{"pageNumber":"2864","pageRowStart":"71575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184606,"records":[{"id":70025484,"text":"70025484 - 2003 - Variable near-surface deformation along the Commerce segment of the Commerce geophysical lineament, southeast Missouri to southern Illinois, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025484","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variable near-surface deformation along the Commerce segment of the Commerce geophysical lineament, southeast Missouri to southern Illinois, USA","docAbstract":"Recent studies have demonstrated a plausible link between surface and near-surface tectonic features and the vertical projection of the Commerce geophysical lineament (CGL). The CGL is a 5- to 10-km-wide zone of basement magnetic and gravity anomalies traceable for more than 600 km, extending from Arkansas through southeast Missouri and southern Illinois and into Indiana. Twelve kilometers of high-resolution seismic reflection data, collected at four sites along a 175-km segment of the CGL projection, are interpreted to show varying amounts of deformation involving Tertiary and some Quaternary sediments. Some of the locally anomalous geomorphic features in the northern Mississippi embayment region (i.e., paleoliquefaction features, anomalous directional changes in stream channels, and areas of linear bluff escarpments) overlying the CGL can be correlated with specific faults and/or narrow zones of deformed (faulted and folded) strata that are imaged on high-resolution seismic reflection data. There is an observable change in near-surface deformation style and complexity progressing from the southwest to the northeast along the trace of the CGL. The seismic reflection data collaborate mapping evidence which suggests that this region has undergone a complex history of deformation, some of which is documented to be as young as Quaternary, during multiple episodes of reactivation under varying stress fields. This work, along with that of other studies presented in this volume, points to the existence of at least one major crustal feature outside the currently defined zone of seismic activity (New Madrid Seismic Zone) that should be considered as a significant potential source zone for seismogenic activity within the midcontinent region of the United States. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00156-2","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Odum, J.K., Stephenson, W.J., and Williams, R.A., 2003, Variable near-surface deformation along the Commerce segment of the Commerce geophysical lineament, southeast Missouri to southern Illinois, USA: Tectonophysics, v. 368, no. 1-4, p. 155-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00156-2.","startPage":"155","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209593,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00156-2"},{"id":236233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"368","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc143e4b08c986b32a4df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1008540,"text":"1008540 - 2003 - Natural history notes: Terrapene carolina bauri (Florida Box Turtle). Rehydration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:38","indexId":"1008540","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural history notes: Terrapene carolina bauri (Florida Box Turtle). Rehydration","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetological Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., and Griffey, M.L., 2003, Natural history notes: Terrapene carolina bauri (Florida Box Turtle). Rehydration: Herpetological Review, v. 34, p. 58-59.","productDescription":"p. 58-59","startPage":"58","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffey, Marian L.","contributorId":81047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffey","given":"Marian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025731,"text":"70025731 - 2003 - Geology and geochemistry of the Clear Creek intrusion-related gold occurrences, Tintina Gold Province, Yukon, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025731","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and geochemistry of the Clear Creek intrusion-related gold occurrences, Tintina Gold Province, Yukon, Canada","docAbstract":"The Clear Creek gold occurrences lie within deformed lower greenschist-facies rocks of the western Selwyn basin. They consist of auriferous, sheeted quartz veins that cut six Cretaceous stocks and their hornfels. The veins contain 1-2% combined pyrite and arsenopyrite, with lesser pyrrhotite, bismuthinite, and scheelite, as well as 2-5 g/t Au. New 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of hydrothermal micas indicates that the veins formed within 1-2 million years of granitoid emplacement. Fluid inclusion microthermometry defines a parent ore fluid of -81 mol.% H2O, 14 mol.% CO2, 4 mol.% NaCl ?? KCl, and 1 mol.% CH4, which unmixed into a low- and high-salinity immiscible pair. This suggests a more saline parent fluid and a greater degree of fluid unmixing relative to the other occurrences in the eastern Tintina Gold Province. Inclusions trapped in As- and Bi-rich, high-gold grade veins have homogenization temperatures of 300-350??C, whereas inclusions found in more Ag- and Pb-rich veins are characterized by temperatures of 250-300??C. Fluid inclusion geobarometry suggests hydro-fracturing and gold deposition at 5-7 km depth. The ??18O values of quartz samples range from 13-16??? (per mil) and ??34S for sulfides are also consistent between -3.0???, 0???, with the exception of some outliers from the Contact Zone of the Pukelman stock that indicate a lower temperature second phase of mineralization. It remains uncertain as to whether the Clear Creek ore fluids were exsolved from magmas at depth or from devolatilization reactions within the contact metamorphic aureoles of the intrusions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/e03-018","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Marsh, E., Goldfarb, R., Hart, C., and Johnson, C.A., 2003, Geology and geochemistry of the Clear Creek intrusion-related gold occurrences, Tintina Gold Province, Yukon, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 40, no. 5, p. 681-699, https://doi.org/10.1139/e03-018.","startPage":"681","endPage":"699","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208911,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-018"},{"id":235004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22dfe4b0c8380cd573ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsh, E.E.","contributorId":16628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025912,"text":"70025912 - 2003 - Terrestrial activity and conservation of adult California red-legged frogs Rana aurora draytonii in coastal forests and grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025912","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial activity and conservation of adult California red-legged frogs Rana aurora draytonii in coastal forests and grasslands","docAbstract":"The federally threatened California red-legged frog Rana aurora draytonii occupies both aquatic and terrestrial habitats in its adult life stage. The terrestrial activities of this species are not well known and require documentation to assist in the development of appropriate levels of protection under the US Endangered Species Act. We studied the terrestrial activities of radio-tagged red-legged frogs (n = 8-26) inhabiting a coastal watershed in Santa Cruz County, California, during 1997-1998. In particular, we investigated (1) the use of terrestrial habitats by non-migrating adults in relation to season, breeding chronology, and precipitation, and (2) adult migration behavior, including seasonal timing, duration, distances traveled, and the use of corridors. Non-migrating red-legged frogs occupied terrestrial habitats briefly (median = 4-6 days) following infrequent summer rains, but resided nearly continuously on land (median = 20-30 days) from the onset of the winter wet-season until breeding activities commenced 1-2 months later. All of the non-migrating frogs remained within 130 m of their aquatic site of residence (median <25 m). Intervals spent on land were again brief during mid/late winter (median = 1-4 days), despite frequent and copious rainfall. Adult migration to and from breeding sites occurred from late October through mid-May (wet season). We monitored 25 migration events between aquatic sites that were 200-2800 m apart. Short distance movements ( <300 m) were completed in 1-3 days, longer movements required up to 2 months. Most migrating frogs moved overland in approximately straight lines to target sites without apparent regard to vegetation type or topography. Riparian corridors were neither essential nor preferred as migration routes. Frogs traveling overland occurred in upland habitats as far as 500 m from water. Approximately 11-22% of the adult population was estimated to migrate to and from breeding sites annually, whereas the bulk of the adult population was resident at these sites. Adequate protection of red-legged frog populations inhabiting relatively undeveloped landscapes is liable to be achieved by retaining an array of suitable habitat elements within at least 100 m of occupied aquatic sites, and by imposing seasonal limitations on detrimental human activities occurring within this zone. Specific protections for migrating frogs are probably unwarranted in forest and rangeland environments because dispersal habitat is ubiquitous and migrating frogs are widely distributed across the landscape in space and time. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00179-9","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Bulger, J., Scott, N., and Seymour, R., 2003, Terrestrial activity and conservation of adult California red-legged frogs Rana aurora draytonii in coastal forests and grasslands: Biological Conservation, v. 110, no. 1, p. 85-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00179-9.","startPage":"85","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208874,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00179-9"},{"id":234944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba558e4b08c986b3209b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bulger, J.B.","contributorId":47556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bulger","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, N.J. Jr.","contributorId":8407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"N.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, R.B.","contributorId":52921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025212,"text":"70025212 - 2003 - Patterns and controls of surface sediment distribution: West-central Florida inner shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70025212","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns and controls of surface sediment distribution: West-central Florida inner shelf","docAbstract":"The west-central Florida inner shelf represents a transition between the quartz-dominated barrier-island system and the carbonate-dominated mid-outer shelf. Surface sediments exhibit a complex distribution pattern that can be attributed to multiple sediment sources and the ineffectiveness of physical processes for large-scale sediment redistribution. The west Florida shelf is the submerged extension of the Florida carbonate platform, consisting of a limestone karst surface veneered with a thin unconsolidated sediment cover. A total of 498 surface sediment samples were collected on the inner shelf and analyzed for texture and composition. Results show that sediment consists of a combination of fine quartz sand and coarse, biogenic carbonate sand and gravel, with variable but subordinate amounts of black, phosphorite-rich sand. The carbonate component consists primarily of molluskan fragments. The distribution is patchy and discontinuous with no discernible pattern, and the transition between sediment types is generally abrupt. Quartz-rich sediment dominates the inner 15 km north of the entrance into Tampa Bay, but south of the Bay is common only along the inner 3 km. Elsewhere, carbonate-rich sediment is the predominate sediment type, except where there is little sediment cover, in which cases black, phosphorite-rich sand dominates. Sediment sources are likely within, or around the periphery of the basin. Fine quartz sand is likely reworked from coastal units deposited during Pleistocene sea-level high stands. Carbonate sand and gravel is produced by marine organisms within the depositional basin. The black, phosphorite-rich sand likely originates from the bioerosion and reworking of the underlying strata that irregularly crop out within the study area. The distribution pattern contains elements of both storm- and tide-dominated siliciclastic shelves, but it is dictated primarily by the sediment source, similar to some carbonate systems. Other systems with similar sediment attributes include cool-water carbonate, sediment-starved, and mixed carbonate/siliciclastic systems. This study suggests a possible genetic link among the three systems. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00189-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Brooks, G.R., Doyle, L.J., Davis, R.A., DeWitt, N.T., and Suthard, B.C., 2003, Patterns and controls of surface sediment distribution: West-central Florida inner shelf: Marine Geology, v. 200, no. 1-4, p. 307-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00189-0.","startPage":"307","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209535,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00189-0"},{"id":236102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"200","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75b8e4b0c8380cd77cd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, G. R.","contributorId":96312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyle, L. J.","contributorId":29003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, R. A.","contributorId":83488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeWitt, N. T.","contributorId":104928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Suthard, B. C.","contributorId":47813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suthard","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025901,"text":"70025901 - 2003 - Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70025901","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method","docAbstract":"A simple and powerful method for simulating ground motions is to combine parametric or functional descriptions of the ground motion's amplitude spectrum with a random phase spectrum modified such that the motion is distributed over a duration related to the earthquake magnitude and to the distance from the source. This method of simulating ground motions often goes by the name \"the stochastic method.\" It is particularly useful for simulating the higher-frequency ground motions of most interest to engineers (generally, f>0.1 Hz), and it is widely used to predict ground motions for regions of the world in which recordings of motion from potentially damaging earthquakes are not available. This simple method has been successful in matching a variety of ground-motion measures for earthquakes with seismic moments spanning more than 12 orders of magnitude and in diverse tectonic environments. One of the essential characteristics of the method is that it distills what is known about the various factors affecting ground motions (source, path, and site) into simple functional forms. This provides a means by which the results of the rigorous studies reported in other papers in this volume can be incorporated into practical predictions of ground motion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Boore, D., 2003, Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 160, no. 3-4, p. 635-676.","startPage":"635","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"160","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b902ae4b08c986b319365","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025972,"text":"70025972 - 2003 - Partitioning loss rates of early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass habitats into mortality and emigration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70025972","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Partitioning loss rates of early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass habitats into mortality and emigration","docAbstract":"Determining how post-settlement processes modify patterns of settlement is vital in understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment variability of species with open populations. Generally, either single components of post-settlement loss (mortality or emigration) are examined at a time, or else the total loss is examined without discrimination of mortality and emigration components. The role of mortality in the loss of early juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, has been addressed in a few studies; however, the relative contribution of emigration has received little attention. We conducted mark-recapture experiments to examine the relative contribution of mortality and emigration to total loss rates of early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass habitats. Loss was partitioned into emigration and mortality components using a modified version of Jackson's (1939) square-within-a-square method. The field experiments assessed the effects of two size classes of early instars (J1-J2, J3-J5), two densities of juveniles (low: 16 m-2, high: 64 m-2), and time of day (day, night) on loss rates. In general, total loss rates of experimental juveniles and colonization rates by unmarked juveniles were extremely high (range = 10-57 crabs m-2/6 h and 17-51 crabs m-2/6 h, for loss and colonization, respectively). Total loss rates were higher at night than during the day, suggesting that juveniles (or potentially their predators) exhibit increased nocturnal activity. While colonization rates did not differ by time of day, J3-J5 juveniles demonstrated higher rates of colonization than J1-J2 crabs. Overall, there was high variability in both mortality and emigration, particularly for emigration. Average probabilities of mortality across all treatment combinations ranged from 0.25-0.67/6 h, while probabilities of emigration ranged from 0.29-0.72/6 h. Although mean mortality rates were greater than emigration rates in most treatments, the proportion of experimental trials in which crab loss from seagrass due to mortality was greater than losses due to emigration was not significantly different from 50%. Thus, mortality and emigration appear to contribute equally to juvenile loss in seagrass habitats. The difference in magnitude (absolute amount of loss) between mean emigration and mean mortality varied between size classes, such that differences between emigration and mortality were relatively small for J1-J2 crabs, but much larger for J3-J5 crabs. Further, mortality rates were density-dependent for J3-J5 juvenile stages but not for J1-J2 crabs, whereas emigration was inversely density-dependent among J3-J5 stages but not for J1-J2 instars. The co-dependency of mortality and emigration suggests that the loss term (emigration or mortality) which has the relatively stronger contribution to total loss may dictate the patterns of loss under different conditions. For older juveniles (J3-J5), emigration may only have a large impact on juvenile loss where densities are low, since the contribution of mortality appears to be much greater than emigration at high densities. The size-specific pattern of density-dependent mortality supports the notion of an ontogenetic habitat shift by early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass to unvegetated habitats, since larger individuals may experience increased mortality at high densities within seagrass beds. Qualitative comparisons between this study and a concurrent study of planktonic emigration of J1-J5 blue crabs (Blackmon and Eggleston, 2001) suggests that benthic emigration among J1-J2 blue crabs was greater than planktonic emigration; for J3-J5 stages benthic and planktonic emigration were nearly equal. This study demonstrates the potentially large role of emigration in recruitment processes and patterns of early juvenile blue crabs, and illustrates how juvenile size, juvenile density, and time of day can affect mortality and emigration rates as well as total loss and colonization. The components of po","largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Marine Science","language":"English","issn":"00074977","usgsCitation":"Etherington, L., Eggleston, D., and Stockhausen, W., 2003, Partitioning loss rates of early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass habitats into mortality and emigration, <i>in</i> Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 72, no. 2, p. 371-391.","startPage":"371","endPage":"391","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a753fe4b0c8380cd77a7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Etherington, L.L.","contributorId":65265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etherington","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eggleston, D.B.","contributorId":97682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stockhausen, W.T.","contributorId":31952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockhausen","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025810,"text":"70025810 - 2003 - FTIR-derived characteristics of fossil-gymnosperm leaf remains of Cordaites principalis and Cordaites borassifolius (Pennsylvanian, Maritimes Canada and Czech Republic)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70025810","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"FTIR-derived characteristics of fossil-gymnosperm leaf remains of Cordaites principalis and Cordaites borassifolius (Pennsylvanian, Maritimes Canada and Czech Republic)","docAbstract":"Cordaites principalis and Cordaites borassifolius, gymnosperm trees of the Carboniferous, are distinguished based on compression and cuticular morphology. A new distinction between them is suggested on the basis of differences in functional groups. Cuticular and compression spectra of C. borassifolius have lower CH2/CH3 ratios, suggesting more branched aliphatic chains in comparison with cuticles and compressions of C. principalis. Other differences are observed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique, but they vary from sample to sample of the two species to suggest other than chemotaxonomic-based sources of variations. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00084-3","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Zodrow, E., Mastalerz, M., and Simunek, Z., 2003, FTIR-derived characteristics of fossil-gymnosperm leaf remains of Cordaites principalis and Cordaites borassifolius (Pennsylvanian, Maritimes Canada and Czech Republic): International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 55, no. 2-4, p. 95-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00084-3.","startPage":"95","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208631,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00084-3"},{"id":234501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e84e4b0c8380cd534cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zodrow, E.L.","contributorId":99328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zodrow","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simunek, Z.","contributorId":43523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simunek","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025174,"text":"70025174 - 2003 - Why earthquakes correlate weakly with the solid Earth tides: Effects of periodic stress on the rate and probability of earthquake occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70025174","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why earthquakes correlate weakly with the solid Earth tides: Effects of periodic stress on the rate and probability of earthquake occurrence","docAbstract":"We provide an explanation why earthquake occurrence does not correlate well with the daily solid Earth tides. The explanation is derived from analysis of laboratory experiments in which faults are loaded to quasiperiodic failure by the combined action of a constant stressing rate, intended to simulate tectonic loading, and a small sinusoidal stress, analogous to the Earth tides. Event populations whose failure times correlate with the oscillating stress show two modes of response; the response mode depends on the stressing frequency. Correlation that is consistent with stress threshold failure models, e.g., Coulomb failure, results when the period of stress oscillation exceeds a characteristic time tn; the degree of correlation between failure time and the phase of the driving stress depends on the amplitude and frequency of the stress oscillation and on the stressing rate. When the period of the oscillating stress is less than tn, the correlation is not consistent with threshold failure models, and much higher stress amplitudes are required to induce detectable correlation with the oscillating stress. The physical interpretation of tn is the duration of failure nucleation. Behavior at the higher frequencies is consistent with a second-order dependence of the fault strength on sliding rate which determines the duration of nucleation and damps the response to stress change at frequencies greater than 1/tn. Simple extrapolation of these results to the Earth suggests a very weak correlation of earthquakes with the daily Earth tides, one that would require >13,000 earthquakes to detect. On the basis of our experiments and analysis, the absence of definitive daily triggering of earthquakes by the Earth tides requires that for earthquakes, tn exceeds the daily tidal period. The experiments suggest that the minimum typical duration of earthquake nucleation on the San Andreas fault system is ???1 year.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N., and Lockner, D., 2003, Why earthquakes correlate weakly with the solid Earth tides: Effects of periodic stress on the rate and probability of earthquake occurrence: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 8.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0a1e4b08c986b32ef8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025799,"text":"70025799 - 2003 - Paleolimnology of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, over the past 100 k yr","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025799","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Paleolimnology of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, over the past 100 k yr","docAbstract":"New sediment core data from a unique slow-sedimentation rate site in Lake Tanganyika contain a much longer and continuous record of limnological response to climate change than have been previously observed in equatorial regions of central Africa. The new core site was first located through an extensive seismic reflection survey over the Kavala Island Ridge (KIR), a sedimented basement high that separates the Kigoma and Kalemie Basins in Lake Tanganyika. Proxy analyses of paleoclimate response carried out on core T97-52V include paleomagnetic and index properties, TOC and isotopic analyses of organic carbon, and diatom and biogenic silica analyses. A robust age model based on 11 radiocarbon (AMS) dates indicates a linear, continuous sedimentation rate nearly an order of magnitude slower here compared to other core sites around the lake. This age model indicates continuous sedimentation over the past 79 k yr, and a basal age in excess of 100 k yr. The results of the proxy analyses for the past ??? 20 k yr are comparable to previous studies focused on that interval in Lake Tanganyika, and show that the lake was about 350 m lower than present at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Repetitive peaks in TOC and corresponding drops in ??13C over the past 79 k yr indicate periods of high productivity and mixing above the T97-52V core site, probably due to cooler and perhaps windier conditions. From ??? 80 through ??? 58 k yr the ??13C values are relatively negative (-26 to -28???) suggesting predominance of algal contributions to bottom sediments at this site during this time. Following this interval there is a shift to higher values of ??13C, indicating a possible shift to C-4 pathway-dominated grassland-type vegetation in the catchment, and indicating cooler, dryer conditions from ??? 55 k yr through the LGM. Two seismic sequence boundaries are observed at shallow stratigraphic levels in the seismic reflection data, and the upper boundary correlates to a major discontinuity near the base of T97-52V. We interpret these discontinuities to reflect major, prolonged drops in lake level below the core site (393 m), with the lower boundary correlating to marine oxygen isotope Stage 6. This suggests that the previous glacial period was considerably cooler and more arid in the equatorial tropics than was the last glacial period.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1025522116249","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Scholz, C., King, J., Ellis, G., Swart, P.K., Stager, J., and Colman, S.M., 2003, Paleolimnology of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, over the past 100 k yr, <i>in</i> Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 139-150, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025522116249.","startPage":"139","endPage":"150","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487517,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1734","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208849,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025522116249"},{"id":234902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73fee4b0c8380cd77395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholz, C.A.","contributorId":76810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholz","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, G.S. 0000-0003-4519-3320","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":91064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"G.S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swart, Peter K.","contributorId":96832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swart","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stager, J.C.","contributorId":88923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stager","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1008539,"text":"1008539 - 2003 - Etude sur la Tortue-boite de Floride (Terrapene carolina bauri) a Egmont Key, Floride","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:38","indexId":"1008539","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2658,"text":"Manouria","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Etude sur la Tortue-boite de Floride (Terrapene carolina bauri) a Egmont Key, Floride","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Manouria","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"French","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., 2003, Etude sur la Tortue-boite de Floride (Terrapene carolina bauri) a Egmont Key, Floride: Manouria, v. 20, p. 26-34.","productDescription":"p. 26-34","startPage":"26","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a8aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015086,"text":"1015086 - 2003 - Science for avian conservation: Priorities for the new millennium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T15:25:22","indexId":"1015086","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Science for avian conservation: Priorities for the new millennium","docAbstract":"<p>Over the past decade, bird conservation activities have become the preeminent natural resource conservation effort in North America. Maturation of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP), establishment of Partners in Flight (PIF), and creation of comprehensive colonial waterbird and shorebird conservation plans have stimulated unprecedented interest in, and funding for, bird conservation in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and other countries in the western hemisphere. Key to that success in the United States has been active collaboration among federal, state and local governments, conservation organizations, academia, and industry. The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), which has primary statutory responsibility for migratory bird conservation and management, has been a key partner.</p><p>Despite the great strides that have been made in bird conservation science, historical approaches to research and monitoring have often failed to provide sufficient information and understanding to effectively manage bird populations at large spatial scales. That shortcoming, and the lack of an integrated strategy and comprehensive set of research priorities, is more evident in light of the goals established by the North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI). The NABCI is a trinational, coalition-driven effort to provide an organizational umbrella for existing conservation initiatives. The expanded focus of NABCI and individual bird conservation initiatives is to work together in an integrated, holistic fashion to keep common birds common and to increase populations of declining, threatened, and endangered species.</p><p>To assist bird conservation initiatives in defining goals and developing new approaches to effective research, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the research agency of DOI, convened a workshop, “Science for Avian Conservation: Understanding, Modeling, and Applying Ecological Relationships,” on 31 October–2 November 2000, which brought together 51 scientists from USGS, as well as scientists and conservationists from other agencies and organizations actively participating in NABCI. As the lead federal agency involved in bird conservation research, USGS has a clear legislative mandate to provide scientific information upon which future management plans and actions will be built.</p><p>This article summarizes key issues and recommendations that arose from that workshop. The principal goal of the workshop was to guide USGS in defining its role, assessing capabilities, and directing future agency planning in support of bird conservation. A major component was to identify key areas of research needed in this new era of bird conservation science. Although tailored to the mission of USGS, workshop recommendations visualize a bold direction for future avian conservation science in which research and monitoring work in tandem with management to increase our understanding of avian populations and the processes that affect them. The USGS is a science agency whose role is to provide objective scientific information to management agencies and therefore is not directly involved in high-level resource policy-making or on-the-ground management decision making. Nevertheless, it is important to note that effective policy decision making must integrate the best available science with political and economic realities to achieve successful avian conservation—an important subject acknowledged in the workshop, but largely beyond its scope of discussion. Williams (2003) questions regarding how scientific information can be effectively communicated to decision makers and incorporated into natural resource policy. Without an aggressive vision and the willingness of researchers, managers, and policy makers to implement it, conservation of North American birds is likely to proceed without the full benefit of scientific investigation. These recommendations represent the principal conclusions drawn by workshop participants and do not necessarily reflect official USGS policy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0204:SFACPF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ruth, J.M., Petit, D.R., Sauer, J., Samuel, M., Johnson, F., Fornwall, M., Korschgen, C.E., and Bennett, J.P., 2003, Science for avian conservation: Priorities for the new millennium: The Auk, v. 120, no. 1, p. 204-211, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0204:SFACPF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"211","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1642/0004-8038%282003%29120%5B0204%3ASFACPF%5D2.0.CO%3B2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd380","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruth, J. M.","contributorId":74339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruth","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petit, D. R.","contributorId":97865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Fred A.","contributorId":93863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fornwall, M.D.","contributorId":76699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fornwall","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Korschgen, C. E.","contributorId":9197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70026176,"text":"70026176 - 2003 - Introduction to mercury special issue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026176","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Introduction to mercury special issue","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","language":"English","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Kolker, A., Orem, W., and Lechler, P., 2003, Introduction to mercury special issue, <i>in</i> Environmental Geology, v. 43, no. 3, p. 245-246.","startPage":"245","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3defe4b0c8380cd6396e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolker, A. 0000-0002-5768-4533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":10947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orem, W. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":87335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lechler, P.","contributorId":99349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lechler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1013480,"text":"1013480 - 2003 - Marrow fat deposition and skeletal growth in caribou calves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T11:03:10","indexId":"1013480","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marrow fat deposition and skeletal growth in caribou calves","docAbstract":"<p><span>I evaluated rates of marrow fat deposition and skeletal growth of caribou (<i>Rangifer tarandus granti</i>) calves through 20 days of age at Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. Both were negatively correlated with late winter snowfall, indicating the prolonged effects of maternal undernutrition following severe winters. Using regression analyses, I found that the rates of marrow fat deposition and hindfoot growth during the 20 days following birth declined 46% and 68%, respectively, over the range of winter severity during this study. These measures of development may indicate a broader array of effects of maternal undernutrition, influencing the vulnerability of caribou calves to predation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3803057","usgsCitation":"Adams, L., 2003, Marrow fat deposition and skeletal growth in caribou calves: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 67, no. 1, p. 20-24, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803057.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025923,"text":"70025923 - 2003 - Site response, shallow shear-wave velocity, and wave propagation at the San Jose, California, dense seismic array","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T15:59:39","indexId":"70025923","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site response, shallow shear-wave velocity, and wave propagation at the San Jose, California, dense seismic array","docAbstract":"<p>Ground-motion records from a 52-element dense seismic array near San Jose, California, are analyzed to obtain site response, shallow shear-wave velocity, and plane-wave propagation characteristics. The array, located on the eastern side of the Santa Clara Valley south of the San Francisco Bay, is sited over the Evergreen basin, a 7-km-deep depression with Miocene and younger deposits. Site response values below 4 Hz are up to a factor of 2 greater when larger, regional records are included in the analysis, due to strong surface-wave development within the Santa Clara Valley. The pattern of site amplification is the same, however, with local or regional events. Site amplification increases away from the eastern edge of the Santa Clara Valley, reaching a maximum over the western edge of the Evergreen basin, where the pre-Cenozoic basement shallows rapidly. Amplification then decreases further to the west. This pattern may be caused by lower shallow shear-wave velocities and thicker Quaternary deposits further from the edge of the Santa Clara Valley and generation/trapping of surface waves above the shallowing basement of the western Evergreen basin. Shear-wave velocities from the inversion of site response spectra based on smaller, local earthquakes compare well with those obtained independently from our seismic reflection/refraction measurements. Velocities from the inversion of site spectra that include larger, regional records do not compare well with these measurements. A mix of local and regional events, however, is appropriate for determination of site response to be used in seismic hazard evaluation, since large damaging events would excite both body and surface waves with a wide range in ray parameters. Frequency-wavenumber, plane-wave analysis is used to determine the backazimuth and apparent velocity of coherent phases at the array. Conventional, high-resolution, and multiple signal characterization f-k power spectra and stacked slowness power spectra are compared. These spectra show surface waves generated/ scattered at the edges of the Santa Clara Valley and possibly within the valley at the western edge of the Evergreen basin.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120020080","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., Carver, D., Williams, R.A., Harmsen, S., and Zerva, A., 2003, Site response, shallow shear-wave velocity, and wave propagation at the San Jose, California, dense seismic array: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 1, p. 443-464, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020080.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"443","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.43988037109374,\n              37.111050607616356\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.43988037109374,\n              37.554376365024865\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.72302246093749,\n              37.554376365024865\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.72302246093749,\n              37.111050607616356\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.43988037109374,\n              37.111050607616356\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90f9e4b08c986b31970f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, D.","contributorId":22792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harmsen, S.","contributorId":79600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zerva, A.","contributorId":107899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zerva","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025809,"text":"70025809 - 2003 - A stable carbon isotope and biological marker study of Polish bituminous coals and carbonaceous shales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025809","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A stable carbon isotope and biological marker study of Polish bituminous coals and carbonaceous shales","docAbstract":"Biological marker and carbon isotopic compositions of coals and carbonaceous shales from the Upper Carboniferous strata of the Upper Silesian (USCB), Lower Silesian (LSCB), and Lublin (LCB) coal basins were determined to assess depositional conditions and sources of the organic matter. n-Alkane, sterane, and isoprenoid distribution, and carbon isotope ratios are consistent with an origin from higher plants. In some cases, pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios of carbonaceous shales (roof and floor shales) are < 1.0, while the associated coals have high ratios (??? 1.0). This suggests that reducing conditions prevailed during deposition of the shales, but a period of oxidizing conditions accompanied deposition of the coals. Steranes present in coal extracts are dominated by the 14??(H)17??(H)20R C29 stereoisomers, typical, but not conclusive, of higher plant origin. Carbonaceous shales exhibit a wider range of sterane composition, suggesting local, significant input of algal organic matter. Significant amounts of benzohopanes and gammacerane are present in some coals. Although benzohopanes are present at least in small amounts in samples from many different environments, they have been reported to occur most commonly in marine environments. The present study seems to provide the first example where benzohopanes have been reported in significant amounts in terrestrial organic matter. Gammacerane is abundant in rocks or sediments deposited in carbonate or highly saline marine environments. The finding of high gammacerane concentrations in the coals expands the depositional settings in which it has been observed and questions its utility as an independent indicator of hypersaline carbonate environments. Stable carbon isotope composition of coals, and type III kerogen in carbonaceous shales as well as correlation of stable carbon isotope composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in carbonaceous shales from both the USCB and the LSCB indicate terrigenous origin. Bitumens are always co-genetic with associated coals and kerogens. Isotopic data reveal that Sofer's genetic classification of oils is not applicable to organic matter in coals. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00082-X","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Kotarba, M., and Clayton, J., 2003, A stable carbon isotope and biological marker study of Polish bituminous coals and carbonaceous shales: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 55, no. 2-4, p. 73-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00082-X.","startPage":"73","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208630,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00082-X"},{"id":234500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5aae4b0c8380cd46edd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotarba, M.J.","contributorId":83240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotarba","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, J.L.","contributorId":76767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024712,"text":"70024712 - 2003 - Environmental fate and effects of the lampricide Bayluscide: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-20T23:05:38.427538","indexId":"70024712","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Environmental fate and effects of the lampricide Bayluscide: A review","docAbstract":"<p><span>Bayluscide is an additive to TFM that increases the effectiveness of TFM as a lampricide. A review of the literature was undertaken to determine the environmental fate and effects of Bayluscide. Niclosamide (2′, 5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide), the active ingredient of Bayluscide, degrades rapidly in natural water and sediment systems, however, the rate of degradation is very slow in autoclaved samples. This difference suggests that degradation under laboratory conditions is dependent on microbial activity and hydrolysis plays a minor role in degradation of niclosamide. The major degradation product of niclosamide has been reported to be aminoniclosamide (2′,5-dichloro-4′-aminosalicylanilide), which represented more than 50% of the residues extractable from sediments. Significantly more of the chemical is adsorbed to sediments with higher organic content and at lower pH's. The mobility of niclosamide in soil can be characterized as slight to medium; the estimated leaching distance would range from 0 to &gt; 25</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm depending on the soil type and pH. The active ingredient of Bayluscide (niclosamide) is decomposed by ultra-violet light depending on the intensity and duration of the exposure. The uptake of residues by most invertebrates exposed to&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C-niclosamide is fairly rapid and equilibrium is reached within 24</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>h. About 90% of the accumulated residues were lost within 48</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>h after the organisms were transferred to clean flowing water. As with invertebrates, fish rapidly accumulate and eliminate residues of niclosamide. Three distinct residues were isolated from the extracts of edible fillet tissue; parent niclosamide, the glucuronide conjugate of niclosamide, and the sulfate ester of niclosamide. Aquatic plants and agricultural crops do not appear to be adversely affected at concentrations of Bayluscide used for lamprey or snail control. Mayflies (</span><i>Hexagenia sp</i><span>.). tend to be susceptible to TFM, but are relatively resistant to the effects of exposure to Bayluscide. Bayluscide was originally developed as a molluscicide to eliminate snails. Therefore, it is not surprising that mollusks are extremely sensitive to Bayluscide. Oral, dermal, and ocular administration of Bayluscide to mammals resulted in no clinical signs of systemic toxicity. Tests of the chronic effects of Bayluscide indicated that it is not mutagenic or carcinogenic. Bayluscide is not persistent in the environment; it breaks down in natural water and sediment systems through hydrolysis, photolysis, and microbial degradation. Given the limited use and tight control maintained by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service during applications of lampricides, Bayluscide presents minimal risk to human health and safety of the environment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70509-7","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., 2003, Environmental fate and effects of the lampricide Bayluscide: A review, v. 29, no. SUPPL. 1, p. 475-492, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70509-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"492","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09bee4b0c8380cd52046","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025876,"text":"70025876 - 2003 - The early Mesozoic Birdsboro central Atlantic margin basin in the Mid-Atlantic region, eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025876","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The early Mesozoic Birdsboro central Atlantic margin basin in the Mid-Atlantic region, eastern United States","docAbstract":"The early Mesozoic Birdsboro basin (new name) was a single, elongate depositional trough in the present Mid-Atlantic area of the eastern United States, extending north-eastward from central Virginia across Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey into southern New York. What now remains after erosion comprises the Barboursville, Culpeper, Gettysburg, and Newark remnants. Some 7?? km of late Triassic and early Jurassic continental sediments of varying provenances entered and spread across in the Birdsboro basin in several depositional environments. The five resulting sedimentary lithosomes include feldspathic sandstone, quartzose sandstone, red silty mudstone, gray shale, and fanglomerate. The extensive interbedding, intertonguing, and lateral gradation among these lithosomes suggest that they were contemporary and closely interrelated. The feldspathic sandstone lithosome contains sediment with a southeastern provenance that accumulated in a bajada environment extending the length of the southeastern side of the basin. Sediment in the quartzose sandstone lithosome had a northwestern provenance-the coarse-grained fraction formed regional alluvial fans at the mouths of four major input centers. The finer-grained fraction was deposited in the distal reaches of these fans and in the playa environments in the interfan areas; this fraction formed the red silty mudstone lithosome. Gray/black shales and argillites of the gray shale lithosome accumulated in lacustrine environments in the interfan areas. The fanglomerate lithosome comprises numerous small, lobate deposits of poorly sorted sediment along both basin margins. The location and time of activity of the northwest input centers largely determined the distribution and areal extent of the various depositional environments and consequent lithosome along the length and across the width of the basin. The Birdsboro basin was deformed (tilted, faulted, and folded) sometime after the deposition of the youngest preserved rocks (early Sinemurian). The deformation varied along the length of the basin, producing differences in the amount of tilting, structural elevation, and subsequent erosion. The present erosional remnants create the illusion of four originally separate depositional basins.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0406:TEMBCA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Faill, R.T., 2003, The early Mesozoic Birdsboro central Atlantic margin basin in the Mid-Atlantic region, eastern United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 4, p. 406-421, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0406:TEMBCA>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"406","endPage":"421","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208873,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0406:TEMBCA>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baaede4b08c986b322add","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faill, R. T.","contributorId":79639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faill","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025693,"text":"70025693 - 2003 - Using noble gases to investigate mountain-front recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025693","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using noble gases to investigate mountain-front recharge","docAbstract":"Mountain-front recharge is a major component of recharge to inter-mountain basin-fill aquifers. The two components of mountain-front recharge are (1) subsurface inflow from the mountain block (subsurface inflow), and (2) infiltration from perennial and ephemeral streams near the mountain front (stream seepage). The magnitude of subsurface inflow is of central importance in source protection planning for basin-fill aquifers and in some water rights disputes, yet existing estimates carry large uncertainties. Stable isotope ratios can indicate the magnitude of mountain-front recharge relative to other components, but are generally incapable of distinguishing subsurface inflow from stream seepage. Noble gases provide an effective tool for determining the relative significance of subsurface inflow, specifically. Dissolved noble gas concentrations allow for the determination of recharge temperature, which is correlated with recharge elevation. The nature of this correlation cannot be assumed, however, and must be derived for the study area. The method is applied to the Salt Lake Valley Principal Aquifer in northern Utah to demonstrate its utility. Samples from 16 springs and mine tunnels in the adjacent Wasatch Mountains indicate that recharge temperature decreases with elevation at about the same rate as the mean annual air temperature, but is on average about 2??C cooler. Samples from 27 valley production wells yield recharge elevations ranging from the valley elevation (about 1500 m) to mid-mountain elevation (about 2500 m). Only six of the wells have recharge elevations less than 1800 m. Recharge elevations consistently greater than 2000 m in the southeastern part of the basin indicate that subsurface inflow constitutes most of the total recharge in this area. ?? 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00043-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Manning, A.H., and Solomon, D.K., 2003, Using noble gases to investigate mountain-front recharge, <i>in</i> Journal of Hydrology, v. 275, no. 3-4, p. 194-207, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00043-X.","startPage":"194","endPage":"207","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208909,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00043-X"},{"id":235002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"275","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc083e4b08c986b32a17d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manning, A. H.","contributorId":26491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, D. K.","contributorId":98324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026236,"text":"70026236 - 2003 - Effects of ration level on immune functions in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T16:38:45","indexId":"70026236","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of ration level on immune functions in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","docAbstract":"<p>The relationship between nutritional status and disease resistance in cultured salmonids can be affected by dietary manipulations. Careful attention to feeding levels may be important to avoid imbalances in nutrient levels that could ultimately impair a fish's ability to resist infectious microorganisms. In the current study, fish in three feed-level groups were fed an experimental diet either to satiation, 64% of satiation or 40% of satiation. A fourth group of fish were fed a commercial diet at the 64% of satiation level and served as controls. To evaluate certain indices of disease resistance in the test and control fish, a panel of assays was employed to measure humoral and cellular immune functions 30, 39 and 54 weeks after starting the dietary treatments. The panel included measures of blood hematocrit and leucocrit levels, plasma protein concentration and serum lysozyme and complement activity. Cellular analyses included differential blood leucocyte counts, NBT reduction and phagocytosis by pronephros macrophages and myeloperoxidase activity of pronephros neutrophils. No differences were observed in those indices between fish tested from the control-diet group (commercial diet fed at the 64% rate) and fish tested from the 64% feed-level group, except that fish fed the commercial diet had a greater concentration of plasma protein. Leucocrit values and plasma protein concentrations tended to increase among the experimental feed groups as the ration increased from 40% to satiation. More importantly, phagocytic activity by anterior kidney leucocytes was found to be inversely proportional to the feed level. Whereas the results of this study provide evidence that the salmonid immune system may be fairly robust with regard to available metabolic energy, the significant changes observed in phagocytic cell activity suggest that some cellular immune functions may be affected by the feed level.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00369-1","issn":"00448486","usgsCitation":"Alcorn, S., Pascho, R., Murray, A., and Shearer, K., 2003, Effects of ration level on immune functions in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Aquaculture, v. 217, no. 1-4, p. 529-545, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00369-1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"545","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208594,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00369-1"}],"volume":"217","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07a8e4b0c8380cd51783","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alcorn, S.W.","contributorId":37499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alcorn","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, A.L.","contributorId":70151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shearer, K.D.","contributorId":40391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearer","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1008538,"text":"1008538 - 2003 - Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T09:31:57","indexId":"1008538","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa","docAbstract":"<p><span>&nbsp;In Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, a small satellite of the equatorial Lake Victoria, approximately 50% of the indigenous fish species disappeared from the open waters subsequent to establishment of the introduced predatory Nile perch (&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lates niloticus</i><span>&nbsp;). However, several of these species persisted in wetland refugia. Over the past decade, Nile perch in Lake Nabugabo have been intensively fished. Herein we report a resurgence of some indigenous species in open waters. In a multiyear study, we used annual transects in inshore and offshore waters of exposed (&nbsp;no wetland&nbsp;) and wetland habitats to document the pattern of resurgence. In 1995, haplochromine cichlids were largely confined to inshore areas, particularly wetland ecotones, and were rare in Nile perch stomachs, as were most other indigenous species. By 2000 haplochromine cichlids were abundant in inshore and offshore areas of both exposed and wetland transects. Several indigenous noncichlids also reappeared in the main lake, including three of the four original mormyrid species. Between 1995 and 1999, there was a dramatic increase in the proportion of haplochromines in the diet of Nile perch. When haplochromines were rare (&nbsp;1995&nbsp;), Nile perch switched from an invertebrate-dominated diet to piscivory at a large size (&nbsp;30 cm total length&nbsp;). In 2000, however, Nile perch were strongly piscivorous by 5&ndash;10 cm total length. The pattern of faunal loss and recovery in Lake Nabugabo demonstrates the importance of refugia in providing the seeds of resurgence and provides a model with which to understand some changes in Lake Victoria.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01519.x","usgsCitation":"Chapman, L., Chapman, C.A., Schofield, P., Olowo, J., Kaufman, L., Seehausen, O., and Ogutu-Ohwayo., R., 2003, Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa: Conservation Biology, v. 17, no. 2, p. 500-511, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01519.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"500","endPage":"511","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-03-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f07c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, L.J.","contributorId":89487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Colin A.","contributorId":90678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schofield, P. J. 0000-0002-8752-2797","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-2797","contributorId":80215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olowo, J.P.","contributorId":77888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olowo","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaufman, L.S.","contributorId":73548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaufman","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Seehausen, O.","contributorId":99513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seehausen","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ogutu-Ohwayo., R.","contributorId":53341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogutu-Ohwayo.","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70025656,"text":"70025656 - 2003 - Effects of stormwater infiltration on quality of groundwater beneath retention and detention basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:43:19","indexId":"70025656","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of stormwater infiltration on quality of groundwater beneath retention and detention basins","docAbstract":"Infiltration of storm water through detention and retention basins may increase the risk of groundwater contamination, especially in areas where the soil is sandy and the water table shallow, and contaminants may not have a chance to degrade or sorb onto soil particles before reaching the saturated zone. Groundwater from 16 monitoring wells installed in basins in southern New Jersey was compared to the quality of shallow groundwater from 30 wells in areas of new-urban land use. Basin groundwater contained much lower levels of dissolved oxygen, which affected concentrations of major ions. Patterns of volatile organic compound and pesticide occurrence in basin groundwater reflected the land use in the drainage areas served by the basins, and differed from patterns in background samples, exhibiting a greater occurrence of petroleum hydrocarbons and certain pesticides. Dilution effects and volatilization likely decrease the concentration and detection frequency of certain compounds commonly found in background groundwater. High recharge rates in storm water basins may cause loading factors to be substantial even when constituent concentrations in infiltrating storm water are relatively low.","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:5(464)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Fischer, D., Charles, E.G., and Baehr, A.L., 2003, Effects of stormwater infiltration on quality of groundwater beneath retention and detention basins: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 129, no. 5, p. 464-471, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:5(464).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"464","endPage":"471","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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,{"id":1008558,"text":"1008558 - 2003 - A genetic survey of Salvinia minima in the southern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T17:33:21.329966","indexId":"1008558","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A genetic survey of <i>Salvinia minima</i> in the southern United States","title":"A genetic survey of Salvinia minima in the southern United States","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3770(03)00036-6","usgsCitation":"Madeira, P.T., Jacono, C.C., Tipping, P., Van, T.K., and Center, T., 2003, A genetic survey of Salvinia minima in the southern United States: Aquatic Botany, v. 76, no. 2, p. 127-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(03)00036-6.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.7,\n              32.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.7,\n              32.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.7,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.7,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.7,\n              32.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aead9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madeira, Paul T.","contributorId":39743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madeira","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacono, Colette C.","contributorId":99092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacono","given":"Colette","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tipping, Phil","contributorId":73965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tipping","given":"Phil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van, Thai K.","contributorId":83483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van","given":"Thai","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Center, Ted D.","contributorId":94263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Center","given":"Ted D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025131,"text":"70025131 - 2003 - Lithospheric structure, composition, and thermal regime of the East European Craton: Implications for the subsidence of the Russian platform","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025131","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithospheric structure, composition, and thermal regime of the East European Craton: Implications for the subsidence of the Russian platform","docAbstract":"A new mechanism for Paleozoic subsidence of the Russian, or East European, platform is suggested, since a model of lithosphere tilting during the Uralian subduction does not explain the post-Uralian sedimentation record. Alternatively, I propose that the Proterozoic and Paleozoic rifting (when a platform-scale Central Russia rift system and a set of Paleozoic rifts were formed) modified the structure and composition of cratonic lithosphere, and these tectono-magmatic events are responsible for the post-Uralian subsidence of the Russian platform. To support this hypothesis, (a) the thermal regime and the thickness of the lithosphere are analyzed, and (b) lithospheric density variations of non-thermal origin are calculated from free-board constraints. The results indicate that Proterozoic and Paleozoic rifting had different effects on the lithospheric structure and composition. (1) Proterozoic rifting is not reflected in the present thermal regime and did not cause significant lithosphere thinning (most of the Russian platform has lithospheric thickness of 150-180 km and the lithosphere of the NE Baltic Shield is 250-300 km thick). Paleozoic rifting resulted in pronounced lithospheric thinning (to 120-140 km) in the southern parts of the Russian platform. (2) Lithospheric density anomalies suggest that Proterozoic-Paleozoic rifting played an important role in the platform subsidence. The lithospheric mantle of the Archean-early Proterozoic part of the Baltic Shield is ??? 1.4 ?? 0.2% less dense than the typical Phanerozoic upper mantle. However, the density deficit in the subcrustal lithosphere of most of the Russian platform is only about (0.4-0.8) ?? 0.2% and decreases southwards to ???0%. Increased densities (likely associated with low depletion values) in the Russian platform suggest strong metasomatism of the cratonic lithosphere during rifting events, which led to its subsidence. It is proposed that only the lower part of the cratonic lithosphere was metasomatized as a result of Proterozoic rifting; the boundary between a depleted upper and more fertile lower layers can be at ca. 90-150 km depth and can produce a seismic pattern similar to the top of a seismic low-velocity zone. Paleozoic rifting has modified the entire lithospheric column and the regions affected are still subsiding. Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00327-3","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Artemieva, I., 2003, Lithospheric structure, composition, and thermal regime of the East European Craton: Implications for the subsidence of the Russian platform: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 213, no. 3-4, p. 431-446, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00327-3.","startPage":"431","endPage":"446","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478512,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/49250885/2003_EPSL_EEC_Art.PDF","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209472,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00327-3"},{"id":235952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48a1e4b0c8380cd67fda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artemieva, I.M.","contributorId":71728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artemieva","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015084,"text":"1015084 - 2003 - Responses of Englemann spruce forests to nitrogen fertilization in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:24:10","indexId":"1015084","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Responses of Englemann spruce forests to nitrogen fertilization in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"<p>Two old-growth coniferous forests in Colorado with differing initial soil conditions responded differently to four years of low-level fertilization with ammonium nitrate. The site (Fraser) with an average initial organic horizon soil C:N ratio of 36 and nitrogen (N) pool of 605 kg/ha showed no significant increase in net N mineralization rates. At the Fraser site, foliar and organic horizon soil percentage N increased significantly. In contrast, N mineralization rates and inorganic soil N increased significantly at the site (Loch Vale) with greater soil N (C:N of 24, N pool of 991 kg/ha), while foliar N and soil percentage N in the organic layer did not change. We predict continued fertilization at Fraser will narrow the soil C:N ratio to a point where increases in biogeochemical N cycling and fluxes will be detected. Additional N inputs to the site with already low soil C:N ratios will enhance N mineralization rates and leaching losses. The coniferous forests at Fraser and Loch Vale are similar in species composition, stand age, substrate, aspect, and climate. The differences in soil conditions strong enough to cause contrasting responses to fertilization could be due to differences in atmospheric N deposition. Regardless of the reason, the size of the organic soil N pool and C:N ratio of mature coniferous forests in Colorado controls the responsiveness of N pools and fluxes to fertilization, and even low levels of fertilization are sufficient to initiate measurable biogeochemical changes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0664:ROESFT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rueth, H., Baron, J., and Allstott, E., 2003, Responses of Englemann spruce forests to nitrogen fertilization in the Colorado Rocky Mountains: Ecological Applications, v. 13, no. 3, p. 664-673, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0664:ROESFT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"664","endPage":"673","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62793c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rueth, H.M.","contributorId":103611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueth","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allstott, E.J.","contributorId":25102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allstott","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}