Each year millions of liters of fire-retardant chemicals are applied to wildfires across the nation. Recent laboratory studies with long-term fire-retardant chemicals indicate a significant photoenhanced toxicity of products containing sodium ferrocyanide corrosion inhibitors. Our objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of fire-retardant chemicals to fathead minnows during exposure in experimental outdoor streams.
Stream tests were conducted to determine the potential toxicity of a pulse of exposure as might occur when fire retardant chemical is rinsed from the watershed by rainfall. Two artificial 55-meter experimental streams were dosed with different concentrations of Fire-Trol® GTS-R, or uncontaminated for a control. Replicate groups of fathead minnows were added to screened containers (10 fish per container) and exposed to retardant chemicals in the recirculating flow of the stream for up to 6 hours.
Under field conditions toxicity of GTS-R only occurred in the presence of sunlight. When GTS-R was tested on sunny days, 100% mortality occurred. However, when tested during heavily overcast conditions, no mortality occurred.
Lethal concentrations of cyanide were measured when GTS-R with YPS exposures were conducted under sunny conditions, but not under cloudy conditions, indicating that a minimum UV level is necessary to induce toxicity as well as the release of cyanide from YPS. The toxicity observed with GTS-R was likely associated with lethal concentrations of cyanide. Rainwater runoff following applications of this fire-retardant at the recommended rate could result in lethal concentrations in small ponds and streams receiving limited water flow under sunny conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1065/espr2003.03.148","issn":"09441344","usgsCitation":"Calfee, R., and Little, E.E., 2003, Effects of a fire-retardant chemical to fathead minnows in experimental streams: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 10, no. 5, p. 296-300, https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2003.03.148.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"300","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387519,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a066ee4b0c8380cd5123d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calfee, R.D.","contributorId":85130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calfee","given":"R.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025511,"text":"70025511 - 2003 - Integrating soils and geomorphology in mountains - An example from the Front Range of Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025511","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating soils and geomorphology in mountains - An example from the Front Range of Colorado","docAbstract":"Soil distribution in high mountains reflects the impact of several soil-forming factors. Soil geomorphologists use key pedological properties to estimate ages of Quaternary deposits of various depositional environments, estimate long-term stability and instability of landscapes, and make inferences on past climatic change. Once the influence of the soil-forming factors is known, soils can be used to help interpret some aspects of landscape evolution that otherwise might go undetected. The Front Range of Colorado rises from the plains of the Colorado Piedmont at about 1700 m past a widespread, dissected Tertiary erosion surface between 2300 and 2800 m up to an alpine Continental Divide at 3600 to over 4000 m. Pleistocene valley glaciers reached the western edge of the erosion surface. Parent rocks are broadly uniform (granitic and gneissic). Climate varies from 46 cm mean annual precipitation (MAP) and 11 ??C mean annual temperature (MAT) in the plains to 102 cm and -4 ??C, respectively, near the range crest. Vegetation follows climate with grassland in the plains, forest in the mountains, and tundra above 3450 m. Soils reflect the bioclimatic transect from plains to divide: A/Bw or Bt/Bk or K (grassland) to A/E/Bw or Bt/C (forest) to A/Bw/C (tundra). Corresponding soil pH values decrease from 8 to less than 5 with increasing elevation. The pedogenic clay minerals dominant in each major vegetation zone are: smectite (grassland), vermiculite (forest), and 1.0-1.8 nm mixed-layer clays (tundra). Within the lower forested zone, the topographic factor (aspect) results in more leached, colder soils, with relatively thin O horizons, well-expressed E horizons and Bt horizons (Alfisols) on N-facing slopes, whereas soils with thicker A horizons, less developed or no E horizons, and Bw or Bt horizons (Mollisols) are more common on S-facing slopes. The topographic factor in the tundra results in soil patterns as a consequence of wind-redistributed snow and the amount of time it lingers on the landscape. An important parent material factor is airborne dust, which results in fine-grained surface horizons and, if infiltrated, contributes to clay accumulation in some Bt horizons. The time factor is evaluated by soil chronosequence studies of Quaternary deposits in tundra, upper forest, and plains grassland. Few soils in the study area are >10,000 years old in the tundra, >100,000 years old in the forest, and >2 million years old in the grassland. Stages of granite weathering vary with distance from the Continental Divide and the best developed is grus near the sedimentary/granitic rock contact just west of the mountain front. Grus takes a minimum of 100,000 years to form. Some of the relations indicated by the soil map patterns are: (1) parts of the erosion surface have been stable for 100,000 years or more; (2) development of grus near the mountain front could be due in part to pre-Pennsylvanian weathering; (3) a few soil properties reflect Quaternary paleoclimate; and (4) a correlation between soil development in the canyons and stream incision rates. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00148-X","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Birkeland, P.W., Shroba, R., Burns, S., Price, A., and Tonkin, P., 2003, Integrating soils and geomorphology in mountains - An example from the Front Range of Colorado: Geomorphology, v. 55, no. 1-4, p. 329-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00148-X.","startPage":"329","endPage":"344","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209527,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00148-X"},{"id":236084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c86e4b0c8380cd62dea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Birkeland, P. W.","contributorId":44215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Birkeland","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shroba, R. R.","contributorId":44133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"R. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burns, S.F.","contributorId":31962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Price, A.B.","contributorId":66045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tonkin, P.J.","contributorId":90919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonkin","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025398,"text":"70025398 - 2003 - Comparison of P- and S-wave velocity profiles obtained from surface seismic refraction/reflection and downhole data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025398","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of P- and S-wave velocity profiles obtained from surface seismic refraction/reflection and downhole data","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic-reflection/refraction data were acquired on the ground surface at six locations to compare with near-surface seismic-velocity downhole measurements. Measurement sites were in Seattle, WA, the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, and the San Fernando Valley, CA. We quantitatively compared the data in terms of the average shear-wave velocity to 30-m depth (Vs30), and by the ratio of the relative site amplification produced by the velocity profiles of each data type over a specified set of quarter-wavelength frequencies. In terms of Vs30, similar values were determined from the two methods. There is <15% difference at four of the six sites. The Vs30 values at the other two sites differ by 21% and 48%. The relative site amplification factors differ generally by less than 10% for both P- and S-wave velocities. We also found that S-wave reflections and first-arrival phase delays are essential for identifying velocity inversions. The results suggest that seismic reflection/refraction data are a fast, non-invasive, and less expensive alternative to downhole data for determining Vs30. In addition, we emphasize that some P- and S-wave reflection travel times can directly indicate the frequencies of potentially damaging earthquake site resonances. A strong correlation between the simple S-wave first-arrival travel time/apparent velocity on the ground surface at 100 m offset from the seismic source and the Vs30 value for that site is an additional unique feature of the reflection/refraction data that could greatly simplify Vs30 determinations. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00151-3","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., Stephenson, W.J., and Odum, J.K., 2003, Comparison of P- and S-wave velocity profiles obtained from surface seismic refraction/reflection and downhole data: Tectonophysics, v. 368, no. 1-4, p. 71-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00151-3.","startPage":"71","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209538,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00151-3"},{"id":236113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"368","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f845e4b0c8380cd4cfae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025407,"text":"70025407 - 2003 - Biodiversity changes in Cretaceous palynofloras of eastern Asia and western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025407","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2184,"text":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biodiversity changes in Cretaceous palynofloras of eastern Asia and western North America","docAbstract":"Palynology has great potential for providing comparative data and interpretations about changes in biodiversity during the Cretaceous Period. This is especially true for both eastern Asia and western North America because of strong floristic similarities that existed between these regions during Cretaceous time. Also, because palynomorphs of terrestrial origin can be deposited in offshore as well as terrestrial environments, significant potential exists for marine-to-continental palynostratigraphic correlations in both regions. Palynological biostratigraphy can improve the geologic dating of changes in biodiversity. During the Early Cretaceous, eastern Asia and western North America lay within the Cerebropollenites palynofloral province, a circumpolar phytogeographic zone characterized by distinctive palynological assemblages. During most of the Late Cretaceous, these regions lay within the palynofloristically unique Aquilapollenites Province, which was more restricted geographically than the Cerebropollenites Province. The most important development during Cretaceous time that is reflected in palynological assemblages was the rise of the angiosperms as the numerically and ecologically dominant forms of vegetation. The most striking short-term palynofloral event in the two regions was the sudden disappearance of species of Aquilapollenites and associated genera at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary. Both of these occurrences produced major changes in biodiversity in the terrestrial realm. Geologic research in International Geological Correlation Program Project 434 can benefit from applications of palynostratigraphy. Palynologic research within Project 434 could include development of a comprehensive palynostratigraphic zonation for the Cretaceous, the definition of regional palynostratigraphic datums, and investigation of the record of floral change at the K/T boundary. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00091-3","issn":"13679120","usgsCitation":"Nichols, D.J., 2003, Biodiversity changes in Cretaceous palynofloras of eastern Asia and western North America: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 21, no. 8, p. 823-833, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00091-3.","startPage":"823","endPage":"833","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209589,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00091-3"},{"id":236228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f149e4b0c8380cd4ab6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025512,"text":"70025512 - 2003 - Water-level changes induced by local and distant earthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-09T10:00:07","indexId":"70025512","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water-level changes induced by local and distant earthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California","docAbstract":"Distant as well as local earthquakes have induced groundwater-level changes persisting for days to weeks at Long Valley caldera, California. Four wells open to formations as deep as 300 m have responded to 16 earthquakes, and responses to two earthquakes in the 3-km-deep Long Valley Exploratory Well (LVEW) show that these changes are not limited to weathered or unconsolidated near-surface rocks. All five wells exhibit water-level variations in response to earth tides, indicating they can be used as low-resolution strainmeters. Earthquakes induce gradual water-level changes that increase in amplitude for as long as 30 days, then return more slowly to pre-earthquake levels. The gradual water-level changes are always drops at wells LKT, LVEW, and CH-10B, and always rises at well CW-3. At a dilatometer just outside the caldera, earthquake-induced strain responses consist of either a step followed by a contractional strain-rate increase, or a transient contractional signal that reaches a maximum in about seven days and then returns toward the pre-earthquake value. The sizes of the gradual water-level changes generally increase with earthquake magnitude and decrease with hypocentral distance. Local earthquakes in Long Valley produce coseismic water-level steps; otherwise the responses to local earthquakes and distant earthquakes are indistinguishable. In particular, water-level and strain changes in Long Valley following the 1992 M7.3 Landers earthquake, 450 km distant, closely resemble those initiated by a M4.9 local earthquake on November 22, 1997, during a seismic swarm with features indicative of fluid involvement. At the LKT well, many of the response time histories are identical for 20 days after each earthquake, and can be matched by a theoretical solution giving the pore pressure as a function of time due to diffusion of a nearby, instantaneous, pressure drop. Such pressure drops could be produced by accelerated inflation of the resurgent dome by amounts too small to be detected by the two-color electronic distance-measuring network. Opening-mode displacement in the south moat, inferred to have followed a M4.9 earthquake on November 22, 1997, could also create extensional strain on the dome and lead to water-level changes similar to those following dome inflation. Contractional strain that could account for earthquake-induced water-level rises at the CW-3 well is inconsistent with geodetic observations. We instead attribute these water-level rises to diffusion of elevated fluid pressure localized in the south moat thermal aquifer. For hydraulic diffusivities appropriate to the upper few hundred meters at Long Valley, an influx of material at temperatures of 300°C can thermally generate pressure of 6 m of water or more, an order of magnitude larger than needed to account for the CW-3 water-level rises. If magma or hot aqueous fluid rises to within 1 km of the surface in the eastern part of the south moat, then hydraulic diffusivities are high enough to allow fluid pressure to propagate to CW-3 on the time scale observed. The data indicate that seismic waves from large distant earthquakes can stimulate upward movement of fluid in the hydrothermal system at Long Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00173-2","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Roeloffs, E.A., Sneed, M., Galloway, D.L., Sorey, M.L., Farrar, C.D., Howle, J.F., and Hughes, J., 2003, Water-level changes induced by local and distant earthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. p., no. 3-4, p. 269-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00173-2.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209543,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00173-2"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.93936157226562,\n 37.78645343442073\n ],\n [\n -119.10621643066408,\n 37.709899354855125\n ],\n [\n -119.04579162597656,\n 37.61477533148087\n ],\n [\n -118.82469177246095,\n 37.591383348725785\n ],\n [\n -118.62213134765626,\n 37.61586315165877\n ],\n [\n -118.64479064941406,\n 37.67729913640425\n ],\n [\n -118.71551513671876,\n 37.759858513184625\n ],\n [\n -118.93936157226562,\n 37.78645343442073\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"p.","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcd50e4b08c986b32dfbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sneed, Michelle 0000-0002-8180-382X micsneed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-382X","contributorId":155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneed","given":"Michelle","email":"micsneed@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sorey, Michael L.","contributorId":20726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farrar, Christopher D. cdfarrar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"Christopher","email":"cdfarrar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":405474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howle, James F. 0000-0003-0491-6203 jfhowle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-6203","contributorId":2225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howle","given":"James","email":"jfhowle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hughes, J.","contributorId":83725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025408,"text":"70025408 - 2003 - Binding of mercury(II) to aquatic humic substances: Influence of pH and source of humic substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T08:30:27","indexId":"70025408","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Binding of mercury(II) to aquatic humic substances: Influence of pH and source of humic substances","docAbstract":"Conditional distribution coefficients (KDOM‘) for Hg(II) binding to seven dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolates were measured at environmentally relevant ratios of Hg(II) to DOM. The results show that KDOM‘ values for different types of samples (humic acids, fulvic acids, hydrophobic acids) isolated from diverse aquatic environments were all within 1 order of magnitude (1022.5±1.0−1023.5±1.0 L kg-1), suggesting similar Hg(II) binding environments, presumably involving thiol groups, for the different isolates. KDOM‘ values decreased at low pHs (4) compared to values at pH 7, indicating proton competition for the strong Hg(II) binding sites. Chemical modeling of Hg(II)−DOM binding at different pH values was consistent with bidentate binding of Hg(II) by one thiol group (pKa = 10.3) and one other group (pKa = 6.3) in the DOM, which is in agreement with recent results on the structure of Hg(II)−DOM bonds obtained by extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS).
When a site-specific probabilistic ground-motion estimate is required, the full site-amplification distribution should be used instead of a single deterministic median value. A probabilistic methodology using site-amplification distributions to modify rock ground-motion attenuation relations into site-specific relations prior to calculating seismic hazard has been developed and applied at two selected sites in the central United States: Memphis, Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky. The use of a completely probabilistic approach can make about a 10% difference in ground-motion estimates over simply multiplying a bedrock probabilistic ground motion by a median site-amplification factor at a 1 in 2475 annual probability of exceedance and even larger differences at smaller probabilites of exceedance. The value of this approach is that a probabilistic answer incorporating the uncertainty in our knowledge of site amplification of ground motions can be calculated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020206","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Cramer, C., 2003, Site-specific seismic-hazard analysis that is completely probabilistic: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 4, p. 1841-1846, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020206.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1841","endPage":"1846","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee, Kentucky","city":"Memphis, Paducah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.23071289062499,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -89.62646484375,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -89.62646484375,\n 35.39800594715108\n ],\n [\n -90.23071289062499,\n 35.39800594715108\n ],\n [\n -90.23071289062499,\n 34.994003757575776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -88.428955078125,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -88.428955078125,\n 37.309014074275915\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 37.309014074275915\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 36.84446074079564\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90ffe4b08c986b31971f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cramer, C.H.","contributorId":100012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025424,"text":"70025424 - 2003 - Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in final reclaimed effluent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025424","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in final reclaimed effluent","docAbstract":"Water samples collected throughout several reclamation facilities were analyzed for the presence of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum by the focus detection method-most-probable-number cell culture technique. Results revealed the presence of infectious C. parvum oocysts in 40% of the final disinfected effluent samples. Sampled effluent contained on average seven infectious oocysts per 100 liters. Thus, reclaimed water is not pathogen free but contains infectious C. parvum.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1128/AEM.69.8.4983-4984.2003","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Gennaccaro, A., McLaughlin, M., Quintero-Betancourt, W., Huffman, D., and Rose, J., 2003, Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in final reclaimed effluent: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 69, no. 8, p. 4983-4984, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.8.4983-4984.2003.","startPage":"4983","endPage":"4984","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487499,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/169138","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209427,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.8.4983-4984.2003"},{"id":235859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3acde4b0c8380cd61faa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gennaccaro, A.L.","contributorId":91286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gennaccaro","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLaughlin, M.R.","contributorId":50334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quintero-Betancourt, W.","contributorId":39995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quintero-Betancourt","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huffman, D.E.","contributorId":34309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rose, J.B.","contributorId":60825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025426,"text":"70025426 - 2003 - Geochemistry of the furnace magnetite bed, Franklin, New Jersey, and the relationship between stratiform iron oxide ores and stratiform zinc oxide-silicate ores in the New Jersey highlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T18:31:45.534612","indexId":"70025426","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of the furnace magnetite bed, Franklin, New Jersey, and the relationship between stratiform iron oxide ores and stratiform zinc oxide-silicate ores in the New Jersey highlands","docAbstract":"The New Jersey Highlands terrace, which is an exposure of the Middle Proterozoic Grenville orogenic belt located in northeastern United States, contains stratiform zinc oxide-silicate deposits at Franklin and Sterling Hill and numerous massive magnetite deposits. The origins of the zinc and magnetite deposits have rarely been considered together, but a genetic link is suggested by the occurrence of the Furnace magnetite bed and small magnetite lenses immediately beneath the Franklin zinc deposit. The Furnace bed was metamorphosed and deformed along with its enclosing rocks during the Grenvillian orogeny, obscuring the original mineralogy and obliterating the original rock fabrics. The present mineralogy is manganiferous magnetite plus calcite. Trace hydrous silicates, some coexisting with fluorite, have fluorine contents that are among the highest ever observed in natural assemblages. Furnace bed calcite has ??13C values of -5 ?? 1 per mil relative to Peedee belemnite (PDB) and ??18O values of 11 to 20 per mil relative to Vienna-standard mean ocean water (VSMOW). The isotopic compositions do not vary as expected for an original siderite layer that decarbonated during metamorphism, but they are consistent with nearly isochemical metamorphism of an iron oxide + calcite protolith that is chemically and minerlogically similar to iron-rich sediments found near the Red Sea brine pools and isotopically similar to Superior-type banded iron formations. Other magniferous magnite + calcite bodies occur at approximately the same stratigraphic position as far 50 km from the zinc deposits. A model is presented in which the iron and zinc deposits formed along the western edge of a Middle Proterozoic marine basin. Zinc was transported by sulfate-stable brines and was precipitated under sulfate-stable conditions as zincian carbonates and Fe-Mn-Zn oxides and silicates. Whether the zincian assemblages settled from the water column or formed by replacement reactions in shallowly buried sediments is uncertain. The iron deposits formed at interfaces between anoxic and oxygenated waters. The Furnace magnetite bed resulted from seawater oxidation of hydrothermally transported iron near a brine conduit. Iron deposits also formed regionally on the basin floor at the interface betveen anoxic deep waters and oxygenated shallower waters. These deposits include not only manganiferous magnetite + calcite bodies similar to the Furnace magnetite bed but also silicate-facies deposits that formed by iron oxide accumulation where detrital sediment was abundant. A basin margin model can be extended to Grenvillian stratiform deposits in the northwest Adirondacks of New York and the Mont Laurier basin of Quebec. In these areas iron deposits (pyrite or magnetite) are found basinward of marble-hosted sphalerite deposits, such as those in the Balmat-Edwards district. Whether the iron and zinc precipitated as sulfide assemblages or carbonate-oxide-silicate assemblages depended on whether sufficient organic matter or other reductants were available in local sediments or bottom waters to stabilize H2S.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.4.837","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., and Skinner, B.J., 2003, Geochemistry of the furnace magnetite bed, Franklin, New Jersey, and the relationship between stratiform iron oxide ores and stratiform zinc oxide-silicate ores in the New Jersey highlands: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 4, p. 837-854, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.4.837.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"837","endPage":"854","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"northern New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.2291259765625,\n 40.46784549077255\n ],\n [\n -74.0313720703125,\n 40.60561205826018\n ],\n [\n -73.9654541015625,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n -73.9544677734375,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -74.68505859374999,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -75.1300048828125,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -75.069580078125,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -75.1739501953125,\n 40.75974059207392\n ],\n [\n -75.21240234375,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -75.21240234375,\n 40.60561205826018\n ],\n [\n -75.0640869140625,\n 40.509622849596695\n ],\n [\n -75.0531005859375,\n 40.40931350359072\n ],\n [\n -74.2291259765625,\n 40.46784549077255\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1722e4b0c8380cd553be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, B. J.","contributorId":64867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025497,"text":"70025497 - 2003 - Effect of analytical conditions in wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analysis on the measurement of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths of anadromous salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T14:27:47","indexId":"70025497","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of analytical conditions in wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analysis on the measurement of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths of anadromous salmonids","docAbstract":"The use of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths is becoming a standard method to describe life history type and the chronology of migrations between freshwater and seawater habitats in teleosts (e.g. Kalish, 1990; Radtke et al., 1990; Secor, 1992; Rieman et al., 1994; Radtke, 1995; Limburg, 1995; Tzeng et al. 1997; Volk et al., 2000; Zimmerman, 2000; Zimmerman and Reeves, 2000, 2002). This method provides critical information concerning the relationship and ecology of species exhibiting phenotypic variation in migratory behavior (Kalish, 1990; Secor, 1999). Methods and procedures, however, vary among laboratories because a standard method or protocol for measurement of Sr in otoliths does not exist. In this note, we examine the variations in analytical conditions in an effort to increase precision of Sr/Ca measurements. From these findings we argue that precision can be maximized with higher beam current (although there is specimen damage) than previously recommended by Gunn et al. (1992).
","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service","issn":"00900656","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, C.E., and Nielsen, R.L., 2003, Effect of analytical conditions in wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analysis on the measurement of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths of anadromous salmonids: Fishery Bulletin, v. 101, no. 3, p. 712-718.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"712","endPage":"718","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336082,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fishbull.noaa.gov/1013/1013toc.htm","text":"Fishery Bulletin: Volume 101, Issue 3"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05bee4b0c8380cd50f2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, Roger L.","contributorId":32045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025496,"text":"70025496 - 2003 - Observations of large-amplitude cross-shore internal bores near the shelf break, Santa Monica Bay, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70025496","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of large-amplitude cross-shore internal bores near the shelf break, Santa Monica Bay, CA","docAbstract":"Two sets of moorings were deployed along a cross-shelf transect in central Santa Monica bay for four months in the winter of 1998-1999. Both sites had an array of instruments attached to tripods set on the seafloor to monitor currents over the entire water column, surface waves, near-bed temperature, water clarity and suspended sediment. A companion mooring had temperature sensors spaced approximately 10 m apart to measure temperature profiles between the surface and the seafloor. One array was deployed in 70 m of water at a site adjacent to the shelf break, just northwest of a major ocean outfall. The other was deployed on the mid shelf in 35 m of water approximately 6 km from the shelf break site. The subtidal currents in the region flowed parallel to the isobaths with fluctuating time scales around 10 days, a typical coastal-ocean pattern. However, during the falling phase of the barotropic spring tide, sets of large-amplitude, sheared cross-shore current pulses with a duration of 2-5 h were observed at the shelf break site. Currents in these pulses flowed exclusively offshore in a thin layer near the bed with amplitudes reaching 30-40 cm/s. Simultaneously, currents with amplitudes around 15-20 cm/s flowed exclusively onshore in the thicker layer between the offshore flow layer and the sea surface. The net offshore transport was about half the onshore transport. Near-surface isotherms were depressed 30-40 m. These pulses were likely internal bores generated by tidal currents. Bed stresses associated with these events exceeded 3 dynes/cm2. These amplitudes are large enough to resuspend and transport not only fine-grained material, but also medium to coarse sands from the shelf toward the slope. Consequently, the seafloor over the shelf break was swept clear of fine sediments. The data suggest that the internal bores dissipate and are reduced in amplitude as they propagate across this relatively narrow shelf. There is evidence that they reach the 35 m site, but other coastal ocean processes obscure their distinctive characteristics.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Environmental Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00328-8","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Noble, M., and Xu, J.P., 2003, Observations of large-amplitude cross-shore internal bores near the shelf break, Santa Monica Bay, CA: Marine Environmental Research, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 127-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00328-8.","startPage":"127","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209429,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00328-8"},{"id":235863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a96e4b0c8380cd74262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, M.A.","contributorId":93513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xu, J. P.","contributorId":74528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025427,"text":"70025427 - 2003 - Millennial- to century-scale variability in Gulf of Mexico Holocene climate records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025427","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Millennial- to century-scale variability in Gulf of Mexico Holocene climate records","docAbstract":"Proxy records from two piston cores in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) provide a detailed (50-100 year resolution) record of climate variability over the last 14,000 years. Long-term (millennial-scale) trends and changes are related to the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions and movement of the average position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) related to orbital forcing. The ??18O of the surface-dwelling planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber show negative excursions between 14 and 10.2 ka (radiocarbon years) that reflect influx of meltwater into the western GOM during melting of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The relative abundance of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer is related to transport of Caribbean water into the GOM. Maximum transport of Caribbean surface waters and moisture into the GOM associated with a northward migration of the average position of the ITCZ occurs between about 6.5 and 4.5 ka. In addition, abundance variations of G. sacculifer show century-scale variability throughout most of the Holocene. The GOM record is consistent with records from other areas, suggesting that century-scale variability is a pervasive feature of Holocene climate. The frequency of several cycles in the climate records is similar to cycles identified in proxy records of solar variability, indicating that at least some of the century-scale climate variability during the Holocene is due to external (solar) forcing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Poore, R., Dowsett, H., Verardo, S., and Quinn, T.M., 2003, Millennial- to century-scale variability in Gulf of Mexico Holocene climate records: Paleoceanography, v. 18, no. 2, p. 26-1.","startPage":"26","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a572ee4b0c8380cd6daf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verardo, S.","contributorId":15786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verardo","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quinn, T. M.","contributorId":71320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025428,"text":"70025428 - 2003 - Population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) across a nitrogen-amended landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025428","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) across a nitrogen-amended landscape","docAbstract":"We conducted a mark-recapture experiment to examine the population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in response to low-level nitrogen amendments (16.4 kg nitrogen/ha per year) and exclosure fencing in an old-field grassland. The experimental design consisted of sixteen 0.16-ha plots with 4 replicates of each treatment combination. We predicted that densities, reproductive success, movement probabilities, and survival rates of cotton rats would be greater on nitrogen-amended plots because of greater aboveground biomass and canopy cover. Population densities of cotton rats tended to be highest on fenced nitrogen plots, but densities on unfenced nitrogen plots were similar to those on control and fenced plots. We observed no distinct patterns in survival rates, reproductive success, or movement probabilities with regard to nitrogen treatments. However, survival rates and reproductive success tended to be higher for cotton rats on fenced plots than for those on unfenced plots and this was likely attributable to decreased predation on fenced plots. As low-level nitrogen amendments continue to be applied, we predict that survival, reproduction, and population-growth rates of cotton rats on control plots, especially fenced plots with no nitrogen amendment, will eventually exceed those on nitrogen-amended plots as a result of higher plant-species diversity, greater food availability, and better quality cover.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/z03-084","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Clark, J., Hellgren, E.C., Jorgensen, E., Tunnell, S., Engle, D.M., and Leslie, D., 2003, Population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) across a nitrogen-amended landscape: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 81, no. 6, p. 994-1003, https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-084.","startPage":"994","endPage":"1003","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209462,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-084"},{"id":235934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d4ce4b0c8380cd79e80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J.E.","contributorId":66630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hellgren, E. C.","contributorId":40327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellgren","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jorgensen, E.E.","contributorId":97300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tunnell, S.J.","contributorId":44723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tunnell","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Engle, David M.","contributorId":97225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025502,"text":"70025502 - 2003 - New K-Ar ages and the geologic evidence against rejuvenated-stage volcanism at Haleakalā, East Maui, a postshield-stage volcano of the Hawaiian island chain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-27T21:02:40.422236","indexId":"70025502","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New K-Ar ages and the geologic evidence against rejuvenated-stage volcanism at Haleakalā, East Maui, a postshield-stage volcano of the Hawaiian island chain","docAbstract":"The postshield and previously inferred rejuvenated-stage history of Haleakalā volcano is reevaluated on the basis of 52 new K-Ar ages, 42 from the postshield Kula Volcanics and 10 from the overlying Hāna Volcanics. Postshield extrusion was robust from 0.93 to 0.76 Ma. A period of low extrusion rate or volcanic quiescence occurred between 0.76 and 0.65 Ma, well within Kula time. A chemical change to increasingly alkalic lava occurred at this time as the volcano changed from broadly hawaiitic to basanitic in its eruptive products and robust extrusion resumed. A slightly longer period of low extrusion rate or quiescence occurred after ca. 0.4 Ma, but only trifling change in geochemical character is observed. Geochemically, the Hāna Volcanics unit, chiefly basanitic, overlaps greatly with the upper part of the Kula Volcanics; there is a weak tendency to slightly more alkaline character among the Hāna Volcanics.
\nThe age of the Kula/Hāna boundary is ca. 0.15–0.12 Ma; thus, volcanic quiescence of only ∼0.03 m.y. separates the two formations, much shorter than the previously known limit of 0.25–0.30 m.y. The brevity of this hiatus, coupled with coincident vent loci and broadly similar geochemical characteristics for the Hāna and the upper part of the Kula Volcanics, indicates that the Hāna Volcanics unit comprises deposits of postshield-stage volcanism that has waned substantially since ca. 0.4–0.3 Ma. Haleakalā has not yet begun a classically defined rejuvenated stage. Our findings support recent numerical modeling of plume-lithosphere interactions that predict that Haleakalā is near the end of its postshield growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0683:NKAATG>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, D.R., Nishimitsu, Y., and Tagami, T., 2003, New K-Ar ages and the geologic evidence against rejuvenated-stage volcanism at Haleakalā, East Maui, a postshield-stage volcano of the Hawaiian island chain: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 6, p. 683-694, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0683:NKAATG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"694","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Haleakalā volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.26609802246094,\n 20.69574627626688\n ],\n [\n -156.2427520751953,\n 20.69574627626688\n ],\n [\n -156.2427520751953,\n 20.722079783730962\n ],\n [\n -156.26609802246094,\n 20.722079783730962\n ],\n [\n -156.26609802246094,\n 20.69574627626688\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a651ee4b0c8380cd72b0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishimitsu, Yoshitomo","contributorId":17808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishimitsu","given":"Yoshitomo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tagami, Takahiro","contributorId":7474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tagami","given":"Takahiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025499,"text":"70025499 - 2003 - High resolution seismic imaging of faults beneath Limón Bay, northern Panama Canal, Republic of Panama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T09:13:58","indexId":"70025499","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High resolution seismic imaging of faults beneath Limón Bay, northern Panama Canal, Republic of Panama","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic reflection profiles from Limo??n Bay, Republic of Panama, were acquired as part of a seismic hazard investigation of the northern Panama Canal region. The seismic profiles image gently west and northwest dipping strata of upper Miocene Gatu??n Formation, unconformably overlain by a thin (<20 m) sequence of Holocene muds. Numerous faults, which have northeast trends where they can be correlated between seismic profiles, break the upper Miocene strata. Some of the faults have normal displacement, but on many faults, the amount and type of displacement cannot be determined. The age of displacement is constrained to be Late Miocene or younger, and regional geologic considerations suggest Pliocene movement. The faults may be part of a more extensive set of north- to northeast-trending faults and fractures in the canal region of central Panama. Low topography and the faults in the canal area may be the result of the modern regional stress field, bending of the Isthmus of Panama, shearing in eastern Panama, or minor deformation of the Panama Block above the Caribbean subduction zone. For seismic hazard analysis of the northern canal area, these faults led us to include a source zone of shallow faults proximal to northern canal facilities. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00159-8","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Holmes, M., Schweig, E.S., Gomberg, J.S., and Cowan, H.A., 2003, High resolution seismic imaging of faults beneath Limón Bay, northern Panama Canal, Republic of Panama: Tectonophysics, v. 368, no. 1-4, p. 211-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00159-8.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"227","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209447,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00159-8"}],"volume":"368","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30cde4b0c8380cd5d96e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Mark","contributorId":97298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweig, Eugene S. 0000-0003-3669-9741 schweig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-9741","contributorId":1271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"Eugene","email":"schweig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gomberg, Joan S. 0000-0002-0134-2606 gomberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-2606","contributorId":1269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","email":"gomberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cowan, Hugh A.","contributorId":7896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025516,"text":"70025516 - 2003 - Survival and habitat of Ruffed Grouse nests in northern Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025516","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival and habitat of Ruffed Grouse nests in northern Michigan","docAbstract":"Effective management of Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) populations requires a full understanding of chick production. Previous reports of nest survival for Ruffed Grouse are biased because they did not account for successful nests being more likely to be found, and the role of habitat quality in determining nest survival is unknown. We determined survival rates of Ruffed Grouse nests in northern lower Michigan using the less biased Mayfield estimator, defined differences between first and second nests, and compared the local habitat characteristics of successful and unsuccessful nests. Median hatching dates were 10 June for first nests (n = 34) and 1 July for second nests (n = 6). First nests had a lower survival rate (0.442, 95% CI = 0.270-0.716), a higher mean clutch size (12.7 eggs ?? 0.3 SE), and higher egg hatching rate (0.960, 95% CI = 0.900-0.997) than did second nests (nest survival = 0.788, 95% CI = 0.491-1.00; clutch size = 7.3 eggs ?? 0.3 SE; and hatching rate = 0.826, 95% CI = 0.718-0.925). Nest survival, annual production (3.4 hatchling females/adult female, 95% CI = 2.3-5.0), and fall recruitment (1.0 juvenile females/adult female, 95% CI = 0.3-2.4) were less than previously reported estimates. Habitat characteristics at nest sites varied widely and did not differ appreciably between successful and unsuccessful nests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Larson, M., Clark, M., and Winterstein, S.R., 2003, Survival and habitat of Ruffed Grouse nests in northern Michigan: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 115, no. 2, p. 140-147.","startPage":"140","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2b2e4b08c986b31f8bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, M.A.","contributorId":15814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, M.E.","contributorId":60688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winterstein, Scott R.","contributorId":66807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterstein","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025495,"text":"70025495 - 2003 - Timing and nature of tertiary plutonism and extension in the Grouse Creek Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T17:03:18.639393","indexId":"70025495","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing and nature of tertiary plutonism and extension in the Grouse Creek Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"The Grouse Creek-Albion-Raft River metamorphic core complex in northwestern Utah and southern Idaho is characterized by several Tertiary plutons with a range of ages and crosscutting relations that help constrain the timing of extensional deformation. In the Grouse Creek Mountains, at least three distinct, superimposed, extension-related Tertiary deformational events are bracketed by intrusive rocks, followed by a fourth event: motion on range-bounding faults. The Emigrant Pass plutonic complex was emplaced at depths of less than 10 km into Permianage rocks. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon analysis indicates a three-stage intrusion of the complex at 41.3 ± 0.3 Ma, 36.1 ± 0.2 Ma, and 34.3 ± 0.3 Ma. The two youngest phases represent distinctly younger intrusive event(s) than the oldest phase, separated by more than 5 m.y. The oldest phase cuts several metamorphosed and deformed younger-on-older faults, providing a pre-41 Ma age bracket for oldest extension-related deformation in the region. The youngest phase(s) are interpreted to have been intruded during development of a map-scale, N-S-trending recumbent fold, the Bovine Mountain fold, formed during vertical shortening of roof rocks during intrusion. This second event folded older normal faults that are likely pre-41 Ma. Zircons from the youngest part of the pluton show inheritance from Archean basement (~2.5 Ga) and from its Proterozoic sedimentary cover (~1.65 Ga). The Red Butte pluton, emplaced at 15-20 km depth, intruded highly metamorphosed Archean orthogneiss at 25.3 ± 0.5 Ma; cores of some zircons yield latest Archean ages of 2.55 Ga. The pluton is interpreted to have been intruded during a third deformational and metamorphic event that resulted in vertical flattening fabrics formed during NW to EW stretching, ultimately leading to thinning of cover and top-to-the west motion on the Ingham Pass fault. The Ingham Pass fault represents an important structure in the Grouse Creek Mountains, as it juxtaposes two parts of the crust that apparently resided as much as 10 km apart (in depth) at times as young as the Miocene. The varied structural, metamorphic, and intrusive relations observed in the Grouse Creek Mountains reflect their formation at different levels within the crust. Data from these various levels argue that plutonism has been a key mechanism for transferring heat into the middle and upper crust, and localizing strain during regional extension. Interestingly, events documented here correlate in a broad way with cooling events documented in the Raft River Mountains, although plutons are not exposed there. Major and trace element geochemistry imply a crustal component in all of the studied plutons, indicating significant degrees of crustal melting at depth during extension, and point to mantle heat sources during the timespan of Basin and Range extension as the cause of melting. Basin and Range faulting and final uplift of the range is recorded by apatite fission track ages, averaging 13.4 Ma, and deposition of about 2 km of syn-faulting basin fill deposits along the Grouse Creek fault mapped along the western flank of the range. Similar apatite ages from the Albion Mountains to the north indicate that the western side of the Albion-Raft River-Grouse Creek core complex behaved as a single rigid crustal block at this time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.45.6.497","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Egger, A., Dumitru, T., Miller, E.L., Savage, C., and Wooden, J.L., 2003, Timing and nature of tertiary plutonism and extension in the Grouse Creek Mountains, Utah: International Geology Review, v. 45, no. 6, p. 497-532, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.6.497.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"532","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Grouse Creek Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.00787353515625,\n 41.63392025225949\n ],\n [\n -113.57528686523438,\n 41.63392025225949\n ],\n [\n -113.57528686523438,\n 41.83887416186901\n ],\n [\n -114.00787353515625,\n 41.83887416186901\n ],\n [\n -114.00787353515625,\n 41.63392025225949\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3e7e4b08c986b32605b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Egger, A.E.","contributorId":70159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egger","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumitru, T.A.","contributorId":24973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumitru","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, E. L.","contributorId":75583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savage, C.F.I.","contributorId":53139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"C.F.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025517,"text":"70025517 - 2003 - Comparison of wetland structural characteristics between created and natural salt marshes in southwest Louisiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-29T16:41:02.605298","indexId":"70025517","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of wetland structural characteristics between created and natural salt marshes in southwest Louisiana, USA","docAbstract":"The use of dredge material is a well-known technique for creating or restoring salt marshes that is expected to become more common along the Gulf of Mexico coast in the future. However, the effectiveness of this restoration method is still questioned. Wetland structural characteristics were compared between four created and three natural salt marshes in southwest Louisiana, USA. The created marshes, formed by the pumping of dredge material into formerly open water areas, represent a chronosequence, ranging in age from 3 to 19 years. Vegetation and soil structural factors were compared to determine whether the created marshes become more similar over time to the natural salt marshes. Vegetation surveys were conducted in 1997, 2000, and 2002 using the line-intercept technique. Site elevations were measured in 2000. Organic matter (OM) was measured in 1996 and 2002, while bulk density and soil particle-size distribution were determined in 2002 only. The natural marshes were dominated by Spartina alterniflora, as were the oldest created marshes; these marshes had the lowest mean site elevations (<30 cm NGVD). The six-year-old created marsh (formed in 1996) was higher in elevation (> 35 cm NGVD) and became dominated by high marsh (S. patens, Distichlis spicata) and shrub (Baccharis halimifolia, Iva frutescens) species. The higher elevation marsh seems to be following a different plant successional trajectory than the other marshes, indicating a relationship between marsh elevation and species composition. The soils in both the created and natural marshes contain high levels of clays (30–65 %), with sand comprising < 1 % of the soil distribution. OM was significantly greater and bulk density significantly lower in two of the natural marshes when compared to the created marshes. The oldest created marsh had significantly greater OM than the younger created marshes, but it may still take several decades before equivalency is reached with the natural marshes. Vegetation structural characteristics in the created marshes take only a few years to become similar to those in the natural marshes, just so long as the marshes are formed at a proper elevation. This agrees with other studies from North Carolina and Texas. However, it will take several decades for the soil characteristics to reach equivalency with the natural marshes, if they ever will.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/10-20","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Edwards, K., and Proffitt, C., 2003, Comparison of wetland structural characteristics between created and natural salt marshes in southwest Louisiana, USA: Wetlands, v. 23, no. 2, p. 344-356, https://doi.org/10.1672/10-20.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"344","endPage":"356","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"southwest Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -91.97753906249999,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -91.97753906249999,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 29.53522956294847\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8bde4b0c8380cd4d27b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, K.R.","contributorId":37127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Proffitt, C.E. 0000-0002-0845-8441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-8441","contributorId":47339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proffitt","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025404,"text":"70025404 - 2003 - The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: A wingspread workshop summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025404","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: A wingspread workshop summary","docAbstract":"Numerous studies have documented the decline of amphibian populations over the past decade and no single factor has been the linked to these widespread declines. Determining the causes of declining amphibian populations worldwide has proven difficult because of the variety of anthropogenic and natural suspect agents. A Wingspread workshop, convened by The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), brought together individuals with expertise in the areas of amphibian biology, ecotoxicology, natural resource management, and environmental policy. This workshop had three objectives: 1) create a network for future discussions on multiple Stressor causes of declines; 2) characterize and prioritize technical issues critical to the analysis of the decline problem; and 3) identify and develop resource management approaches to promote sustainable and healthy amphibian populations. The workshop proceedings will be summarized in a book entitled, \"Multiple Stressors and Declining Amphibian Populations: Evaluating Cause and Effect.\" This paper summarizes the results of the workshop.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Multiple Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations","conferenceDate":"16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002","conferenceLocation":"Pittsburgh, PA","language":"English","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Krest, S., Linder, G., and Sparling, D.W., 2003, The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: A wingspread workshop summary, in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1443, Pittsburgh, PA, 16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002, p. 207-218.","startPage":"207","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1443","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf86e4b08c986b324871","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","contributorId":128348,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","id":536565,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Krest, S.K.","contributorId":45428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025839,"text":"70025839 - 2003 - Exploration and discovery in Yellowstone Lake: Results from high-resolution sonar imaging, seismic reflection profiling, and submersible studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-11T06:31:32","indexId":"70025839","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploration and discovery in Yellowstone Lake: Results from high-resolution sonar imaging, seismic reflection profiling, and submersible studies","docAbstract":"Discoveries from multi-beam sonar mapping and seismic reflection surveys of the northern, central, and West Thumb basins of Yellowstone Lake provide new insight into the extent of post-collapse volcanism and active hydrothermal processes occurring in a large lake environment above a large magma chamber. Yellowstone Lake has an irregular bottom covered with dozens of features directly related to hydrothermal, tectonic, volcanic, and sedimentary processes. Detailed bathymetric, seismic reflection, and magnetic evidence reveals that rhyolitic lava flows underlie much of Yellowstone Lake and exert fundamental control on lake bathymetry and localization of hydrothermal activity. Many previously unknown features have been identified and include over 250 hydrothermal vents, several very large (>500 m diameter) hydrothermal explosion craters, many small hydrothermal vent craters (∼1–200 m diameter), domed lacustrine sediments related to hydrothermal activity, elongate fissures cutting post-glacial sediments, siliceous hydrothermal spire structures, sublacustrine landslide deposits, submerged former shorelines, and a recently active graben. Sampling and observations with a submersible remotely operated vehicle confirm and extend our understanding of the identified features. Faults, fissures, hydrothermally inflated domal structures, hydrothermal explosion craters, and sublacustrine landslides constitute potentially significant geologic hazards. Toxic elements derived from hydrothermal processes also may significantly affect the Yellowstone ecosystem.
A group of satellite radar interferograms that span the time period from 1991 to 2000 shows that Westdahl volcano, Alaska, deflated during its 1991-1992 eruption and is reinflating at a rate that could produce another eruption within the next several years. The rates of inflation and deflation are approximated by exponential decay functions having time constants of about 6 years and a few days, respectively. This behavior is consistent with a deep, constant-pressure magma source connected to a shallow reservoir by a magma-filled conduit. An elastic deformation model indicates that the reservoir is located about 6 km below sea level and beneath Westdahl Peak. We propose that the magma flow rate through the conduit is governed by the pressure gradient between the deep source and the reservoir. The pressure gradient, and hence the flow rate, are greatest immediately after eruptions. Pressurization of the reservoir decreases both the pressure gradient and the flow rate, but eventually the reservoir ruptures and an eruption or intrusion ensues. The eruption rate is controlled partly by the pressure gradient between the reservoir and surface, and therefore it, too, decreases with time. When the supply of eruptible magma is exhausted, the eruption stops, the reservoir begins to repressurize at a high rate, and the cycle repeats. This model might also be appropriate for other frequently active volcanoes with stable magma sources and relatively simple magma storage systems.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2002JB002311","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Masterlark, T., Dzurisin, D., Rykhus, R., and Wicks, C., 2003, Magma supply dynamics at Westdahl volcano, Alaska, modeled from satellite radar interferometry: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 7, e2354: 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002311.","productDescription":"e2354: 9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jb002311","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b3de4b0c8380cd693b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rykhus, Russ","contributorId":53575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rykhus","given":"Russ","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wicks, C. Jr.","contributorId":87681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025508,"text":"70025508 - 2003 - Mixture models for estimating the size of a closed population when capture rates vary among individuals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T12:00:25.377785","indexId":"70025508","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixture models for estimating the size of a closed population when capture rates vary among individuals","docAbstract":"We develop a parameterization of the beta-binomial mixture that provides sensible inferences about the size of a closed population when probabilities of capture or detection vary among individuals. Three classes of mixture models (beta-binomial, logistic-normal, and latent-class) are fitted to recaptures of snowshoe hares for estimating abundance and to counts of bird species for estimating species richness. In both sets of data, rates of detection appear to vary more among individuals (animals or species) than among sampling occasions or locations. The estimates of population size and species richness are sensitive to model-specific assumptions about the latent distribution of individual rates of detection. We demonstrate using simulation experiments that conventional diagnostics for assessing model adequacy, such as deviance, cannot be relied on for selecting classes of mixture models that produce valid inferences about population size. Prior knowledge about sources of individual heterogeneity in detection rates, if available, should be used to help select among classes of mixture models that are to be used for inference.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1541-0420.00042","issn":"0006341X","usgsCitation":"Dorazio, R., and Royle, J., 2003, Mixture models for estimating the size of a closed population when capture rates vary among individuals: Biometrics, v. 59, no. 2, p. 351-364, https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-0420.00042.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"364","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b8ae4b0c8380cd6f61b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025429,"text":"70025429 - 2003 - Limitations and implications of stream classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025429","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limitations and implications of stream classification","docAbstract":"Stream classifications that are based on channel form, such as the Rosgen Level II classification, are useful tools for the physical description and grouping of streams and for providing a means of communication for stream studies involving scientists and (or) managers with different backgrounds. The Level II classification also is used as a tool to assess stream stability, infer geomorphic processes, predict future geomorphic response, and guide stream restoration or rehabilitation activities. The use of the Level II classification for these additional purposes is evaluated in this paper. Several examples are described to illustrate the limitations and management implications of the Level II classification. Limitations include: (1) time dependence, (2) uncertain applicability across physical environments, (3) difficulty in identification of a true equilibrium condition, (4) potential for incorrect determination of bankfull elevation, and (5) uncertain process significance of classification criteria. Implications of using stream classifications based on channel form, such as Rosgen's, include: (1) acceptance of the limitations, (2) acceptance of the risk of classifying streams incorrectly, and (3) classification results may be used inappropriately. It is concluded that use of the Level II classification for purposes beyond description and communication is not appropriate. Research needs are identified that, if addressed, may help improve the usefulness of the Level II classification.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Fitzpatrick, F., 2003, Limitations and implications of stream classification: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 3, p. 659-670.","startPage":"659","endPage":"670","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4787e4b0c8380cd678b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}