Spectral perturbation techniques have been used previously to derive integral expressions for dispersive mixing in concentration‐dependent transport in three‐dimensional, heterogeneous porous media, where fluid density and viscosity are functions of solute concentration. Whereas earlier work focused on evaluating longitudinal dispersivity in isotropic media and incorporating the result in a mean one‐dimensional transport model, the emphasis of this paper is on evaluation of the complete dispersion tensor, including the more general case of anisotropic media. Approximate analytic expressions for all components of the macroscopic dispersivity tensor are derived, and the tensor is shown to be asymmetric. The tensor is separated into its symmetric and antisymmetric parts, where the symmetric part is used to calculate the principal components and principal directions of dispersivity, and the antisymmetric part of the tensor is shown to modify the velocity of the solute body compared to that of the background fluid. An example set of numerical simulations incorporating the tensor illustrates the effect of density‐coupled dispersivity on a sinking plume in an aquifer. The simulations show that the effective transverse vertical spreading in a sinking plume to be significantly greater than would be predicted by a standard density‐coupled transport model that does not incorporate the coupling in the dispersivity tensor.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001631","usgsCitation":"Welty, C., Kane, A.C., and Kauffman, L.J., 2003, Stochastic analysis of transverse dispersion in density‐coupled transport in aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 6, p. 5-1-5-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001631.","productDescription":"Article 1150; 18 p.","startPage":"5-1","endPage":"5-18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9848e4b08c986b31bf54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welty, Claire","contributorId":39416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welty","given":"Claire","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kane, Allen C. III","contributorId":94480,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kane","given":"Allen","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025463,"text":"70025463 - 2003 - Cerberus Fossae, Elysium, Mars: A source for lava and water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025463","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cerberus Fossae, Elysium, Mars: A source for lava and water","docAbstract":"Cerberus Fossae, a long fracture system in the southeastern part of Elysium, has acted as a conduit for the release of both lava and water onto the surface. The southeastern portion of the fracture system localized volcanic vents having varying morphology. In addition, low shields occur elsewhere on the Cerberus plains. Three locations where the release of water has occurred have been identified along the northwest (Athabasca and Grjota' Vallis) and southeast (Rahway Vallis) portions of the fossae. Water was released both catastrophically and noncatastrophically from these locations. A fluvial system that extends more than 2500 km has formed beginning at the lower flank of the Elysium rise across the Cerberus plains and out through Matte Vallis into Amazonis Planitia. The timing of the events is Late Amazonian. ?? 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00139-8","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Plescia, J.B., 2003, Cerberus Fossae, Elysium, Mars: A source for lava and water: Icarus, v. 164, no. 1, p. 79-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00139-8.","startPage":"79","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209444,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00139-8"},{"id":235898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3f6e4b0c8380cd4ba5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plescia, J. B.","contributorId":15689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plescia","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025399,"text":"70025399 - 2003 - Nocturnal activity by diurnal lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi, S. virgatus) eaten by small owls (Glaucidium gnoma, Otus trichopsis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025399","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nocturnal activity by diurnal lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi, S. virgatus) eaten by small owls (Glaucidium gnoma, Otus trichopsis)","docAbstract":"Whiskered screech-owls (Otus trichopsis) and northern pygmy-owls (Glaucidium gnoma) delivered freshly caught Yarrow's spiny lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) and striped plateau lizards (S. virgatus) to nestlings from dusk to dark in southeastern Arizona. This observation stimulated studies of the prey deliveries by the owls and lizard activity patterns, because the lizards are not known to be nocturnal. Lizards were more frequent prey of both owls than endothermic vertebrates but infrequent compared to arthropods, a pattern in the pygmy-owl that differs from its northern populations. Yarrow's spiny lizard, the most abundant and frequently captured lizard, was most active in the morning but also active in the evening. Striped plateau lizard, the second most abundant and depredated species, had morning and evening peaks of activity. Few lizards, including S. clarki and Urosaurus ornatus, but not Cnemidophorus exsanguis and C. sonorae, were active at or after dark, when relatively few were captured by the owls.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0218:NABDLS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Duncan, W., Gehlbach, F., and Middendorf, G.A., 2003, Nocturnal activity by diurnal lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi, S. virgatus) eaten by small owls (Glaucidium gnoma, Otus trichopsis): Southwestern Naturalist, v. 48, no. 2, p. 218-222, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0218:NABDLS>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"218","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209539,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0218:NABDLS>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6726e4b0c8380cd731dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncan, W.W.","contributorId":11483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncan","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gehlbach, F.R.","contributorId":75027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehlbach","given":"F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middendorf, G. A. III","contributorId":35609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middendorf","given":"G.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025395,"text":"70025395 - 2003 - Integrated field and laboratory tests to evaluate effects of metals-impacted wetlands on amphibians: A case study from Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025395","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrated field and laboratory tests to evaluate effects of metals-impacted wetlands on amphibians: A case study from Montana","docAbstract":"Mining activities frequently impact wildlife habitats, and a wide range of habitats may require evaluations of the linkages between wildlife and environmental stressors common to mining activities (e.g., physical alteration of habitat, releases of chemicals such as metals and other inorganic constituents as part of the mining operation). Wetlands, for example, are frequently impacted by mining activities. Within an ecological assessment for a wetland, toxicity evaluations for representative species may be advantageous to the site evaluation, since these species could be exposed to complex chemical mixtures potentially released from the site. Amphibian species common to these transition zones between terrestrial and aquatic habitats are one key biological indicator of exposure, and integrated approaches which involve both field and laboratory methods focused on amphibians are critical to the assessment process. The laboratory and field evaluations of a wetland in western Montana illustrates the integrated approach to risk assessment and causal analysis. Here, amphibians were used to evaluate the potential toxicity associated with heavy metal-laden sediments deposited in a reservoir. Field and laboratory methods were applied to a toxicity assessment for metals characteristic of mine tailings to reduce potential \"lab to field\" extrapolation errors and provide adaptive management programs with critical site-specific information targeted on remediation.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Multiple Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations","conferenceDate":"16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002","conferenceLocation":"Pittsburgh, PA","language":"English","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Linder, G., 2003, Integrated field and laboratory tests to evaluate effects of metals-impacted wetlands on amphibians: A case study from Montana, in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1443, Pittsburgh, PA, 16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002, p. 184-204.","startPage":"184","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1443","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c5fe4b0c8380cd62cb0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","contributorId":128348,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","id":536564,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025461,"text":"70025461 - 2003 - The health of glaciers: Recent changes in glacier regime","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025461","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The health of glaciers: Recent changes in glacier regime","docAbstract":"Glacier wastage has been pervasive during the last century; small glaciers and those in marginal environments are disappearing, large mid-latitude glaciers are shrinking slightly, and arctic glaciers are warming. Net mass balances during the last 40 years are predominately negative and both winter and summer balances (accumulation and ablation) and mass turnover are increasing, especially after 1988. Two principal components of winter balance time-series explain about 50% of the variability in the data. Glacier winter balances in north and central Europe correlate with the Arctic Oscillation, and glaciers in western North America correlate with the Southern Oscillation and Northern Hemisphere air temperature. The degree of synchronization for distant glaciers relates to changes in time of atmospheric circulation patterns as well as differing dynamic responses.","largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1024410528427","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Meier, M.F., Dyurgerov, M., and McCabe, G., 2003, The health of glaciers: Recent changes in glacier regime, in Climatic Change, v. 59, no. 1-2, p. 123-135, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024410528427.","startPage":"123","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487501,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024410528427","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209428,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024410528427"},{"id":235861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacb0e4b08c986b32367f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, M. F.","contributorId":98713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyurgerov, M.B.","contributorId":43953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyurgerov","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025404,"text":"70025404 - 2003 - The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: A wingspread workshop summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025404","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: A wingspread workshop summary","docAbstract":"Numerous studies have documented the decline of amphibian populations over the past decade and no single factor has been the linked to these widespread declines. Determining the causes of declining amphibian populations worldwide has proven difficult because of the variety of anthropogenic and natural suspect agents. A Wingspread workshop, convened by The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), brought together individuals with expertise in the areas of amphibian biology, ecotoxicology, natural resource management, and environmental policy. This workshop had three objectives: 1) create a network for future discussions on multiple Stressor causes of declines; 2) characterize and prioritize technical issues critical to the analysis of the decline problem; and 3) identify and develop resource management approaches to promote sustainable and healthy amphibian populations. The workshop proceedings will be summarized in a book entitled, \"Multiple Stressors and Declining Amphibian Populations: Evaluating Cause and Effect.\" This paper summarizes the results of the workshop.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Multiple Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations","conferenceDate":"16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002","conferenceLocation":"Pittsburgh, PA","language":"English","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Krest, S., Linder, G., and Sparling, D.W., 2003, The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: A wingspread workshop summary, in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1443, Pittsburgh, PA, 16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002, p. 207-218.","startPage":"207","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1443","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf86e4b08c986b324871","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","contributorId":128348,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","id":536565,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Krest, S.K.","contributorId":45428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025848,"text":"70025848 - 2003 - Roads as conduits for exotic plant invasions in a semiarid landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025848","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Roads as conduits for exotic plant invasions in a semiarid landscape","docAbstract":"Roads are believed to be a major contributing factor to the ongoing spread of exotic plants. We examined the effect of road improvement and environmental variables on exotic and native plant diversity in roadside verges and adjacent semiarid grassland, shrubland, and woodland communities of southern Utah (U.S.A.). We measured the cover of exotic and native species in roadside verges and both the richness and cover of exotic and native species in adjacent interior communities (50 m beyond the edge of the road cut) along 42 roads stratified by level of road improvement (paved, improved surface, graded, and four-wheel-drive track). In roadside verges along paved roads, the cover of Bromus tectorum was three times as great (27%) as in verges along four-wheel-drive tracks (9%). The cover of five common exotic forb species tended to be lower in verges along four-wheel-drive tracks than in verges along more improved roads. The richness and cover of exotic species were both more than 50% greater, and the richness of native species was 30% lower, at interior sites adjacent to paved roads than at those adjacent to four-wheel-drive tracks. In addition, environmental variables relating to dominant vegetation, disturbance, and topography were significantly correlated with exotic and native species richness and cover. Improved roads can act as conduits for the invasion of adjacent ecosystems by converting natural habitats to those highly vulnerable to invasion. However, variation in dominant vegetation, soil moisture, nutrient levels, soil depth, disturbance, and topography may render interior communities differentially susceptible to invasions originating from roadside verges. Plant communities that are both physically invasible (e.g., characterized by deep or fertile soils) and disturbed appear most vulnerable. Decision-makers considering whether to build, improve, and maintain roads should take into account the potential spread of exotic plants.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01408.x","issn":"08888892","usgsCitation":"Gelbard, J., and Belnap, J., 2003, Roads as conduits for exotic plant invasions in a semiarid landscape: Conservation Biology, v. 17, no. 2, p. 420-432, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01408.x.","startPage":"420","endPage":"432","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208933,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01408.x"},{"id":235046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-03-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadd7e4b0c8380cd86fa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gelbard, J.L.","contributorId":15805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelbard","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025845,"text":"70025845 - 2003 - A triangular model of dimensionless runoff producing rainfall hyetographs in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T18:03:30.763042","indexId":"70025845","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A triangular model of dimensionless runoff producing rainfall hyetographs in Texas","docAbstract":"A synthetic triangular hyetograph for a large data base of Texas rainfall and runoff is needed. A hyetograph represents the temporal distribution of rainfall intensity at a point or over a watershed during a storm. Synthetic hyetographs are estimates of the expected time distribution for a design storm and principally are used in small watershed hydraulic structure design. A data base of more than 1,600 observed cumulative hyetographs that produced runoff from 91 small watersheds (generally less than about 50 km2) was used to provide statistical parameters for a simple triangular shaped hyetograph model. The model provides an estimate of the average hyetograph in dimensionless form for storm durations of 0 to 24 hours and 24 to 72 hours. As a result of this study, the authors concluded that the expected dimensionless cumulative hyetographs of 0 to 12 hour and 12 to 24 hour durations were sufficiently similar to be combined with minimal information loss. The analysis also suggests that dimensionless cumulative hyetographs are independent of the frequency level or return period of total storm depth and thus are readily used for many design applications. The two triangular hyetographs presented are intended to enhance small watershed design practice in applicable parts of Texas.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04415.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W., Bumgarner, J., and Fahlquist, L., 2003, A triangular model of dimensionless runoff producing rainfall hyetographs in Texas: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 4, p. 911-921, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04415.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"911","endPage":"921","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.04150390625,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -103.07373046875,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -103.11767578124999,\n 31.98944183792288\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 31.372399104880525\n ],\n [\n -104.94140625,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -104.47998046875,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -103.095703125,\n 28.9600886880068\n ],\n [\n -102.41455078125,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -101.1181640625,\n 29.668962525992505\n ],\n [\n -99.86572265625,\n 27.702983735525862\n ],\n [\n -99.20654296875,\n 26.667095801104814\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 26.15543796871355\n ],\n [\n -97.05322265625,\n 26.017297563851745\n ],\n [\n -97.470703125,\n 27.430289738862594\n ],\n [\n -96.43798828125,\n 28.478348692223165\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 29.017748018496047\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 30.845647420182598\n ],\n [\n -93.58154296875,\n 31.240985378021307\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -94.06494140625,\n 33.37641235124676\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 33.96158628979907\n ],\n [\n -96.87744140625,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 33.925129700072\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 34.17999758688084\n ],\n [\n -99.95361328125,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -100.04150390625,\n 36.527294814546245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e606e4b0c8380cd470e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, W.H.","contributorId":87980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bumgarner, J.R.","contributorId":87343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumgarner","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fahlquist, L.S.","contributorId":34304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025460,"text":"70025460 - 2003 - Three-dimensional geologic modeling and visualization of the Virttaankangas aquifer, southwestern Finland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:47:48.34343","indexId":"70025460","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional geologic modeling and visualization of the Virttaankangas aquifer, southwestern Finland","docAbstract":"A need exists for a reliable and long-term water supply for the 285,000 inhabitants of the Turku area in southwestern Finland. In response to this need, there are plans to replace the present water supply from the surface sources with artificially infiltrated groundwater from a Quaternary esker aquifer called the Virttaankangas aquifer. New sedimentological studies of the Virttaankangas area have revealed the complexities of the esker system and its surrounding glacial, glaciofluvial, and glaciolacustrine geology. This led to the characterization of the hydrogeological units of the aquifer, the result of which has been a three-dimensional (3-D) truly integrated solids model that represents the geometry, interrelationships, and hydrostratigraphy of the study area. The 3-D model was made with Earth Vision geologic modeling software. The 3-D geological model of the Virttaankangas aquifer can be used for planning the infiltration of river water into the aquifer and to understand the geologic and geographic boundaries of the hydrogeologic units hosting the groundwater reserve and the geologic relationships between the units. Another major outcome of this study is a powerful visualization tool that will be provided to municipal and government authorities who must understand the geologic complexities involved with water-resource planning prior to their decision making.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-003-0256-6","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Artimo, A., Makinen, J., Berg, R.C., Abert, C., and Salonen, V., 2003, Three-dimensional geologic modeling and visualization of the Virttaankangas aquifer, southwestern Finland: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 11, no. 3, p. 378-386, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0256-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"378","endPage":"386","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Finland","otherGeospatial":"southwest Finland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 20.56640625,\n 60.1524422143808\n ],\n [\n 26.103515625,\n 60.1524422143808\n ],\n [\n 26.103515625,\n 63.27318217465046\n ],\n [\n 20.56640625,\n 63.27318217465046\n ],\n [\n 20.56640625,\n 60.1524422143808\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb32be4b08c986b325c10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artimo, A.","contributorId":58445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artimo","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Makinen, J.","contributorId":36730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Makinen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berg, R. C.","contributorId":11673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abert, C.C.","contributorId":24538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abert","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Salonen, V.-P.","contributorId":94835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salonen","given":"V.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025456,"text":"70025456 - 2003 - CO2 hydrate: Synthesis, composition, structure, dissociation behavior, and a comparison to structure I CH4 hydrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T17:44:45.987471","indexId":"70025456","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2425,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry B","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CO2 hydrate: Synthesis, composition, structure, dissociation behavior, and a comparison to structure I CH4 hydrate","docAbstract":"Structure I (sI) carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate exhibits markedly different dissociation behavior from sI methane (CH4) hydrate in experiments in which equilibrated samples at 0.1 MPa are heated isobarically at 13 K/h from 210 K through the H2O melting point (273.15 K). The CO2 hydrate samples release only about 3% of their gas content up to temperatures of 240 K, which is 22 K above the hydrate phase boundary. Up to 20% is released by 270 K, and the remaining CO2 is released at 271.0 plusmn; 0.5 K, where the sample temperature is buffered until hydrate dissociation ceases. This reproducible buffering temperature for the dissociation reaction CO2·nH2O = CO2(g) + nH2O(1 to s) is measurably distinct from the pure H2O melting point at 273.15 K, which is reached as gas evolution ceases. In contrast, when si CH4 hydrate is heated at the same rate at 0.1 MPa, >95% of the gas is released within 25 K of the equilibrium temperature (193 K at 0.1 MPa). In conjunction with the dissociation study, a method for efficient and reproducible synthesis of pure polycrystalline CO2 hydrate with suitable characteristics for material properties testing was developed, and the material was characterized. CO2 hydrate was synthesized from CO2 liquid and H2O solid and liquid reactants at pressures between 5 and 25 MPa and temperatures between 250 and 281 K. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination indicates that the samples consist of dense crystalline hydrate and 50-300 μm diameter pores that are lined with euhedral cubic hydrate crystals. Deuterated hydrate samples made by this same procedure were analyzed by neutron diffraction at temperatures between 4 and 215 K; results confirm that complete conversion of water to hydrate has occurred and that the measured unit cell parameter and thermal expansion are consistent with previously reported values. On the basis of measured weight gain after synthesis and gas yields from the dissociation experiments, approximately all cages in the hydrate structure are filled such that n ≈ 5.75.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/jp027391j","issn":"15206106","usgsCitation":"Circone, S., Stern, L., Kirby, S.H., Durham, W., Chakoumakos, B., Rawn, C., Rondinone, A., and Ishii, Y., 2003, CO2 hydrate: Synthesis, composition, structure, dissociation behavior, and a comparison to structure I CH4 hydrate: Journal of Physical Chemistry B, v. 107, no. 23, p. 5529-5539, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp027391j.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"5529","endPage":"5539","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388281,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2d3e4b0c8380cd4b3e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Circone, S.","contributorId":35901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Circone","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chakoumakos, B.C.","contributorId":32338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chakoumakos","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rawn, C.J.","contributorId":70574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rawn","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rondinone, A.J.","contributorId":34695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondinone","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ishii, Y.","contributorId":57244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70025451,"text":"70025451 - 2003 - Difficulties in determining factors that influence effective groundwater recharge in Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70025451","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2938,"text":"Ohio Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Difficulties in determining factors that influence effective groundwater recharge in Ohio","docAbstract":"As part of a COSI Academy research project, data from a recent statewide analysis of effective groundwater recharge were reexamined by students to further discern relations between recharge and selected environmental characteristics of individual drainage basins: 1) location of the main stem of a river relative to coarse and fine surficial sediments and 2) influence of land use. Lack of sufficiently detailed data was the principal difficulty in most phases of the examination. Other than a potential relation between recharge and the percentages of agricultural and forested land, no relations were found in visual comparisons of mapped and tabulated data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ohio Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00300950","usgsCitation":"Ashooh, J., Liu, J., Mueller, E., Sherer, S., Woggon, N., Dumouchelle, D., and Eberle, M., 2003, Difficulties in determining factors that influence effective groundwater recharge in Ohio: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 103, no. 3, p. 67-68.","startPage":"67","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010be4b0c8380cd4fa86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashooh, J.","contributorId":44722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashooh","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, E.","contributorId":26123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sherer, S.","contributorId":89324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woggon, N.","contributorId":48365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woggon","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dumouchelle, D.H.","contributorId":83144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Eberle, M.","contributorId":78518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberle","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025487,"text":"70025487 - 2003 - Effects of ungulates and prairie dogs on seed banks and vegetation in a North American mixed-grass prairie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-24T18:43:57.916121","indexId":"70025487","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of ungulates and prairie dogs on seed banks and vegetation in a North American mixed-grass prairie","docAbstract":"The relationship between vegetation cover and soil seed banks was studied in five different ungulate herbivore-prairie dog treatment combinations at three northern mixed-grass prairie sites in Badlands National Park, South Dakota. There were distinct differences in both the seed bank composition and the aboveground vegetation between the off-prairie dog colony treatments and the on-colony treatments. The three on-colony treatments were similar to each other at all three sites with vegetation dominated by the forbs Dyssodia papposa, Hedeoma spp., Sphaeralcea coccinea, Conyza canadensis, and Plantago patagonica and seed banks dominated by the forbs Verbena bracteata and Dyssodia papposa. The two off-colony treatments were also similar to each other at all three sites. Vegetation at these sites was dominated by the grasses Pascopyrum smithii, Bromus tectorum and Bouteloua gracilis and the seed banks were dominated by several grasses including Bromus tectorum, Monroa squarrosa, Panicum capillare, Sporobolus cryptandra and Stipa viridula. A total of 146 seedlings representing 21 species germinated and emerged from off-colony treatments while 3069 seedlings comprising 33 species germinated from on-colony treatments. Fifteen of the forty species found in soil seed banks were not present in the vegetation, and 57 of the 82 species represented in the vegetation were not found in the seed banks. Few dominant species typical of mixed-grass prairie vegetation germinated and emerged from seed banks collected from prairie dog colony treatments suggesting that removal of prairie dogs will not result in the rapid reestablishment of representative mixed-grass prairie unless steps are taken to restore the soil seed bank.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1023929627168","usgsCitation":"Fahnestock, J.T., Larson, D., Plumb, G.E., and Detling, J., 2003, Effects of ungulates and prairie dogs on seed banks and vegetation in a North American mixed-grass prairie: Plant Ecology, v. 167, no. 2, p. 255-268, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023929627168.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"268","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478388,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsnpwrc/79","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Badlands National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.02978515625,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -101.5521240234375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -101.5521240234375,\n 44.071800467511565\n ],\n [\n -103.02978515625,\n 44.071800467511565\n ],\n [\n -103.02978515625,\n 43.45291889355465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"167","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a081be4b0c8380cd5199e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fahnestock, J. T.","contributorId":54545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fahnestock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, D.L. 0000-0001-5202-0634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":69501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plumb, G. E.","contributorId":107226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plumb","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Detling, J.K.","contributorId":31703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detling","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025482,"text":"70025482 - 2003 - Monitoring the coral disease, plague type II, on coral reefs in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025482","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Monitoring the coral disease, plague type II, on coral reefs in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"In July 1997, conspicuous white patches of necrotic tissue and bare skeleton began to appear on scleractinian corals in several bays around St. John, US Virgin Islands. Analysis of diseased coral tissue from five different species confirmed the presence of a Sphingomonas-like bacterium, the pathogen for plague type II. To date, 14 species of hard corals have been affected by plague type II around St. John. This disease was monitored at Haulover and Tektite Reefs at depths of 7-12 meters. The study site at Tektite Reef has >50% cover by scleractinian corals with 90% of hard corals being composed of Montastraea annular is. Monthly surveys at Tektite Reef from December 1997 to May 2001 documented new incidence of disease (bare white patches of skeleton) every month with associated loss of living coral and 90.5% of all disease patches occurred on M. annularis. The frequency of disease within transects ranged from 3 to 58%, and the area of disease patches ranged from 0.25 to 9000 cm2. The average percent cover by the disease within 1 m2 ranged from 0.01% (?? 0.04 SD) to 1.74% (?? 9.08 SD). Photo-monitoring of 28 diseased corals of 9 species begun in September 1997 at Haulover Reef revealed no recovery of diseased portions with all necrotic tissue being overgrown rapidly by turf algae, usually within less than one month. Most coral colonies suffered partial mortality. Very limited recruitment (e.g., of Agaricia spp., Favia spp. and sponges) has been noted on the diseased areas. This coral disease has the potential to cause more loss of live coral on St. John reefs than any other stress to date because it targets the dominant reef building species, M. annularis.","largerWorkTitle":"Revista de Biologia Tropical","language":"English","issn":"00347744","usgsCitation":"Miller, J., Rogers, C., and Waara, R., 2003, Monitoring the coral disease, plague type II, on coral reefs in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, in Revista de Biologia Tropical, v. 51, no. SUPPL. 4, p. 47-55.","startPage":"47","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"SUPPL. 4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5deae4b0c8380cd7069b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, J.","contributorId":16939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, C.","contributorId":27229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waara, R.","contributorId":42009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waara","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025479,"text":"70025479 - 2003 - An experimental investigation of barite formation in seawater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025479","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experimental investigation of barite formation in seawater","docAbstract":"We report results from time-series decay and sequential leaching experiments of laboratory cultured and coastal plankton to elucidate the mechanisms controlling barite formation in seawater. Batch-cultured diatoms ( Stephanopyxis palmerina ) and coccolithophorids (Emiliania huxleyi) were let to decay in the dark for 8-10 weeks, suspended in aerated seawater. The development of barite crystals was monitored by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A similar experiment was conducted with plankton collected during the spring-bloom in Vineyard Sound (MA). In addition to SEM, suspended particles were sequentially leached for Ba (distilled water rinse; 10% (v/v) HNO3 rinse at room temperature; 30% (v/v) HCl at 80??C overnight; 50% (v/v) HNO3 at 80??C overnight) immediately after collection, and after 10-week decay in seawater, in seawater poisoned with HgCl2, and in seawater spiked with 135Ba. Both experiments showed an increase in the number of barite crystals during decay. The spring-bloom plankton had initially a large pool of labile Ba, soluble in distilled water and cold dilute HNO3 that was lost from the plankton after 10-week decay in both axenic and nonaxenic conditions. In contrast, Ba in the decayed plankton samples was predominantly in forms extracted by hot HCl and hot HNO3 acids, which were attributed to presence of barite Ba and refractory organic Ba respectively. The increase in barite crystal counts under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the increase in HCl extractable Ba relative to organic carbon, and the loss of a large fraction of Ba during plankton decay suggest that living plankton consists of a relatively large pool of labile Ba, which is rapidly released during plankton decomposition and acts as the main source of Ba for barite formation in supersaturated microenvironments. Since mass balance indicates that only a small proportion (2 to 4%) of the labile-Ba pool is converted to barite, the availability of microenvironments that could locally concentrate Ba released by plankton decay seems to be the main limiting factor in barite precipitation. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00164-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ganeshram, R., Francois, R., Commeau, J., and Brown-Leger, S.L., 2003, An experimental investigation of barite formation in seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, no. 14, p. 2599-2605, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00164-9.","startPage":"2599","endPage":"2605","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209561,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00164-9"},{"id":236159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea65e4b0c8380cd4882c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ganeshram, R.S.","contributorId":102676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganeshram","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Francois, R.","contributorId":107911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francois","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Commeau, J.","contributorId":48745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Commeau","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown-Leger, S. L.","contributorId":105102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown-Leger","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025478,"text":"70025478 - 2003 - Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025478","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Pyroclastic flows entering the sea are plausible mechanisms for tsunami generation at volcanic island arcs worldwide. We evaluate tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow using an example from Aniakchak volcano in Alaska where evidence for tsunami inundation coincident with a major, caldera-forming eruption of the volcano ca. 3.5 ka has been described. Using a numerical model, we simulate the tsunami and compare the results to field estimates of tsunami run up.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., and Watts, P., 2003, Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 14.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a692de4b0c8380cd73bdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, P.","contributorId":81669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024988,"text":"70024988 - 2003 - Aeolian processes in Proctor Crater on Mars: Sedimentary history as analyzed from multiple data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70024988","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeolian processes in Proctor Crater on Mars: Sedimentary history as analyzed from multiple data sets","docAbstract":"Proctor Crater is a 150 km diameter crater in Noachis Terra, within the southern highlands of Mars. The analysis leading to the sedimentary history incorporates several data sets including imagery, elevation, composition, and thermal inertia, mostly from the Mars Global Surveyor mission. The resulting stratigraphy reveals that the sedimentary history of Proctor Crater has involved a complex interaction of accumulating and eroding sedimentation. Aeolian features spanning much of the history of the crater interior dominate its surface, including large erosional pits, stratified beds of aeolian sediment, sand dunes, erosional and depositional streaks, dust devil tracks, and small bright bed forms that are probably granule ripples. Long ago, up to 450 m of layered sediment filled the crater basin, now exposed in eroded pits on the crater floor. These sediments are probably part of an ancient deposit of aeolian volcaniclastic material. Since then, some quantity of this material has been eroded from the top layers of the strata. Small, bright dune forms lie stratigraphically beneath the large dark dune field. Relative to the large dark dunes, the bright bed forms are immobile, although in places, their orientations are clearly influenced by the presence of the larger dunes. Their prevalence in the crater and their lack of compositional and thermal distinctiveness relative to the crater floor suggests that these features were produced locally from the eroding basin fill. Dust devil tracks form during the spring and summer, following a west-southwesterly wind. Early in the spring the dust devils are largely restricted to dark patches of sand. As the summer approaches, dust devil tracks become more plentiful and spread to the rest of the crater floor, indicating that the entire region acquires an annual deposit of dust that is revealed by seasonal dust devils. The dark dunes contain few dust devil tracks, suggesting that accumulated dust is swept away directly by saltation, rather than by the passage of dust devils. Spectral deconvolution indicates that the dark dunes have infrared spectra consistent with basalt-like materials. The average thermal inertia calculated from Thermal Emission Spectrometer bolometric temperatures is 277 ?? 17 J m-2 s-0.5 K-1, leading to an effective grain size of 740 ?? 170 ??m, which is consistent with coarse sand and within the range expected for Martian sand. The coarse sand that composes the large dune field may have originated from outside the crater, saltating in from the southwest. Most of the transport pathway that delivered this sand to the dune field has since been eroded away or buried. The sand was transported to the east center of the crater floor, where beneath the present-day dunes a 50 m high mound of sand has accumulated. Dune slip faces indicate a wind regime consisting of three opposing winds. Some of these wind directions are correlated with the orientations of dust devil tracks and bright bed forms. The combination of a tall mound of sand and three opposing winds is consistent with a convergent wind regime, which produces the large reversing transverse and star dunes that dominate the dune field. The dark dunes have both active slip faces and seemingly inactive slip faces, suggesting that the dunes vary spatially in their relative activity. Nevertheless, the aeolian activity that has dominated the history of Proctor Crater still continues today. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fenton, L., Bandfield, J., and Ward, A.W., 2003, Aeolian processes in Proctor Crater on Mars: Sedimentary history as analyzed from multiple data sets: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 108, no. 12, p. 3-1.","startPage":"3","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e70fe4b0c8380cd4781d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenton, L.K.","contributorId":102189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"L.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bandfield, J. L.","contributorId":59990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bandfield","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, A. W.","contributorId":8129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025284,"text":"70025284 - 2003 - Productivity and breeding habitat of loggerhead shrikes in a southwestern urban environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025284","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Productivity and breeding habitat of loggerhead shrikes in a southwestern urban environment","docAbstract":"Declines in loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) populations have been associated in part with habitat loss and degradation, including that resulting from urbanization. We monitored the productivity and examined nesting habitat of loggerhead shrikes nesting in an urban environment in Tucson, Arizona. We located 22 breeding pairs in 1997 and 26 breeding pairs in 1998, with a 72% breeding area reoccupancy between years. Mean fledgling numbers were 2.28/ nesting attempt and 3.11/successful nest. Although some pairs initially failed and renested, 91% and 73% of shrike pairs successfully fledged young in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Mayfield estimates of nesting success were 78% in 1997 and 65% in 1998. Nest sites were characterized by more trees >3 m in height, taller nest trees than those randomly available, and a greater proportion of bare ground surface than at random sites. Shrike breeding territories had lower proportions of residential and commercial development and greater proportions of open areas with low-growing vegetation than randomly available. Some shrikes nested in school playgrounds, residential front yards, and parking lots, if adjacent open space was available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0557:PABHOL>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Boal, C.W., Estabrook, T., and Duerr, A., 2003, Productivity and breeding habitat of loggerhead shrikes in a southwestern urban environment: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 48, no. 4, p. 557-562, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0557:PABHOL>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"557","endPage":"562","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209555,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0557:PABHOL>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8de9e4b0c8380cd7eee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boal, C. W.","contributorId":102614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boal","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estabrook, T.S.","contributorId":43149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estabrook","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duerr, A.E.","contributorId":33666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duerr","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025014,"text":"70025014 - 2003 - Meter-scale slopes of candidate MER landing sites from point photoclinometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:32:58","indexId":"70025014","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Meter-scale slopes of candidate MER landing sites from point photoclinometry","docAbstract":"Photoclinometry was used to analyze the small-scale roughness of areas that fall within the proposed Mars Exploration Rover (MER) 2003 landing ellipses. The landing ellipses presented in this study were those in Athabasca Valles, Elysium Planitia, Eos Chasma, Gusev Crater, Isidis Planitia, Melas Chasma, and Meridiani Planum. We were able to constrain surface slopes on length scales comparable to the image resolution (1.5 to 12 m/pixel). The MER 2003 mission has various engineering constraints that each candidate landing ellipse must satisfy. These constraints indicate that the statistical slope values at 5 m baselines are an important criterion. We used our technique to constrain maximum surface slopes across large swaths of each image, and built up slope statistics for the images in each landing ellipse. We are confident that all MER 2003 landing site ellipses in this study, with the exception of the Melas Chasma ellipse, are within the small-scale roughness constraints. Our results have provided input into the landing hazard assessment process. In addition to evaluating the safety of the landing sites, our mapping of small-scale roughnesses can also be used to better define and map morphologic units. The morphology of a surface is characterized by the slope distribution and magnitude of slopes. In looking at how slopes are distributed, we can better define landforms and determine the boundaries of morphologic units.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2003JE002120","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Beyer, R.A., McEwen, A.S., and Kirk, R.L., 2003, Meter-scale slopes of candidate MER landing sites from point photoclinometry: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 108, no. E12, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JE002120.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.372.4634","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Athabasca Valles; Elysium Planitia; Eos Chasma; Gusev Crater; Isidis Planitia; Mars; Melas Chasma; Meridiani Planum","volume":"108","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5520e4b0c8380cd6d12c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, Ross A.","contributorId":204235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beyer","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36890,"text":"Sagan Center at the SETI Institute and NASA Ames Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044781,"text":"70044781 - 2003 - Mineral resource of the month: platinum-group metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T13:12:05","indexId":"70044781","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: platinum-group metals","docAbstract":"The precious metals commonly referred to as platinum-group metals (PGM) include iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium. PGM are among the rarest of elements, and their market values — particularly for palladium, platinum and rhodium — are the highest of all precious metals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Hilliard, H., 2003, Mineral resource of the month: platinum-group metals: Geotimes, v. 2003, no. September, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021529","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270418,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.geotimes.org/sept03/resources.html"}],"volume":"2003","issue":"September","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515aac65e4b0105540728a45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hilliard, Henry","contributorId":89779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilliard","given":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026347,"text":"70026347 - 2003 - A comprehensive approach to monitoring volcano deformation as a window on the eruption cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-22T19:02:18.707061","indexId":"70026347","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comprehensive approach to monitoring volcano deformation as a window on the eruption cycle","docAbstract":"Since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, volcanologists have made considerable progress toward predicting eruptions on the basis of precursors that typically start a few days to several months in advance. Although accurate eruption prediction is by no means routine, it may now be possible in some cases to extend the effective warning period by anticipating the onset of short-term precursors. Three promising indicators of deep magmatic processes are (1) deep, long-period earthquakes and tremor that indicate the ascent of magma through the crust, (2) magmatic CO2 emission rate as a proxy for magma supply rate, and (3) relatively broad, generally aseismic surface uplift caused by magmatic intrusions. In the latter case it is essential to sample the deformation field thoroughly in both time and space to adequately constrain source models. Until recently, this has been nearly impossible because high-precision sensors could not be deployed in sufficient numbers, nor could extensive geodetic surveys be conducted often enough. Advances in instrumentation, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), and telecommunications are helping to overcome these limitations. As a result, comprehensive geodetic monitoring of selected volcanoes is now feasible. A combination of InSAR, large-aperture GPS surveys, microgravity surveys, and dense arrays of continuous GPS stations, strain meters, and tiltmeters can reveal both spatial and temporal patterns of ground deformation throughout the eruption cycle. Improved geodetic monitoring of many of the world's volcanoes would be a major stride toward better understanding of magmatic processes and longer-term eruption forecasts.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001RG000107","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., 2003, A comprehensive approach to monitoring volcano deformation as a window on the eruption cycle: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 41, no. 1, p. 1-1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000107.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388329,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mt. St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.2723388671875,\n 46.13987966342405\n ],\n [\n -122.10067749023438,\n 46.13987966342405\n ],\n [\n -122.10067749023438,\n 46.21310053621607\n ],\n [\n -122.2723388671875,\n 46.21310053621607\n ],\n [\n -122.2723388671875,\n 46.13987966342405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e383e4b0c8380cd4609a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024926,"text":"70024926 - 2003 - Modeling radium and radon transport through soil and vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024926","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling radium and radon transport through soil and vegetation","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional flow and transport model was developed to describe the movement of two fluid phases, gas and water, within a porous medium and the transport of 226Ra and 222Rn within and between these two phases. Included in this model is the vegetative uptake of water and aqueous 226Ra and 222Rn that can be extracted from the soil via the transpiration stream. The mathematical model is formulated through a set of phase balance equations and a set of species balance equations. Mass exchange, sink terms and the dependence of physical properties upon phase composition couple the two sets of equations. Numerical solution of each set, with iteration between the sets, is carried out leading to a set-iterative compositional model. The Petrov-Galerkin finite element approach is used to allow for upstream weighting if required for a given simulation. Mass lumping improves solution convergence and stability behavior. The resulting numerical model was applied to four problems and was found to produce accurate, mass conservative solutions when compared to published experimental and numerical results and theoretical column experiments. Preliminary results suggest that the model can be used as an investigative tool to determine the feasibility of phytoremediating radium and radon-contaminated soil. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00032-9","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Kozak, J., Reeves, H.W., and Lewis, B., 2003, Modeling radium and radon transport through soil and vegetation: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 66, no. 3-4, p. 179-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00032-9.","startPage":"179","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207815,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00032-9"},{"id":233039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c1fe4b0c8380cd6fa59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kozak, J.A.","contributorId":50326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozak","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reeves, H. W.","contributorId":53739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, B.A.","contributorId":66450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53168,"text":"fs03403 - 2003 - Managed forest reserves: preserving diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T14:03:08","indexId":"fs03403","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"034-03","title":"Managed forest reserves: preserving diversity","docAbstract":"As part of the Northwest Forest Plan, large areas have been designated on many federal forests in western Oregon to provide critical habitat for plants and animals that are associated with old-growth habitat. Some of the structural characteristics often considered typical of old forests include large-diameter overstory trees, large standing and fallen dead trees, and one or more understory layers (Figure 1). However, not all of these areas are currently in old-growth conditions. Many of them contain young (<40 years), uniformly dense Douglas-fir stands that regenerated after timber harvest. The original management goal for these stands was to produce high yields of timber and associated wood products. With implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan in 1994, the management objective shifted to accelerating development of old-growth characteristics by enhancing structural and biological diversity of these areas.
A major challenge today is how to promote these structural characteristics in younger stands. Researchers have been asking if lessons can be learned from the development of our current old growth and applied to management of younger stands. Dr. John Tappeiner and his university and agency research partners are helping to answer this question by examining the differences in development between old-growth and young stands in western Oregon. Understanding how the structure of these old forests developed may provide a model for management of young stands, especially when the management goal is to provide habitat for species associated with older forests.
Seismic reflection profiles shot across the Cascadia forearc show that a 5–15 km thick band of reflections, previously interpreted as a lower crustal shear zone above the subducting Juan de Fuca plate, extends into the upper mantle of the North American plate, reaching depths of at least 50 km. In the extreme western corner of the mantle wedge, these reflectors occur in rocks with P wave velocities of 6750–7000 ms−1. Elsewhere, the forearc mantle, which is probably partially serpentinized, exhibits velocities of approximately 7500 ms−1. The rocks with velocities of 6750–7000 ms−1 are anomalous with respect to the surrounding mantle, and may represent either: (1) locally high mantle serpentinization, (2) oceanic crust trapped by backstepping of the subduction zone, or (3) rocks from the lower continental crust that have been transported into the uppermost mantle by subduction erosion. The association of subparallel seismic reflectors with these anomalously low velocities favours the tectonic emplacement of crustal rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003GL018541","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Calvert, A., Fisher, M.A., Ramachandran, K., and Trehu, A., 2003, Possible emplacement of crustal rocks into the forearc mantle of the Cascadia Subduction Zone: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 23, 2196, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018541.","productDescription":"2196, 4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e1fe4b0c8380cd7a358","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvert, A.J.","contributorId":16614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramachandran, K.","contributorId":71735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025285,"text":"70025285 - 2003 - Extensive deposits on the Pacific plate from Late Pleistocene North American glacial lake outbursts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-16T23:08:12.729574","indexId":"70025285","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extensive deposits on the Pacific plate from Late Pleistocene North American glacial lake outbursts","docAbstract":"One of the major unresolved issues of the Late Pleistocene catastrophic-flood events in the northwestern United States (e.g., from glacial Lake Missoula) has been what happened when the flood discharge reached the ocean. This study compiles available 3.5-kHz high-resolution and airgun seismic reflection data, long-range sidescan sonar images, and sediment core data to define the distribution of flood sediment in deepwater areas of the Pacific Ocean. Upon reaching the ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River near the present-day upper continental slope, sediment from the catastrophic floods continued flowing downslope as hyperpycnally generated turbidity currents. The turbidity currents resulting from the Lake Missoula and other latest Pleistocene floods followed the Cascadia Channel into and through the Blanco Fracture Zone and then flowed west to the Tufts Abyssal Plain. A small part of the flood sediment, which was stripped off the main flow at a bend in the Cascadia Channel at its exit point from the Blanco Fracture Zone, continued flowing more than 400 km to the south and reached the Escanaba Trough, a rift valley of the southern Gorda Ridge. Understanding the development of the pathway for the Late Pleistocene flood sediment reaching Escanaba Trough provides insight for understanding the extent of catastrophic flood deposits on the Pacific plate.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/378334","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Normark, W.R., and Reid, J., 2003, Extensive deposits on the Pacific plate from Late Pleistocene North American glacial lake outbursts: Journal of Geology, v. 111, no. 6, p. 617-637, https://doi.org/10.1086/378334.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"637","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e46e4b0c8380cd5339e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, J.A.","contributorId":90907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024949,"text":"70024949 - 2003 - Settling velocities of fine suspended particles in the Changjiang Estuary, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70024949","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2184,"text":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Settling velocities of fine suspended particles in the Changjiang Estuary, China","docAbstract":"Point-sampled suspended sediment concentration profiles (grain size largely < 32 ??m) were measured in August 1978, April 1990, and May 1990 in the Changjiang Estuary. They were selectively fit with the Rouse equation in order to calculate the median settling velocities ws,50 of fine suspended particles in the Changjiang Estuary, East China Sea. Calculated settling velocities ranged from 0.4 to 4.1 mm s-1. Furthermore, ws values increased with the mean concentration C?? of sediment in suspension. The best-fit equation for the field settling velocity of fine particles in the Changjiang Estuary can be expressed by the power law: ws = 2.37 C??0.84 (r2 < 0.3). ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00067-1","issn":"13679120","usgsCitation":"Shi, Z., Zhou, H., Eittreim, S., and Winterwerp, J., 2003, Settling velocities of fine suspended particles in the Changjiang Estuary, China: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 22, no. 3, p. 245-251, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00067-1.","startPage":"245","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207680,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00067-1"},{"id":232833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d76e4b08c986b31840b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shi, Z.","contributorId":42002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shi","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhou, H.J.","contributorId":85477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eittreim, S.L.","contributorId":98730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winterwerp, J.C.","contributorId":101161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterwerp","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}