We compiled new and published data on the natural abundance N isotope composition (δ15N values) of soil and plant organic matter from around the world. Across a broad range of climate and ecosystem types, we found that soil and plant δ15N values systematically decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP) and decreasing mean annual temperature (MAT). Because most undisturbed soils are near N steady state, the observations suggest that an increasing fraction of ecosystem N losses are 15N-depleted forms (NO3, N2O, etc.) with decreasing MAP and increasing MAT. Wetter and colder ecosystems appear to be more efficient in conserving and recycling mineral N. Globally, plant δ15N values are more negative than soils, but the difference (δ15Nplant-δ15Nsoil) increases with decreasing MAT (and secondarily increasing MAP), suggesting a systematic change in the source of plant-available N (organic/NH4+ versus NO3−) with climate. Nitrogen isotopes reflect time integrated measures of the controls on N storage that are critical for predictions of how these ecosystems will respond to human-mediated disturbances of the global N cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002GB001903","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Amundson, R., Austin, A., Schuur, E., Yoo, K., Matzek, V., Kendall, C., Uebersax, A., Brenner, D., and Baisden, W., 2003, Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant nitrogen: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 17, no. 1, 1031, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001903.","productDescription":"1031, 11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001903","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387732,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2954e4b0c8380cd5a87c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amundson, Ronald","contributorId":59925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austin, A.T.","contributorId":67445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuur, E.A.G.","contributorId":106679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuur","given":"E.A.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yoo, K.","contributorId":73387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoo","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matzek, V.","contributorId":98923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzek","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Uebersax, A.","contributorId":35519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uebersax","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Brenner, D.","contributorId":64859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Baisden, W.T.","contributorId":22536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baisden","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70024855,"text":"70024855 - 2003 - Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024855","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing","docAbstract":"Standardization of electrofishing in waters with differing conductivities is critical when monitoring temporal and spatial differences in fish assemblages. We tested a model that can help improve the consistency of electrofishing by allowing control over the amount of power that is transferred to the fish. The primary objective was to verify, under controlled laboratory conditions, whether the model adequately described fish immobilization responses elicited with various electrical settings over a range of water conductivities. We found that the model accurately described empirical observations over conductivities ranging from 12 to 1,030 ??S/cm for DC and various pulsed-DC settings. Because the model requires knowledge of a fish's effective conductivity, an attribute that is likely to vary according to species, size, temperature, and other variables, a second objective was to gather available estimates of the effective conductivity of fish to examine the magnitude of variation and to assess whether in practical applications a standard effective conductivity value for fish may be assumed. We found that applying a standard fish effective conductivity of 115 ??S/cm introduced relatively little error into the estimation of the peak power density required to immobilize fish with electrofishing. However, this standard was derived from few estimates of fish effective conductivity and a limited number of species; more estimates are needed to validate our working standard.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T02-093","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Miranda, L., and Dolan, C., 2003, Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 6, p. 1179-1185, https://doi.org/10.1577/T02-093.","startPage":"1179","endPage":"1185","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207834,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T02-093"}],"volume":"132","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba59fe4b08c986b320b72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dolan, C.R.","contributorId":96870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026225,"text":"70026225 - 2003 - Mercury contamination chronologies from Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:16:05","indexId":"70026225","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mercury contamination chronologies from Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediments","docAbstract":"Sediment cores were used to investigate the mercury deposition histories of Connecticut and Long Island Sound. Most cores show background (pre-1800s) concentrations (50–100 ppb Hg) below 30–50 cm depth, strong enrichments up to 500 ppb Hg in the core tops with lower Hg concentrations in the surface sediments (200–300 ppb Hg). A sediment core from the Housatonic River has peak levels of 1,500 ppb Hg, indicating the presence of a Hg point source in this watershed. The Hg records were translated into Hg contamination chronologies through 210Pb dating. The onset of Hg contamination occurred in ~1840–1850 in eastern Connecticut, whereas in the Housatonic River the onset is dated at around 1820. The mercury accumulation profiles show periods of peak contamination at around 1900 and at 1950–1970. Peak Hg* (Hg*= Hg measured minus Hg background) accumulation rates in the salt marshes vary, dependent on the sediment character, between 8 and 44 ng Hg/cm2 per year, whereas modern Hg* accumulation rates range from 4–17 ng Hg/cm2 per year; time-averaged Hg* accumulation rates are 15 ng Hg/cm2 per year. These Hg* accumulation rates in sediments are higher than the observed Hg atmospheric deposition rates (about 1–2 ng Hg/cm2 per year), indicating that contaminant Hg from the watershed is focused into the coastal zone. The Long Island Sound cores show similar Hg profiles as the marsh cores, but time-averaged Hg* accumulation rates are higher than in the marshes (26 ng Hg/cm2 a year) because of the different sediment characteristics. In-situ atmospheric deposition of Hg in the marshes and in Long Island Sound is only a minor component of the total Hg budget. The 1900 peak of Hg contamination is most likely related to climatic factors (the wet period of the early 1900s) and the 1950–1970 peak was caused by strong anthropogenic Hg emissions at that time. Spatial trends in total Hg burdens in cores are largely related to sedimentary parameters (amount of clay) except for the high inventories of the Housatonic River, which are related to Hg releases from hat-making in the town of Danbury. Much of the contaminated sediment transport in the Housatonic River Basin occurs during floods, creating distinct layers of Hg-contaminated sediment in western Long Island Sound. The drop of about 40% in Hg accumulation rates between the 1960s and 1990s seems largely the result of reduced Hg emissions and to a much lesser extent of climatic factors.
","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","language":"English","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Varekamp, J., Kreulen, B., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., and Mecray, E., 2003, Mercury contamination chronologies from Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediments, in Environmental Geology, v. 43, no. 3, p. 268-282.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"282","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.1412353515625,\n 40.925964939514294\n ],\n [\n -71.34521484375,\n 40.925964939514294\n ],\n [\n -71.34521484375,\n 41.33970040774419\n ],\n [\n -74.1412353515625,\n 41.33970040774419\n ],\n [\n -74.1412353515625,\n 40.925964939514294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53f3e4b0c8380cd6ce30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varekamp, J.C.","contributorId":56006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varekamp","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kreulen, B.","contributorId":48741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreulen","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mecray, E.L.","contributorId":14840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecray","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":96821,"text":"96821 - 2003 - Status and distribution of the least Bell's vireo and southwestern willow flycatcher at the Cleveland National Forest in 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:56","indexId":"96821","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Status and distribution of the least Bell's vireo and southwestern willow flycatcher at the Cleveland National Forest in 2002","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., Evans, D., Langan, B., and Mulrooney, M., 2003, Status and distribution of the least Bell's vireo and southwestern willow flycatcher at the Cleveland National Forest in 2002.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0dd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.","contributorId":97840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, D.","contributorId":38415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langan, B.","contributorId":49651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langan","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mulrooney, M.B.","contributorId":86285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulrooney","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025977,"text":"70025977 - 2003 - Status and interconnections of selected environmental issues in the global coastal zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T14:15:54.826136","indexId":"70025977","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":698,"text":"Ambio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and interconnections of selected environmental issues in the global coastal zones","docAbstract":"This study focuses on assessing the state of population distribution, land cover distribution, biodiversity hotspots, and protected areas in global coastal zones. The coastal zone is defined as land within 100 km of the coastline. This study attempts to answer such questions as: how crowded are the coastal zones, what is the pattern of land cover distribution in these areas, how much of these areas are designated as protected areas, what is the state of the biodiversity hotspots, and what are the interconnections between people and coastal environment. This study uses globally consistent and comprehensive geospatial datasets based on remote sensing and other sources. The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) layering methods and consistent datasets has made it possible to identify and quantify selected coastal zones environmental issues and their interconnections. It is expected that such information provide a scientific basis for global coastal zones management and assist in policy formulations at the national and international levels.","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1579/0044-7447-32.2.145","issn":"00447447","usgsCitation":"Shi, H., and Singh, A., 2003, Status and interconnections of selected environmental issues in the global coastal zones: Ambio, v. 32, no. 2, p. 145-152, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-32.2.145.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b978ae4b08c986b31bb08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shi, Hua 0000-0001-7013-1565 hshi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-1565","contributorId":646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shi","given":"Hua","email":"hshi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singh, Ashbindu singh@usgs.gov","contributorId":5410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"Ashbindu","email":"singh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":407354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025975,"text":"70025975 - 2003 - Gaussian statistics for palaeomagnetic vectors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T12:00:23","indexId":"70025975","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gaussian statistics for palaeomagnetic vectors","docAbstract":"With the aim of treating the statistics of palaeomagnetic directions and intensities jointly and consistently, we represent the mean and the variance of palaeomagnetic vectors, at a particular site and of a particular polarity, by a probability density function in a Cartesian three-space of orthogonal magnetic-field components consisting of a single (unimoda) non-zero mean, spherically-symmetrical (isotropic) Gaussian function. For palaeomagnetic data of mixed polarities, we consider a bimodal distribution consisting of a pair of such symmetrical Gaussian functions, with equal, but opposite, means and equal variances. For both the Gaussian and bi-Gaussian distributions, and in the spherical three-space of intensity, inclination, and declination, we obtain analytical expressions for the marginal density functions, the cumulative distributions, and the expected values and variances for each spherical coordinate (including the angle with respect to the axis of symmetry of the distributions). The mathematical expressions for the intensity and off-axis angle are closed-form and especially manageable, with the intensity distribution being Rayleigh-Rician. In the limit of small relative vectorial dispersion, the Gaussian (bi-Gaussian) directional distribution approaches a Fisher (Bingham) distribution and the intensity distribution approaches a normal distribution. In the opposite limit of large relative vectorial dispersion, the directional distributions approach a spherically-uniform distribution and the intensity distribution approaches a Maxwell distribution. We quantify biases in estimating the properties of the vector field resulting from the use of simple arithmetic averages, such as estimates of the intensity or the inclination of the mean vector, or the variances of these quantities. With the statistical framework developed here and using the maximum-likelihood method, which gives unbiased estimates in the limit of large data numbers, we demonstrate how to formulate the inverse problem, and how to estimate the mean and variance of the magnetic vector field, even when the data consist of mixed combinations of directions and intensities. We examine palaeomagnetic secular-variation data from Hawaii and Re??union, and although these two sites are on almost opposite latitudes, we find significant differences in the mean vector and differences in the local vectorial variances, with the Hawaiian data being particularly anisotropic. These observations are inconsistent with a description of the mean field as being a simple geocentric axial dipole and with secular variation being statistically symmetrical with respect to reflection through the equatorial plane. Finally, our analysis of palaeomagnetic acquisition data from the 1960 Kilauea flow in Hawaii and the Holocene Xitle flow in Mexico, is consistent with the widely held suspicion that directional data are more accurate than intensity data.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01858.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., and Constable, C., 2003, Gaussian statistics for palaeomagnetic vectors: Geophysical Journal International, v. 152, no. 3, p. 515-565, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01858.x.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"565","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208754,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01858.x"},{"id":234723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14e6e4b0c8380cd54c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constable, C.G.","contributorId":22948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constable","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024960,"text":"70024960 - 2003 - Automated storm water sampling on small watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-08T17:30:32.810689","indexId":"70024960","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":833,"text":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automated storm water sampling on small watersheds","docAbstract":"Few guidelines are currently available to assist in designing appropriate automated storm water sampling strategies for small watersheds. Therefore, guidance is needed to develop strategies that achieve an appropriate balance between accurate characterization of storm water quality and loads and limitations of budget, equipment, and personnel. In this article, we explore the important sampling strategy components (minimum flow threshold, sampling interval, and discrete versus composite sampling) and project-specific considerations (sampling goal, sampling and analysis resources, and watershed characteristics) based on personal experiences and pertinent field and analytical studies. These components and considerations are important in achieving the balance between sampling goals and limitations because they determine how and when samples are taken and the potential sampling error. Several general recommendations are made, including: setting low minimum flow thresholds, using flow-interval or variable time-interval sampling, and using composite sampling to limit the number of samples collected. Guidelines are presented to aid in selection of an appropriate sampling strategy based on user's project-specific considerations. Our experiences suggest these recommendations should allow implementation of a successful sampling strategy for most small watershed sampling projects with common sampling goals.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.15662","issn":"08838542","usgsCitation":"Harmel, R., King, K.W., and Slade, R., 2003, Automated storm water sampling on small watersheds: Applied Engineering in Agriculture, v. 19, no. 6, p. 667-674, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.15662.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"667","endPage":"674","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef7e4b0c8380cd4a08a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmel, R. D.","contributorId":20155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmel","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, K. W.","contributorId":105729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slade, R.M.","contributorId":84364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024962,"text":"70024962 - 2003 - The composition and morphology of amphiboles from the Rainy Creek complex, near Libby, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024962","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The composition and morphology of amphiboles from the Rainy Creek complex, near Libby, Montana","docAbstract":"Thirty samples of amphibole-rich rock from the largest mined vermiculite deposit in the world in the Rainy Creek alkaline-ultramafic complex near Libby, Montana, were collected and analyzed. The amphibole-rich rock is the suspected cause of an abnormally high number of asbestos-related diseases reported in the residents of Libby, and in former mine and mill workers. The amphibole-rich samples were analyzed to determine composition and morphology of both fibrous and non-fibrous amphiboles. Sampling was carried out across the accessible portions of the deposit to obtain as complete a representation of the distribution of amphibole types as possible. The range of amphibole compositions, determined from electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, indicates the presence of winchite, richterite, tremolite, and magnesioriebeckite. The amphiboles from Vermiculite Mountain show nearly complete solid solution between these end-member compositions. Magnesio-arfvedsonite and edenite may also be present in low abundance. An evaluation of the textural characteristics of the amphiboles shows the material to include a complete range of morphologies from prismatic crystals to asbestiform fibers. The morphology of the majority of the material is intermediate between these two varieties. All of the amphiboles, with the possible exception of magnesioriebeckite, can occur in fibrous or asbestiform habit. The Vermiculite Mountain amphiboles, even when originally present as massive material, can produce abundant, extremely fine fibers by gentle abrasion or crushing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Meeker, G., Bern, A., Brownfield, I.K., Lowers, H., Sutley, S.J., Hoefen, T., and Vance, J., 2003, The composition and morphology of amphiboles from the Rainy Creek complex, near Libby, Montana: American Mineralogist, v. 88, no. 11-12 PART 2, p. 1955-1969.","startPage":"1955","endPage":"1969","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"11-12 PART 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa49e4b08c986b3227b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meeker, G.P.","contributorId":34539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bern, A.M.","contributorId":92018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bern","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brownfield, I. K.","contributorId":77915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowers, H.A. 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":31843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"H.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sutley, S. J.","contributorId":91484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hoefen, T.M. 0000-0002-3083-5987","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":18143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vance, J.S.","contributorId":82882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vance","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024856,"text":"70024856 - 2003 - Vertical velocity variance in the mixed layer from radar wind profilers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024856","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical velocity variance in the mixed layer from radar wind profilers","docAbstract":"Vertical velocity variance data were derived from remotely sensed mixed layer turbulence measurements at the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE) facility in Butler County, Kansas. These measurements and associated data were provided by a collection of instruments that included two 915 MHz wind profilers, two radio acoustic sounding systems, and two eddy correlation devices. The data from these devices were available through the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE) database operated by Argonne National Laboratory. A signal processing procedure outlined by Angevine et al. was adapted and further built upon to derive vertical velocity variance, w_pm???2, from 915 MHz wind profiler measurements in the mixed layer. The proposed procedure consisted of the application of a height-dependent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) filter, removal of outliers plus and minus two standard deviations about the mean on the spectral width squared, and removal of the effects of beam broadening and vertical shearing of horizontal winds. The scatter associated with w_pm???2 was mainly affected by the choice of SNR filter cutoff values. Several different sets of cutoff values were considered, and the optimal one was selected which reduced the overall scatter on w_pm???2 and yet retained a sufficient number of data points to average. A similarity relationship of w_pm???2 versus height was established for the mixed layer on the basis of the available data. A strong link between the SNR and growth/decay phases of turbulence was identified. Thus, the mid to late afternoon hours, when strong surface heating occurred, were observed to produce the highest quality signals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2003)8:6(301)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Eng, K., Coulter, R., and Brutsaert, W., 2003, Vertical velocity variance in the mixed layer from radar wind profilers: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 8, no. 6, p. 301-307, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2003)8:6(301).","startPage":"301","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207835,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2003)8:6(301)"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc24ae4b08c986b32aa4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eng, K.","contributorId":51063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eng","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coulter, R.L.","contributorId":78913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coulter","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brutsaert, W.","contributorId":103445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brutsaert","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":96990,"text":"96990 - 2003 - Advice for the Secretary of Agriculture about Management of the Giant Sequoia National Monument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96990","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Advice for the Secretary of Agriculture about Management of the Giant Sequoia National Monument","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Board, S.A., Clarke, J., Graber, D., Nissen, K., Piirto, D., Stephenson, N., Tormey, D., and Waggoner, P., 2003, Advice for the Secretary of Agriculture about Management of the Giant Sequoia National Monument, 70 p.","productDescription":"70 p.","startPage":"70","numberOfPages":"70","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b03e4b07f02db698f30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Board, Scientific Advisory","contributorId":79417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Board","given":"Scientific","email":"","middleInitial":"Advisory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, J.N.","contributorId":72732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graber, D.M.","contributorId":69496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graber","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nissen, K.M.","contributorId":8785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nissen","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Piirto, D.D.","contributorId":17560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piirto","given":"D.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stephenson, N.L.","contributorId":17559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tormey, D.R.","contributorId":34070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tormey","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Waggoner, P.E.","contributorId":94620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waggoner","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70025535,"text":"70025535 - 2003 - Nesting behavior of Palila, as assessed from video recordings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025535","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2990,"text":"Pacific Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nesting behavior of Palila, as assessed from video recordings","docAbstract":"We quantified nesting behavior of Palila (Loxiodes bailleui), an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper, by recording at nests during three breeding seasons using a black-and-white video camera connected to a Videocassette recorder. A total of seven nests was observed. We measured the following factors for daylight hours: percentage of time the female was on the nest (attendance), length of attendance bouts by the female, length of nest recesses, and adult provisioning rates. Comparisons were made between three stages of the 40-day nesting cycle: incubation (day 1-day 16), early nestling stage (day 17-day 30 [i.e., nestlings ??? 14 days old]), and late nestling stage (day 31-day 40 [i.e., nestlings > 14 days old]). Of seven nests observed, four fledged at least one nestling and three failed. One of these failed nests was filmed being depredated by a feral cat (Felis catus). Female nest attendance was near 82% during the incubation stage and decreased to 21% as nestlings aged. We did not detect a difference in attendance bout length between stages of the nesting cycle. Mean length of nest recesses increased from 4.5 min during the incubation stage to over 45 min during the late nestling stage. Mean number of nest recesses per hour ranged from 1.6 to 2.0. Food was delivered to nestlings by adults an average of 1.8 times per hour for the early nestling stage and 1.5 times per hour during the late nestling stage and did not change over time. Characterization of parental behavior by video had similarities to but also key differences from findings taken from blind observations. Results from this study will facilitate greater understanding of Palila reproductive strategies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pacific Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00308870","usgsCitation":"Laut, M., Banko, P., and Gray, E., 2003, Nesting behavior of Palila, as assessed from video recordings: Pacific Science, v. 57, no. 4, p. 385-392.","startPage":"385","endPage":"392","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64b1e4b0c8380cd72a2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laut, M.E.","contributorId":53141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laut","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banko, P.C. 0000-0002-6035-9803","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":99531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, E.M.","contributorId":62781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97019,"text":"97019 - 2003 - Riparian and upland bird communities at Lower Topanga Canyon, Topanga State Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:52","indexId":"97019","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Riparian and upland bird communities at Lower Topanga Canyon, Topanga State Park, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., Kisner, D., and Mulrooney, M., 2003, Riparian and upland bird communities at Lower Topanga Canyon, Topanga State Park, California.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602189","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kisner, D.A.","contributorId":50840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kisner","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mulrooney, M.B.","contributorId":86285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulrooney","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":96945,"text":"96945 - 2003 - Surveys for the Least Bell's Vireo and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at the San Luis Rey River. 2002 Annual Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:53","indexId":"96945","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Surveys for the Least Bell's Vireo and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at the San Luis Rey River. 2002 Annual Summary","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Peterson, B., Kus, B., and Wellik, M., 2003, Surveys for the Least Bell's Vireo and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at the San Luis Rey River. 2002 Annual Summary.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, B.L.","contributorId":78672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wellik, M.J.","contributorId":68241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellik","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024862,"text":"70024862 - 2003 - Growth and survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro-alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T11:51:06","indexId":"70024862","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1619,"text":"FEMS Microbiology Ecology","onlineIssn":"1574-6941","printIssn":"0168-6496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro-alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta)","docAbstract":"The macro-alga Cladophora glomerata is found in streams and lakes worldwide. High concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci have been reported in Cladophora along the Lake Michigan shore. The objective of this study was to determine if Cladophora supported growth of these indicator bacteria. Algal leachate readily supported in vitro multiplication of E. coli and enterococci, suggesting that leachates contain necessary growth-promoting substances. Growth was directly related to the concentration of algal leachate. E. coli survived for over 6 months in dried Cladophora stored at 4°C; residual E. coli grew after mat rehydration, reaching a carrying capacity of 8 log CFU g-1 in 48 h. Results of this study also show that the E. coli strains associated with Cladophora are highly related; in most instances they are genetically different from each other, suggesting that the relationship between E. coli and Cladophora may be casual. These findings indicate that Cladophora provides a suitable environment for indicator bacteria to persist for extended periods and to grow under natural conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00214-9","issn":"01686496","usgsCitation":"Byappanahalli, M., Shively, D., Nevers, M., Sadowsky, M., and Whitman, R., 2003, Growth and survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro-alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta): FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 46, no. 2, p. 203-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00214-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"211","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487426,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6496(03)00214-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207918,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00214-9"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2deee4b0c8380cd5c150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byappanahalli, M.N.","contributorId":11384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byappanahalli","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shively, D.A.","contributorId":78123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nevers, M.B.","contributorId":13787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevers","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sadowsky, M.J.","contributorId":19337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadowsky","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitman, R.L.","contributorId":69750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025985,"text":"70025985 - 2003 - Geologic setting and genesis of the Mule Canyon low-sulfidation epithermal gold-silver deposit, north-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T17:47:48.627315","indexId":"70025985","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting and genesis of the Mule Canyon low-sulfidation epithermal gold-silver deposit, north-central Nevada","docAbstract":"The Mule Canyon mine exploited shallow, low-sulfidation, epithermal Au-Ag deposits that lie near the west side of the Northern Nevada rift in northern Lander County, Nevada. Mule Canyon consists of six small deposits that contained premining reserves of about 8.2 Mt at an average grade of 3.81 g Au/tonne. It is an uncommon mafic end member of low-sulfidation Au-Ag deposits associated with tholeiitic bimodal basalt-rhyolite magmatism. The ore is hosted by a basalt-andesite eruptive center that formed between about 16.4 to 15.8 Ma during early mafic eruptions related to regionally extensive bimodal magmatism. Hydrothermal alteration and Au-Ag ores formed at about 15.6 Ma and were tightly controlled by north-northwest- to north-striking high-angle fault and breccia zones developed during rifting, emplacement of mafic dikes, and eruption of mafic lava flows. Hydrothermal alteration assemblages are zoned outward from fluid conduits in the sequence silica-adularia, adularia-smectite, smectite (intermediate argillic), and smectite-carbonate (propylitic). All alteration types contain abundant pyrite and/or marcasite ± arsenopyrite. Field relations indicate that silica-adularia alteration is superimposed on argillic and propylitic alteration. Little or no steam-heated acid-sulfate alteration is present, probably the result of a near-surface water table during hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition. Two distinct ore types are present at Mule Canyon: early replacement and later open-space filling. Replacement ores consist of disseminated and vesicle-filling pyrite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite in argillically altered or weakly silicified rocks. Ore minerals consist of Au-bearing arsenopyrite and arsenian pyrite overgrowths on earlier-formed pyrite and marcasite. Open-space filling ores include narrow stockwork quartz-adularia veins, banded and crustiform opaline and chalcedonic silica-adularia veins, silica-adularia cemented breccias, and sparse carbonate-pyrite and/or marcasite veins. Ore minerals consist mostly of electrum and Ag sulfide and selenide minerals, with minor to major amounts of pyrite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite, and local stibnite. Both types of ores have similar geochemical signatures, characterized by high Au, Ag, As, Sb, and Se contents, locally high Hg, Mo, Tl, and W contents, and low Cu, Pb, and Zn contents. Stable isotope data indicate that ore fluids consisted dominantly of meteoric water that evolved by deep circulation through Paleozoic sedimentary rocks at low water/rock ratios (about 1) and high temperatures (>200°C). Calculated isotopic compositions of ore fluids are δ 18O H2O = -3 to -7 per mil, δD H2O = -107 to -124 per mil, δ 13C CO2 = 0 to -6 per mil, and δ 34S H2S = -3 to +8 per mil. The ore fluids obtained much of their H 2S and CO 2 and probably scavenged ore metals and trace elements from the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Some H 2S and CO 2 may have been derived from degassing Miocene magmas. Mule Canyon formed at shallow depths, probably about 100 m below the paleosurface. Ore fluids were dilute, nearly neutral in pH, reduced, H 2S-rich, and CO 2-bearing. Peak temperatures in ore zones reached 230° to 265°C at nearly lithostatic pressures when some crystalline quartz ± adularia precipitated, but most ore formed at temperatures <200°C at near hydrostatic pressures and was accompanied by precipitation of opaline and chalcedonic silica ± adularia ± calcite and dolomite. Deposition of gold in As-rich overgrowths on pyrite and/or marcasite in disseminated ores occurred owing to decreasing H 2S in the ore fluids resulting from sulfidation reactions. Later electrum and Ag selenide precipitation in open spaces occurred owing to boiling, loss of H 2S to the vapor phase, and cooling. Mule Canyon is similar to most other low-sulfidation Au-Ag deposits associated with Miocene tholeiitic bimodal basalt-rhyolite magmatism in the Great Basin, such as Sleeper, Midas, and Buckhorn. Major differences at Mule Canyon are the high Fe sulfide contents of some ores and altered wall rocks, the paucity of silicification, and the presence of only narrow and discontinuous gold-bearing siliceous veins. These differences primarily are due to the mafic composition of the host rocks. Mule Canyon differs from low-sulfidation deposits associated with subduction-related calc-alkaline porphyry intrusions, such as the Comstock lode, in that a much smaller proportion of water, salts, and metals was derived from crystallizing magmas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.2.425","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"John, D., Hofstra, A., Fleck, R., Brummer, J., and Saderholm, E., 2003, Geologic setting and genesis of the Mule Canyon low-sulfidation epithermal gold-silver deposit, north-central Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 2, p. 425-463, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.2.425.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"463","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"north-central Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.43261718749999,\n 39.87601941962116\n ],\n [\n -115.31249999999999,\n 39.87601941962116\n ],\n [\n -115.31249999999999,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -118.43261718749999,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -118.43261718749999,\n 39.87601941962116\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a21d1e4b0c8380cd56afb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, D. A.","contributorId":43748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brummer, J.E.","contributorId":99350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brummer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saderholm, E.C.","contributorId":80875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saderholm","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":96947,"text":"96947 - 2003 - Research highlight: fire and invasive annual grasses in western ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:53","indexId":"96947","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Research highlight: fire and invasive annual grasses in western ecosystems","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"Joint Fire Science Program, 2002 Business Summary.","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M., 2003, Research highlight: fire and invasive annual grasses in western ecosystems, p. 14.","productDescription":"p. 14","startPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b07e4b07f02db69ae87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, M.L.","contributorId":70322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025952,"text":"70025952 - 2003 - Effects of Holocene climate change on mercury deposition in Elk Lake, Minnesota: The importance of eolain transport in the mercury cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-10T11:53:47.047634","indexId":"70025952","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of Holocene climate change on mercury deposition in Elk Lake, Minnesota: The importance of eolain transport in the mercury cycle","docAbstract":"Sediments in Elk Lake, Minnesota, consist of 10,400 varve layers that provide a precise chronology for Holocene fluctuations in climate and biota recorded in the strata. Progressively greater concentrations and accumulation rates of mercury since ca. A.D. 1875 reflect deposition of anthropogenic mercury additions to the atmosphere. Within the Holocene record are numerous short intervals in which mercury concentrations and accumulation rates exceed the modern values. The highest mercury concentrations formed ca. 8 ka, coincident with a rapid change from cool, moist conditions to warm, dry conditions. A related change in flora from pine forest to prairie caused destruction of organic forest soils and the release of mercury that had been sequestered in them, resulting in a short- lived pulse of mercury to the lake. Accumulation rates of mercury were highest during the 4 k.y. mid-Holocene dry interval and show a correlation with periods of rapid deposition of eolian dust. The mercury was probably bound to wind-borne mineral particles, which were derived from an unidentified mercury-rich source region west of Elk Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0187:EOHCCO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Cannon, W., Dean, W., and Bullock, J., 2003, Effects of Holocene climate change on mercury deposition in Elk Lake, Minnesota: The importance of eolain transport in the mercury cycle: Geology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 187-190, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0187:EOHCCO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"190","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.81734657287598,\n 45.853015907512436\n ],\n [\n -95.77245712280273,\n 45.853015907512436\n ],\n [\n -95.77245712280273,\n 45.87560860976356\n ],\n [\n -95.81734657287598,\n 45.87560860976356\n ],\n [\n -95.81734657287598,\n 45.853015907512436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0654e4b0c8380cd511de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullock, J. H.","contributorId":57074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024894,"text":"70024894 - 2003 - Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024894","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration","docAbstract":"We analyzed and radiocarbon-dated 205 fossil woodrat middens from 14 sites in central and northern Wyoming and adjacent Utah and Montana to document spatiotemporal patterns of Holocene invasion by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). Holocene migration into central and northern Wyoming and southern Montana from the south proceeded by a series of long-distance dispersal events, which were paced by climate variability and structured by the geographic distribution and connectivity of suitable habitats on the landscape. The migration of Utah juniper into the region involved multiple long-distance dispersal events, ranging from 30 to 135 km. One of the earliest established populations, on East Pryor Mountain in south central Montana, is currently the northernmost population of the species. Establishment by long-distance dispersal of that population and another in the Bighorn Basin occurred during a period of relatively dry climate between 7500 and 5400 years ago. Further expansion of these initial colonizing populations and backfilling to occupy suitable sites to the south was delayed during a wet period from 5400 to 2800 years ago. Development of dry conditions 2800 years ago led to a rapid expansion in which Utah juniper colonized sites throughout its current range. Landscape structure and climate variability play important roles in governing the pattern and pace of natural invasions and deserve close attention in studying and modeling plant invasions, whether exotic or natural.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Lyford, M., Jackson, S., Betancourt, J., and Gray, S., 2003, Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration: Ecological Monographs, v. 73, no. 4, p. 567-583.","startPage":"567","endPage":"583","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b49e4b0c8380cd623c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyford, M.E.","contributorId":33883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, S.T.","contributorId":19680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024870,"text":"70024870 - 2003 - The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:07:03","indexId":"70024870","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida","docAbstract":"Shallow injection is the predominant mode of wastewater disposal for most tourist-oriented facilities and some residential communities in the US Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Concern has been expressed that wastewater nutrients may be escaping from the saline groundwater system into canals and surrounding coastal waters and perhaps to the reef tract 10 km offshore, promoting unwanted algal growth and degradation of water quality. We performed a field study of the fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of a Florida Keys residential community (Key Colony Beach, FL) that uses this disposal method, analyzing samples from 21 monitoring wells and two canal sites. The results indicate that wastewater injection at 18–27 m depth into saline groundwater creates a large buoyant plume that flows quickly (within days) upward to a confining layer 6 m below the surface, and then in a fast flow path toward a canal 200 m to the east within a period of weeks to months. Low-salinity groundwaters along the fast flow path have nitrate concentrations that are not significantly reduced from that of the injected wastewaters (ranging from 400 to 600 μmol kg−1). Portions of the low-salinity plume off the main axis of flow have relatively long residence times (>2 months) and have had their nitrate concentrations strongly reduced by a combination of mixing and denitrification. These waters have dissolved N2 concentrations up to 1.6 times air-saturation values with δ15 N[N2]=0.5-5‰, δ15N[NO3-]=16-26‰, and calculated isotope fractionation factors of about −12±4‰, consistent with denitrification as the predominant nitrate reduction reaction. Estimated rates of denitrification of wastewater in the aquifer are of the order of 4 μmol kg-1 N day-1 or 0.008 day-1. The data indicate that denitrification reduces the nitrate load of the injected wastewater substantially, but not completely, before it discharges to nearby canals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00131-8","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Griggs, E., Kump, L., and Böhlke, J., 2003, The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 58, no. 3, p. 517-539, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00131-8.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"539","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207653,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00131-8"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.991455078125,\n 25.522614647623293\n ],\n [\n -80.035400390625,\n 25.596948323286135\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 25.596948323286135\n ],\n [\n -80.2716064453125,\n 25.54244147012483\n ],\n [\n -80.3814697265625,\n 25.35891851754525\n ],\n [\n -80.70556640625,\n 25.110471486223346\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 24.886436490787712\n ],\n [\n -81.9854736328125,\n 24.701924833689933\n ],\n [\n -82.144775390625,\n 24.716895455859337\n ],\n [\n -82.3590087890625,\n 24.632038149596895\n ],\n [\n -82.3370361328125,\n 24.52213723599524\n ],\n [\n -82.0404052734375,\n 24.427145340082046\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 24.48214938647425\n ],\n [\n -81.10107421874999,\n 24.577099744289427\n ],\n [\n -80.76599121093749,\n 24.716895455859337\n ],\n [\n -80.4034423828125,\n 24.946219074360084\n ],\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 25.140311914680755\n ],\n [\n -79.991455078125,\n 25.522614647623293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babf9e4b08c986b3231bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griggs, E.M.","contributorId":33887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griggs","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kump, L.R.","contributorId":80863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kump","given":"L.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025527,"text":"70025527 - 2003 - Male Brown-headed Cowbird Attacks and Kills a Nestling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T11:25:41","indexId":"70025527","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Male Brown-headed Cowbird Attacks and Kills a Nestling","docAbstract":"I observed a male Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) attack and kill a nestling of an unidentified passerine in a grassland field in Day County, South Dakota, in June 2000. The killing or removal of nestlings by female cowbirds has been reported by others, but this behavior has not been documented previously in male cowbirds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Igl, L., 2003, Male Brown-headed Cowbird Attacks and Kills a Nestling: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 115, no. 2, p. 210-212.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"210","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c3ce4b0c8380cd69ae9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Igl, L.D. 0000-0003-0530-7266","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":13568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025955,"text":"70025955 - 2003 - Interaction of lateral baroclinic forcing and turbulence in an estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T09:22:04","indexId":"70025955","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of lateral baroclinic forcing and turbulence in an estuary","docAbstract":"Observations of density and velocity in a channel in northern San Francisco Bay show that the onset of vertical density stratification during flood tides is controlled by the balance between the cross-channel baroclinic pressure gradient and vertical mixing due to turbulence. Profiles of velocity, salinity, temperature, and suspended sediment concentration were measured in transects across Suisun Cutoff, in northern San Francisco Bay, on two days over the 12.5-hour tidal cycle. During flood tides an axial density front developed between fresher water flowing from the shallows of Grizzly Bay into the northern side of Suisun Cutoff and saltier water flowing up the channel. North of the front, transverse currents were driven by the lateral salinity gradient, with a top-to-bottom velocity difference greater than 30 cm/s. South of the front, the secondary circulation was weak, and along-channel velocities were greater than to the north. The gradient Richardson number shows that stratification was stable north of the front, while the water column was turbulently mixed south of the front. Time-series measurements of velocity and salinity demonstrate that the front develops during each tidal cycle. In estuaries, longitudinal dynamics predict less stratification during flood than ebb tides. These data show that stratification can develop during flood tides due to a lateral baroclinic pressure gradient in estuaries with complex bathymetry.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2002JC001392","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lacy, J., Stacey, M., Burau, J., and Monismith, S., 2003, Interaction of lateral baroclinic forcing and turbulence in an estuary: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 108, no. 3, p. 34-1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001392.","startPage":"34","endPage":"1","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293139,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001392"}],"volume":"108","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-03-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cb4e4b0c8380cd62f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacy, J.R.","contributorId":68508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stacey, M.T.","contributorId":82874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025990,"text":"70025990 - 2003 - Late Holocene liquefaction features in the Dominican Republic: A powerful tool for earthquake hazard assessment in the northeastern Caribbean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T01:01:14.732433","indexId":"70025990","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Holocene liquefaction features in the Dominican Republic: A powerful tool for earthquake hazard assessment in the northeastern Caribbean","docAbstract":"Several generations of sand blows and sand dikes, indicative of significant and recurrent liquefaction, are preserved in the late Holocene alluvial deposits of the Cibao Valley in northern Dominican Republic. The Cibao Valley is structurally controlled by the Septentrional fault, an onshore section of the North American-Caribbean strike-slip plate boundary. The Septentrional fault was previously studied in the central part of the valley, where it sinistrally offsets Holocene terrace risers and soil horizons. In the eastern and western parts of the valley, the Septentrional fault is buried by Holocene alluvial deposits, making direct study of the structure difficult. Liquefaction features that formed in these Holocene deposits as a result of strong ground shaking provide a record of earthquakes in these areas. Liquefaction features in the eastern Cibao Valley indicate that at least one historic earthquake, probably the moment magnitude, M 8, 4 August 1946 event, and two to four prehistoric earthquakes of M 7 to 8 struck this area during the past 1100 yr. The prehistoric earthquakes appear to cluster in time and could have resulted from rupture of the central and eastern sections of the Septentrional fault circa A.D. 1200. Liquefaction features in the western Cibao Valley indicate that one historic earthquake, probably the M 8, 7 May 1842 event, and two prehistoric earthquakes of M 7-8 struck this area during the past 1600 yr. Our findings suggest that rupture of the Septentrional fault circa A.D. 1200 may have extended beyond the central Cibao Valley and generated an earthquake of M 8. Additional information regarding the age and size distribution of liquefaction features is needed to reconstruct the prehistoric earthquake history of Hispaniola and to define the long-term behavior and earthquake potential of faults associated with the North American-Caribbean plate boundary.