Four methods for measuring quantities of 12 plant-available nutrients were compared using three sandy soils in a series of three experiments. Three of the methods use different ion-exchange resin forms—bags, capsules, and membranes—and the fourth was conventional chemical extraction. The first experiment compared nutrient extraction data from a medium of sand saturated with a nutrient solution. The second and third experiments used Nakai and Sheppard series soils from Canyonlands National Park, which are relatively high in soil carbonates. The second experiment compared nutrient extraction data provided by the four methods from soils equilibrated at two temperatures, “warm” and “cold.” The third experiment extracted nutrients from the same soils in a field equilibration. Our results show that the four extraction techniques are not comparable. This conclusion is due to differences among the methods in the net quantities of nutrients extracted from equivalent soil volumes, in the proportional representation of nutrients within similar soils and treatments, in the measurement of nutrients that were added in known quantities, and even in the order of nutrients ranked by net abundance. We attribute the disparities in nutrient measurement among the different resin forms to interacting effects of the inherent differences in resin exchange capacity, differences among nutrients in their resin affinities, and possibly the relatively short equilibration time for laboratory trials. One constraint for measuring carbonate-related nutrients in high-carbonate soils is the conventional ammonium acetate extraction method, which we suspect of dissolving fine CaCO3 particles that are more abundant in Nakai series soils, resulting in erroneously high Ca2+ estimates. For study of plant-available nutrients, it is important to identify the nutrients of foremost interest and understand differences in their resin sorption dynamics to determine the most appropriate extraction method.
","language":"English","publisher":"John Ewers","doi":"10.1097/00010694-200210000-00005","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, S.K., Belnap, J., and Miller, M.E., 2002, Comparison of methods for nutrient measurement in calcareous soils: Ion-exchange resin bag, capsule, membrane, and chemical extractions: Soil Science, v. 167, no. 10, p. 666-679, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200210000-00005.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"679","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f874e4b0c8380cd4d0fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, S. K.","contributorId":9209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sherrod","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, M. E.","contributorId":104003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024256,"text":"70024256 - 2002 - Movements of Florida apple snails in relation to water levels and drying events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T16:25:54.935926","indexId":"70024256","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements of Florida apple snails in relation to water levels and drying events","docAbstract":"Florida apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) apparently have only a limited tolerance to wetland drying events (although little direct evidence exists), but their populations routinely face dry downs under natural and managed water regimes. In this paper, we address speculation that apple snails respond to decreasing water levels and potential drying events by moving toward refugia that remain inundated. We monitored the movements of apple snails in central Florida, USA during drying events at the Blue Cypress Marsh (BC) and at Lake Kissimmee (LK). We monitored the weekly movements of 47 BC snails and 31 LK snails using radio-telemetry. Snails tended to stop moving when water depths were <10 cm; however, there was no apparent effect of water depth on distance traveled in water depths >10 cm. Snails moved along the greatest positive depth gradient (i.e., towards deeper water) when they encountered water depths between 10 and 20 cm. Snails tended to move toward shallower water in water depths ≥50 cm, suggesting that snails were avoiding deep water areas such as canals and sloughs. Of the 11 BC snails originally located in the area that eventually went dry, three (27%) were found in deep water refugia by the end of the study. Only one of the 31 LK snails escaped the drying event by moving to deeper water. Our results indicate that some snails may opportunistically escape drying events through movement. The tendency to move toward deeper water was statistically significant and indicates that this behavioral trait might enhance survival when the spatial extent of a dry down is limited. However, as water level falls below 10 cm, snails stop moving and become stranded. As the spatial extent of a dry down increases, we predict that the number of snails stranded would increase proportionally. Stranded Pomacea paludosa must contend with dry marsh conditions, possibly by aestivation. Little more than anecdotal information has been published on P. paludosa aestivation, but it is a common adaptation among other apple snails (Caenogastropoda: Ampullaridae).
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0489:MOFASI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Darby, P.C., Bennetts, R.E., Miller, S.J., and Percival, H.F., 2002, Movements of Florida apple snails in relation to water levels and drying events: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 3, p. 489-498, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0489:MOFASI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"498","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Indian River County, Osceola County","otherGeospatial":"Blue Cypress Water Management Area, Lake Kissimmee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.85525512695312,\n 27.67136654093232\n ],\n [\n -80.71037292480469,\n 27.67136654093232\n ],\n [\n -80.71037292480469,\n 27.79595810758908\n ],\n [\n -80.85525512695312,\n 27.79595810758908\n ],\n [\n -80.85525512695312,\n 27.67136654093232\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 27.803246856878463\n ],\n [\n -81.18003845214844,\n 27.803246856878463\n ],\n [\n -81.18003845214844,\n 28.00107054313365\n ],\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 28.00107054313365\n ],\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 27.803246856878463\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f68e4b0c8380cd70f31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darby, Philip C.","contributorId":213752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Darby","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16703,"text":"University of West Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennetts, Robert E.","contributorId":62508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Steven J.","contributorId":93836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Percival, H. Franklin percivalf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.","email":"percivalf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024187,"text":"70024187 - 2002 - δ13C and δ18O isotopic composition of CaCO3 measured by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry: statistical evaluation and verification by application to Devils Hole core DH-11 calcite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T09:53:30","indexId":"70024187","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3233,"text":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"δ13C and δ18O isotopic composition of CaCO3 measured by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry: statistical evaluation and verification by application to Devils Hole core DH-11 calcite","docAbstract":"A new method was developed to analyze the stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of small samples (400 ± 20 µg) of calcium carbonate. This new method streamlines the classical phosphoric acid/calcium carbonate (H3PO4/CaCO3) reaction method by making use of a recently available Thermoquest-Finnigan GasBench II preparation device and a Delta Plus XL continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Conditions for which the H3PO4/CaCO3 reaction produced reproducible and accurate results with minimal error had to be determined. When the acid/carbonate reaction temperature was kept at 26 °C and the reaction time was between 24 and 54 h, the precision of the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios for pooled samples from three reference standard materials was ≤0.1 and ≤0.2 per mill or ‰, respectively, although later analysis showed that materials from one specific standard required reaction time between 34 and 54 h for δ18O to achieve this level of precision. Aliquot screening methods were shown to further minimize the total error. The accuracy and precision of the new method were analyzed and confirmed by statistical analysis. The utility of the method was verified by analyzing calcite from Devils Hole, Nevada, for which isotope-ratio values had previously been obtained by the classical method. Devils Hole core DH-11 recently had been re-cut and re-sampled, and isotope-ratio values were obtained using the new method. The results were comparable with those obtained by the classical method with correlation = +0.96 for both isotope ratios. The consistency of the isotopic results is such that an alignment offset could be identified in the re-sampled core material, and two cutting errors that occurred during re-sampling then were confirmed independently. This result indicates that the new method is a viable alternative to the classical reaction method. In particular, the new method requires less sample material permitting finer resolution and allows automation of some processes resulting in considerable time savings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rcm.833","issn":"09514198","usgsCitation":"Revesz, K.M., and Landwehr, J.M., 2002, δ13C and δ18O isotopic composition of CaCO3 measured by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry: statistical evaluation and verification by application to Devils Hole core DH-11 calcite: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 16, no. 22, p. 2102-2114, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.833.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2102","endPage":"2114","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207282,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.833"}],"volume":"16","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-10-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551d2c1e4b0a92fa7e93c26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landwehr, Jurate M. jmlandwe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"Jurate","email":"jmlandwe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024185,"text":"70024185 - 2002 - An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: Monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024185","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: Monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed","docAbstract":"In 1996, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Republic of Panama's Environmental Authority, with support from the United States Agency for International Development, undertook a comprehensive program to monitor the ecosystem of the Panama Canal watershed. The goals were to establish baseline indicators for the integrity of forest communities and rivers. Based on satellite image classification and ground surveys, the 2790 km2 watershed had 1570 km2 of forest in 1997, 1080 km2 of which was in national parks and nature monuments. Most of the 490 km2 of forest not currently in protected areas lies along the west bank of the Canal, and its management status after the year 2000 turnover of the Canal from the U.S. to Panama remains uncertain. In forest plots designed to monitor forest diversity and change, a total of 963 woody plant species were identified and mapped. We estimate there are a total of 850-1000 woody species in forests of the Canal corridor. Forests of the wetter upper reaches of the watershed are distinct in species composition from the Canal corridor, and have considerably higher diversity and many unknown species. These remote areas are extensively forested, poorly explored, and harbor an estimated 1400-2200 woody species. Vertebrate monitoring programs were also initiated, focusing on species threatened by hunting and forest fragmentation. Large mammals are heavily hunted in most forests of Canal corridor, and there was clear evidence that mammal density is greatly reduced in hunted areas and that this affects seed predation and dispersal. The human population of the watershed was 113 000 in 1990, and grew by nearly 4% per year from 1980 to 1990. Much of this growth was in a small region of the watershed on the outskirts of Panama City, but even rural areas, including villages near and within national parks, grew by 2% per year. There is no sewage treatment in the watershed, and many towns have no trash collection, thus streams near large towns are heavily polluted. Analyses of sediment loads in rivers throughout the watershed did not indicate that erosion has been increasing as a result of deforestation, rather, erosion seems to be driven largely by total rainfall and heavy rainfall events that cause landslides. Still, models suggest that large-scale deforestation would increase landslide frequency, and failure to detect increases in erosion could be due to the gradual deforestation rate and the short time period over which data are available. A study of runoff showed deforestation increased the amount of water from rainfall that passed directly into streams. As a result, dry season flow was reduced in a deforested catchment relative to a forested one. Currently, the Panama Canal watershed has extensive forest areas and streams relatively unaffected by humans. But impacts of hunting and pollution near towns are clear, and the burgeoning population will exacerbate these impacts in the next few decades. Changes in policies regarding forest protection and pollution control are necessary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1020378926399","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Ibanez, R., Condit, R., Angehr, G., Aguilar, S., Garcia, T., Martinez, R., Sanjur, A., Stallard, R., Wright, S., Rand, A., and Heckadon, S., 2002, An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: Monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 80, no. 1, p. 65-95, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020378926399.","startPage":"65","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207264,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020378926399"},{"id":232069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea2ee4b0c8380cd486a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ibanez, R.","contributorId":40761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ibanez","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Condit, R.","contributorId":88529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condit","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angehr, G.","contributorId":7042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angehr","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aguilar, S.","contributorId":57625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aguilar","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garcia, T.","contributorId":57241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martinez, R.","contributorId":36558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sanjur, A.","contributorId":81276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanjur","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stallard, R. 0000-0001-8209-7608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":12653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wright, S.J.","contributorId":92765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rand, A.S.","contributorId":40762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rand","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Heckadon, S.","contributorId":95232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heckadon","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70024184,"text":"70024184 - 2002 - Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70024184","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape","docAbstract":"At least 2.6 million small, artificial water bodies dot the landscape of the conterminous United States; most are in the eastern half of the country. These features account for approximately 20% of the standing water area across the United States, and their impact on hydrology, sedimentology, geochemistry, and ecology is apparently large in proportion to their area. These features locally elevate evaporation, divert and delay downstream water flow, and modify groundwater interactions. They apparently intercept about as much eroded soil as larger, better-documented reservoirs. Estimated vertical accretion rates are much higher, hence, inferred sedimentary chemical reactions must be different in the small features than in larger ones. Finally, these features substantially alter the characteristics of aquatic habitats across the landscape. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.V., Renwick, W.H., Bartley, J., and Buddemeier, R., 2002, Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape: Science of the Total Environment, v. 299, no. 1-3, p. 21-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X.","startPage":"21","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207241,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X"},{"id":232030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"299","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a1e4b0c8380cd50132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. V.","contributorId":89284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Renwick, W. H.","contributorId":64794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renwick","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartley, J.D.","contributorId":88533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartley","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024181,"text":"70024181 - 2002 - Temporal variations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in sea otter skull tissue in the North Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T16:57:57","indexId":"70024181","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2263,"text":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal variations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in sea otter skull tissue in the North Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Marine mammals being among the top predators in the food web tend to accumulate organic and inorganic contaminants from the environment. The body burden of contaminants in these species could reflect their foods and thus contaminant levels could serve as proxies on the changes of ecosystem. A pilot study was carried out to investigate the possibility of radionuclide leakage at Amchitka using a suite of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) skulls collected near Amchitka nuclear test-sites before (1950s) and after the testing (1990s), and at Adak, another Aleutian Island, about 300 km from Amchitka, where the potential impact of radionuclide leakage from Amchitka is expected to be negligible. In addition, the naturally occurring and anthropogenic radionuclide content on the sea otter skull was also utilized to investigate if there was any significant ecosystem changes in the environment.
Concentration of 210Pb in sea otter bones collected during the 1950s was significantly higher than those collected in the 1990s. We propose that among the various factors that could cause this higher enrichment in 210Pb, changes in the sea otter prey is the most likely one. Comparison of the 137Cs, 90Sr, 239,240Pu concentrations appear not to be significantly higher in sea otter skulls collected in 1990s from Amchitka where the underground tests in 1965–71 than those from Adak, although significant differences were detected among different groups collected at various times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00036-X","usgsCitation":"Baskaran, M., Hong, G., Dayton, S., Bodkin, J.L., and Kelley, J., 2002, Temporal variations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in sea otter skull tissue in the North Pacific Ocean: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, v. 64, no. 1, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00036-X.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba52fe4b08c986b320895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baskaran, M.","contributorId":96627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskaran","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hong, G.-H.","contributorId":46456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hong","given":"G.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dayton, S.","contributorId":57401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dayton","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelley, J.J.","contributorId":98075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024153,"text":"70024153 - 2002 - An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T13:27:07","indexId":"70024153","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples","docAbstract":"Relatively few large-scale faecal DNA studies have been initiated due to difficulties in amplifying low quality and quantity DNA template. To improve brown bear faecal DNA PCR amplification success rates and to determine post collection sample longevity, five preservation methods were evaluated: 90% ethanol, DETs buffer, silica-dried, oven-dried stored at room temperature, and oven-dried stored at -20??C. Preservation effectiveness was evaluated for 50 faecal samples by PCR amplification of a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) locus (???146 bp) and a nuclear DNA (nDNA) locus (???200 bp) at time points of one week, one month, three months and six months. Preservation method and storage time significantly impacted mtDNA and nDNA amplification success rates. For mtDNA, all preservation methods had ??? 75% success at one week, but storage time had a significant impact on the effectiveness of the silica preservation method. Ethanol preserved samples had the highest success rates for both mtDNA (86.5%) and nDNA (84%). Nuclear DNA amplification success rates ranged from 26-88%, and storage time had a significant impact on all methods but ethanol. Preservation method and storage time should be important considerations for researchers planning projects utilizing faecal DNA. We recommend preservation of faecal samples in 90% ethanol when feasible, although when collecting in remote field conditions or for both DNA and hormone assays a dry collection method may be advantageous.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1020503330767","issn":"15660621","usgsCitation":"Murphy, M., Waits, L., Kendall, K., Wasser, S., Higbee, J., and Bogden, R., 2002, An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples: Conservation Genetics, v. 3, no. 4, p. 435-440, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020503330767.","productDescription":"6 p","startPage":"435","endPage":"440","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207002,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020503330767"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea4ce4b0c8380cd4877b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, M.A.","contributorId":65214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waits, L.P.","contributorId":58987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waits","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, K.C.","contributorId":39716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wasser, S.K.","contributorId":26476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasser","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Higbee, J.A.","contributorId":30399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higbee","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bogden, R.","contributorId":9805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogden","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024126,"text":"70024126 - 2002 - Miocene extension and fault-related folding in the Highland Range, southern Nevada: A three-dimensional perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70024126","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene extension and fault-related folding in the Highland Range, southern Nevada: A three-dimensional perspective","docAbstract":"The Highland Range of southern Nevada contains a major anticline and syncline that constitute the westernmost segments of the Black Mountains accommodation zone in the highly extended Colorado River extensional corridor. The folds are defined by thick tilted sections of Miocene volcanic and sedimentary strata that accumulated immediately prior to and during regional extension. The folds are generally symmetrical, with interlimb angles that exceed 90??, subhorizontal hingelines, and steeply inclined axial surfaces. East- and west-dipping normal faults dominate the west- and east-tilted limbs of the folds, respectively. The limbs of the folds are parts of major half grabens. Tilt fanning within these half grabens and 15 new 40Ar/39Ar dates bracket major extension between about 16.5 and 11 Ma. Tilting of the opposing fold limbs occurred simultaneously and was contemporaneous with extension. The anticline and syncline are therefore interpreted as fault-related extensional folds produced by the partial, along-strike overlap of oppositely dipping normal-fault systems and attendant tilt-block domains. The anticline developed between overlapping listric normal faults that dip toward one another, including the east-dipping McCullough Range and west-dipping Keyhole Canyon faults. Each limb of the anticline is a rollover fold developed in the hanging wall of the inwardly dipping listric normal faults. The syncline formed between overlapping outwardly dipping listric faults, as adjacent fault blocks were tilted toward one another. The dominant folding style was fault-bend folding, with drag-folding and displacement-gradient folding playing subsidiary roles. The anticline and syncline significantly affected depositional patterns, with synextensional units, including two major ash-flow tuffs, thinning toward the anticlinal hinge and thickening toward the synclinal hinge. The Black Mountains accommodation zone is largely composed of intersecting northwest-trending anticlines and northeast-trending synclines, both occurring at a variety of scales depending on the amount of overlap between the opposing normal-fault systems. This three-dimensional geometry contrasts with the typical style of folding in contractional settings and may characterize extensional accommodation zones that include the partial along-strike overlap of multiple, oppositely dipping normal faults. The folds in the Highland Range serve as well-exposed analogues of similar features in hydrocarbon-rich areas of submerged continental margins. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Structural Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00116-X","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Faulds, J.E., Olson, E., Harlan, S.S., and McIntosh, W.C., 2002, Miocene extension and fault-related folding in the Highland Range, southern Nevada: A three-dimensional perspective: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 24, no. 4, p. 861-886, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00116-X.","startPage":"861","endPage":"886","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207080,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00116-X"},{"id":231680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b34e4b0c8380cd6f3e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faulds, J. E.","contributorId":84854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulds","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, E.L.","contributorId":33490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McIntosh, W. C.","contributorId":68039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024124,"text":"70024124 - 2002 - Helium and carbon gas geochemistry of pore fluids from the sediment-rich hydrothermal system in Escanaba Trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70024124","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Helium and carbon gas geochemistry of pore fluids from the sediment-rich hydrothermal system in Escanaba Trough","docAbstract":"Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 169, which was conducted in 1996 provided an opportunity to study the gas geochemistry in the deeper part of the sediment-rich hydrothermal system in Escanaba Trough. Gas void samples obtained from the core liner were analyzed and their results were compared with analytical data of vent fluid samples collected by a submersible dive program in 1988. The gas geochemistry of the pore fluids consisted mostly of a hydrothermal component and was basically the same as that of the vent fluids. The He isotope ratios (R/RA = 5.6-6.6) indicated a significant mantle He contribution and the C isotopic compositions of the hydrocarbons [??13C(CH4) = -43???, ??13C(C2H6) = -20???] were characterized as a thermogenic origin caused by hydrothermal activity. On the other hand, the pore fluids in sedimentary layers away from the hydrothermal fields showed profiles which reflected lateral migration of the hydrothermal hydrocarbons and abundant biogenic CH4. Helium and C isotope systematics were shown to represent a hydrothermal component and useful as indicators for their distribution beneath the seafloor. Similarities in He and hydrocarbon signatures to that of the Escanaba Trough hydrothermal system were found in some terrestrial natural gases, which suggested that seafloor hydrothermal activity in sediment-rich environments would be one of the possible petroleum hydrocarbon generation scenarios in unconventional geological settings. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00112-9","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Ishibashi, J., Sato, M., Sano, Y., Wakita, H., Gamo, T., and Shanks, W.C., 2002, Helium and carbon gas geochemistry of pore fluids from the sediment-rich hydrothermal system in Escanaba Trough: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 11, p. 1457-1466, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00112-9.","startPage":"1457","endPage":"1466","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207056,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00112-9"},{"id":231640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3038e4b0c8380cd5d460","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ishibashi, J.-I.","contributorId":59985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishibashi","given":"J.-I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sato, M.","contributorId":50201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sato","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sano, Y.","contributorId":76500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sano","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wakita, H.","contributorId":84112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wakita","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gamo, T.","contributorId":104667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gamo","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024122,"text":"70024122 - 2002 - Holocene tephrochronology of the Cold Bay area, southwest Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T11:13:21","indexId":"70024122","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene tephrochronology of the Cold Bay area, southwest Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"The major-element glass geochemistry of 92 tephra samples from the southwest Alaska Peninsula provides the basis for establishing a Holocene tephrochronology for the region. Electron microprobe analysis has been combined with field descriptions of samples, stratigraphic relationships between tephra samples and sample localities, and glass shard micro-morphology to correlate these sampled distal tephra units throughout the area of Cold Bay and adjacent Morzhovoi Bay. Radiocarbon dating provides age constraints on correlated horizons. Previous research had clearly delineated only one horizon in the region, the so-called 'Funk/Fisher' ash, dating to between 8425 ± 350 and 9130 ± 140 14C yr BP. In addition to constraining the bimodal andesitic and dacitic glass chemistry of that horizon, this study has recognized six additional tephra layers in the area. Two horizons pre-date the Funk/Fisher ash and four are younger than it. A tephra containing dacitic and andesitic components was identified in the vicinity of Morzhovoi Bay, with a minimum age of 9300 ± 80 14C yr BP and a maximum age of 10,200 ± 75 14C yr BP. A rhyolitic horizon composed of cm-sized, rounded pumice clasts was identified in the vicinity of Cold Bay; it has been correlated to the ca 9500 BP eruption of Roundtop volcano on Unimak Island. The four younger tephra beds date to between 6070 ± 340 and 3600 ± 140 14C yr BP. The oldest of the four is rhyodacitic, followed by a mixed rhyodacitic-andesitic horizon, another rhyodacitic horizon, and finally an andesitic layer. Comparison of all the correlated horizons to proximal samples collected on Unimak Island provides conclusive geochemical evidence that the ca 9100 BP Caldera-forming eruption of Fisher volcano is the source of the Funk/Fisher ash. Correlation between the rhyodacitic tephra horizons and proximal samples from Fisher volcano suggests that Fisher Caldera is the source of one of the rhyodacitic tephra horizons that post-dates the Funk/Fisher ash. Additional tephra samples from the southwest Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island that were collected prior to this study correlate to the tephra horizons identified in the Cold Bay area and identify one additional horizon.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00023-9","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Carson, E., Fournelle, J., Miller, T.P., and Mickelson, D., 2002, Holocene tephrochronology of the Cold Bay area, southwest Alaska Peninsula: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 21, no. 20-22, p. 2213-2228, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00023-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2213","endPage":"2228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207055,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00023-9"}],"volume":"21","issue":"20-22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31f7e4b0c8380cd5e3d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carson, E.C.","contributorId":90073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carson","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fournelle, J.H.","contributorId":90074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournelle","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mickelson, D.M.","contributorId":102147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mickelson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024087,"text":"70024087 - 2002 - Effect and acceptance of bluegill length limits in Nebraska natural lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70024087","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect and acceptance of bluegill length limits in Nebraska natural lakes","docAbstract":"Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus populations in 18 Nebraska Sandhill lakes were evaluated to determine if a 200-mm minimum length limit would increase population size structure. Bluegills were trap-netted in May and June 1998 and 1999, and a creel survey was conducted during winter 1998-2001 on one or two lakes where bluegills had been tagged to determine angler exploitation. Thirty-three percent of anglers on one creeled lake were trophy anglers (i.e., fishing for large [???250 mm] bluegills), whereas 67% were there to harvest fish to eat. Exploitation was always less than 10% and the total annual mortality averaged 40% across all 18 lakes. The time to reach 200 mm ranged from 4.3 to 8.3 years. The relative stock density of preferred-length fish increased an average of 2.2 units in all 18 lakes with a 10% exploitation rate. However, yield declined 39% and the number harvested declined 62%. Bluegills would need to reach 200 mm in 4.2 years to ensure no reduction in yield at 10% exploitation. Both yield and size structure were higher with a 200-mm minimum length limit (relative to having no length limit) only in populations with the lowest natural mortality and at exploitation of 30% or more. Although 100% (N = 39) of anglers surveyed said they would favor a 200-mm minimum length limit to improve bluegill size structure, anglers would have to sacrifice harvest to achieve this goal. While a 200-mm minimum length limit did minimally increase size structure at current levels of exploitation across all 18 bluegill populations, the populations with the lowest natural mortality and fastest growth provided the highest increase in size structure with the lowest reduction in yield and number harvested.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1306:EAAOBL>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., Willis, D., and Gabelhouse, D., 2002, Effect and acceptance of bluegill length limits in Nebraska natural lakes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 4, p. 1306-1313, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1306:EAAOBL>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1306","endPage":"1313","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207094,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1306:EAAOBL>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05b1e4b0c8380cd50eeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willis, D.W.","contributorId":56179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gabelhouse, D.W. Jr.","contributorId":71451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gabelhouse","given":"D.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024073,"text":"70024073 - 2002 - Movement of atrazine and deethylatrazine through a midwestern reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:30:33","indexId":"70024073","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2136,"text":"Journal - American Water Works Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of atrazine and deethylatrazine through a midwestern reservoir","docAbstract":"The three-dimensional visualization of atrazine and deethylatrazine in a reservoir was determined by five \"snapshots\" over a one-year period using immunoassay analyses, confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and visualized with a three-dimensional computer program. The surveys were conducted in Perry Lake in Kansas and showed that spring runoff laden with triazine herbicides entered the reservoir and did not mix immediately. Concentrations varied threefold between the inlet and the public water supply intakes located at the opposite end of the reservoir. The concentration range in the outflow varied much less than the concentration in the reservoir because of mixing throughout the season near the dam and outflow. A major conclusion from the study was that multiple analyses by a low-cost immunoassay technique coupled with computer visualization software gave a good three-dimensional view of the mass of herbicide present in a drinking water reservoir.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb10230.x","issn":"0003150X","usgsCitation":"Fallon, J.D., Tierney, D., and Thurman, E., 2002, Movement of atrazine and deethylatrazine through a midwestern reservoir: Journal - American Water Works Association, v. 94, no. 11, p. 54-66, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb10230.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"66","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f18e4b0c8380cd70d7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tierney, D.P.","contributorId":84539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tierney","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024070,"text":"70024070 - 2002 - Residual bias in a multiphase flow model calibration and prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024070","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":649,"text":"Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residual bias in a multiphase flow model calibration and prediction","docAbstract":"When calibrated models produce biased residuals, we assume it is due to an inaccurate conceptual model and revise the model, choosing the most representative model as the one with the best-fit and least biased residuals. However, if the calibration data are biased, we may fail to identify an acceptable model or choose an incorrect model. Conceptual model revision could not eliminate biased residuals during inversion of simulated DNAPL migration under controlled conditions at the Borden Site near Ontario Canada. This paper delineates hypotheses for the source of bias, and explains the evolution of the calibration and resulting model predictions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Czech","issn":"00017132","usgsCitation":"Poeter, E.P., and Johnson, R., 2002, Residual bias in a multiphase flow model calibration and prediction: Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, v. 46, no. 2-3, p. 208-212.","startPage":"208","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa982e4b0c8380cd85e2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poeter, E. P.","contributorId":63851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poeter","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, R.H.","contributorId":7041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024006,"text":"70024006 - 2002 - Chemical disaggregation of kaolinitic claystones (tonsteins and flint clays)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T18:24:10","indexId":"70024006","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical disaggregation of kaolinitic claystones (tonsteins and flint clays)","docAbstract":"The coarse, non-clay fraction of many flint-like kaolinitic claystones often contains mineral grains diagnostic of the claystone's origin and, in the case of tonsteins (altered volcanic ashes), may also provide minerals suitable for radiometric dating. Separation of the non-clay mineral fraction is often difficult because flint clays and flint-like clays resist slaking in water and thus are difficult to disaggregate. Chemical disaggregation of resistant kaolinitic claystones may be achieved by immersion in either hydrazine monohydrate or DMSO for periods ranging from one day to several weeks. Generally, hydrazine monohydrate works more quickly and efficiently than DMSO to disaggregate most kaolinitic claystones and flint clays.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/000986002762090164","usgsCitation":"Triplehorn, D.M., Bohor, B., and Betterton, W.J., 2002, Chemical disaggregation of kaolinitic claystones (tonsteins and flint clays): Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 50, no. 6, p. 766-770, https://doi.org/10.1346/000986002762090164.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"770","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f579e4b0c8380cd4c240","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triplehorn, Don M.","contributorId":73211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Triplehorn","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohor, Bruce F.","contributorId":104823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"Bruce F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betterton, William J. wbettert@usgs.gov","contributorId":2572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betterton","given":"William","email":"wbettert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":399664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023953,"text":"70023953 - 2002 - Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023953","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","docAbstract":"We developed a measure of biological integrity for grasslands (GI) based on the most influential habitat types in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota. GI is based on proportions of habitat types and the relationships of these habitat types to breeding birds. Habitat types were identified by digital aerial photography, verified on the ground, and quantified using GIS, We then developed an index to GI based on the presence or abundance of breeding bird species. Species abundance data were obtained from 3 min roadside point counts at 889 points in 44, 4050 ha study plots over a 2-year period. Using a modified North American Breeding Bird Survey protocol, species were recorded in each of four quadrants at each point. Fifty species selected for analysis included all grassland species that occurred in at least 15 quadrants and all other bird species that occurred in at least 1 % of quadrants. We constructed preliminary models using data from each of the 2 years, then tested their predictive ability by cross-validation with data from the other year. These cross-validation tests indicated that the index consistently predicted grassland integrity. The final four models (presence and abundance models at 200 and 400 m scales) included only those species that were statistically significant (P ??? 0.05) in all preliminary models. Finally, we interpreted the components of the indices by examining associations between individual species and habitat types. Logistic regression identified 386 statistically significant relationships between species and habitat types at 200 and 400m scales. This method, though labor-intensive, successfully uses the presence of grassland-dependent species and absence of species associated with woody vegetation or cropland to provide an index to grassland integrity. Once regional associations of species with habitat types have been identified, such indices can be applied relatively inexpensively to monitor grassland integrity over large geographic areas. Indices like the ones presented here could be applied widely using bird abundance data that are currently being collected across the United States and southern Canada through the North American Breeding Bird Survey. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Browder, S., Johnson, D.H., and Ball, I., 2002, Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition: Ecological Indicators, v. 2, no. 3, p. 257-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2.","startPage":"257","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207275,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edc5e4b0c8380cd499c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browder, S.F.","contributorId":12405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, I.J.","contributorId":104427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023950,"text":"70023950 - 2002 - Drowned reefs and antecedent karst topography, Au'au channel, S.E. Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-02T10:02:48","indexId":"70023950","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drowned reefs and antecedent karst topography, Au'au channel, S.E. Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"During the last glacial maximum (LGM), about 21,000 years ago, the Hawaiian Islands of Maui, Lanai, and Molokai were interconnected by limestone bridges, creating a super-island known as Maui-Nui. Approximately 120 m of sea-level rise during the Holocene Transgression flooded, and then drowned, these bridges separating the islands by inter-island channels. A new multibeam high-resolution bathymetric survey of the channels between the islands, coupled with observations and video-transects utilizing DeepWorker-2000 submersibles, has revealed the existence of numerous drowned reef features including concentric solution basins, solution ridges (rims), sand and sediment plains, and conical-shaped reef pinnacles. The concentric basins contain flat lagoon-like bottoms that are rimmed by steep-sided limestone walls. Undercut notches rim the basins at several depths, marking either sea-level still stands or paleo-lake levels. All of the solution basins shallower than 120 m were subaerial at the LGM, and at one stage or another may have been shallow shoreline lakes. Today, about 70 drowned reef pinnacles are scattered across the Maui-Lanai underwater bridge and all are situated in wave-sheltered positions. Most drowned during the interval between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago when sea-level rise averaged 15 mm/year. Virtually all of the surficial topography in the Au'au Channel today is a product of karst processes accentuated by marginal reef growth during the Holocene. Both the submerged basins and the drowned reefs represent an archive of sea-level and climate history in Hawaii during the late Quaternary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coral Reefs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00338-001-0203-8","issn":"07224028","usgsCitation":"Grigg, R., Grossman, E.E., Earle, S., Gittings, S., Lott, D., and McDonough, J., 2002, Drowned reefs and antecedent karst topography, Au'au channel, S.E. Hawaiian Islands: Coral Reefs, v. 21, no. 1, p. 73-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-001-0203-8.","startPage":"73","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293258,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-001-0203-8"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Au'au Channel","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03ffe4b0c8380cd50728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grigg, R.W.","contributorId":31548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grigg","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossman, E. E.","contributorId":96046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Earle, S.A.","contributorId":98077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gittings, S.R.","contributorId":65636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gittings","given":"S.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lott, D.","contributorId":59583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lott","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McDonough, J.","contributorId":90077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonough","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70023914,"text":"70023914 - 2002 - Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023914","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2351,"text":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology","docAbstract":"Hydraulic (chiefly portland) cement is the binding agent in concrete and mortar and thus a key component of a country's construction sector. Concrete is arguably the most abundant of all manufactured solid materials. Portland cement is made primarily from finely ground clinker, which itself is composed dominantly of hydraulically active calcium silicate minerals formed through high-temperature burning of limestone and other materials in a kiln. This process requires approximately 1.7 tons of raw materials perton of clinker produced and yields about 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, of which calcination of limestone and the combustion of fuels each contribute about half. The overall level of CO2 output makes the cement industry one of the top two manufacturing industry sources of greenhouse gases; however, in many countries, the cement industry's contribution is a small fraction of that from fossil fuel combustion by power plants and motor vehicles. The nature of clinker and the enormous heat requirements of its manufacture allow the cement industry to consume a wide variety of waste raw materials and fuels, thus providing the opportunity to apply key concepts of industrial ecology, most notably the closing of loops through the use of by-products of other industries (industrial symbiosis). In this article, the chemistry and technology of cement manufacture are summarized. In a forthcoming companion article (part II), some of the environmental challenges and opportunities facing the cement industry are described. Because of the size and scope of the U.S. cement industry, the analysis relies primarily on data and practices from the United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1162/108819802320971650","issn":"10881980","usgsCitation":"Van Oss, H., and Padovani, A., 2002, Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology: Journal of Industrial Ecology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 89-106, https://doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650.","startPage":"89","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207274,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650"},{"id":232089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3dbe4b0c8380cd4b9e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oss, H. G.","contributorId":84581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oss","given":"H. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Padovani, A.C.","contributorId":53150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padovani","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023913,"text":"70023913 - 2002 - Monitoring artificially stimulated fluid movement in the Cretaceous Dakota aquifer, western Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023913","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring artificially stimulated fluid movement in the Cretaceous Dakota aquifer, western Kansas","docAbstract":"Aquifer properties can be evaluated by monitoring artificially stimulated fluid movements between wells, if the fluid is heated. Changes in the temperature profile recorded in observation wells indicate the flow path of the heated fluid, which in effect acts as a tracer. A fluid-flow experiment in the Cretaceous Dakota Formation at the Hodgeman County site, west-central Kansas, demonstrated the advantage of using the distributed optical-fiber temperature sensing method for monitoring transient temperature conditions in his hydrological application. The fluid flow in the aquifer was increased by producing water from a pumping well and injecting heated water in an injection well 13 m (43 ft) distant from the pumping well. The time-temperature series data obtained and compared with results from previous pumping tests point to interwell heterogeneity of the aquifer and to a zone in the sandstone aquifer of high hydraulic conductivity. However, the experiment would have allowed further clarification of aquifer heterogeneity and thermal properties if at least one observation well had been present between the injection and production wells.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0223-7","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Macfarlane, P.A., Forster, A., Merriam, D.F., Schrotter, J., and Healey, J., 2002, Monitoring artificially stimulated fluid movement in the Cretaceous Dakota aquifer, western Kansas: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 6, p. 662-673, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0223-7.","startPage":"662","endPage":"673","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207273,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0223-7"},{"id":232088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d8ce4b0c8380cd70454","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macfarlane, P. A.","contributorId":14597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macfarlane","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forster, A.","contributorId":14580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forster","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schrotter, J.","contributorId":105458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrotter","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Healey, J.M.","contributorId":61199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023887,"text":"70023887 - 2002 - Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T11:29:44.254712","indexId":"70023887","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California","docAbstract":"We describe the three-dimensional geometry and Quaternary slip history of the Puente Hills blind-thrust system (PHT) using seismic reflection profiles, petroleum well data, and precisely located seismicity. The PHT generated the 1987 Whittier Narrows (moment magnitude [Mw] 6.0) earthquake and extends for more than 40 km along strike beneath the northern Los Angeles basin. The PHT comprises three, north-dipping ramp segments that are overlain by contractional fault-related folds. Based on an analysis of these folds, we produce Quaternary slip profiles along each ramp segment. The fault geometry and slip patterns indicate that segments of the PHT are related by soft-linkage boundaries, where the fault ramps are en echelon and displacements are gradually transferred from one segment to the next. Average Quaternary slip rates on the ramp segments range from 0.44 to 1.7 mm/yr, with preferred rates between 0.62 and 1.28 mm/yr. Using empirical relations among rupture area, magnitude, and coseismic displacement, we estimate the magnitude and frequency of single (Mw 6.5-6.6) and multisegment (Mw 7.1) rupture scenarios for the PHT.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010291","usgsCitation":"Shaw, J., Plesch, A., Dolan, J., Pratt, T.L., and Fiore, P., 2002, Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 8, p. 2946-2960, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010291.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2946","endPage":"2960","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 33.660353121928814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9012e4b0c8380cd7fafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, J.H.","contributorId":87261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plesch, A.","contributorId":14603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plesch","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolan, J.F.","contributorId":64813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fiore, P.","contributorId":98910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiore","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023842,"text":"70023842 - 2002 - Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes - A historical review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023842","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3503,"text":"Surveys in Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes - A historical review","docAbstract":"Post-earthquake field investigations of landslide occurrence have provided a basis for understanding, evaluating, and mapping the hazard and risk associated with earthquake-induced landslides. This paper traces the historical development of knowledge derived from these investigations. Before 1783, historical accounts of the occurrence of landslides in earthquake are typically so incomplete and vague that conclusions based on these accounts are of limited usefulness. For example, the number of landslides triggered by a given event is almost always greatly underestimated. The first formal, scientific post-earthquake investigation that included systematic documentation of the landslides was undertaken in the Calabria region of Italy after the 1783 earthquake swarm. From then until the mid-twentieth century, the best information on earthquake-induced landslides came from a succession of post-earthquake investigations largely carried out by formal commissions that undertook extensive ground-based field studies. Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, when the use of aerial photography became widespread, comprehensive inventories of landslide occurrence have been made for several earthquakes in the United States, Peru, Guatemala, Italy, El Salvador, Japan, and Taiwan. Techniques have also been developed for performing \"retrospective\" analyses years or decades after an earthquake that attempt to reconstruct the distribution of landslides triggered by the event. The additional use of Geographic Information System (GIS) processing and digital mapping since about 1989 has greatly facilitated the level of analysis that can applied to mapped distributions of landslides. Beginning in 1984, synthesis of worldwide and national data on earthquake-induced landslides have defined their general characteristics and relations between their occurrence and various geologic and seismic parameters. However, the number of comprehensive post-earthquake studies of landslides is still relatively small, and one of the most pressing needs in this area of research is for the complete documentation of landslides triggered by many more earthquakes in a wider variety of environments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Surveys in Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021274710840","issn":"01693298","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., 2002, Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes - A historical review: Surveys in Geophysics, v. 23, no. 6, p. 473-510, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021274710840.","startPage":"473","endPage":"510","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207332,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021274710840"},{"id":232195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e6ae4b0c8380cd63d7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000956,"text":"1000956 - 2002 - Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T09:56:38","indexId":"1000956","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","docAbstract":"Classification methods used in machine learning (e.g., artificial neural networks, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbor clustering) are rarely used with population genetic data. We compare different nonparametric machine learning techniques with parametric likelihood estimations commonly employed in population genetics for purposes of assigning individuals to their population of origin (“assignment tests”). Classifier accuracy was compared across simulated data sets representing different levels of population differentiation (low and high FST), number of loci surveyed (5 and 10), and allelic diversity (average of three or eight alleles per locus). Empirical data for the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exhibiting levels of population differentiation comparable to those used in simulations were examined to further evaluate and compare classification methods. Classification error rates associated with artificial neural networks and likelihood estimators were lower for simulated data sets compared to k-nearest neighbor and decision tree classifiers over the entire range of parameters considered. Artificial neural networks only marginally outperformed the likelihood method for simulated data (0–2.8% lower error rates). The relative performance of each machine learning classifier improved relative likelihood estimators for empirical data sets, suggesting an ability to “learn” and utilize properties of empirical genotypic arrays intrinsic to each population. Likelihood-based estimation methods provide a more accessible option for reliable assignment of individuals to the population of origin due to the intricacies in development and evaluation of artificial neural networks.
\nIn recent years, characterization of highly polymorphic molecular markers such as mini- and microsatellites and development of novel methods of analysis have enabled researchers to extend investigations of ecological and evolutionary processes below the population level to the level of individuals (e.g., Bowcock et al. 1994; Estoup and Angers 1998; Jarne and Lagoda 1996). Analyses of individual-based genotypic information could substantially improve our understanding of evolutionary phenomena and contribute to effective management of natural populations (review inBernatchez and Duchesne 2000). The use of individual-based methods remained largely unexplored in animal populations until recently due to a lack of highly polymorphic markers (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000;Smouse and Chevillon 1998). Traditional analytical methods in population genetics rely almost exclusively on descriptors of genetic characterizations of populations (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000) and not on individual genotypes.
\n“Assignment tests” are designed to determine population membership for individuals. One particular application based on a likelihood estimate (LE) was introduced by Paetkau et al. (1995; see also Vásquez-Domínguez et al. 2001) to assign an individual to the population of origin on the basis of multilocus genotype and expectations of observing this genotype in each potential source population. The LE approach can be implemented statistically in a Bayesian framework as a convenient way to evaluate hypotheses of plausible genealogical relationships (e.g., that an individual possesses an ancestor in another population) (Dawson and Belkhir 2001;Pritchard et al. 2000; Rannala and Mountain 1997). Other studies have evaluated the confidence of the assignment (Almudevar 2000) and characteristics of genotypic data (e.g., degree of population divergence, number of loci, number of individuals, number of alleles) that lead to greater population assignment (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000; Cornuet et al. 1999; Haig et al. 1997; Shriver et al. 1997; Smouse and Chevillon 1998). Main statistical and conceptual differences between methods leading to the use of an assignment test are given in, for example,Cornuet et al. (1999) and Rosenberg et al. (2001). However, the relative power of those tests has certainly not been fully appreciated and empirical comparisons are scarce (Eldridge et al. 2001). Assignment tests can also be considered as surrogates at the individual level (sensu Hansen et al. 2001a) for other statistical tools developed earlier, such as mixed-stock analysis (e.g., Pella and Masuda 2001; Pella and Milner 1987). Detailed theoretical comparison of the interests and limitations of both methods are still lacking, but empirical studies have revealed correlations between outputs of methods (Knutsen et al. 2001; Potvin and Bernatchez 2001).
\nAssignment tests have been widely used in different applications, including determination of degree of population differentiation or to establish the relationship among individuals within and among various taxonomic groupings (e.g., Bogdanowicz et al. 1997; Koskinen et al. 2001;Marshall et al. 2000; Müller 2000; Neraas and Spruell 2001; Nielsen et al. 2001b; Polzhien et al. 2000; Primmer et al. 1999; Roeder et al. 2001;Roques et al. 1999; Schulte-Hostedde et al. 2001; Sefc et al. 2000; Spidle et al. 2001; Vásquez-Domínguez et al. 2001), including hybrids (e.g.,Beaumont et al. 2001; Congiu et al. 2001; Randi et al. 2001), introgressed individuals (e.g., Martinez et al. 2001; Randi and Lucchini 2002), and ecotypes (e.g., Taylor et al. 2000). Applications of assignment tests also include [human] forensics (e.g., Evett and Weir 1998; Primmer et al. 2000), identification and/or source of dispersers (e.g., Davies et al. 1999;Eldridge et al. 2001; Galbusera et al. 2000; Petersson et al. 2001; Tsutsui et al. 2001; Vasemägi et al. 2001), phylogeographical analyses (e.g., King et al. 2001; Zeisset and Beebee 2001), and the evaluation of the contribution of stocked individuals to natural populations (e.g., Fritzner et al. 2001; Hansen et al. 2000, 2001b) and of supportive breeding programs (Nielsen et al. 2001a; Olsen et al. 2000). Fish are among the organisms that have received considerable attention using such tools (see Hansen et al. [2001a] for a review). Moreover, these techniques are now used for profiles of traits outside the limited scope of population genetics (Thorrold et al. 2001).
\nMethods of classification vary widely based on several criteria (e.g., Jain et al. 2000) (Figure 1). Two basic classification processes are traditionally recognized in machine learning: supervised classifiers and unsupervisedclassifiers (Figure 1; e.g., Duda et al. 2000; Jain et al. 2000). Supervised classifiers represent a group of methods whereby individual assignment is made to predefined classes (i.e., populations of origin). Unsupervised classification classes are unknown and are defined a posteriori on the basis of the degree of difference or similarity in attributes characterized from sampled individuals. Clustering methods (e.g., multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis) are examples of unsupervised classification.
\nApplications of assignment testing in population genetics first used supervised parametric likelihood-based approaches (Figure 1). Other machine learning classification methods are widely used in the physical and social sciences and in other biological disciplines (e.g. Boddy et al. 2000; Leung and Tran 2000; Manel et al. 1999; Raymer et al. 1997). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a popular technique used in machine learning (e.g., Boddy and Morris 1999; Duda et al. 2000; Lek and Guégan 2000; Ripley 1996). However, while recognized (Hansen et al. 2001a), ANN methods rarely have been employed for population genetics applications (Aurelle 1999; Aurelle et al. 1999; Cornuet et al. 1996; Curtis et al. 2001;Giraudel et al. 2000; Grigull et al. 2001; Taylor et al. 1994; Whitler et al. 1994). Other popular classification methods in machine learning, such as decision trees (e.g., Bell 1996, 1999; Duda et al. 2000; Mitchell 1997) andk-nearest neighbor analysis (k-NN; e.g., Dasarathy 1991; Duda et al. 2000) have yet to be applied in population genetics (Figure 1). Moreover, there has not been a directed effort to compare machine learning methodologies with the likelihood-based procedures widely used in population genetics. Cornuet et al. (1996) compared the relative merits of ANNs to discriminant analysis in an empirical study involving different populations and subspecies of honeybee (Apis mellifera). However, they did not compare LE and ANN supervised classifiers. Aurelle (1999) used the approach of Rannala and Mountain (1997) (Figure 1) and ANN analysis using brown trout (Salmo trutta) microsatellite data; however, he did not provide a direct comparison of classification results or accuracies. Hansen et al. (2001a) briefly presented ANNs, but rejected their use without really testing their ability to classify individuals.
\nThe objective of this article is to describe several of the more widely used machine learning classifiers that may have utility when used with empirical population genetics data. We compare likelihood-based “assignment tests” (Paetkau et al. 1995) with supervised machine learning classifiers including ANN, decision tree, and a k-NN clustering. Simulations were conducted which estimated and compared the assignment accuracy associated with different classifiers using ranges of parameter values (number of loci, allelic diversity, and interpopulation variance in allele frequency) typically encountered in natural populations. Comparative analyses were extended to empirical examples using lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush; Salmonidae).
\n","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","doi":"10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","usgsCitation":"Guinand, B., Topchy, A., Page, K., Burnham-Curtis, M.K., Punch, W., and Scribner, K., 2002, Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification: Journal of Heredity, v. 93, no. 4, p. 260-269, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guinand, B.","contributorId":6020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guinand","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topchy, A.","contributorId":64619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topchy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, K.S.","contributorId":47332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnham-Curtis, M. K.","contributorId":39328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham-Curtis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Punch, W.F.","contributorId":38945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Punch","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1001709,"text":"1001709 - 2002 - Perspectives on trans-Pacific biological invasions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T09:46:11","indexId":"1001709","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":645,"text":"Acta Phytoecologica Sinica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perspectives on trans-Pacific biological invasions","docAbstract":"Trans-Pacific biological invasion is one of the most striking and influential biological phenomena occurring in modern times and the process is still accelerating, and the associated invasives form neo-disjuncts (cf. many well-known paleo-disjuncts) between eastern Asia and North America. To better understand this phenomenon and the related taxa, I address the following questions: 1) what types of species (e.g., life/growth form) have been, or are likely to be, associated with trans-Pacific (eastern Asia, North America) invasions; 2) what has happened or may happen to these species after their remote geographic separation, and 3) what aspects of these species and their native and non-native habitats should be better understood for improved control. To answer these questions, comparisons of the invasive species' characteristics in their native and invaded habitats need to be examined, including: l) genetics, 2) life history/morphology (e.g., plant size, seed size, etc.), 3) ecology (e.g., life/growth forms, pollinators, competitors), 4) distributions (e.g., range size, shape, latitude) in their native (source) and introduced (target) ranges or habitats, and 5) physical factors such as soil, water, and climate. The purpose of these studies is 1) to identify the limiting factors that restrict the distributions of exotic species in native ranges, 2) to understand why invasive species are successful in the introduced ranges, 3) to predict possible future invasions, and, ultimately, 4) to provide information for more efficient and effective management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Phytoecologica Sinica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Guo, Q., 2002, Perspectives on trans-Pacific biological invasions: Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, v. 26, no. 6, p. 724-730.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"724","endPage":"730","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6883b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guo, Q.","contributorId":67039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1002950,"text":"1002950 - 2002 - Habitat and movement of lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:32:38.87049","indexId":"1002950","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat and movement of lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system, USA","docAbstract":"
Lake sturgeon Acipenser fluvescens, which are now protected from harvest, are considered rare in the upper Mississippi River and little information is available on the remaining populations. Transmitters were implanted into 31 lake sturgeon from two sites in the upper Mississippi River to describe their habitats and movement. The areas surrounding the tagging sites were core areas for both groups of lake sturgeon based on the high use (about 50% of locations by group) and frequent return to these areas by many of the tagged fish. Core areas contained sites with unique hydraulic characteristics, such that depositional substrates were common yet flow was present; these areas probably provide important feeding habitat for lake sturgeon. Minimal geographical overlap in range occurred between groups, suggesting that river reaches and associated core areas were unique to groups or substocks of fish. Lake sturgeon exhibited complex movement behaviors and had ranges of 3-198 km (median, 56 km) during the study. Tagged fish moved both downstream and upstream through upper Mississippi River navigation dams. However, dams appeared to be intermittent barriers to upstream passage because upstream passage events (10 fish, 19 passages) were fewer than downstream events (13 fish, 35 passages). Extensive use of the Wisconsin River by one group of lake sturgeon tagged in the upper Mississippi River has implications regarding management of a threatened population that transcends regulatory boundaries. Our study indicates that lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system share many movement and habitat use characteristics with populations in other systems. However, significant data gaps preclude development of cogent management strategies, including information on population numbers and dynamics, identification of spawning areas, relations between groups, and assessment of the effects of commercial navigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0507:HAMOLS%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Knights, B.C., Vallazza, J.M., Zigler, S.J., and Dewey, M.R., 2002, Habitat and movement of lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system, USA: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 3, p. 507-522, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0507:HAMOLS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"lower Wisconsin River, upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -90.054931640625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -90.054931640625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"131","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae29c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knights, Brent C. 0000-0001-8526-8468 bknights@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-8468","contributorId":2906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knights","given":"Brent","email":"bknights@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallazza, Jonathon M.","contributorId":23098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallazza","given":"Jonathon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zigler, Steven J. 0000-0002-4153-0652 szigler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-0652","contributorId":2410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zigler","given":"Steven","email":"szigler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dewey, Michael R.","contributorId":9994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1003492,"text":"1003492 - 2002 - Use of satellite telemetry to identify common loon migration routes, staging areas and wintering range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:49:53.72003","indexId":"1003492","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of satellite telemetry to identify common loon migration routes, staging areas and wintering range","docAbstract":"We developed a satellite transmitter attachment technique for adult Common Loons (Gavia immer) that would help in identifying important migration routes, staging areas, and the location of wintering grounds of birds that breed in the north central United States. During the autumn and winter of 1998, the migration of six adult loons that were radio marked in northern Wisconsin and Minnesota was monitored. The results of this work offer insight into autumn movement patterns of Common Loons. Timing of autumn staging and migration to wintering grounds appeared to be related to low pressure systems that delivered winter weather to the Upper Midwest. Most of the radiomarked birds staged on the Great Lakes and then followed one of two distinct migration routes to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts. Several of the birds used lakes and reservoirs in the southeastern United States during migration. This study provides a basis for more extensive studies of Common Loon migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0449:UOSTTI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kenow, K.P., Meyer, M.W., Evers, D., Douglas, D., and Hines, J., 2002, Use of satellite telemetry to identify common loon migration routes, staging areas and wintering range: Waterbirds, v. 25, p. 449-458, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0449:UOSTTI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"458","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6043cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kenow, Kevin P. 0000-0002-3062-5197 kkenow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-5197","contributorId":3339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenow","given":"Kevin","email":"kkenow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Michael W.","contributorId":149111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17645,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Rhinelander, WI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":313383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evers, David","contributorId":34364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evers","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, J.","contributorId":41395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}