Several well-dated stratigraphic markers permit detailed assessment of the temporal and spatial variation in slip rates along the interconnected faults of the Fish Lake Valley, Emigrant Peak, and Deep Springs fault zones in west-central Nevada and east-central California. Right-lateral motion on the Fish Lake Valley fault zone apparently began ca. 10 Ma (11.9–8.2 Ma). Associated extensional faulting probably began ca. 5 Ma (6.9–4 Ma) and resulted in the opening of Fish Lake Valley and Deep Springs Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0280:LCHASR>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M., and Sawyer, T.L., 1997, Late Cenozoic history and slip rates of the Fish Lake Valley, Emigrant Peak, and Deep Springs fault zones, Nevada and California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 3, p. 280-299, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0280:LCHASR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227862,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.13005069801096,\n 38.01193091917341\n ],\n [\n -118.65427248145738,\n 38.01193091917341\n ],\n [\n -118.65427248145738,\n 36.14461278900713\n ],\n [\n -117.13005069801096,\n 36.14461278900713\n ],\n [\n -117.13005069801096,\n 38.01193091917341\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44c4e4b0c8380cd66d70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, M.C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":36128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sawyer, T. L.","contributorId":13252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019939,"text":"70019939 - 1997 - 14C ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcán Galeras, Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:06:27","indexId":"70019939","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"14C ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcán Galeras, Colombia","docAbstract":"Volcán Galeras is the southernmost Colombian volcano with well-recorded historic activity. The volcano is part of a large and complex volcanic center upon which 400,000 people live. Historic activity has centered on a small-volume cone inside the youngest of several large amphitheaters that breach the west flank of the volcano, away from the city of Pasto (population 300,000). Lava flows (SiO2 between 54.6 and 64.7 wt.%) have dominated activity for more than 1 Ma, but explosive events have also occurred. Joint studies by volcanologists from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and the United States produced 24 new14C ages and more than 100 stratigraphic sections to interpret the past 50 ka of activity at Galeras, including sector collapse events. The youngest collapse event truncated 12.8 ka lava flows and may have occurred as recently as 8 to 10 ka. Tephra-fall material rapidly thins and becomes finer away from the vent area. The only widespread marker in the < 10 ka section is a biotite-bearing tephra deposited between 4.1 and 4.5 ka from a source south of Galeras. It separates cryoturbated from largely undisturbed layers on Galeras, and thus dates a stratigraphic horizon which is useful in the interpretation of other volcanoes and geotectonics in the equatorial Andes. Pyroclastic flows during the past 50 ka have been small to moderate in volume, but they have left numerous thin deposits on the north and east flanks where lava flows have been impeded by crater and amphitheater walls. Many of the pyroclastic-flow deposits are lithic rich, with fines and clasts so strongly altered by hydrothermal action before eruption that they, as well as the sector collapse deposits, resemble waste dumps of leached cappings from disseminated sulfide deposits more than volcanogenic deposits. This evidence of a long-lived hydrothermal system indicates susceptibility to mass failure and explosive events higher than expected for a volcano built largely by lava flows and modest Vulcanian eruptions. Photographs, written accounts, and our study document historic north and east flank pyroclastic flows as far as 10 km from the summit; however, none have left recognizable deposits in Pasto for more than 40 ka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00085-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Banks, N., Calvache, V., and Williams, S., 1997, 14C ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcán Galeras, Colombia: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 77, no. 1-4, p. 39-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00085-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555c5eade4b0a92fa7eacbed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, N.G.","contributorId":60635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvache, V.M.L.","contributorId":28391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvache","given":"V.M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, S.N.","contributorId":15761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019928,"text":"70019928 - 1997 - The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T14:32:20","indexId":"70019928","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution","docAbstract":"Until recently, Cenozoic evolution of the Atlantic Coastal Plain has been viewed as a subcyclical continuum of deposition and erosion. Marine transgressions alternated with regressions on a slowly subsiding passive continental margin, their orderly succession modified mainly by isostatic adjustments, occasional Appalachian tectonism, and paleoclimatic change. This passive scenario was dramatically transformed in the late Eocene, however, by a bolide impact on the inner continental shelf. The resultant crater is now buried 400–500 m beneath lower Chesapeake Bay, its surrounding peninsulas, and the continental shelf east of Delmarva Peninsula. This convulsive event, and the giant tsunami it engendered, fundamentally changed the regional geological framework and depositional regime of the Virginia Coastal Plain, and produced the following principal consequences. (1) The impact excavated a roughly circular crater, twice the size of Rhode Island (∼6400 km2) and nearly as deep as the Grand Canyon (∼1.3 km deep). (2) The excavation truncated all existing ground-water aquifers in the target area by gouging ∼4300 km3 of rock from the upper lithosphere, including Proterozoic and Paleozoic crystalline basement rocks and Middle Jurassic to upper Eocene sedimentary rocks. (3) Synimpact depositional processes, including ejecta fallback, massive crater-wall failure, water-column collapse, and tsunami backwash, filled the crater with a porous breccia lens, 600–1200 m thick, at a phenomenal rate of ∼1200 m/hr. The breccia lens replaced the truncated ground-water aquifers with a single 4300 km3 reservoir, characterized by ground water ∼1.5 times saltier than normal sea water (chlorinities as high as 25,700 mg/l). (4) A structural and topographic low, created by differential subsidence of the compacting breccia, persisted over the crater at least through the Pleistocene. In the depression are preserved postimpact marine lithofacies and biofacies (upper Eocene, lower Oligocene, lower Miocene) not known elsewhere in the Virginia Coastal Plain. (5) Long-term differential compaction and subsidence of the breccia lens spawned extensive fault systems in the postimpact strata. Many of these faults appear to reach the bay floor, and may be potential hazards for motion-sensitive structures in population centers around Chesapeake Bay. Near-surface fracturing and faulting generated by the impact shock may extend as far as 90 km from the crater rim. (6) Having never completely filled with postimpact sediments, the sea-floor depression over the crater appears to have predetermined the location of Chesapeake Bay. (7) As large impact craters are principal sources for some of the world's precious metals, it is reasonable to expect that metal-enriched sills, dikes, and melt sheets are present in the inner basin of the crater.
In addition to these specific consequences, the crater and the convulsive event that produced it, have widespread implications for traditional interpretations of certain structural and depositional features of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, particularly in southeastern Virginia.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 1997, The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution: Sedimentary Geology, v. 108, no. 1-4, p. 45-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -69.466552734375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -69.466552734375,\n 42.69051116998238\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 42.69051116998238\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6c8e4b08c986b321288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019914,"text":"70019914 - 1997 - Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:23:09","indexId":"70019914","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle","docAbstract":"Major and trace element concentrations, including REE by isotope dilution, and Sr, Nd, Pb, and O isotope ratios have been determined for 38 mafic lavas from the Mount Adams, Crater Lake, Mount Shasta, Medicine Lake, and Lassen volcanic fields, in the Cascade arc, northwestern part of the United States. Many of the samples have a high Mg# [100Mg/(Mg + FeT) > 60] and Ni content (>140 ppm) such that we consider them to be primitive. We recognize three end-member primitive magma groups in the Cascades, characterized mainly by their trace-element and alkali-metal abundances: (1) High-alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT) has trace element abundances similar to N-MORB, except for slightly elevated LILE, and has Eu/Eu* > 1. (2) Arc basalt and basaltic andesite have notably higher LILE contents, generally have higher SiO2 contents, are more oxidized, and have higher Cr for a given Ni abundance than HAOT. These lavas show relative depletion in HFSE, have lower HREE and higher LREE than HAOT, and have smaller Eu/Eu* (0.94-1.06). (3) Alkali basalt from the Simcoe volcanic field east of Mount Adams represents the third end-member, which contributes an intraplate geochemical signature to magma compositions. Notable geochemical features among the volcanic fields are: (1) Mount Adams rocks are richest in Fe and most incompatible elements including HFSE; (2) the most incompatible-element depleted lavas occur at Medicine Lake; (3) all centers have relatively primitive lavas with high LILE/HFSE ratios but only the Mount Adams, Lassen, and Medicine Lake volcanic fields also have relatively primitive rocks with an intraplate geochemical signature; (4) there is a tendency for increasing 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/204Pb, and ??18O and decreasing 206Pb/204Pb and 143Nd/144Nd from north to south. The three end-member Cascade magma types reflect contributions from three mantle components: depleted sub-arc mantle modestly enriched in LILE during ancient subduction; a modern, hydrous subduction component; and OIB-source-like domains. Lavas with arc and intraplate (OIB) geochemical signatures were erupted close to HAOT, and many lavas are blends of two or more magma types. Pre-eruptive H2O contents of HAOT, coupled with phase-equilibrium studies, suggest that these magmas were relatively dry and last equilibrated in the mantle wedge at temperatures of ~1300 degrees C and depths of ~40 km, virtually at the base of the crust. Arc basalt and basaltic andesite represent greater extents of melting than HAOT, presumably in the same general thermal regime but at somewhat lower mantle separation temperatures, of domains of sub-arc mantle that have been enriched by a hydrous subduction component derived from the young, relatively hot Juan de Fuca plate. The primitive magmas originated by partial melting in response to adiabatic upwelling within the mantle wedge. Tectonic extension in this part of the Cascade arc, one characterized by slow oblique convergence, contributes to mantle upwelling and facilitates eruption of primitive magmas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Bruggman, P., Christiansen, R., Clynne, M., Donnelly-Nolan, J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 35, no. 2, p. 397-423.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"423","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ba2e4b0c8380cd7e2b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":384357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruggman, P. E.","contributorId":83536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruggman","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019906,"text":"70019906 - 1997 - Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T20:23:20.593441","indexId":"70019906","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development","docAbstract":"Magmatism that accompanied the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system (MRS) is attributed to the upwelling and decompression melting of a mantle plume beneath North America. Five distinctive flood-basalt compositions are recognized in the rift-related basalt succession along the south shore of western Lake Superior, based on stratigraphically correlated major element, trace element, and Nd isotopic analyses. These distinctive compositions can be correlated with equivalent basalt types in comparable stratigraphic positions in other MRS localities around western Lake Superior. Four of these compositions are also recognized at Mamainse Point more than 200 km away in eastern Lake Superior. These regionally correlative basalt compositions provide the basis for determining the sequential contribution of various mantle sources to flood-basalt magmatism during rift development, extending a model originally developed for eastern Lake Superior. In this refined model, the earliest basalts were derived from small degrees of partial melting at great depth of an enriched, ocean-island-type plume mantle source (εNd(1100) value of about 0), followed by magmas representing melts from this plume source and interaction with another mantle source, most likely continental lithospheric mantle (εNd(1100) < 0). The relative contribution of this second mantle source diminished with time as larger degree partial melts of the plume became the dominant source for the voluminous younger basalts (εNd(1100) value of about 0). Towards the end of magmatism, mixtures of melts from the plume and a depleted asthenospheric mantle source became dominant (εNd(1100) = 0 to +3).
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e17-041","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, S.W., Shirey, S., Schulz, K.J., and Green, J., 1997, Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, no. 4, p. 504-520, https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-041.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"504","endPage":"520","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228027,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Apostle Islands, Isle Royale, Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.92653113958038,\n 45.92953859097938\n ],\n [\n -85.62947476083127,\n 46.18533549296873\n ],\n [\n -84.69273064018783,\n 46.21442867839448\n ],\n [\n -84.6326829401467,\n 46.496246640450835\n ],\n [\n -84.90289759033176,\n 46.54582837140791\n ],\n [\n -84.92091190034469,\n 46.6077419099168\n ],\n [\n -84.8728737403112,\n 46.83826130148003\n ],\n [\n -85.58143660079853,\n 46.76015976465186\n ],\n [\n -86.17326952944948,\n 46.727240989109134\n ],\n [\n -86.50353187967639,\n 46.603616539923394\n ],\n [\n -86.58159388973046,\n 46.52930615517957\n ],\n [\n -86.62362727975938,\n 46.599490855762156\n ],\n [\n -86.74372267984164,\n 46.603616539923394\n ],\n [\n -86.74372267984164,\n 46.5251748156017\n ],\n [\n -86.87582761993224,\n 46.500380179572375\n ],\n [\n -87.00793256002288,\n 46.61186696574893\n ],\n [\n -87.1400375001142,\n 46.578857722377194\n ],\n [\n -87.29616152022085,\n 46.591238544931684\n ],\n [\n -87.5423570903899,\n 46.85468928510457\n ],\n [\n -87.80056220056731,\n 46.96134872720555\n ],\n [\n -88.0167339207158,\n 46.97773903549884\n ],\n [\n -88.11881501078587,\n 47.05552441410214\n ],\n [\n -88.30496288091378,\n 46.969544509183464\n ],\n [\n -88.16685317081935,\n 47.09641857751464\n ],\n [\n -88.05876731074473,\n 47.210755295156105\n ],\n [\n -87.8486003606008,\n 47.34112466085594\n ],\n [\n -87.53635232038607,\n 47.39806026936867\n ],\n [\n -87.52434278037771,\n 47.45087401921066\n ],\n [\n -87.68046680048505,\n 47.53202248733248\n ],\n [\n -88.12481978079042,\n 47.540130438153284\n ],\n [\n -88.44907736101277,\n 47.43462927817751\n ],\n [\n -88.64123000114525,\n 47.292273788110435\n ],\n [\n -88.95347804135923,\n 47.145450150084514\n ],\n [\n -89.02553528140875,\n 47.04325004516363\n ],\n [\n -89.21768792154121,\n 47.04734181533149\n ],\n [\n -89.41178944146284,\n 46.91434743417477\n ],\n [\n -89.87415673178037,\n 46.86099745407171\n ],\n [\n -90.07231414191668,\n 46.72121583863441\n ],\n [\n -90.45061465217634,\n 46.630575437785694\n ],\n [\n -90.63075775230044,\n 46.733564114238874\n ],\n [\n -90.37855741212684,\n 46.85278505505781\n ],\n [\n -90.3125049420819,\n 47.02907488128713\n ],\n [\n -90.36054310211466,\n 47.13130216115101\n ],\n [\n -91.02707257257232,\n 47.03316773858717\n ],\n [\n -91.53147325291879,\n 46.82814032189589\n ],\n [\n -91.915778533183,\n 46.75002408456095\n ],\n [\n -92.10793117331475,\n 46.758252185278906\n ],\n [\n -92.22802657339773,\n 46.717099118587754\n ],\n [\n -92.1919979533726,\n 46.68415405060526\n ],\n [\n -92.22802657339773,\n 46.65531062511002\n ],\n [\n -92.30608858345104,\n 46.67179446728079\n ],\n [\n -92.30008381344722,\n 46.091868432379414\n ],\n [\n -91.84972606313733,\n 45.87071715012689\n ],\n [\n -89.29241052120538,\n 45.67418249476367\n ],\n [\n -86.92653113958038,\n 45.92953859097938\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad66e4b0c8380cd86eca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, S. W.","contributorId":79504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirey, S.B.","contributorId":69712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirey","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, K. J.","contributorId":79131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, J.C.","contributorId":90052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019885,"text":"70019885 - 1997 - Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-16T16:38:47.86717","indexId":"70019885","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Evolutionary theory predicts that some aquatic organisms may adapt by directional selection to limiting physical environmental conditions, yet empirical data are conflicting. We sought to test the assumption that sculpins (family Cottidae) inhabiting thermally stable springs of the southeastern United States differ in temperature tolerance and metabolism from populations inhabiting more thermally labile stream habitats. Spring populations of pygmy sculpins (Cottus pygmaeus) and Ozark sculpins (C. hypselurus) differed interspecifically in thermal tolerance from populations of stream-dwelling mottled (C. bairdi) and Tallapoosa sculpins (C. tallapoosae), and both stream and spring populations of banded sculpins (C. carolinae). No intra- or interspecific differences in thermal tolerance were found among populations of C. bairdi, C. talla poosae, or C. carolinae. Cottus pygmaeus acclimated to 15°C differed intraspecifically in routine metabolism from fish acclimated to 20° and 25°C. Cottus pygmaeus and stream-dwelling C. bairdi and C. carolinae acclimated to temperatures of 20° and 25°C showed no interspecific differences in routine metabolism. Our results suggest that some spring-adapted populations or species may be more stenothermal than stream-dwelling congeners, but a greater understanding of the interactions of other physical and biological factors is required to better explain micro- and macro habitat distributions of eastern North American sculpins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00148.x","usgsCitation":"Walsh, S., Haney, D.C., and Timmerman, C.M., 1997, Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 6, no. 2, p. 84-94, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00148.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227732,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc16ae4b08c986b32a56e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, S. J. 0000-0002-1009-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":62171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haney, D. C.","contributorId":97854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timmerman, C. M.","contributorId":98898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timmerman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019830,"text":"70019830 - 1997 - Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T18:01:16.054629","indexId":"70019830","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","docAbstract":"Jonah field, located in the northwestern Green River basin, Wyoming, produces gas from overpressured fluvial channel sandstones of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation. Reservoirs exist in isolated and amalgamated channel facies 10-100 ft (3-30 m) thick and 150-4000 ft (45-1210 m) wide, deposited by meandering and braided streams. Compositional and paleocurrent studies indicate these streams flowed eastward and had their source area in highlands associated with the Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt to the west. Productive sandstones at Jonah have been divided into five pay intervals, only one of which (Jonah interval) displays continuity across most of the field. Porosities in clean, productive sandstones range from 8 to 12%, with core permeabilities of .01-0.9 md (millidarcys) and in-situ permeabilities as low as 3-20 µd (microdarcys), as determined by pressure buildup analyses. Structurally, the field is bounded by faults that have partly controlled the level of overpressuring. This level is 2500 ft (758 m) higher at Jonah field than in surrounding parts of the basin, extending to the top part of the Lance Formation. The field was discovered in 1975, but only in the 1990s did the area become fully commercial, due to improvements in fracture stimulation techniques. Recent advances in this area have further increased recoverable reserves and serve as a potential example for future development of tight gas sands elsewhere in the Rocky Mountain region.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Montgomery, S.L., and Robinson, J.W., 1997, Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1049-1062, https://doi.org/10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1049","endPage":"1062","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Sublette County","otherGeospatial":"Jonah field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.90916441832,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -110.90916441832,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -110.90916441832,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a400ce4b0c8380cd64a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montgomery, Scott L.","contributorId":43513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, J. W.","contributorId":54179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019798,"text":"70019798 - 1997 - Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in eastern Kentucky coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T13:19:11.859459","indexId":"70019798","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in eastern Kentucky coals","docAbstract":"Coal in the Eastern Kentucky coalfield has been, and continues to be, a valuable energy resource, especially for the electric utility industry. However, Federal mandates in Titles III and IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 have placed increasingly stringent demands on the type and grade of coal that can be burnt in an environmentally acceptable manner. Therefore, a greater understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of thickness and quality parameters, and the geologic factors that control their distribution, is critical if the Eastern Kentucky coalfield is to continue to be a major producer of high-quality coal. Information from the Kentucky Geological Survey's Coal Resource Information System database is used in this paper to document the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of important factors such as bed thickness, calorific value, ash yield and total sulfur content. The distribution of 15 elements that naturally occur in trace amounts in Kentucky coal is also discussed, as these elements may require monitoring with passage of Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(96)00191-3","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., and Hower, J., 1997, Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in eastern Kentucky coals: Fuel, v. 76, no. 8, p. 711-715, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(96)00191-3.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"711","endPage":"715","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227726,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.8671189710937,\n 38.591173872081185\n ],\n [\n -83.51089849953684,\n 38.55705127664643\n ],\n [\n -83.79459795274948,\n 38.146317393456656\n ],\n [\n -84.44928899862366,\n 37.44793474218231\n ],\n [\n -84.39473141146718,\n 37.26579653506417\n ],\n [\n -85.32221039312296,\n 36.620461717506245\n ],\n [\n -83.68548277843657,\n 36.58542322762872\n ],\n [\n -83.53272153439956,\n 36.64673013905853\n ],\n [\n -83.4017833252246,\n 36.64673013905853\n ],\n [\n -83.3144911857744,\n 36.672989604276324\n ],\n [\n -83.13990690687466,\n 36.70798828823946\n ],\n [\n -83.07443780228719,\n 36.812888721703274\n ],\n [\n -82.87803048852474,\n 36.86528511747656\n ],\n [\n -82.83438441879997,\n 36.952532642514186\n ],\n [\n -82.68162317476296,\n 37.03097006468121\n ],\n [\n -82.68162317476296,\n 37.10932656265504\n ],\n [\n -82.4852158610005,\n 37.213675902576355\n ],\n [\n -82.34336613439451,\n 37.23974072384843\n ],\n [\n -81.96146302430067,\n 37.52585859834528\n ],\n [\n -82.09240123347561,\n 37.61234529306144\n ],\n [\n -82.25607399494434,\n 37.69873152299168\n ],\n [\n -82.27789702980706,\n 37.77639316685455\n ],\n [\n -82.43065827384406,\n 37.94868273203441\n ],\n [\n -82.43065827384406,\n 38.008888884492734\n ],\n [\n -82.57250800045007,\n 38.1291529553875\n ],\n [\n -82.52886193072528,\n 38.31773960664148\n ],\n [\n -82.57250800045007,\n 38.51437524399887\n ],\n [\n -82.8671189710937,\n 38.591173872081185\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f697e4b0c8380cd4c82c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019786,"text":"70019786 - 1997 - Geostatistical analysis of regional hydraulic conductivity variations in the Snake River Plain aquifer, eastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T13:14:10.172961","indexId":"70019786","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geostatistical analysis of regional hydraulic conductivity variations in the Snake River Plain aquifer, eastern Idaho","docAbstract":"The regional spatial correlation structure of bulk horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kb) estimated from published transmissivity data from 79 open boreholes in the fractured basalt aquifer of the eastern Snake River Plain was analyzed with geostatistical methods. The two-dimensional spatial correlation structure of ln Kb shows a pronounced 4:1 range anisotropy, with a maximum correlation range in the north-northwest–south-southeast direction of about 6 km. The maximum variogram range of ln Kb is similar to the mean length of flow groups exposed at the surface. The ln Kb range anisotropy is similar to the mean width/length ratio of late Quaternary and Holocene basalt lava flows and the orientations of the major volcanic structural features on the eastern Snake River Plain. The similarity between ln Kb correlation scales and basalt flow dimensions and between basalt flow orientations and correlation range anisotropy suggests that the spatial distribution of zones of high hydraulic conductivity may be controlled by the lateral dimensions, spatial distribution, and interconnection between highly permeable zones which are known to occur between lava flows within flow groups. If hydraulic conductivity and lithology are eventually shown to be cross correlative in this geologic setting, it may be possible to stochastically simulate hydraulic conductivity distributions, which are conditional on a knowledge of volcanic stratigraphy.
The south-eastern United States and Gulf Coast of Mexico is physiographically diverse, although dominated by a broad coastal plain. Much of the region has a humid, warm temperate climate with little seasonality in precipitation but strong seasonality in runoff owing to high rates of summer evapotranspiration. The climate of southern Florida and eastern Mexico is subtropical with a distinct summer wet season and winter dry season. Regional climate models suggest that climate change resulting from a doubling of the pre-industrial levels of atmospheric CO2 may increase annual air temperatures by 3-4??C. Changes in precipitation are highly uncertain, but the most probable scenario shows higher levels over all but the northern, interior portions of the region, with increases primarily occurring in summer and occurring as more intense or clustered storms. Despite the increases in precipitation, runoff is likely to decline over much of the region owing to increases in evapotranspiration exceeding increases in precipitation. Only in Florida and the Gulf Coast areas of the US and Mexico are precipitation increases likely to exceed evapotranspiration increases, producing an increase in runoff. However, increases in storm intensity and clustering are likely to result in more extreme hydrographs, with larger peaks in flow but lower baseflows and longer periods of drought. The ecological effects of climate change on freshwaters of the region include: (1) a general increase in rates of primary production, organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling as a result of higher temperatures and longer growing seasons: (2) reduction in habitat for cool water species, particularly fish and macroinvertebrates in Appalachian streams; (3) reduction in water quality and in suitable habitat in summer owing to lower baseflows and intensification of the temperature-dissolved oxygen squeeze in many rivers and reservoirs; (4) reduction in organic matter storage and loss of organisms during more intense flushing events in some streams and wetlands; (5) shorter periods of inundation of riparian wetlands and greater drying of wetland soils, particularly in northern and inland areas; (6) expansion of subtropical species northwards, including several non-native nuisance species currently confined to southern Florida; (7) expansion of wetlands in Florida and coastal Mexico, but increase in eutrophication of Florida lakes as a result of greater runoff from urban and agricultural areas; and (8) changes in the flushing rate of estuaries that would alter their salinity regimes, stratification and water quality as well as influence productivity in the Gulf of Mexico. Many of the expected climate change effects will exacerbate current anthropogenic stresses on the region's freshwater systems, including increasing demands for water, increasing waste heat loadings and land use changes that alter the quantity and quality of runoff to streams and reservoirs. Research is needed especially in several critical areas: long-term monitoring of key hydrological, chemical and biological properties (particularly water balances in small, forested catchments and temperature-sensitive species); experimental studies of the effects of warming on organisms and ecosystem processes under realistic conditions (e.g. in situ heating experiments); studies of the effects of natural hydrological variation on biological communities; and assessment of the effects of water management activities on organisms and ecosystem processes, including development and testing of management and restoration strategies designed to counteract changes in climate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Mulholland, P.J., Best, G., Coutant, C., Hornberger, G., Meyer, J., Robinson, P., Stenberg, J., Turner, R., Vera-Herrera, F., and Wetzel, R., 1997, Effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the south-eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 8, p. 949-970.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"949","endPage":"970","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06aee4b0c8380cd51385","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulholland, P. J.","contributorId":89081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulholland","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, G.R.","contributorId":27007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coutant, C.C.","contributorId":15470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coutant","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyer, J.L.","contributorId":73316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robinson, P.J.","contributorId":43232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stenberg, J.R.","contributorId":7140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenberg","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Turner, R.E.","contributorId":39749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16756,"text":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Vera-Herrera, F.","contributorId":95762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vera-Herrera","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wetzel, R.G.","contributorId":60403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70019717,"text":"70019717 - 1997 - The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T11:27:11.698425","indexId":"70019717","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","docAbstract":"The 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff, from Long Valley caldera in eastern California, consists of a widespread fall deposit and voluminous partly welded ignimbrite. The fall deposit (F), exposed over an easterly sector below and adjacent to the ignimbrite, is divided into nine units (F1‐F9), with no significant time breaks, except possibly between F8 and F9. Maximum clast sizes are compared with other deposits where accumulation rates are known or inferred to estimate an accumulation time for F1‐F8 as ca. 90 hrs. The ignimbrite (Ig) is divided into chronologically and/or geographically distinct packages of material. Earlier packages (Ig1) were emplaced mostly eastward, are wholly intraplinian (coeval with fall units F2‐F8), Lack phenocrystic pyroxenes, and contain few or no Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite lithic fragments. Earlier packages (Ig2) were erupted mostly to the north and east, are at least partly intraplinian (interbedded with fall unit F9 to the east), contain pyroxenes, and have lithic fractions rich in Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite or other lithologies exposed on the northern caldera rim. Recognition of the intraplinian nature of Ig1 east of the caldera and use of the fall deposit chronometry yields accumulation estimates of ca. 25 hrs for an earlier, less‐welded subpackage and ca. 36 hrs for a later, mostly welded subpackage. Average accumulation rates range up to ≥1 mm/s of dense‐welded massive ignimbrite, equivalent to ≥2.5 mm/s of non‐welded material. Comparisons of internal stratification in Ig1 and northern Ig2 lobes suggest the thickest northern ignimbrite accumulated in ≥35 hrs. Identifiable vent positions migrated from an initial site previously proposed in the south‐central part of the caldera (F1‐8, Ig1) in complex fashion; one vent set (for eastern Ig2) migrated east and north toward Glass Mountain, while another set (for northern Ig2) opened from west to east across the northern caldera margin. Vent locations for Ig1 and Ig2 southwest of the caldera have not been identified. The new stratigraphic framework shows that much of the Bishop ignimbrite is intraplinian in nature, and that fall deposits and ignimbrite units previously inferred to be sequential are largely or wholly coeval. Fundamental reassessment is therefore required of all existing models for the eruption dynamics and the nature and causes of pre‐eruptive zonations in trace elements, volatiles, and isotopes in the parental magma chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/515937","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Wilson, C.J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy: Journal of Geology, v. 105, no. 4, p. 407-439, https://doi.org/10.1086/515937.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.541855135522226\n ],\n [\n -118.63586425781249,\n 37.541855135522226\n ],\n [\n -118.63586425781249,\n 37.76474401178003\n ],\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.76474401178003\n ],\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.541855135522226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9eee4b08c986b3225f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019686,"text":"70019686 - 1997 - Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:01:45.542941","indexId":"70019686","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics","docAbstract":"The Racha-Dzhava earthquake (Ms=7.0) that occurred on 1991 April 29 at 09:12:48.1 GMT in the southern border of the Great Caucasus is the biggest event ever recorded in the region, stronger than the Spitak earthquake (Ms=6.9) of 1988. A field expedition to the epicentral area was organised and a temporary seismic network of 37 stations was deployed to record the aftershock activity. A very precise image of the aftershock distribution is obtained, showing an elongated cloud oriented N105°, with one branch trending N310° in the western part. The southernmost part extends over 80 km, with the depth ranging from 0 to 15 km, and dips north. The northern branch, which is about 30 km long, shows activity that ranges in depth from 5 to 15 km. The complex thrust dips northwards. A stress-tensor inversion from P-wave first-motion polarities shows a state of triaxial compression, with the major principal axis oriented roughly N-S, the minor principal axis being vertical. Body-waveform inversion of teleseismic seismograms was performed for the main shock, which can be divided into four subevents with a total rupture-time duration of 22 s. The most important part of the seismic moment was released by a gentle northerly dipping thrust. The model is consistent with the compressive tectonics of the region and is in agreement with the aftershock distribution and the stress tensor deduced from the aftershocks. The focal mechanisms of the three largest aftershocks were also inverted from body-wave records. The April 29th (Ms=6.1) and May 5th (Ms=5.4) aftershocks have thrust mechanisms on roughly E-W-oriented planes, similar to the main shock. Surprisingly, the June 15th (Ms=6.2) aftershock shows a thrust fault striking N-S. This mechanism is explained by the structural control of the rupture along the east-dipping geometry of the Dzirula Massif close to the Borzhomi-Kazbeg strike-slip fault. In fact, the orientation and shape of the stress tensor produce a thrust on a N-S oriented plane. Nappe tectonics has been identified as an important feature in the Caucasus, and the source mechanism is consistent with this observation. A hidden fault is present below the nappe, and no large surface breaks were observed due to the main shock. The epicentral region is characterized by sediments that are trapped between two crystalline basements: the Dzirula Massif, which crops out south of Chiatoura, and the Caucasus Main Range north of Oni. Most, if not all, of the rupture is controlled by the thrusting of overlapping, deformed and folded sediments over the Dzirula Massif. This event is another example of blind active faults, with the distinctive feature that the fault plane dips at a gentle angle. The Racha Range is one of the surface expressions of this blind thrust, and its growth is the consequence and evidence of similar earthquakes in the past.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb00985.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Fuenzalida, H., Rivera, L., Haessler, H., Legrand, D., Philip, H., Dorbath, L., McCormack, D., Arefiev, S., Langer, C., and Cisternas, A., 1997, Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics: Geophysical Journal International, v. 130, no. 1, p. 29-46, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb00985.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-04578497","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b63e4b08c986b3177c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuenzalida, H.","contributorId":94806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuenzalida","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rivera, L.","contributorId":39535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivera","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haessler, H.","contributorId":82871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haessler","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Legrand, D.","contributorId":37093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legrand","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Philip, H.","contributorId":43122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philip","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dorbath, L.","contributorId":103424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorbath","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCormack, D.","contributorId":97648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormack","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Arefiev, S.","contributorId":92003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arefiev","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Langer, C.","contributorId":98480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cisternas, A.","contributorId":43509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cisternas","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70019683,"text":"70019683 - 1997 - Upper Mississippi embayment shallow seismic velocities measured in situ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:25:37.974476","indexId":"70019683","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Mississippi embayment shallow seismic velocities measured in situ","docAbstract":"Vertical seismic compressional- and shear-wave (P- and S-wave) profiles were collected from three shallow boreholes in sediment of the upper Mississippi embayment. The site of the 60-m hole at Shelby Forest, Tennessee, is on bluffs forming the eastern edge of the Mississippi alluvial plain. The bluffs are composed of Pleistocene loess, Pliocene-Pleistocene alluvial clay and sand deposits, and Tertiary deltaic-marine sediment. The 36-m hole at Marked Tree, Arkansas, and the 27-m hole at Risco, Missouri, are in Holocene Mississippi river floodplain sand, silt, and gravel deposits. At each site, impulsive P- and S-waves were generated by man-made sources at the surface while a three-component geophone was locked downhole at 0.91-m intervals. Consistent with their very similar geology, the two floodplain locations have nearly identical S-wave velocity (VS) profiles. The lowest VS values are about 130 m s-1, and the highest values are about 300 m s-1 at these sites. The shear-wave velocity profile at Shelby Forest is very similar within the Pleistocene loess (12m thick); in deeper, older material, VS exceeds 400 m s-1. At Marked Tree, and at Risco, the compressional-wave velocity (VP) values above the water table are as low as about 230 m s-1, and rise to about 1.9 km s-1 below the water table. At Shelby Forest, VP values in the unsaturated loess are as low as 302 m s-1. VP values below the water table are about 1.8 km s-1. For the two floodplain sites, the VP/VS ratio increases rapidly across the water table depth. For the Shelby Forest site, the largest increase in the VP/VS ratio occurs at ???20-m depth, the boundary between the Pliocene-Pleistocene clay and sand deposits and the Eocene shallow-marine clay and silt deposits. Until recently, seismic velocity data for the embayment basin came from earthquake studies, crustal-scale seismic refraction and reflection profiles, sonic logs, and from analysis of dispersed earthquake surface waves. Since 1991, seismic data for shallow sediment obtained from reflection, refraction, crosshole and downhole techniques have been obtained for sites at the northern end of the embayment basin. The present borehole data, however, are measured from sites representative of large areas in the Mississippi embayment. Therefore, they fill a gap in information needed for modeling the response of the embayment to destructive seismic shaking.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00009-4","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Liu, H.P., Hu, Y., Dorman, J., Chang, T., and Chiu, J., 1997, Upper Mississippi embayment shallow seismic velocities measured in situ: Engineering Geology, v. 46, no. 3-4, p. 313-330, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00009-4.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.22604064609834,\n 33.06203275778296\n ],\n [\n -87.56783752109824,\n 33.06203275778296\n ],\n [\n -87.56783752109824,\n 37.82101966464191\n ],\n [\n -92.22604064609834,\n 37.82101966464191\n ],\n [\n -92.22604064609834,\n 33.06203275778296\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd41e4b08c986b328f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Huaibao P.","contributorId":14581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Huaibao","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hu, Y.","contributorId":68474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorman, J.","contributorId":44305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chang, T.-S.","contributorId":78098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"T.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chiu, J.-M.","contributorId":6207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiu","given":"J.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019603,"text":"70019603 - 1997 - Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T13:58:38.369193","indexId":"70019603","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis","docAbstract":"Seismic reflection data show that the densely populated Puget Lowland of western Washington state is underlain by subhorizontal Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks deformed by west and northwest trending faults and folds. From south to north beneath the Lowland, features seen on the seismic data include: the horizontally-stratified, 3.5 km thick Tacoma sedimentary basin; the Seattle uplift with south dipping (∼20°) strata on its south flank and steeply (50° to 90°) north dipping strata and the west-trending Seattle fault on its north flank; the 7.5 km thick, northward-thinning Seattle sedimentary basin; the antiformal Kingston arch; and the northwest trending, transpressional Southern Whidbey Island fault zone (SWIF). Interpreting the uplifts as fault-bend and fault-propagation folds leads to the hypothesis that the Puget Lowland lies on a north directed thrust sheet. The base of the thrust sheet may lie at 14 to 20 km depth within or at the base of a thick block of basaltic Crescent Formation; its edges may be right-lateral strike-slip faults along the base of the Cascade Range on the east and the Olympic Mountains on the west. Our model suggests that the Seattle fault has a long-term slip rate of about 0.25 mm/year and is large enough to generate a M7.6 to 7.7 earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01830","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Johnson, S., Potter, C., Stephenson, W., and Finn, C.A., 1997, Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. 12, p. 27469-27489, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01830.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"27469","endPage":"27489","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01830","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.84781116719083,\n 47.049693329536154\n ],\n [\n -122.90931142816876,\n 47.06715055915913\n ],\n [\n -122.4736840822838,\n 47.070641309975855\n ],\n [\n -122.4890591650796,\n 47.24836650386561\n ],\n [\n -122.31480822672559,\n 47.304000933946384\n ],\n [\n -122.1251822055755,\n 47.44976305755432\n ],\n [\n -122.05343181919429,\n 47.640032865783496\n ],\n [\n -122.17643248156187,\n 47.81928935027662\n ],\n [\n -122.09955706758228,\n 48.04934515630055\n ],\n [\n -122.23793281274567,\n 48.117820205388455\n ],\n [\n -122.31480822672559,\n 48.30224764776912\n ],\n [\n -122.43780888909318,\n 48.42823125030364\n ],\n [\n -122.26868297833758,\n 48.492804453068544\n ],\n [\n -122.26868297833758,\n 48.74351742913896\n ],\n [\n -122.71456044962613,\n 49.006435257715\n ],\n [\n -123.32956376146412,\n 49.00307325804769\n ],\n [\n -123.84206652132899,\n 48.972805046528606\n ],\n [\n -123.79081624534261,\n 48.932418827094494\n ],\n [\n -123.64219044498181,\n 48.86503579993828\n ],\n [\n -123.46281447902882,\n 48.62509211277495\n ],\n [\n -123.3808140374505,\n 48.49620072239327\n ],\n [\n -123.314188678668,\n 48.42823120526424\n ],\n [\n -122.95031171916392,\n 48.110976756979255\n ],\n [\n -123.01181205034771,\n 47.715947400372244\n ],\n [\n -123.1604378507085,\n 47.48094533433269\n ],\n [\n -123.2014380714978,\n 47.331796169067644\n ],\n [\n -123.18093796110331,\n 47.112512442204405\n ],\n [\n -122.97081182955841,\n 47.03223043047478\n ],\n [\n -122.84781116719083,\n 47.049693329536154\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b41e4b08c986b3176dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, S.","contributorId":70323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, C.","contributorId":58332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephenson, W.","contributorId":37910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019597,"text":"70019597 - 1997 - Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:30:50","indexId":"70019597","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota","docAbstract":"Boron-isotope (δ11B) values may be useful as surrogate tracers of contaminants and indicators of water mixing in agricultural settings. This paper characterizes the B contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure and selected fertilizers, and presents δ11B data for ground and surface water from two agricultural areas. Boron concentrations in dry hog manure averaged 61 mg/kg and in commercial fertilizers ranged from below detection limits in some brands of ammonium nitrate and urea to 382 mg/kg in magnesium sulfate. Values of δ11B of untreated hog manure ranged from 7.2 to 11.2o/oo and of N fertilizers were −2.0 to 0.7o/oo. In 22 groundwater samples from a sand-plain aquifer in east-central Minnesota, B concentrations averaged 0.04 mg/L and δ11B values ranged from 2.3 to 41.5o/oo. Groundwater beneath a hog feedlot and a cultivated field where hog manure was applied had B-isotope compositions consistent with the water containing hog-manure leachate. In a 775-km2 watershed with silty-loam soils in southcentral Minnesota: 18 samples of subsurface drainage from corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) fields had average B concentrations of 0.06 mg/L and δ11B values of 5.3 to 15.1o/oo; 27 stream samples had average B concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and δ11B values of 1.0 to 19.0o/oo; and eight groundwater samples had average B concentrations of 0.09 mg/L and δ11B values of −0.3 to 23.0o/oo. Values of δ11B and B concentrations, when plotted against one another, define a curved mixing trend that suggests subsurface drainage and stream water contain mixtures of B from shallow and deep groundwater.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., 1997, Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1212-1222, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1212","endPage":"1222","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f220e4b0c8380cd4b008","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019589,"text":"70019589 - 1997 - Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:56:28.6","indexId":"70019589","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow","docAbstract":"Ultraclean field and laboratory procedures were used to examine trace element concentrations in northern Alaskan snow. Sixteen soluble trace elements and total mercury were determined in snow core samples representing the annual snowfall deposited during the 1993-94 season at two sites in the Prudhoe Bay oil field and nine sites in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Arctic NWR). Results indicate there were two distinct point sources for trace elements in the Prudhoe Bay oil field- a source associated with oil and gas production and a source associated with municipal solid-waste incineration. Soluble trace element concentrations measured in snow from the Arctic NWR resembled concentrations of trace elements measured elsewhere in the Arctic using clean sample-collection and processing techniques and were consistent with deposition resulting from widespread arctic atmospheric contamination. With the exception of elements associated with sea salts, there were no orographic or east-west trends observed in the Arctic NWR data, nor were there any detectable influences from the Prudhoe Bay oil field, probably because of the predominant easterly and northeasterly winds on the North Slope of Alaska. However, regression analysis on latitude suggested significant south-to-north increases in selected trace element concentrations, many of which appear unrelated to the sea salt contribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1102","usgsCitation":"Snyder-Conn, E., Garbarino, J.R., Hoffman, G.L., and Oelkers, A., 1997, Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow: Arctic, v. 50, no. 3, p. 201-215, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1102.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479955,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1102","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.00780315828374,\n 71.06255434580251\n ],\n [\n -152.00780315828374,\n 68.45974566234574\n ],\n [\n -140.87836627646902,\n 68.45974566234574\n ],\n [\n -140.87836627646902,\n 71.06255434580251\n ],\n [\n -152.00780315828374,\n 71.06255434580251\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b924de4b08c986b319e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder-Conn, E.","contributorId":7026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder-Conn","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, John R. jrgarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"John","email":"jrgarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, Gerald L.","contributorId":89172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oelkers, A.","contributorId":17000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oelkers","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019577,"text":"70019577 - 1997 - Unnatural isotopic composition of lithium reagents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-08T17:28:51.59158","indexId":"70019577","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unnatural isotopic composition of lithium reagents","docAbstract":"Isotopic analysis of 39 lithium reagents from several manufacturers indicates that seven were artificially depleted in 6Li significantly in excess of the variation found in terrestrial materials. The atomic weight of lithium in analyzed reagents ranged from 6.939 to 6.996, and δ7Li, reported relative to L-SVEC lithium carbonate, ranged from −11 to +3013‰. This investigation indicates that 6Li-depleted reagents are now found on chemists' shelves, and the labels of these 6Li-depleted reagents do not accurately reflect the atomic and (or) molecular weights of these reagents. In 1993, IUPAC issued the following statement: “Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.94 and 6.99; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material.” This statement has been found to be incorrect. In two of the 39 samples analyzed, the atomic weight of Li was in excess of 6.99.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac9704669","usgsCitation":"Qi, H.P., Coplen, T.B., Wang, Q.Z., and Wang, Y.#., 1997, Unnatural isotopic composition of lithium reagents: Analytical Chemistry, v. 69, no. 19, p. 4076-4078, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9704669.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"4076","endPage":"4078","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcdae4b08c986b328e3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Qi, H. P.","contributorId":74891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Q. Zh","contributorId":17387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Q.","email":"","middleInitial":"Zh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, Y. #NAME?","contributorId":68475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019537,"text":"70019537 - 1997 - Variable deep structure of a midcontinent fault and fold zone from seismic reflection: La Salle deformation belt, Illinois basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:10:13.044463","indexId":"70019537","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variable deep structure of a midcontinent fault and fold zone from seismic reflection: La Salle deformation belt, Illinois basin","docAbstract":"Deformation within the United States midcontinent is frequently expressed as quasilinear zones of faulting and folding, such as the La Salle deformation belt, a northwest-trending series of folds cutting through the center of the Illinois basin. Seismic reflection profiles over the southern La Salle deformation belt reveal the three-dimensional structural style of deformation in the lower Paleozoic section and uppermost Precambrian(?) basement. Individual profiles and structural contour maps show for the first time that the folds of the La Salle deformation belt are underlain at depth by reverse faults that disrupt and offset intrabasement structure, offset the top of interpreted Precambrian basement, and accommodate folding of overlying Paleozoic strata. The folds do not represent development of initial dips by strata deposited over a preexisting basement high. Rather, the structures resemble subdued “Laramide-style” forced folds, in that Paleozoic stratal reflectors appear to be flexed over a fault-bounded basement uplift with the basement-cover contact folded concordantly with overlying strata. For about 40 km along strike, the dominant faults reverse their dip direction, alternating between east and west. Less well expressed antithetic or back thrusts appear to be associated with the dominant faults and could together describe a positive flower structure. The overall trend of this part of the La Salle deformation belt is disrupted by along-strike discontinuities that separate distinct fold culminations. Observations of dual vergence and along-strike discontinuities suggest an original deformation regime possibly involving limited transpression associated with distant late Paleozoic Appalachian-Ouachita mountain building. Moderate-magnitude earthquakes located west of the western flank of the La Salle deformation belt have reverse and strike-slip mechanisms at upper crustal depths, which might be reactivating deep basement faults such as observed in this study. The La Salle deformation belt is not necessarily typical of other well-known major midcontinent fault and fold zones, such as the Nemaha ridge, over which Paleozoic and younger sediments appear to simply be draped.
This study examined the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of two lignite beds (3500 and 4500 beds, Manning Formation, Jackson Group, Eocene) that are mined at the Gibbons Creek mine in east-central Texas. The purpose of the study was to identify the relations among sample ash yield, coal petrography, and trace-element concentrations in lignite and adjoining rock layers of the Gibbons Creek mine. Particular interest was given to the distribution of 12 environmentally sensitive trace elements (As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and U) that have been identified as potentially hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the United States Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Eleven lignite, floor, and rock parting samples were collected from incremental channel samples of the 3500 and 4500 beds that were exposed in a highwall of pit A3 at the Gibbons Creek mine. Short proximate and ultimate and forms of sulfur analyses were performed on all lignite samples, and lignite and rock samples were analyzed for 60 major, minor and trace elements. Representative splits of all lignite samples were ground and cast into pellets, and polished for petrographic analyses in blue-light fluorescence and reflected white light to determine liptinite, inertinite, and huminite maceral group percentages. The following observations summarize our results and conclusions about the geochemistry, petrography, and sedimentology of the 3500 and 4500 beds of the Gibbons Creek lignite deposit: (1) Weighted average dry (db) ash yield for the two beds is 29.7%, average total sulfur content is 2.6%, and average calorific value is 7832 Btu (18.22 MJ/kg). Ash yields are greatest in the lower bench (59.33% db) of the 3500 bed and in the upper bench of the 4500 bed (74.61% db). (2) For lignite samples (on a whole-coal basis), the distributions of two of the HAPs (Pb and Sb) are positively related to ash yield, probably indicating an inorganic affinity for these elements. By using cluster analysis we found that Be and Cd were poorly associated with ash yield, indicating a possible organic affinity, and that Ni, Se, Hg, U, and Pb cluster with most of the rare-earth elements. (3) The dominance of the crypto-eugelinite maceral subgroup over the crypto-humotelinite subgroup suggests that all Gibbons Creek lignites were subjected to peat-forming conditions (either biogenic or chemical) conducive to the degradation of wood cellular material into matrix gels, or that original plant material was not very woody and was prone to formation of matrix gels. The latter idea is supported by pollen studies of Gibbons Creek lignite beds; results indicate that the peat was derived in part from marsh plants low in wood tissue. (4) The occurrence of siliceous sponge spicules in the lower benches of the 3500 bed suggests the original peat in this part of the bed was deposited in standing, fresh water. (5) The petrographic data indicate that the upper sample interval of the 3500 bed contains more inertinite (3%) than the other samples studied. Increases in inertinite content in the upper part of the 3500 bed may have been associated with alteration of the peat by acids derived from the volcanic ash or could have been caused by fire, oxidation and drying, or biologic alteration of the peat in the paleo-mire.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00028-1","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., Crowley, S.S., Ruppert, L.F., and Pontolillo, J., 1997, Petrography and geochemistry of selected lignite beds in the Gibbons Creek mine (Manning Formation, Jackson Group, Paleocene) of east-central Texas: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 34, no. 3-4, p. 307-326, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00028-1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"326","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a779de4b0c8380cd78533","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061 lruppert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie","email":"lruppert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pontolillo, James jpontoli@usgs.gov","contributorId":2033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pontolillo","given":"James","email":"jpontoli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019271,"text":"70019271 - 1997 - Deep-coal potential in the Appalachian Coal Basin, USA: The Kentucky model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019271","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep-coal potential in the Appalachian Coal Basin, USA: The Kentucky model","docAbstract":"The Eastern Kentucky Coal Field is located in the Appalachian Basin of the United States and occupies an area of approximately 15,000 square kilometers. The coal beds range from a few centimeters to several meters in thickness and consist of high-grade bituminous coal. Currently the amount of coal mined by surface methods exceeds underground extraction; however, there is a steady and gradual shift toward underground mining. In the future, as near-surface resources are depleted, this trend toward increased underground mining will continue. Knowledge about deeper coals is essential for future economic development of resources. Preliminary investigations indicate that coal-bearing strata with deep-mining potential exist in several parts of eastern Kentucky, especially along the Eastern Kentucky Syncline. Eastern Kentucky coals are Westphalian A through D; however, current production is from major beds of Westphalian A and B. Because coals that occur above drainage are more easily accessible and are generally of better quality, most of the current mining takes place in formations that are at or near the surface. In the future, however, due to environmental regulations and increased demands, it will be necessary to attempt to utilize deeper coals about which little is known. Future development of deep resources will require data from boreholes and high-resolution geophysical-logging techniques. There is also potential for coal-bed methane from the deeper coals which could be an important resource in the Appalachian Coal Basin where a natural gas distribution system already exists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Haney, D.C., and Chesnut, D., 1997, Deep-coal potential in the Appalachian Coal Basin, USA: The Kentucky model: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, no. 157 PART 2, p. 336-337.","startPage":"336","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"157 PART 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe2ce4b0c8380cd4eb80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haney, D. C.","contributorId":97854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chesnut, D.R. Jr.","contributorId":100548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesnut","given":"D.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019137,"text":"70019137 - 1997 - Ophiolitic basement to the Great Valley forearc basin, California, from seismic and gravity data: Implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T14:21:14.37421","indexId":"70019137","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ophiolitic basement to the Great Valley forearc basin, California, from seismic and gravity data: Implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin","docAbstract":"The nature of the Great Valley basement, whether oceanic or continental, has long been a source of controversy. A velocity model (derived from a 200-km-long east-west reflection-refraction profile collected south of the Mendocino triple junction, northern California, in 1993), further constrained by density and magnetic models, reveals an ophiolite underlying the Great Valley (Great Valley ophiolite), which in turn is underlain by a westward extension of lower-density continental crust (Sierran affinity material). We used an integrated modeling philosophy, first modeling the seismic-refraction data to obtain a final velocity model, and then modeling the long-wavelength features of the gravity data to obtain a final density model that is constrained in the upper crust by our velocity model. The crustal section of Great Valley ophiolite is 7-8 km thick, and the Great Valley ophiolite relict oceanic Moho is at 11-16 km depth. The Great Valley ophiolite does not extend west beneath the Coast Ranges, but only as far as the western margin of the Great Valley, where the 5-7-km-thick Great Valley ophiolite mantle section dips west into the present-day mantle. There are 16-18 km of lower-density Sierran affinity material beneath the Great Valley ophiolite mantle section, such that a second, deeper, \"present-day\" continental Moho is at about 34 km depth. At mid-crustal depths, the boundary between the eastern extent of the Great Valley ophiolite and the western extent of Sierran affinity material is a near-vertical velocity and density discontinuity about 80 km east of the western margin of the Great Valley. Our model has important implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin. We suggest that a thick ophiolite sequence was obducted onto continental material, probably during the Jurassic Nevadan orogeny, so that the Great Valley basement is oceanic crust above oceanic mantle vertically stacked above continental crust and continental mantle.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1536:OBTTGV>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Godfrey, N.J., Beaudoin, B.C., Klemperer, S., Levander, A., Luetgert, J., Meltzer, A., Mooney, W.D., and Trehu, A., 1997, Ophiolitic basement to the Great Valley forearc basin, California, from seismic and gravity data: Implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 12, p. 1536-1562, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1536:OBTTGV>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1536","endPage":"1562","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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J.","contributorId":12866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beaudoin, B. C.","contributorId":17629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Levander, A.","contributorId":91248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levander","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luetgert, J.","contributorId":92807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meltzer, A.","contributorId":55692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzer","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trehu, A.","contributorId":28372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70019108,"text":"70019108 - 1997 - Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:17:11","indexId":"70019108","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"Massachusetts Bay is a shallow (35 m average depth) semienclosed embayment, roughly 100 ?? 50 km, which opens into the Gulf of Maine at its eastern boundary. Surface waves associated with winter storm winds from the northeast cause large sediment resuspension events, and wave and circulation fields during these events have a quasi-steady response to the wind stress. Coupled wave, circulation, and boundary layer models indicate that wave-enhanced bottom friction has a significant damping effect on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay. The simulated response exhibits significant three-dimensional structure, but still can be fundamentally understood using idealized models. The depth-integrated momentum balance is dominated by along-bay stress, pressure gradient, and bottom stress. The effective bottom drag coefficient during typical storm conditions is increased by a factor of 2-5 when wave effects are included, but the mean bottom stress is relatively unaffected by wave effects due to a reduction in bottom currents by 30-50%. The vertical mixing is also relatively unaffected by the waves, and the result is that the increased drag causes a nearly depth-independent offset of the vertical current profiles. The alongshore transport in the bay is reduced 10-50%, depending on wind direction.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1997)123:5(233)","issn":"0733950X","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., and List, J.H., 1997, Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 123, no. 5, p. 233-239, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1997)123:5(233).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"239","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod Bay, Massachussetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 42.98857645832184\n ],\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 42.98857645832184\n ],\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 41.40153558289846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a062ee4b0c8380cd51133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50027,"text":"ofr97805 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16 (GROTTH00170016) on Town Highway 17, crossing the Wells River, Groton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-17T15:08:07","indexId":"ofr97805","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-805","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16 (GROTTH00170016) on Town Highway 17, crossing the Wells River, Groton, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nGROTTH00170016 on Town Highway 17 crossing the Wells River, Groton, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nin eastern Vermont. The 43.4-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is predominantly shrub and \nbrushland, while the left bank downstream is forested. \nIn the study area, the Wells River has an incised, straight channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.003 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 57 ft and an average bank height \nof 4 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulder with a median grain size (D50) \nof 77.8 mm (0.255 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II \nsite visit on August 29, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe Town Highway 17 crossing of the Wells River is a 43-ft-long, one-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 41-foot steel-beam span with a concrete deck (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written communication, March 24, 1995). The opening length of the \nstructure parallel to the bridge face is 39.4 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete \nabutments. The channel is skewed approximately 0 degrees and the opening-skew-toroadway is also zero degrees. \nA scour hole 1.7 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed from 30 ft upstream \nto 70 ft downstream in mid-channel during the Level I assessment. Scour protection \nmeasures at the site included: type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) along the left \nand right bank upstream, and along the left and right bank downstream. The protection \nalong the banks begins in the road embankment areas where the wingwalls would be \nlocated. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II \nSummary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge is determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total \nscour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed \ndegradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow \narea at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows was 0 ft. Abutment scour ranged from 7.6 to 8.4 ft \nat the left abutment and from 9.9 to 14.8 ft at the right abutment. The worst-case abutment \nscour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and \ndepths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed \nelevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A crosssection of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97805","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Striker, L., and Ivanoff, M., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16 (GROTTH00170016) on Town Highway 17, crossing the Wells River, Groton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-805, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97805.","productDescription":"51 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97805.JPG"},{"id":279657,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0805/report.pdf"}],"projection":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.250,44.125 ], [ -72.250,44.250 ], [ -72.125,44.250 ], [ -72.125,44.125 ], [ -72.250,44.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8373","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striker, L.K.","contributorId":55872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striker","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}