{"pageNumber":"2867","pageRowStart":"71650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184606,"records":[{"id":70025559,"text":"70025559 - 2003 - Discharge indices for water quality loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:40:03","indexId":"70025559","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discharge indices for water quality loads","docAbstract":"<p><span>Effective discharge has been used to describe the streamflow level that is responsible for transporting the most sediment over the long term. Careful inspection reveals that this concept may not have been well defined, and different interpretations have led to conflicting representations. Because total load is ultimately the quantity of interest, we define a new index, the half‐load discharge, which is that discharge above and below which half the total long‐term load is transported. The value of the half‐load discharge is derived for a reasonable model of flows and constituent concentration. The effective discharge has generally been thought to be a relatively common or frequent flood. The half‐load discharge is generally a much greater and less frequent flow than commonly used estimators of the effective discharge. Relations provided here for the frequency and magnitude of the half‐load discharge provide evidence that it is relatively rare floods that transport most of the sediment over the long term. These ideas apply to other constituents as well.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001872","usgsCitation":"Vogel, R.M., Stedinger, J.R., and Hooper, R.P., 2003, Discharge indices for water quality loads: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 10, p. 1-1-1-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001872.","productDescription":"Article 1273; 9 p.","startPage":"1-1","endPage":"1-9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001872","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01dfe4b0c8380cd4fd81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogel, Richard M.","contributorId":66811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stedinger, Jery R. 0000-0002-7081-729X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7081-729X","contributorId":203276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stedinger","given":"Jery","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, Richard P.","contributorId":19144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025560,"text":"70025560 - 2003 - An adenovirus linked to mortality and disease in long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-10T19:36:28","indexId":"70025560","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":948,"text":"Avian Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An adenovirus linked to mortality and disease in long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) in Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>An adenovirus was isolated from intestinal samples of two long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) collected during a die-off in the Beaufort Sea off the north coast of Alaska in 2000. The virus was not neutralized by reference antiserum against known group I, II, or III avian adenoviruses and may represent a new serotype. The prevalence of the virus was determined in live-trapped long-tailed ducks at the mortality site and at a reference site 100 km away where no mortality was observed. Prevalence of adenovirus antibodies in serum samples at the mortality site was 86% compared to 10% at the reference site. Furthermore, 50% of cloacal swabs collected at the mortality site and only 7% of swabs from the reference site were positive for adenoviruses. In 2001, no mortality was observed at either of the study areas, and virus prevalence in both serum and cloacal samples was low, providing further evidence that the adenovirus was linked to the mortality event in 2000. The virus was used to infect long-tailed ducks under experimental conditions and resulted in lesions previously described for avian adenovirus infections and similar to those observed in long-tailed duck carcasses from the Beaufort Sea. The status of long-tailed ducks has recently become a concern in Alaska due to precipitous declines in breeding populations there since the mid-1970s. Our findings suggest that the newly isolated adenovirus is a disease agent and source of mortality in long-tailed ducks, and thus could be a contributing factor in population declines.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists","publisherLocation":"Jacksonville, FL","doi":"10.1637/7029","issn":"00052086","usgsCitation":"Hollmén, T., Franson, J.C., Flint, P.L., Grand, J., Lanctot, R., Docherty, D.E., and Wilson, H., 2003, An adenovirus linked to mortality and disease in long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) in Alaska: Avian Diseases, v. 47, no. 4, p. 1434-1440, https://doi.org/10.1637/7029.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1434","endPage":"1440","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258910,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1637/7029","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Stockton, Maguire, Flaxman, Jones and Return Island Island complexes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -151.34765625,\n              69.72572191418737\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.43701171875,\n              69.72572191418737\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.43701171875,\n              70.59072066265595\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.34765625,\n              70.59072066265595\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.34765625,\n              69.72572191418737\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9e3e4b0c8380cd484f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollmén, Tuula E.","contributorId":32112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hollmén","given":"Tuula E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":77879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilson, H.M.","contributorId":37306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70026011,"text":"70026011 - 2003 - Photodegradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026011","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photodegradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates","docAbstract":"Arsenic compounds have been used extensively in agriculture in the US for applications ranging from cotton herbicides to animal feed supplements. Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid), in particular, is used widely in poultry production to control coccidial intestinal parasites. It is excreted unchanged in the manure and introduced into the environment when litter is applied to farmland as fertilizer. Although the toxicity of roxarsone is less than that of inorganic arsenic, roxarsone can degrade, biotically and abiotically, to produce more toxic inorganic forms of arsenic, such as arsenite and arsenate. Experiments were conducted on aqueous litter leachates to test the stability of roxarsone under different conditions. Laboratory experiments have shown that arsenite can be cleaved photolytically from the roxarsone moiety at pH 4-8 and that the degradation rate increases with increasing pH. Furthermore, the rate of photodegradation increases with nitrate and natural organic matter concentration, reactants that are commonly found in poultry-litter-water leachates. Additional photochemical reactions rapidly oxidize the cleaved arsenite to arsenate. The formation of arsenate is not entirely undesirable, because it is less mobile in soil systems and less toxic than arsenite. A possible mechanism for the degradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates is proposed. The results suggest that poultry litter storage and field application practices could affect the degradation of roxarsone and subsequent mobilization of inorganic arsenic species. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00322-4","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Bednar, A., Garbarino, J., Ferrer, I., Rutherford, D., Wershaw, R., Ranville, J., and Wildeman, T., 2003, Photodegradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates: Science of the Total Environment, v. 302, no. 1-3, p. 237-245, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00322-4.","startPage":"237","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208756,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00322-4"},{"id":234726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"302","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78c6e4b0c8380cd7879c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bednar, A.J.","contributorId":67247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bednar","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrer, I.","contributorId":97260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rutherford, D.W.","contributorId":21244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ranville, J. F.","contributorId":54245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wildeman, T.R.","contributorId":30248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildeman","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70025562,"text":"70025562 - 2003 - Chemical and isotopic properties of kukersites from Iowa and Estonia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025562","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and isotopic properties of kukersites from Iowa and Estonia","docAbstract":"Kukersite samples from Estonia and Iowa were analyzed for elemental composition, functional group distribution, and carbon and hydrogen stable isotope ratios. The elemental and hydrogen isotope values, together with other analytical data, suggest a higher thermal maturity for the Iowa kukersite. The wide carbon isotopic range of 9.3??? among kukersites, with unusually negative ??13C values reaching -33.2???, indicates isotopically variable carbon sources for production of biomass, and thus major paleoceanographic differences between the environments supporting biosynthesis. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00138-4","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Schimmelmann, A., Hower, J., Lis, G., Hatch, J., and Jacobson, S., 2003, Chemical and isotopic properties of kukersites from Iowa and Estonia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 34, no. 10, p. 1419-1427, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00138-4.","startPage":"1419","endPage":"1427","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209381,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00138-4"},{"id":235754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f547e4b0c8380cd4c153","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lis, G.","contributorId":62806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lis","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatch, J.","contributorId":104262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jacobson, S.R.","contributorId":40731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026098,"text":"70026098 - 2003 - Eolian sand transport pathways in the southwestern United States: Importance of the Colorado River and local sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:26:20","indexId":"70026098","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eolian sand transport pathways in the southwestern United States: Importance of the Colorado River and local sources","docAbstract":"Geomorphologists have long recognized that eolian sand transport pathways extend over long distances in desert regions. Along such pathways, sediment transport by wind can surmount topographic obstacles and cross major drainages. Recent studies have suggested that three distinct eolian sand transport pathways exist (or once existed) in the Mojave and Sonoran Desert regions of the southwestern United States. One hypothesized pathway is colian sand transport from the eastern Mojave Desert of California into western Arizona, near Parker, and would require sand movement across what must have been at least a seasonally dry Colorado River valley. We tested this hypothesis by mineralogical, geochemical and magnetic analyses of eolian sands on both sides of the Colorado River, as well as sediment from the river itself. Results indicate that dunes on opposite sides of the Colorado River are mineralogically distinct: eastern California dunes are feldspar-rich whereas western Arizona dunes are quartz-rich, derived from quartz-rich Colorado River sediments. Because of historic vegetation changes, little new sediment from the Colorado River is presently available to supply the Parker dunes. Based on this study and previous work, the Colorado River is now known to be the source of sand for at least three of the major dune fields of the Sonoran Desert of western Arizona and northern Mexico. On the other hand, locally derived alluvium appears to be a more important source of dune fields in the Mojave Desert of California. Although many geomorphologists have stressed the importance of large fluvial systems in the origin of desert dune fields, few empirical data actually exist to support this theory. The results presented here demonstrate that a major river system in the southwestern United States is a barrier to the migration of some dune fields, but essential to the origin of others. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00131-3","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., Reynolds, R.L., Been, J., and Skipp, G., 2003, Eolian sand transport pathways in the southwestern United States: Importance of the Colorado River and local sources: Quaternary International, v. 104, no. 1, p. 3-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00131-3.","startPage":"3","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208939,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00131-3"},{"id":235060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a01e4b0c8380cd52156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, R. L. 0000-0002-4572-2942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":79885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Been, J.","contributorId":24949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skipp, G.","contributorId":49899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026100,"text":"70026100 - 2003 - Topographically driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow paradox revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026100","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographically driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow paradox revisited","docAbstract":"Evidence for a weak San Andreas Fault includes (1) borehole heat flow measurements that show no evidence for a frictionally generated heat flow anomaly and (2) the inferred orientation of ??1 nearly perpendicular to the fault trace. Interpretations of the stress orientation data remain controversial, at least in close proximity to the fault, leading some researchers to hypothesize that the San Andreas Fault is, in fact, strong and that its thermal signature may be removed or redistributed by topographically driven groundwater flow in areas of rugged topography, such as typify the San Andreas Fault system. To evaluate this scenario, we use a steady state, two-dimensional model of coupled heat and fluid flow within cross sections oriented perpendicular to the fault and to the primary regional topography. Our results show that existing heat flow data near Parkfield, California, do not readily discriminate between the expected thermal signature of a strong fault and that of a weak fault. In contrast, for a wide range of groundwater flow scenarios in the Mojave Desert, models that include frictional heat generation along a strong fault are inconsistent with existing heat flow data, suggesting that the San Andreas Fault at this location is indeed weak. In both areas, comparison of modeling results and heat flow data suggest that advective redistribution of heat is minimal. The robust results for the Mojave region demonstrate that topographically driven groundwater flow, at least in two dimensions, is inadequate to obscure the frictionally generated heat flow anomaly from a strong fault. However, our results do not preclude the possibility of transient advective heat transport associated with earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Saffer, D., Bekins, B., and Hickman, S., 2003, Topographically driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow paradox revisited: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 5.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4e3e4b08c986b3265e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saffer, D.M.","contributorId":72945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffer","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, S.","contributorId":79995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025537,"text":"70025537 - 2003 - Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T15:13:56","indexId":"70025537","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon","docAbstract":"<p>Oxygen consumption rates of adult spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha increased with swim speed and, depending on temperature and fish mass, ranged from 609 mg O2 h-1 at 30 cm s-1 (c. 0.5 BLs-1) to 3347 mg O2 h-1 at 170 cm s -1 (c. 2.3 BLs-1). Corrected for fish mass, these values ranged from 122 to 670 mg O2 kg-1 h-1, and were similar to other Oncorhynchus species. At all temperatures (8, 12.5 and 17??C), maximum oxygen consumption values levelled off and slightly declined with increasing swim speed &gt;170 cm s-1, and a third-order polynomial regression model fitted the data best. The upper critical swim speed (Ucrit) of fish tested at two laboratories averaged 155 cm s -1 (2.1 BLs-1), but Ucrit of fish tested at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory were significantly higher (mean 165 cm s-1) than those from fish tested at the Columbia River Research Laboratory (mean 140 cm s-1). Swim trials using fish that had electromyogram (EMG) transmitters implanted in them suggested that at a swim speed of c. 135 cm s-1, red muscle EMG pulse rates slowed and white muscle EMG pulse rates increased. Although there was significant variation between individual fish, this swim speed was c. 80% of the Ucrit for the fish used in the EMG trials (mean Ucrit 168.2 cm s-1). Bioenergetic modelling of the upstream migration of adult chinook salmon should consider incorporating an anaerobic fraction of the energy budget when swim speeds are ???80% of the Ucrit. ?? 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00217.x","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Geist, D., Brown, R., Cullinan, V., Mesa, M., VanderKooi, S.P., and McKinstry, C., 2003, Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 63, no. 4, p. 970-989, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00217.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"970","endPage":"989","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209448,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00217.x"}],"volume":"63","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a7a8e4b0e8fec6cdc52c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, D.R.","contributorId":45091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R.S.","contributorId":68084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cullinan, V.I.","contributorId":51078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullinan","given":"V.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"VanderKooi, S. P.","contributorId":12587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderKooi","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McKinstry, C.A.","contributorId":90093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinstry","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025414,"text":"70025414 - 2003 - Increased baseflow in Iowa over the second half of the 20th Century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T18:13:32.433757","indexId":"70025414","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased baseflow in Iowa over the second half of the 20th Century","docAbstract":"<p><span>Historical trends&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;annual discharge characteristics were evaluated for 11 gauging stations located throughout&nbsp;</span>Iowa<span>. Discharge records from nine eight-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC-8) watersheds were examined for the period 1940 to 2000, whereas data for two larger river systems (Cedar and Des Moines Rivers) were examined for a longer period of record (1903 to 2000).&nbsp;</span>In<span>&nbsp;nearly all watersheds evaluated, annual&nbsp;</span>baseflow<span>, annual minimum flow, and the annual&nbsp;</span>baseflow<span>&nbsp;percentage significantly&nbsp;</span>increased<span>&nbsp;</span>over<span>&nbsp;time. Some rivers also exhibited increasing trends&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;total annual discharge, whereas only the Maquoketa River had significantly decreased annual maximum flows. Regression of stream discharge versus precipitation indicated that more precipitation is being routed into streams as&nbsp;</span>baseflow<span>&nbsp;than as stormflow&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span>second<span>&nbsp;</span>half<span>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;</span>20th<span>&nbsp;</span>Century<span>. Reasons for the observed streamflow trends are hypothesized to include improved conservation practices, greater artificial drainage, increasing row crop production, and channel incision. Each of these reasons is consistent with the observed trends, and all are likely responsible to some degree&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;most watersheds.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04410.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., and Libra, R., 2003, Increased baseflow in Iowa over the second half of the 20th Century: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 4, p. 851-860, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04410.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"851","endPage":"860","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04410.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.591796875,\n              40.51379915504413\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.17578124999999,\n              40.51379915504413\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.17578124999999,\n              43.58039085560784\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.591796875,\n              43.58039085560784\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.591796875,\n              40.51379915504413\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39f5e4b0c8380cd61ad1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Libra, R.D.","contributorId":54353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libra","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025415,"text":"70025415 - 2003 - Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T21:30:22.421569","indexId":"70025415","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995","docAbstract":"<p>Shifts in the demographic and economic character of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) are driving patterns of land cover and land use change in the region. Such changes may have important consequences for ecosystem functioning. The objective of this paper is to quantify the trajectories and rates of change in land cover and use across the GYE for the period 1975-1995 using satellite imagery. Spectral and geographic variables were used as inputs to classification tree regression analysis (CART) to find \"rules\" which defined land use and land cover classes on the landscape. The resulting CART functions were used to map land cover and land use across seven Landsat TM scenes for 1995. We then used a thresholding technique to identify locations that differed in spectral properties between the 1995 and 1985 time periods. These \"changed\" locations were classified using CART functions derived from spectral and geographic data from 1985. This was similarly done for the year 1975 based on Landsat MSS data. Differences between the 1975, 1985, and 1995 maps were considered change in land cover and use. We calibrated and tested the accuracy of our models using data acquired through manual interpretation of aerial photos. Elevation and vegetative indices derived from the remotely sensed satellite imagery explained the most variance in the land use and land cover classes (-i.e., defined the \"rules\" most often). Overall accuracies from our study were good, ranging from 94% at the coarsest level of detail to 74% at the finest. The largest changes over the study period were the increases in burned, urban, and mixed conifer-herbaceous classes and decreases in woody deciduous, mixed woody deciduous-herbaceous, and conifer habitats. These changes have important implications for ecological function and biodiversity. The expansion of mixed conifer classes may increase fuel loads and enhance risk to the growing number of rural homes. The reduction of woody deciduous cover types is likely reducing population sizes for the numerous plant and animal species that specialize on this habitat type. Some of these species are also negatively influenced by the increase of rural homes in and near woody deciduous habitats.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0687:LUALCC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Parmenter, A., Hansen, A., Kennedy, R., Cohen, W., Langner, U., Lawrence, R., Maxwell, B., Gallant, A., and Aspinall, R., 2003, Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995: Ecological Applications, v. 13, no. 3, p. 687-703, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0687:LUALCC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"687","endPage":"703","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.434814453125,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.434814453125,\n              45.29034662473613\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              45.29034662473613\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a42ebe4b0c8380cd65fab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parmenter, A.W.","contributorId":45877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmenter","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, A.","contributorId":81675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, R.E.","contributorId":99353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cohen, W.","contributorId":36347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langner, U.","contributorId":31959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langner","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lawrence, R.","contributorId":101430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Maxwell, B.","contributorId":56615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":99354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Aspinall, R.","contributorId":89706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aspinall","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70026102,"text":"70026102 - 2003 - Causes of mortality in California sea otters during periods of population growth and decline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T19:36:29.285496","indexId":"70026102","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Causes of mortality in California sea otters during periods of population growth and decline","docAbstract":"<p><span>Elevated&nbsp;</span>mortality<span>&nbsp;appears to be the main reason for both sluggish&nbsp;</span>growth<span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span>periods<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>decline<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the threatened&nbsp;</span>California<span>&nbsp;</span>sea<span>&nbsp;</span>otter<span>&nbsp;</span>population<span>. We assessed&nbsp;</span>causes<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>mortality<span>&nbsp;from salvage records of 3,105 beach-cast carcasses recovered from 1968 through 1999, contrasting two&nbsp;</span>periods<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>growth<span>&nbsp;with two&nbsp;</span>periods<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>decline<span>. Overall, an estimated 40%-60% of the deaths were not recovered and 70% of the recovered carcasses died from unknown&nbsp;</span>causes<span>. Nonetheless, several common patterns were evident&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the salvage records during the&nbsp;</span>periods<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>population<span>&nbsp;</span>decline<span>. These included greater percentages of (1) prime age animals (3-10 yr), (2) carcasses killed by great white shark attacks, (3) carcasses recovered&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;spring and summer, and (4) carcasses for which the&nbsp;</span>cause<span>&nbsp;of death was unknown. Neither sex composition nor the proportion of carcasses dying of infectious disease varied consistently between&nbsp;</span>periods<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>population<span>&nbsp;increase and&nbsp;</span>decline<span>. The&nbsp;</span>population<span>&nbsp;</span>decline<span>&nbsp;from 1976 to 1984 was likely due to incidental&nbsp;</span>mortality<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;a set-net fishery, and the&nbsp;</span>decline<span>&nbsp;from 1995 to 1999 may be related to a developing live-fish fishery. Long-term trends unrelated to&nbsp;</span>periods<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>growth<span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span>decline<span>&nbsp;included a decrease&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;per capita pup production and mass/length ratios of adult carcasses over the 31-yr study. The generally high proportion of deaths from infectious disease suggests that this factor has contributed to the chronically sluggish&nbsp;</span>growth<span>&nbsp;rate of the&nbsp;</span>California<span>&nbsp;</span>sea<span>&nbsp;</span>otter<span>&nbsp;</span>population<span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01102.x","issn":"08240469","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., Hatfield, B., Ralls, K., and Ames, J., 2003, Causes of mortality in California sea otters during periods of population growth and decline: Marine Mammal Science, v. 19, no. 1, p. 198-216, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01102.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"216","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              42.06560675405716\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.4091796875,\n              40.48038142908172\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.70605468750001,\n              38.89103282648846\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.08007812499999,\n              36.13787471840729\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.498046875,\n              34.379712580462204\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.8505859375,\n              32.509761735919426\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.873046875,\n              32.69486597787505\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              34.45221847282654\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              38.993572058209466\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              42.06560675405716\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3d5e4b0c8380cd4b9bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, B.B.","contributorId":107638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ralls, K.","contributorId":107222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralls","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ames, J.","contributorId":80613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ames","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025417,"text":"70025417 - 2003 - Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in an effluent-dominated reach of the Santa Cruz River, AZ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025417","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in an effluent-dominated reach of the Santa Cruz River, AZ","docAbstract":"This study provides an assessment of the ecological conditions of a 46-km effluent-dominated stream section of the Santa Cruz River in the vicinity of the International Waste Water Treatment Plant, Nogales, AZ. We associated changes in the structure of the macroinvertebrate community to natural and anthropogenic chemical and physical variables using multivariate analysis. The analysis shows that biological criteria for effluent-dominated streams can be established using macroinvertebrate community attributes only with an understanding of the contribution of three classes of variables on the community structure: (1) low flow hydrological discharge as affected by groundwater withdrawals, treatment plant discharge, and subsurface geomorphology; (2) chemical composition of the treatment plant discharge and natural dilution; and (3) naturally produced floods resulting from seasonality of precipitation. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00014-1","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Boyle, T., and Fraleigh, H., 2003, Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in an effluent-dominated reach of the Santa Cruz River, AZ: Ecological Indicators, v. 3, no. 2, p. 93-117, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00014-1.","startPage":"93","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209394,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00014-1"},{"id":235784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a62d5e4b0c8380cd7212d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyle, T.P.","contributorId":79061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fraleigh, H.D. Jr.","contributorId":50703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraleigh","given":"H.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026010,"text":"70026010 - 2003 - Fault systems of the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, southern California: Relocated aftershocks and seismic images from LARSE II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026010","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault systems of the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, southern California: Relocated aftershocks and seismic images from LARSE II","docAbstract":"We have constructed a composite image of the fault systems of the M 6.7 San Fernando (1971) and Northridge (1994), California, earthquakes, using industry reflection and oil test well data in the upper few kilometers of the crust, relocated aftershocks in the seismogenic crust, and LARSE II (Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment, Phase II) reflection data in the middle and lower crust. In this image, the San Fernando fault system appears to consist of a decollement that extends 50 km northward at a dip of ???25?? from near the surface at the Northridge Hills fault, in the northern San Fernando Valley, to the San Andreas fault in the middle to lower crust. It follows a prominent aseismic reflective zone below and northward of the main-shock hypocenter. Interpreted upward splays off this decollement include the Mission Hills and San Gabriel faults and the two main rupture planes of the San Fernando earthquake, which appear to divide the hanging wall into shingle- or wedge-like blocks. In contrast, the fault system for the Northridge earthquake appears simple, at least east of the LARSE II transect, consisting of a fault that extends 20 km southward at a dip of ???33?? from ???7 km depth beneath the Santa Susana Mountains, where it abuts the interpreted San Fernando decollement, to ???20 km depth beneath the Santa Monica Mountains. It follows a weak aseismic reflective zone below and southward of the mainshock hypocenter. The middle crustal reflective zone along the interpreted San Fernando decollement appears similar to a reflective zone imaged beneath the San Gabriel Mountains along the LARSE I transect, to the east, in that it appears to connect major reverse or thrust faults in the Los Angeles region to the San Andreas fault. However, it differs in having a moderate versus a gentle dip and in containing no mid-crustal bright reflections.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G., Clayton, R., Davis, P., Ryberg, T., Lutter, W.J., Okaya, D.A., Hauksson, E., Prodehl, C., Murphy, J., Benthien, M., Baher, S., Kohler, M., Thygesen, K., Simila, G., and Keller, G.R., 2003, Fault systems of the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, southern California: Relocated aftershocks and seismic images from LARSE II: Geology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 171-174.","startPage":"171","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f1de4b0c8380cd53790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, R.W.","contributorId":63413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, P.M.","contributorId":15229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ryberg, T.","contributorId":91643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lutter, W. J.","contributorId":90361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Okaya, D. A.","contributorId":64280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okaya","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hauksson, E.","contributorId":10932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauksson","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Prodehl, C.","contributorId":100376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodehl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Murphy, J.M.","contributorId":84760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Benthien, M.L.","contributorId":20780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benthien","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Baher, S.A.","contributorId":14168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baher","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kohler, M.D.","contributorId":47399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Thygesen, K.","contributorId":56840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thygesen","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Simila, G.","contributorId":18151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simila","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70026103,"text":"70026103 - 2003 - Highly siderophile elements in chondrites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026103","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Highly siderophile elements in chondrites","docAbstract":"The abundances of the highly siderophile elements (HSE), Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt and Pd, were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry for bulk samples of 13 carbonaceous chondrites, 13 ordinary chondrites and 9 enstatite chondrites. These data are coupled with corresponding 187Re-187Os isotopic data reported by Walker et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2002] in order to constrain the nature and timing of chemical fractionation relating to these elements in the early solar system. The suite of chondrites examined displays considerable variations in absolute abundances of the HSE, and in the ratios of certain HSE. Absolute abundances of the HSE vary by nearly a factor of 80 among the chondrite groups, although most vary within a factor of only 2. Variations in concentration largely reflect heterogeneities in the sample aliquants. Different aliquants of the same chondrite may contain variable proportions of metal and/or refractory inclusions that are HSE-rich, and sulfides that are HSE-poor. The relatively low concentrations of the HSE in CI1 chondrites likely reflect dilution by the presence of volatile components. Carbonaceous chondrites have Re/Os ratios that are, on average, approximately 8% lower than ratios for ordinary and enstatite chondrites. This is also reflected in 187Os/188Os ratios that are approximately 3% lower for carbonaceous chondrites than for ordinary and enstatite chondrites. Given the similarly refractory natures of Re and Os, this fractionation may have occurred within a narrow range of high temperatures, during condensation of these elements from the solar nebula. Superimposed on this major fractionation are more modest movements of Re or Os that occurred within the last 0-2 Ga, as indicated by minor open-system behavior of the Re-Os isotope systematics of some chondrites. The relative abundances of other HSE can also be used to discriminate among the major classes of chondrites. For example, in comparison to the enstatite chondrites, carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites have distinctly lower ratios of Pd to the more refractory HSE (Re, Os, Ir, Ru and Pt). Differences are particularly well resolved for the EH chondrites that have Pd/Ir ratios that average more than 40% higher than for carbonaceous and ordinary chondrite classes. This fractionation probably occurred at lower temperatures, and may be associated with fractionation processes that also affected the major refractory lithophile elements. Combined, 187Os/188Os ratios and HSE ratios reflect unique early solar system processing of HSE for each major chondrite class. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00405-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Horan, M., Walker, R., Morgan, J.W., Grossman, J.N., and Rubin, A., 2003, Highly siderophile elements in chondrites: Chemical Geology, v. 196, no. 1-4, p. 5-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00405-9.","startPage":"5","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208661,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00405-9"},{"id":234553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3149e4b0c8380cd5ddca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horan, M.F.","contributorId":75282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horan","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rubin, A.E.","contributorId":99308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026104,"text":"70026104 - 2003 - Chlorine-36 and 14C chronology support a limited last glacial maximum across central Chukotka, northeastern Siberia, and no Beringian ice sheet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026104","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorine-36 and 14C chronology support a limited last glacial maximum across central Chukotka, northeastern Siberia, and no Beringian ice sheet","docAbstract":"The Pekulney Mountains and adjacent Tanyurer River valley are key regions for examining the nature of glaciation across much of northeast Russia. Twelve new cosmogenic isotope ages and 14 new radiocarbon ages in concert with morphometric analyses and terrace stratigraphy constrain the timing of glaciation in this region of central Chukotka. The Sartan Glaciation (Last Glacial Maximum) was limited in extent in the Pekulney Mountains and dates to ???20,000 yr ago. Cosmogenic isotope ages > 30,000 yr as well as non-finite radiocarbon ages imply an estimated age no younger than the Zyryan Glaciation (early Wisconsinan) for large sets of moraines found in the central Tanyurer Valley. Slope angles on these loess-mantled ridges are less than a few degrees and crest widths are an order of magnitude greater than those found on the younger Sartan moraines. The most extensive moraines in the lower Tanyurer Valley are most subdued implying an even older, probable middle Pleistocene age. This research provides direct field evidence against Grosswald's Beringian ice-sheet hypothesis. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00058-9","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Brigham-Grette, J., Gualtieri, L., Glushkova, O., Hamilton, T.D., Mostoller, D., and Kotov, A., 2003, Chlorine-36 and 14C chronology support a limited last glacial maximum across central Chukotka, northeastern Siberia, and no Beringian ice sheet: Quaternary Research, v. 59, no. 3, p. 386-398, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00058-9.","startPage":"386","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208662,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00058-9"},{"id":234554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5cce4b0c8380cd4c417","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brigham-Grette, J.","contributorId":78869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham-Grette","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gualtieri, L.M.","contributorId":14165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gualtieri","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glushkova, O.Y.","contributorId":108290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glushkova","given":"O.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, T. D.","contributorId":36921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mostoller, D.","contributorId":101853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mostoller","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kotov, A.","contributorId":68078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotov","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025744,"text":"70025744 - 2003 - Effects of various feed supplements containing fish protein hydrolysate or fish processing by-products on the innate immune functions of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T13:54:51","indexId":"70025744","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of various feed supplements containing fish protein hydrolysate or fish processing by-products on the innate immune functions of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","docAbstract":"<p>Immunomodulators administered to fish in the diet have been shown in some cases to enhance innate immune defense mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that polypeptide fractions found in fish protein hydrolysates may stimulate factors in fish important for disease resistance. For the current study, groups of coho salmon were reared on practical feeds that contained either fish meal (Control diet), fish meal supplemented with cooked fish by-products, or fish meal supplemented with hydrolyzed fish protein alone, or with hydrolyzed fish protein and processed fish bones. For each diet group, three replicate tanks of fish were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Morphometric measurements, and serologic and cellular assays were used to evaluate the general health and immunocompetence of fish in the various feed groups. Whereas the experimental diets had no effect on the morphometric and cellular measurements, fish fed cooked by-products had increased leucocrit levels and lower hematocrit levels than fish from the other feed groups. Innate cellular responses were increased in all feed groups after feeding the four experimental diets compared with pre-feed results. Subgroups of fish from each diet group were also challenged with Vibrio anguillarum (ca. 7.71 ?? 105 bacteria ml-1) at 15??C by immersion. No differences were found in survival among the various feed groups.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00426-X","issn":"00448486","usgsCitation":"Murray, A., Pascho, R., Alcorn, S., Fairgrieve, W., Shearer, K., and Roley, D., 2003, Effects of various feed supplements containing fish protein hydrolysate or fish processing by-products on the innate immune functions of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): Aquaculture, v. 220, no. 1-4, p. 643-653, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00426-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"653","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208703,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00426-X"}],"volume":"220","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0830e4b0c8380cd519f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, A.L.","contributorId":70151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alcorn, S.W.","contributorId":37499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alcorn","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fairgrieve, W.T.","contributorId":39987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairgrieve","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shearer, K.D.","contributorId":40391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearer","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roley, D.","contributorId":55617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roley","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026009,"text":"70026009 - 2003 - Potential effects of climate change on ground water in Lansing, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T17:59:26.554716","indexId":"70026009","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of climate change on ground water in Lansing, Michigan","docAbstract":"<p><span>Computer simulations involving general circulation models, a hydrologic modeling system, and a ground water flow model indicate potential impacts of selected climate change projections on ground water levels in the Lansing, Michigan, area. General circulation models developed by the Canadian Climate Centre and the Hadley Centre generated meteorology estimates for 1961 through 1990 (as a reference condition) and for the 20 years centered on 2030 (as a changed climate condition). Using these meteorology estimates, the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory's hydrologic modeling system produced corresponding period streamflow simulations. Ground water recharge was estimated from the streamflow simulations and from variables derived from the general circulation models. The U.S. Geological Survey developed a numerical ground water flow model of the Saginaw and glacial aquifers in the Tri-County region surrounding Lansing, Michigan. Model simulations, using the ground water recharge estimates, indicate changes in ground water levels. Within the Lansing area, simulated ground water levels in the Saginaw aquifer declined under the Canadian predictions and increased under the Hadley.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb01568.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Croley, T., and Luukkonen, C.L., 2003, Potential effects of climate change on ground water in Lansing, Michigan: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 1, p. 149-163, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb01568.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"163","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Michigan","city":"Lansing","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.814453125,\n              42.62587560259137\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.276123046875,\n              42.62587560259137\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.276123046875,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.814453125,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.814453125,\n              42.62587560259137\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ecfe4b0c8380cd7a776","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Croley, T.E. II","contributorId":58381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croley","given":"T.E.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luukkonen, C. L.","contributorId":28962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026007,"text":"70026007 - 2003 - Home range and movements of boreal toads in undisturbed habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T15:33:10.426138","indexId":"70026007","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Home range and movements of boreal toads in undisturbed habitat","docAbstract":"<p><span>I sampled&nbsp;</span>movements<span>&nbsp;and amount of area used by&nbsp;</span>boreal<span>&nbsp;</span>toads<span>&nbsp;(Bufo boreas) between June and October for 3 yr. Females were found farther from the breeding site than were males, and mean&nbsp;</span>home<span>&nbsp;ranges, as calculated by the adaptive kernel method, were four times larger for females than for males. Temperature and snow accumulation were comparable over the study, but data collection was hampered by mortality of animals caused by an outbreak of amphibian chytridiomycosis&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;yr 2. These data provide insight into use of&nbsp;</span>habitat<span>&nbsp;by&nbsp;</span>boreal<span>&nbsp;</span>toads<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>undisturbed<span>&nbsp;areas but may not be typical of a completely healthy population.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.1643/0045-8511(2003)003[0160:HRAMOB]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00458511","usgsCitation":"Muths, E., 2003, Home range and movements of boreal toads in undisturbed habitat: Copeia, no. 1, p. 160-165, https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2003)003[0160:HRAMOB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"165","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3200e4b0c8380cd5e438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muths, E.","contributorId":6394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026108,"text":"70026108 - 2003 - Evaluating the importance of human-modified lands for neotropical bird conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026108","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the importance of human-modified lands for neotropical bird conservation","docAbstract":"Development of effective conservation plans for terrestrial animals will require some assessment of which human-modified and natural habitats can support populations of priority species. We examined bird communities associated with 11 natural and human-modified habitats in Panama and assessed the importance of those habitats for species of different vulnerability to disturbance. We calculated habitat importance scores using both relative habitat preferences and vulnerability scores for all species present. Species of moderate and high vulnerability were primarily those categorized as forest specialists or forest generalists. As expected, even species-rich nonforest habitats provided little conservation value for the most vulnerable species. However, shaded coffee plantations and gallery forest corridors were modified habitats with relatively high conservation value. Sugar cane fields and Caribbean pine plantations offered virtually no conservation value for birds. Our method of assessing the conservation importance of different habitats is useful because it considers the types of species present and the potential role of the habitat in the conservation of those species (i.e., habitat preference). This method of habitat evaluation could be tailored to other conservation contexts with any measure of species vulnerability desired.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.00124.x","issn":"08888892","usgsCitation":"Petit, L.J., and Petit, D.R., 2003, Evaluating the importance of human-modified lands for neotropical bird conservation: Conservation Biology, v. 17, no. 3, p. 687-694, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.00124.x.","startPage":"687","endPage":"694","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208699,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.00124.x"},{"id":234623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bfae4b0c8380cd52999","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petit, L. J.","contributorId":22053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petit, D. R.","contributorId":97865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025563,"text":"70025563 - 2003 - Fault trends on the seaward slope of the Aleutian Trench: Implications for a laterally changing stress field tied to a westward increase in oblique convergence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025563","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault trends on the seaward slope of the Aleutian Trench: Implications for a laterally changing stress field tied to a westward increase in oblique convergence","docAbstract":"Normal faults along the seaward trench slope (STS) commonly strike parallel to the trench in response to bending of the oceanic plate into the subduction zone. This is not the circumstance for the Aleutian Trench, where the direction of convergence gradually changes westward, from normal to transform motion. GLORIA side-scan sonar images document that the Aleutian STS is dominated by faults striking oblique to the trench, west of 179??E and east of 172??W. These images also show a pattern of east-west trending seafloor faults that are aligned parallel to the spreading fabric defined by magnetic anomalies. The stress-strain field along the STS is divided into two domains west and east, respectively, of 179??E. Over the western domain, STS faults and nodal planes of earthquakes are oriented oblique (9??-46??) to the trench axis and (69??-90??) to the magnetic fabric. West of 179??E, STS fault strikes change by 36?? from the E-W trend of STS where the trench-parallel slip gets larger than its orthogonal component of convergence. This rotation indicates that horizontal stresses along the western domain of the STS are deflected by the increasing obliquity in convergence. An analytical model supports the idea that strikes of STS faults result from a superposition of stresses associated with the dextral shear couple of the oblique convergence and stresses caused by plate bending. For the eastern domain, most nodal planes of earthquakes strike parallel to the outer rise, indicating bending as the prevailing mechanism causing normal faulting. East of 172??W, STS faults strike parallel to the magnetic fabric but oblique (10??-26??) to the axis of the trench. On the basis of a Coulomb failure criterion the trench-oblique strikes probably result from reactivation of crustal faults generated by spreading. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mortera-Gutierrez, C.A., Scholl, D., and Carlson, R., 2003, Fault trends on the seaward slope of the Aleutian Trench: Implications for a laterally changing stress field tied to a westward increase in oblique convergence: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 10.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f1de4b0c8380cd53793","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mortera-Gutierrez, C. A.","contributorId":38860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortera-Gutierrez","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, R.L.","contributorId":7578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026109,"text":"70026109 - 2003 - Paleoearthquakes and Eolian-dominated fault sedimentation along the Hubbell Spring fault zone near Albuquerque, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:16:31.839027","indexId":"70026109","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoearthquakes and Eolian-dominated fault sedimentation along the Hubbell Spring fault zone near Albuquerque, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Hubbell Spring fault zone forms the modern eastern margin of the Rio Grande rift in the Albuquerque basin of north-central New Mexico. Knowledge of its seismic potential is important because the fault zone transects Kirtland Air Force Base/Sandia National Laboratories and underlies the southern Albuquerque metropolitan area. No earthquakes larger than ML 5.5 have been reported in the last 150 years in this region, so we excavated the first trench across this fault zone to determine its late Quaternary paleoseismic history. Our trench excavations revealed a complex, 16-m-wide fault zone overlain by four tapered blankets of mixed eolian sand and minor colluvium that we infer were deposited after four large-magnitude, surface-rupturing earthquakes. Although the first (oldest) rupture event is undated, we used luminescence (thermoluminescence and infrared-stimulated luminescence) ages to determine that the subsequent three rupture events occurred about 56 ?? 6, 29 ?? 3, and 12 ?? 1 ka. These ages yield recurrence intervals of 27 and 17 k.y. between events and an elapsed time of 12 k.y. since the latest surface-rupturing paleoearthquake. Slip rates are not well constrained, but our preferred average slip rate since rupture event 2 (post-56 ka) is 0.05 mm/yr, and interval slip rates between the last three events are 0.06 and 0.09 mm/yr, respectively. Vertical displacements of 1-2 m per event and probable rupture lengths of 34-43 km indicate probable paleoearthquake magnitudes (Ms or Mw) of 6.8-7.1. Future earthquakes of this size likely would cause strong ground motions in the Albuquerque metropolitan area.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020031","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Personius, S., and Mahan, S., 2003, Paleoearthquakes and Eolian-dominated fault sedimentation along the Hubbell Spring fault zone near Albuquerque, New Mexico: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1355-1369, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020031.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1355","endPage":"1369","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":421941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Albuquerque","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.07343562640976,\n              35.36008866320631\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.07343562640976,\n              34.78463699495509\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.28242000140976,\n              34.78463699495509\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.28242000140976,\n              35.36008866320631\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.07343562640976,\n              35.36008866320631\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73d4e4b0c8380cd77288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Personius, S. F. 0000-0001-8347-7370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-7370","contributorId":31408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahan, S. A. 0000-0001-5214-7774","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":94333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026110,"text":"70026110 - 2003 - Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: constraints from a reconnaissance study of  δ<sup>15</sup>N,  δD, and  δ<sup>18</sup>O","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T13:41:14","indexId":"70026110","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: constraints from a reconnaissance study of  δ<sup>15</sup>N,  δD, and  δ<sup>18</sup>O","docAbstract":"<p>The western North American Cordillera hosts a large number of gold-bearing quartz vein systems from the Mother Lode of southern California, through counterparts in British Columbia and southeastern Alaska, to the Klondike district in central Yukon. These vein systems are structurally controlled by major fault zones, which are often reactivated terrane-bounding sutures that formed in orogens built during accretion and subduction of terranes along the continental margin of North America. Mineralization ages span mid-Jurassic to early Tertiary and encompass much of the evolution ofthe Cordilleran orogen. Nitrogen contents and δ15N values of hydrothermal micas from veins are between 130 and 3,500 ppm and 1.7 to 5.5 per mil, respectively. These values are consistent with fluids derived from metamorphic dehydration reactions within the Phanerozoic accretion-subduction complexes, which have δ15N values of 1 to 6 per mil. The δ18O values of gold-bearing vein quartz from different locations in the Cordillera are between 14.6 and 22.2 per mil but are uniform for individual vein systems. The δD values of hydrothermal micas are between -110 and -60 per mil. Ore fluids have calculated δ18O values of 8 to 16 per mil and δD values of -65 to -10 per mil at an estimated temperature of 300δC; δD values of ore fluids do not show any latitudinal control. These results indicate a deep crustal source for the ore-forming fluids, most likely of metamorphic origin. Low δDH2O values of -120 to -130 per mil for a hydrous muscovite from the Sheba vein in the Klondike district reflect secondary exchange between recrystallizing mica and meteoric waters. Collectively, the N, H, and O isotope compositions of ore-related hydrothermal minerals indicate that the formation of these gold-bearing veins involved dilute, aqueous carbonic, and nitrogen-bearing fluids that were generated from metamorphic dehydration reactions at deep crustal levels. These data are not consistent with either mantle-derived fluids or granitoid-related magmatic fluids, nor do they support a model involving deeply circulated meteoric water.</p>","language":"English","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Jia, Y., Kerrich, R., and Goldfarb, R., 2003, Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: constraints from a reconnaissance study of  δ<sup>15</sup>N,  δD, and  δ<sup>18</sup>O: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 1, p. 109-123.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5501e4b0c8380cd6d0cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jia, Y.","contributorId":19748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jia","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerrich, R.","contributorId":47130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerrich","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.","contributorId":43113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026111,"text":"70026111 - 2003 - Hydric soils in a southeastern Oregon vernal pool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-22T19:23:06.679639","indexId":"70026111","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydric soils in a southeastern Oregon vernal pool","docAbstract":"<p><span>Vernal pools on the High Lava Plain of the northern Great Basin become ponded in most years, but their soils exhibit weak redoximorphic features indicative of hydric conditions. We studied the hydrology, temperature, redox potentials, soil chemistry, and soil morphology of a vernal pool to determine if the soils are hydric, and to evaluate hydric soil field indicators. We collected data for 3 yr from piezometers, Pt electrodes, and thermocouples. Soil and water samples were analyzed for pH, organic C, and extractable Fe and Mn. Soils were ponded from January through April or May, but subsurface saturation was never detected. Soil temperatures 50 cm below the surface rose above 5°C by March. Clayey Bt horizons perched water and limited saturation to the upper 10 cm. Redox potentials at a 5-cm depth were often between 200 and 300 mV, indicating anaerobic conditions, but producing soluble Fe</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;concentrations &lt;1 mg L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;Extractable soil Fe contents indicated Fe depletion from pool surface horizons and accumulation at or near the upper Bt1 horizon. Depletions and concentrations did not satisfy the criteria of any current hydric soil indicators. We recommend development of new indicators based on acceptance of fewer, less distinct redox concentrations for recognition of a depleted A horizon, and on presence of a thin zone containing redox concentrations located in the upper part of the near-surface perching horizon.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2003.0951","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Clausnitzer, D., Huddleston, J., Horn, E., Keller, M., and Leet, C., 2003, Hydric soils in a southeastern Oregon vernal pool: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 67, no. 3, p. 951-960, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.0951.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"951","endPage":"960","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a330fe4b0c8380cd5ecc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clausnitzer, D.","contributorId":107160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clausnitzer","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huddleston, J.H.","contributorId":67781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huddleston","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horn, E.","contributorId":26940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, Michael","contributorId":42681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leet, C.","contributorId":58909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leet","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026114,"text":"70026114 - 2003 - Geology and timing of mineralization at the Cangshang gold deposit, north-western Jiaodong Peninsula, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-22T17:28:32.484977","indexId":"70026114","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and timing of mineralization at the Cangshang gold deposit, north-western Jiaodong Peninsula, China","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Cangshang gold deposit of the north-western Jiaodong Peninsula contains reserves of greater than 50&nbsp;tonnes (t) and is developed by the largest open pit gold mine in China. This deposit is a Jiaojia-style (i.e. disseminated-and-veinlet) deposit. It is controlled by the San-Cang fault zone, which trends ~040° and dips 40–75°SE at the mine site. The main (no.&nbsp;1) orebody lies between a hanging wall of Precambrian metamorphic rocks (mainly amphibolite) of the Fenzishan Group and a footwall composed of the Mesozoic Linglong granitoid. The ore zone is mainly composed of pyritized, sericitized and silicified granitoid, which has undergone variable degrees of cataclasis. SHRIMP U–Pb dating of zircon indicates that the protolith of the hanging wall amphibolite was formed at 2530±17&nbsp;Ma and underwent metamorphism at 1852±37&nbsp;Ma. The footwall granodiorite has been dated at 166±4&nbsp;Ma, whereas zircons from the ore zone yield a younger age of 154±5&nbsp;Ma. Cathodoluminescence images of zircons from the granodiorite and ore zone show oscillatory zonation indicative of an igneous origin for both and the ages of these zircons, therefore, are all interpreted to be representative of magmatic crystallization. Dating of sericite by&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar–</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar has been used to directly determine the timing of formation of the Cangshang deposit, providing the first time absolute age on formation of the Jiaojia-style gold deposits. The well-defined age of 121.3±0.2&nbsp;Ma provides the precise timing of gold mineralization at the Cangshang deposit. This age is consistent with those of Linglong-style (vein type) gold mineralization, also from the north-western Jiaodong Peninsula, at between 126 and 120&nbsp;Ma. Therefore, our work indicates that both styles of gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula were formed during the same mineralization event.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00126-002-0290-7","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Zhang, X., Cawood, P.A., Wilde, S., Liu, R., Song, H., Li, W., and Snee, L., 2003, Geology and timing of mineralization at the Cangshang gold deposit, north-western Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Mineralium Deposita, v. 38, no. 2, p. 141-153, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-002-0290-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"153","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Jiaodong Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              119.35546875000001,\n              35.496456056584165\n            ],\n            [\n              123.3544921875,\n              35.496456056584165\n            ],\n            [\n              123.3544921875,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              119.35546875000001,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              119.35546875000001,\n              35.496456056584165\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2442e4b0c8380cd57f24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, X.","contributorId":30193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cawood, Peter A.","contributorId":75280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cawood","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilde, S.A.","contributorId":8655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilde","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, R.","contributorId":23731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Song, H.","contributorId":32711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, W.","contributorId":85361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70025418,"text":"70025418 - 2003 - On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T16:31:44.295634","indexId":"70025418","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency","docAbstract":"<div class=\"margin-size-16-b margin-size-16-t\"><div class=\"margin-size-4-t margin-size-16-b\"><p class=\"typography serif indefinite-width\"><span>We consider&nbsp;expected&nbsp;relationships&nbsp;between&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;τ<sub>a</sub>&nbsp;and&nbsp;static&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;Δτ<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;using a standard&nbsp;energy&nbsp;balance and find τ<sub>a</sub>&nbsp;= Δτ<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;(0.5 - ξ), where ξ is&nbsp;stress&nbsp;overshoot. A simple implementation of this balance is to assume overshoot is constant; then&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;should vary linearly with&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop, consistent with spectral theories (Brune, 1970) and dynamic crack models (Madariaga, 1976). Normalizing this expression by the&nbsp;static&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;defines an&nbsp;efficiency&nbsp;η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;= τ<sub>s</sub>a/Δτ<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;as follows from Savage and Wood (1971). We use this measure of&nbsp;efficiency&nbsp;to analyze data from one of a number of observational studies that find&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;to increase with seismic moment, namely earthquakes recorded in the Cajon Pass borehole by Abercrombie (1995). Increases in&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;with event size could reflect an increase in seismic&nbsp;efficiency; however, η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;for the Cajon earthquakes shows no such increase and is approximately constant over the entire moment range. Thus,&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;and&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;co-vary, as&nbsp;expected&nbsp;from the&nbsp;energy&nbsp;balance at constant overshoot. The median value of η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;for the Cajon earthquakes is four times lower than η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;for laboratory events. Thus, these Cajon-recorded earthquakes have relatively low and approximately constant&nbsp;efficiency. As the&nbsp;energy&nbsp;balance requires η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;= 0.5 - ξ, overshoot can be estimated directly from the Savage-Wood&nbsp;efficiency; overshoot is positive for Cajon Pass earthquakes. Variations in&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;with seismic moment for these earthquakes result primarily from systematic variations in&nbsp;static&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;with seismic moment and do not require a relative decrease in sliding resistance with increasing event size (dynamic weakening). Based on the comparison of field and lab determinations of the Savage-Wood&nbsp;efficiency, we suggest the criterion η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;&gt; 0.3 as a test for dynamic weakening in excess of that seen in the lab.</span></p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020162","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N., Wong, T., and Hickman, S., 2003, On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1381-1389, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020162.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1381","endPage":"1389","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6dc9e4b0c8380cd75323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, T.-F.","contributorId":64852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"T.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, S.H. 0000-0003-2075-9615","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":16027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025419,"text":"70025419 - 2003 - 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake engineering seismoscope recordings and Eastern North America ground-motion attenuation relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T16:27:26.619223","indexId":"70025419","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake engineering seismoscope recordings and Eastern North America ground-motion attenuation relations","docAbstract":"Engineering seismoscope data collected at distances less than 300 km for the M 7.7 Bhuj, India, mainshock are compatible with ground-motion attenuation in eastern North America (ENA). The mainshock ground-motion data have been corrected to a common geological site condition using the factors of Joyner and Boore (2000) and a classification scheme of Quaternary or Tertiary sediments or rock. We then compare these data to ENA ground-motion attenuation relations. Despite uncertainties in recording method, geological site corrections, common tectonic setting, and the amount of regional seismic attenuation, the corrected Bhuj dataset agrees with the collective predictions by ENA ground-motion attenuation relations within a factor of 2. This level of agreement is within the dataset uncertainties and the normal variance for recorded earthquake ground motions.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020194","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Cramer, C., and Kumar, A., 2003, 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake engineering seismoscope recordings and Eastern North America ground-motion attenuation relations: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1390-1394, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020194.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1390","endPage":"1394","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e245e4b0c8380cd45a75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cramer, C.H.","contributorId":100012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kumar, A.","contributorId":16140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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