2003, Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions: Estuaries, v. 26, no. 4, p. 956-969, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803354.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"956","endPage":"969","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cf3e4b08c986b3181d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purkerson, D.G.","contributorId":52768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purkerson","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doblin, M.A.","contributorId":19345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doblin","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bollens, S.M.","contributorId":30419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollens","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cutter, G.A.","contributorId":29166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutter","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026011,"text":"70026011 - 2003 - Photodegradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026011","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photodegradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates","docAbstract":"Arsenic compounds have been used extensively in agriculture in the US for applications ranging from cotton herbicides to animal feed supplements. Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid), in particular, is used widely in poultry production to control coccidial intestinal parasites. It is excreted unchanged in the manure and introduced into the environment when litter is applied to farmland as fertilizer. Although the toxicity of roxarsone is less than that of inorganic arsenic, roxarsone can degrade, biotically and abiotically, to produce more toxic inorganic forms of arsenic, such as arsenite and arsenate. Experiments were conducted on aqueous litter leachates to test the stability of roxarsone under different conditions. Laboratory experiments have shown that arsenite can be cleaved photolytically from the roxarsone moiety at pH 4-8 and that the degradation rate increases with increasing pH. Furthermore, the rate of photodegradation increases with nitrate and natural organic matter concentration, reactants that are commonly found in poultry-litter-water leachates. Additional photochemical reactions rapidly oxidize the cleaved arsenite to arsenate. The formation of arsenate is not entirely undesirable, because it is less mobile in soil systems and less toxic than arsenite. A possible mechanism for the degradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates is proposed. The results suggest that poultry litter storage and field application practices could affect the degradation of roxarsone and subsequent mobilization of inorganic arsenic species. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00322-4","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Bednar, A., Garbarino, J., Ferrer, I., Rutherford, D., Wershaw, R., Ranville, J., and Wildeman, T., 2003, Photodegradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates: Science of the Total Environment, v. 302, no. 1-3, p. 237-245, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00322-4.","startPage":"237","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208756,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00322-4"},{"id":234726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"302","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78c6e4b0c8380cd7879c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bednar, A.J.","contributorId":67247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bednar","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrer, I.","contributorId":97260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rutherford, D.W.","contributorId":21244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ranville, J. F.","contributorId":54245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wildeman, T.R.","contributorId":30248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildeman","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70026091,"text":"70026091 - 2003 - 100 years of Pb deposition and transport in soils in Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026091","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"100 years of Pb deposition and transport in soils in Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A","docAbstract":"In Illinois, atmospheric deposition is one major source of heavy metal inputs to agricultural land. The atmospheric Pb deposition and transport record in agricultural soils in Champaign, Illinois, was established by studying surface and subsurface soil samples collected during the past 100 years from the Morrow Plots on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The Pb content in the soil samples was measured and the Ph deposition fluxes were calculated. The Pb content in surface soils increased sharply in the first half of the 20th century, and stayed invariant since. The maximum Pb flux from the atmosphere was estimated to be 27 (??14) ??g cm-2 yr-1 around 1940. The major pollution source for this increase probably was residential coal burning. It was estimated that in 50 yr, more than 50% of the Pb input had been lost from the surface soils.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1023957226204","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Zhang, Y., 2003, 100 years of Pb deposition and transport in soils in Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 146, no. 1-4, p. 197-210, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023957226204.","startPage":"197","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208861,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023957226204"},{"id":234920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"146","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e221e4b0c8380cd4599c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Y.","contributorId":59969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025774,"text":"70025774 - 2003 - Vitality and chemistry of roots of red spruce in forest floors of stands with a gradient of soil Al/Ca ratios in the northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025774","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vitality and chemistry of roots of red spruce in forest floors of stands with a gradient of soil Al/Ca ratios in the northeastern United States","docAbstract":"Number of living root tips per branch, percent dead roots, percent mycorrhizae and mycorrhizal morphotype, response of woody roots to wounding and colonization by fungi, and concentrations of starch, soluble sugars, phenols, percent C and N and C/N ratio, and Al Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and P were measured for 2 consecutive years in roots of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in stands in the northeastern United States (nine in 1993 and two additional in 1994) dominated by red spruce and with a gradient of forest floor exchangeable Al/Ca ratios. Root vitality was measured for nonwoody and coarse woody roots; chemical variables were measured for nonwoody (<1 mm), fine woody (1 to <2 mm), and coarse woody (2 to <5 mm) roots. There were significant differences among sites for all variables, particularly in 1993, although few were related to the Al/Ca ratio gradient. Percent mycorrhizae decreased, while some morphotypes increased or decreased as the Al/Ca ratio increased. In nonwoody roots, N increased as the Al/Ca ratio increased. Most sampled trees appeared to be in good or fair health, suggesting that an adverse response of these root variables to high Al concentrations may be apparent only after a significant change in crown health.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/x02-195","issn":"00455067","usgsCitation":"Wargo, P., Vogt, K., Vogt, D., Holifield, Q., Tilley, J., Lawrence, G., and David, M., 2003, Vitality and chemistry of roots of red spruce in forest floors of stands with a gradient of soil Al/Ca ratios in the northeastern United States: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 33, no. 4, p. 635-652, https://doi.org/10.1139/x02-195.","startPage":"635","endPage":"652","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208629,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-195"},{"id":234499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc29de4b08c986b32ac6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wargo, P.M.","contributorId":84943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wargo","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vogt, K.","contributorId":58043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogt","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vogt, D.","contributorId":85852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogt","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holifield, Q.","contributorId":47655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holifield","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tilley, J.","contributorId":16285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilley","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lawrence, G.","contributorId":37541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"David, M.","contributorId":90438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
]}