{"pageNumber":"287","pageRowStart":"7150","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10999,"records":[{"id":70019133,"text":"70019133 - 1997 - Mid-crustal flow during Tertiary extension in the Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:20:23.274226","indexId":"70019133","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-crustal flow during Tertiary extension in the Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>Structural analysis and geochronologic data indicate a nearly orthogonal, late Eocene–Oligocene flow pattern in migmatitic infrastructure immediately beneath the kilometer-thick, extensional, mylonitic shear zone of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex, Nevada. New U-Pb radiometric dating indicates that the development of a northward-trending lineation in the infrastructure is partly coeval with the development of a pervasive, west-northwest–trending lineation in the mylonitic shear zone. U-Pb monazite data from the leucogranite orthogneiss of Thorpe Creek indicate a crystallization age of ca. 36–39 Ma. Zircon fractions from a biotite monzogranite dike yield an age of ca. 29 Ma. The three dated samples from these units exhibit a penetrative, approximately north-south–trending elongation lineation. This lineation is commonly defined by oriented bundles of sillimanite and/or elongated aggregates of quartz and feldspar, indicating a synmetamorphic and syndeformational origin. The elongation lineation can be interpreted as a slip line in the flow plane of the migmatitic, nonmylonitic infrastructural core of the northern Ruby Mountains. A portion of this midcrustal flow is coeval with the well-documented, west-northwest sense of slip in the structurally overlying kilometer-thick, mid-Tertiary mylonitic shear zone. Lineations in the mylonitic zone are orthogonal to those in the deeper infrastructure, suggesting fundamental plastic decoupling between structural levels in this core complex. Furthermore, the infrastructure is characterized by overlapping, oppositely verging fold nappes, which are rooted to the east and west. One of the nappes may be synkinematic with the intrusion of the late Eocene orthogneiss of Thorpe Creek. In addition, the penetrative, elongation lineation in the infrastructure is subparallel to hinge lines of parasitic folds developed synchronous with the fold nappes, suggesting a kinematically related evolution.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1576:MCFDTE>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"MacCready, T., Snoke, A., Wright, J., and Howard, K.A., 1997, Mid-crustal flow during Tertiary extension in the Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 12, p. 1576-1594, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1576:MCFDTE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1576","endPage":"1594","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.23496714325941,\n              42.09950870543412\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.23496714325941,\n              38.06675719583029\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0826233932597,\n              38.06675719583029\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0826233932597,\n              42.09950870543412\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.23496714325941,\n              42.09950870543412\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56c4e4b0c8380cd6d7f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacCready, T.","contributorId":69418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCready","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snoke, A.W.","contributorId":14899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snoke","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, J.E.","contributorId":52575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020149,"text":"70020149 - 1997 - Mapping the radon potential of the united states: Examples from the Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:17","indexId":"70020149","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mapping the radon potential of the united states: Examples from the Appalachians","docAbstract":"The geologic radon potential of the United States was recently assessed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Results indicate that approximately 33% of the U.S. population lives within geologic provinces where the average indoor radon levels have the potential to be greater than 4 pCi/L (147 Bq/m3). Rock types most commonly associated with high indoor radon include: 1) Uraniferous metamorphosed sediments, volcanics, and granite intrusives, especially those that are highly deformed or sheared. 2) Glacial deposits derived from uranium-bearing rocks and sediments. 3) Carboniferous, black shales. 4) Soils derived from carbonate rock, especially in karstic terrain. 5) Uraniferous fluvial, deltaic, marine, and lacustrine deposits. Different geologic terrains of the eastern United States illustrate some of the problems inherent in correlating indoor radon with geology. The Central and Southern Appalachian Highlands of the eastern United States have not been glaciated and most soils there are saprolitic, derived directly from the underlying bedrock. Regression analyses of bedrock geologic and radon parameters yield positive correlations (R > 0.5 to 0.9) and indicate that bedrock geology can account for a significant portion of the indoor radon variation. In glaciated areas of the United States such as the northern Appalachian Highlands and Appalachian Plateau, the correlation of bedrock geology to indoor radon is obscured or is positive only in certain cases. In these glaciated areas of the country, it is the type, composition, thickness, and permeability of glacial deposits, rather than the bedrock geology, that controls the radon source.","largerWorkTitle":"Environment International","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 6th International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment, NRE","conferenceDate":"5 June 1995 through 9 June 1995","conferenceLocation":"Montreal, Can","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00190-0","issn":"01604120","usgsCitation":"Gundersen, L., and Schumann, R., 1997, Mapping the radon potential of the united states: Examples from the Appalachians, <i>in</i> Environment International, v. 22, no. SUPPL. 1, Montreal, Can, 5 June 1995 through 9 June 1995, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00190-0.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499892,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/b023d5d046414367ac5c9cfedddfb12a","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00190-0"},{"id":228159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5086e4b0c8380cd6b742","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hopke P.K.","contributorId":128435,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Hopke P.K.","id":536460,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gundersen, L.C.S.","contributorId":24501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gundersen","given":"L.C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schumann, R.R.","contributorId":14429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019190,"text":"70019190 - 1997 - Correlation of Upper Cretaceous strata from Lima Peaks area to Madison Range, southwestern Montana and southeastern Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-22T16:43:03.655824","indexId":"70019190","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of Upper Cretaceous strata from Lima Peaks area to Madison Range, southwestern Montana and southeastern Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"<p>An<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age of 85.81 Ma±0.22 my was obtained on sanidine from a volcanic procellanite bed near the top of the 2135+m-thick Upper Cretaceous Frontier Formation in the Lima Peaks area of southwestern Montana. This early Santonian age, combined with previously determined age data including a palynological age of Cenomanian for the lower Frontier at Lima Peaks, and a U-Pb isotopic date of about 95 Ma for the base of the Frontier Formation in the eastern Pioneer Mountains north of the Lima Peaks area, provides an age range for the nonmarine formation. In the Madison Range, farther east in southweastern Montana, this age range corresponds to marine strata of not only the Frontier Formation, but also the overlying Cody Shale and Telegraph Creek Formation, a sequence that totals less than 760 m thick.</p><p>The Upper Cretaceous marine formations of the Madison Range are closely zoned by molluscan faunas that are well constrained with radiometric dates. The<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age of 85.81 Ma±0.22 my at Lima Peaks is bracketed by radiometric dates for the <i>Scaphites depressus—Protexanites bourgeoisianus </i>biozone and the overlying <i>Clioscaphites saxitonianus—Inoceramus undulatopilcatus </i>biozone of the Western Interior. Fossils of both of these biozones are present in the Cody Shale and the Telegraph Creek Formation in the Madison Range. The Telegraph Creek contains two units of volcanic ash that are approximate time equivalents of the volcanic procellanite of the Lima Peaks area. Clasts in the conglomerate of the upper part of the Frontier in the Lima Peaks area were shed during the initial stages of uplift of the Blacktail-Snowcrest Highlands which rose to the north. The dated porcellanite lies above the conglomerates and indicates that the uplift was initiated by middle or late Coniacian, 87–88 Ma.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/cres.1997.0079","usgsCitation":"Dyman, T.S., Tysdal, R.G., Perry, W.J., Obradovich, J.D., Haley, J.C., and Nichols, D.J., 1997, Correlation of Upper Cretaceous strata from Lima Peaks area to Madison Range, southwestern Montana and southeastern Idaho, USA: Cretaceous Research, v. 18, no. 6, p. 751-766, https://doi.org/10.1006/cres.1997.0079.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"766","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114,\n              46\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              44\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.5,\n              44\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.5,\n              46\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              46\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc34e4b0c8380cd4e18f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyman, T. S.","contributorId":21161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dyman","given":"T.","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tysdal, R. G.","contributorId":8823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, W. J. Jr.","contributorId":64266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Obradovich, J. D.","contributorId":48966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haley, J. C.","contributorId":14873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haley","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70184263,"text":"70184263 - 1997 - Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T13:10:02","indexId":"70184263","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter","docAbstract":"<p>The Mesozoic accretionary wedge of south-central Alaska is cut by an array of faults including dextral and sinistral strike-slip faults, synthetic and antithetic thrust faults, and synthetic and antithetic normal faults. The three fault sets are characterized by quartz ± calcite ± chlorite ± prehnite slickensides, and are all relatively late, i.e. all truncate ductile fabrics of the host rocks. Cross-cutting relationships suggest that the thrust fault sets predate the late normal and strike-slip fault sets. Together, the normal and strike-slip fault system exhibits orthorhombic symmetry. Thrust faulting shortened the wedge subhorizontally perpendicular to strike, and then normal and strike-slip faulting extended the wedge oblique to orogenic strike. Strongly curved slickenlines on some faults of each set reveal that displacement directions changed over time. On dip-slip faults (thrust and normal), slickenlines tend to become steeper with younger increments of slip, whereas on strike-slip faults, slickenlines become shallower with younger strain increments. These patterns may result from progressive exhumation of the accretionary wedge while the faults were active, with the curvature of the slickenlines tracking the change from a non-Andersonian stress field at depth to a more Andersonian system (σ<sub>1</sub> or σ<sub>2</sub> nearly vertical) at shallower crustal levels.</p><p>We interpret this complex fault array as a progressive deformation that is one response to Paleocene-Eocene subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center beneath the accretionary complex because: (1) on the Kenai Peninsula, ENE-striking dextral faults of this array exhibit mutually cross-cutting relationships with Paleocene-Eocene dikes related to ridge subduction; and (2) mineralized strike-slip and normal faults of the orthorhombic system have yielded <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar ages identical to near-trench intrusives related to ridge subduction. Both features are diachronous along-strike, having formed at circa 65 Ma in the west and 50 Ma in the east. Exhumation of deeper levels of the southern Alaska accretionary wedge and formation of this late fault array is interpreted as a critical taper adjustment to subduction of progressively younger oceanic lithosphere yielding a shallower basal de´collement dip as the Kula-Farallon ridge approached the accretionary prism. The late structures also record different kinematic regimes associated with subduction of different oceanic plates, before and after ridge subduction. Prior to triple junction passage, subduction of the Farallon plate occurred at nearly right angles to the trench axis, whereas after triple junction migration, subduction of the Kula plate involved a significant component of dextral transpression and northward translation of the Chugach terrane. The changes in kinematics are apparent in the sequence of late structures from: (1) thrusting; (2) near-trench plutonism associated with normal + strike-slip faulting; (3) very late gouge-filled dextral faults.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00084-3","usgsCitation":"Kusky, T.M., 1997, Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 139-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00084-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(96)00084-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -135,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -163,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -163,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -135,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -135,\n              54\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kusky, Timothy M.","contributorId":11664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusky","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70187045,"text":"70187045 - 1997 - NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T15:45:11.968532","indexId":"70187045","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"NDVI, C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes","title":"NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes","docAbstract":"<p>The distributions of C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> grasses were used to interpret the distribution, seasonal performance, and potential production of grasslands in the Great Plains of North America. Thirteen major grassland seasonal land cover classes were studied with data from three distinct sources. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor were collected for each pixel over a 5-yr period (1989–1993), analyzed for quantitative attributes and seasonal relationships, and then aggregated by land cover class. Data from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database were used to identify dominant plant species contributing to the potential production in each map unit. These species were identified as C<sub>3</sub> or C<sub>4</sub>, and contributions to production were aggregated to provide estimates of the percentage of C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> production for each intersection of the STATSGO map units and the seasonal land cover classes. Carbon isotope values were obtained at specific sites from the soil organic matter of the upper horizon of soil cores and were related to STATSGO estimates of potential production.</p><p>The grassland classes were distributed with broad northwest-to-southeast orientations. Some classes had large variations in C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> composition with high proportions of C<sub>4</sub>species in the south and low proportions in the north. This diversity of photosynthetic types within land cover classes that cross regions of different temperature and precipitation results in similar seasonal patterns and magnitudes of NDVI. The easternmost class, 65, containing tallgrass prairie components, bluestem, Indiangrass, and switchgrass, possessed the highest maximum NDVI and time-integrated NDVI values each year. Grassland classes varied over 5 yr from a high integrated NDVI mean of 4.9 in class 65 in the east to a low of 1.2 in class 76 (sand sage, blue grama, wheatgrass, and buffalograss) in the southwest. Although environmental conditions varied widely during the 5 yr, the rankings of class performance were consistent across years for these NDVI metrics. Land cover classes were less consistent in time of onset, which was often earlier in areas in the north dominated by C<sub>3</sub> grasses than in areas to the south dominated by C<sub>4</sub>grasses. At the level of seasonal land cover classes, no significant relationship was found between the proportions of C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> species and estimates of potential production derived from the STATSGO database or inferred from the seasonal patterns of NDVI. The isotopic data from specific sites and the potential production data from STATSGO suggest similar patterns of high proportional production by C<sub>4</sub> species throughout the south and a decline in proportional production north of the central Great Plains. The land cover classes integrate ecosystem units that encompass a wide diversity of species and C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> proportions and provide a classification that consistently captures significant ecosystem parameters for the Great Plains.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0059:NCACPA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tieszen, L., Reed, B.C., Bliss, N.B., Wylie, B.K., and DeJong, B.D., 1997, NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes: Ecological Applications, v. 7, no. 1, p. 59-78, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0059:NCACPA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.72622922527455,\n              30.230049603433784\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.61250448388495,\n              30.52169497958907\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.87858353239872,\n              33.41389123613858\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.0120519704127,\n              33.463124534037874\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.45663844863131,\n              33.702281530894325\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.41733009095148,\n              35.50682111220998\n            ],\n            [\n              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(Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bliss, Norman B. 0000-0003-2409-5211 bliss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":1921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"Norman","email":"bliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeJong, Benjamin D. bdejong@usgs.gov","contributorId":2506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeJong","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdejong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":692163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70180932,"text":"70180932 - 1997 - Field guide to the Mesozoic accretionary complex along Turnagain Arm and Kachemak Bay, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T21:45:07.626151","indexId":"70180932","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Field guide to the Mesozoic accretionary complex along Turnagain Arm and Kachemak Bay, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Turnagain Arm, just east of Anchorage, provides a readily accessible, world-class cross section through a Mesozoic accretionary wedge. Nearly continuous exposures along the Seward Highway, the Alaska Railroad, and the shoreline of Turnagain Arm display the two main constituent units of the Chugach terrane: the McHugh Complex and Valdez Group. In this paper we describe seven bedrock geology stops along Turnagain Arm, and two others in the Chugach Mountains just to the north (Stops 1-7 and 9), which will be visited as part of the May, 1997 field trip of the Alaska Geological Society. Outcrops along Turnagain Arm have already been described in two excellent guidebook articles (Clark, 1981; Winkler and others 1984), both of which remain as useful and valid today as when first published. Since the early 1980's, studies along Turnagain Arm have addressed radiolarian ages of chert and conodont ages of limestone in the McHugh Complex (Nelson and others, 1986, 1987); geochemistry of basalt in the McHugh Complex (Nelson and Blome, 1991); post-accretion brittle faulting (Bradley and Kusky, 1990; Kusky and others, 1997); and the age and tectonic setting of gold mineralization (Haeussler and others, 1995). Highlights of these newer findings will described both in the text below, and in the stop descriptions.</p><p>Superb exposures along the southeastern shore of Kachemak Bay show several other features of the McHugh Complex that are either absent or less convincing along Turnagain Arm. While none of these outcrops can be reached via the main road network, they are still reasonably accessible - all are within an hour by motorboat from Homer, seas permitting. Here, we describe seven outcrops along the shore of Kachemak Bay that we studied between 1989 and 1993 during geologic mapping of the Seldovia 1:250,000- scale quadrangle. These outcrops (Stops 61-67) will not be part of the 1997 itinerary, but are included here tor the benefit of those who may wish to visit them later.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"1997 Guide to the geology of the Kenai Peninsula. Alaska","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D., Kusky, T.M., Karl, S.M., and Haeussler, P.J., 1997, Field guide to the Mesozoic accretionary complex along Turnagain Arm and Kachemak Bay, south-central Alaska, chap. <i>of</i> 1997 Guide to the geology of the Kenai Peninsula. Alaska, p. 2-12.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335027,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/alaska/data/024/024001/2_akgs0240002.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katchemak Bay, Turnagain Arm","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150.37219851463183,\n              61.232593249587865\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.37219851463183,\n              60.82088381337712\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.96611137210698,\n              60.82088381337712\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.96611137210698,\n              61.232593249587865\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.37219851463183,\n              61.232593249587865\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150.85226137382838,\n              59.83620683066252\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.00806641177434,\n              59.83620683066252\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.00806641177434,\n              59.36890471025441\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.85226137382838,\n              59.36890471025441\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.85226137382838,\n              59.83620683066252\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c4fe4b0efcedb74110a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kusky, Timothy M.","contributorId":11664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusky","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70187939,"text":"70187939 - 1997 - Hazard assessment of inorganics, individually and in mixtures, to two endangered fish in the San Juan River, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:16:06","indexId":"70187939","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1570,"text":"Environmental Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard assessment of inorganics, individually and in mixtures, to two endangered fish in the San Juan River, New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>Acute toxicity tests were conducted for 96 h with larval Colorado squawfish (</span><i>Ptychocheilus lucius</i><span>) and razorback sucker (</span><i>Xyrauchen texanus</i><span>) in a reconstituted water quality simulating the San Juan River near Shiprock, New Mexico, to determine biological effect concentrations. Tests were conducted with arsenate, copper, selenate, selenite, zinc, and five mixtures of seven to nine inorganics simulating environmental mixtures reported for sites along the San Juan River (Ojo Amarillo Canyon, Gallegos Canyon, Hogback East Drain, Mancos River, and McElmo Creek). Razorback suckers were significantly more sensitive to arsenate, selenate, selenite, Hogback East Drain mixture, and Ojo Amarillo Canyon mixture than were Colorado squawfish. For both species, the Gallegos Canyon mixture had synergistic toxicity, the Mancos River and McElmo Creek mixtures had additive toxicity, and the Ojo Amarillo Canyon mixture had antagonistic toxicity. The Hogback East Drain mixture had additive toxicity to Colorado squawfish, but synergistic toxicity to razorback suckers. The major toxic component in the five mixtures was copper. Comparison of biological effect concentrations (i.e., 96-h LC</span><sub>50</sub><span>) with environmental water concentrations from the San Juan River resulted in a ratio of &lt;100, which revealed a high potential hazard for copper and all five environmental mixtures. The high hazard ratios suggest inorganic contaminants could adversely affect larval Colorado squawfish and razorback suckers in the San Juan River at sites receiving elevated inorganics such as from nonpoint discharges and irrigation return flows. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1997)12:3<195::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-3","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S., and Buhl, K.J., 1997, Hazard assessment of inorganics, individually and in mixtures, to two endangered fish in the San Juan River, New Mexico: Environmental Toxicology, v. 12, no. 3, p. 195-209, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1997)12:3<195::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"209","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan River","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bcfe4b0b7ff9fb489bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019597,"text":"70019597 - 1997 - Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:30:50","indexId":"70019597","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Boron-isotope (&delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B) values may be useful as surrogate tracers of contaminants and indicators of water mixing in agricultural settings. This paper characterizes the B contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure and selected fertilizers, and presents &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B data for ground and surface water from two agricultural areas. Boron concentrations in dry hog manure averaged 61 mg/kg and in commercial fertilizers ranged from below detection limits in some brands of ammonium nitrate and urea to 382 mg/kg in magnesium sulfate. Values of &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B of untreated hog manure ranged from 7.2 to 11.2o/oo and of N fertilizers were &minus;2.0 to 0.7o/oo. In 22 groundwater samples from a sand-plain aquifer in east-central Minnesota, B concentrations averaged 0.04 mg/L and &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B values ranged from 2.3 to 41.5o/oo. Groundwater beneath a hog feedlot and a cultivated field where hog manure was applied had B-isotope compositions consistent with the water containing hog-manure leachate. In a 775-km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;watershed with silty-loam soils in southcentral Minnesota: 18 samples of subsurface drainage from corn (</span><i>Zea mays</i><span>&nbsp;L.) and soybean (</span><i>Glycine max</i><span>&nbsp;L. Merr.) fields had average B concentrations of 0.06 mg/L and &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B values of 5.3 to 15.1o/oo; 27 stream samples had average B concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B values of 1.0 to 19.0o/oo; and eight groundwater samples had average B concentrations of 0.09 mg/L and &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B values of &minus;0.3 to 23.0o/oo. Values of &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B and B concentrations, when plotted against one another, define a curved mixing trend that suggests subsurface drainage and stream water contain mixtures of B from shallow and deep groundwater.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., 1997, Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1212-1222, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1212","endPage":"1222","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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,{"id":70046401,"text":"ofr93137 - 1997 - Data-collection methods and quality-assurance/quality-control procedures used in the study of episodic stream acidification and its effect on fish and aquatic invertebrates in four Catskill Mountain streams, New York, 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-08T12:19:23","indexId":"ofr93137","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-137","title":"Data-collection methods and quality-assurance/quality-control procedures used in the study of episodic stream acidification and its effect on fish and aquatic invertebrates in four Catskill Mountain streams, New York, 1988-90","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, conducted a 20-month study during 1988-90 to evaluate the effects of episodic acidification on fish and aquatic invertebrates in pristine headwater streams in the Catskill Mountains of New York. The study was part of the Episodic Response Project, a regional survey of episodic acidification by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and was carried out simultaneously with other studies in the Adirondack Mountains of New York by the Adirondack Lake Survey Corporation and in central Pennsylvania by Pennsylvania State University. This report summarizes the methods used, describes the sampling sites, and presents the data collected from October 1, 1988 through May 30, 1990 at four headwater watersheds (Biscuit Brook, East Branch Neversink River, Black Brook, and High Falls Brook). The study entailed (1) monitoring the quantity and chemical quality of atmospheric deposition and the quality of discharge of streams, and (2) experiments to determine the effect of stream-water-quality changes on fish and invertebrate populations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Ranalli, A.J., Baldigo, B.P., Horan-Ross, D., and Allen, R.V., 1997, Data-collection methods and quality-assurance/quality-control procedures used in the study of episodic stream acidification and its effect on fish and aquatic invertebrates in four Catskill Mountain streams, New York, 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-137, vi, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93137.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p.","numberOfPages":"90","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273603,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274551,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0137/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York;Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Catskill Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.49,39.68 ], [ -80.49,45.36 ], [ -73.16,45.36 ], [ -73.16,39.68 ], [ -80.49,39.68 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b846e2e4b03203c522b1c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ranalli, Anthony J. tranalli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranalli","given":"Anthony","email":"tranalli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":479615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119 bbaldigo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":1234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry","email":"bbaldigo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horan-Ross, Debra","contributorId":48466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horan-Ross","given":"Debra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Ronald V.","contributorId":28657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020036,"text":"70020036 - 1997 - Massive sediment bypassing on the lower shoreface offshore of a wide tidal inlet: Cat Island Pass, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-10T11:28:32","indexId":"70020036","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Massive sediment bypassing on the lower shoreface offshore of a wide tidal inlet: Cat Island Pass, Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p>Analysis of a series of historical bathymetric and shoreline surveys along the Louisiana coast west of the Mississippi River mouth detected a large area of deposition in water depths of 2.0–8.5 m offshore of a 9-km-wide tidal inlet, the Cat Island Pass/Wine Island Pass system. A 59.9 · 106 m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>sandy deposit formed from the 1930s–1980s, spanning 27 km in the alongshore direction, delineating the transport pathway for sediment bypassing offshore of the inlet on the shoreface. Bypassing connected the shorefaces of two barrier island systems, the Isles Dernieres and the Bayou Lafourche.</p><p>The processes responsible for formation of this deposit are not well understood, but sediment-transport modeling suggests that sediment is transported primarily by wind-driven coastal currents during large storms and hurricanes. Deposition appears to be related to changes in shoreline orientation, closing of transport pathways into a large bay to the east and the presence of tidal inlets. This newly documented type of bypassing, an offshore bypassing of the inlet system, naturally nourished the immediate downdrift area, the eastern Isles Dernieres, where shoreface and shoreline erosion rates are about half of pre-bypassing rates. Erosion rates remained the same farther downdrift, where bypassing has not yet reached. As this offshore bypassing continues, the destruction of the Isles Dernieres will be slowed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00050-3","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Jaffe, B.E., List, J.H., and Sallenger, A.H., 1997, Massive sediment bypassing on the lower shoreface offshore of a wide tidal inlet: Cat Island Pass, Louisiana: Marine Geology, v. 136, no. 3-4, p. 131-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00050-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"149","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Cat Island Pass/Wine Island Pass system","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.86767578124999,\n              28.825425374477224\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.68713378906249,\n              28.825425374477224\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.68713378906249,\n              29.845408626428448\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.86767578124999,\n              29.845408626428448\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.86767578124999,\n              28.825425374477224\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"136","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5263e4b0c8380cd6c39d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaffe, B. E.","contributorId":88327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020015,"text":"70020015 - 1997 - Rapid extension in an Eocene volcanic arc: Structure and paleogeography of an intra-arc half graben in central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T12:12:47.128266","indexId":"70020015","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid extension in an Eocene volcanic arc: Structure and paleogeography of an intra-arc half graben in central Idaho","docAbstract":"A study of extension, volcanism, and sedimentation in the middle Eocene Panther Creek half graben in central Idaho shows that it formed rapidly during an episode of voluminous volcanism. The east-southeast-tilted Panther Creek half graben developed across the northeast edge of the largest cauldron complex of the Challis volcanic field and along the northeast-trending Trans-Challis fault zone. Two normal fault systems bound the east side of the half graben. One fault system strikes northeast, parallel to the Trans-Challis fault zone, and the other strikes north to northwest. The geometry of the basin-fill deposits shows that movement on these two normal fault systems was synchronous and that both faults controlled the development of the Panther Creek half graben. Strikes of the synextension volcanic and sedimentary rocks are similar throughout the half graben, whereas dips decrease incrementally upsection from as much as 60?? to less than 10??. Previous K-Ar dates and a new 40Ar/39Ar plateau date from the youngest widespread tuff in the basin suggest that most of basin formation spanned 3 m.y. between about 47.7 Ma and 44.5 Ma. As much as 6.5 km of volcanic and sedimentary rocks were deposited during that time. Although rates of extension and subsidence were very high, intense volcanic activity continually filled the basin with ash-flow tuffs, outpacing subsidence and sedimentation, until the end of basin development. After the abrupt end of Challis volcanism, locally derived pebble to boulder conglomerate and massive, reworked ash accumulated in the half graben. These sedimentary rocks make up a small part of the basin fill in the Panther Creek half graben and were derived mainly from Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks uplifted in the footwall of the basin. The east-southeast tilt of the sedimentary rocks, their provenance and coarse grain size, and the presence of a gravity slide block derived from tilted volcanic rocks in the hanging wall attest to continued tectonism during conglomerate deposition. Provenance data from the sedimentary rocks imply that the highland in the footwall of the Panther Creek half graben was never thickly blanketed by synex-tension volcanic rocks, despite intense volcanic activity. Analysis of the Panther Creek half graben and other intra-arc rift basins supports previous interpretations that relative rates of volcanism and subsidence control the proportion of volcanic rocks deposited in intra-arc rifts.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0253:REIAEV>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Janecke, S.U., Hammond, B., Snee, L., and Geissman, J.W., 1997, Rapid extension in an Eocene volcanic arc: Structure and paleogeography of an intra-arc half graben in central Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 3, p. 253-267, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0253:REIAEV>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227949,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.62545968073437,\n              45.387525781943594\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.62545968073437,\n              43.61686225645221\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.66989327448435,\n              43.61686225645221\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.66989327448435,\n              45.387525781943594\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.62545968073437,\n              45.387525781943594\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94dfe4b0c8380cd81684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janecke, S. U.","contributorId":42296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janecke","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, B.F.","contributorId":78491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geissman, J. W.","contributorId":105760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020011,"text":"70020011 - 1997 - Late Cenozoic history and slip rates of the Fish Lake Valley, Emigrant Peak, and Deep Springs fault zones, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T12:16:38.377398","indexId":"70020011","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenozoic history and slip rates of the Fish Lake Valley, Emigrant Peak, and Deep Springs fault zones, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"<p>Several well-dated stratigraphic markers permit detailed assessment of the temporal and spatial variation in slip rates along the interconnected faults of the Fish Lake Valley, Emigrant Peak, and Deep Springs fault zones in west-central Nevada and east-central California. Right-lateral motion on the Fish Lake Valley fault zone apparently began ca. 10 Ma (11.9–8.2 Ma). Associated extensional faulting probably began ca. 5 Ma (6.9–4 Ma) and resulted in the opening of Fish Lake Valley and Deep Springs Valley.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0280:LCHASR>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M., and Sawyer, T.L., 1997, Late Cenozoic history and slip rates of the Fish Lake Valley, Emigrant Peak, and Deep Springs fault zones, Nevada and California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 3, p. 280-299, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0280:LCHASR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227862,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.13005069801096,\n              38.01193091917341\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.65427248145738,\n              38.01193091917341\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.65427248145738,\n              36.14461278900713\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.13005069801096,\n              36.14461278900713\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.13005069801096,\n              38.01193091917341\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44c4e4b0c8380cd66d70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, M.C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":36128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sawyer, T. L.","contributorId":13252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019939,"text":"70019939 - 1997 - <sup>14</sup>C ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcán Galeras, Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:06:27","indexId":"70019939","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"<sup>14</sup>C ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcán Galeras, Colombia","docAbstract":"<p>Volc&aacute;n Galeras is the southernmost Colombian volcano with well-recorded historic activity. The volcano is part of a large and complex volcanic center upon which 400,000 people live. Historic activity has centered on a small-volume cone inside the youngest of several large amphitheaters that breach the west flank of the volcano, away from the city of Pasto (population 300,000). Lava flows (SiO<sub>2</sub> between 54.6 and 64.7 wt.%) have dominated activity for more than 1 Ma, but explosive events have also occurred. Joint studies by volcanologists from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and the United States produced 24 new<sup>14</sup>C ages and more than 100 stratigraphic sections to interpret the past 50 ka of activity at Galeras, including sector collapse events. The youngest collapse event truncated 12.8 ka lava flows and may have occurred as recently as 8 to 10 ka. Tephra-fall material rapidly thins and becomes finer away from the vent area. The only widespread marker in the &lt; 10 ka section is a biotite-bearing tephra deposited between 4.1 and 4.5 ka from a source south of Galeras. It separates cryoturbated from largely undisturbed layers on Galeras, and thus dates a stratigraphic horizon which is useful in the interpretation of other volcanoes and geotectonics in the equatorial Andes. Pyroclastic flows during the past 50 ka have been small to moderate in volume, but they have left numerous thin deposits on the north and east flanks where lava flows have been impeded by crater and amphitheater walls. Many of the pyroclastic-flow deposits are lithic rich, with fines and clasts so strongly altered by hydrothermal action before eruption that they, as well as the sector collapse deposits, resemble waste dumps of leached cappings from disseminated sulfide deposits more than volcanogenic deposits. This evidence of a long-lived hydrothermal system indicates susceptibility to mass failure and explosive events higher than expected for a volcano built largely by lava flows and modest Vulcanian eruptions. Photographs, written accounts, and our study document historic north and east flank pyroclastic flows as far as 10 km from the summit; however, none have left recognizable deposits in Pasto for more than 40 ka.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00085-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Banks, N., Calvache, V., and Williams, S., 1997, <sup>14</sup>C ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcán Galeras, Colombia: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 77, no. 1-4, p. 39-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00085-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555c5eade4b0a92fa7eacbed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, N.G.","contributorId":60635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvache, V.M.L.","contributorId":28391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvache","given":"V.M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, S.N.","contributorId":15761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019928,"text":"70019928 - 1997 - The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T14:32:20","indexId":"70019928","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution","docAbstract":"<p>Until recently, Cenozoic evolution of the Atlantic Coastal Plain has been viewed as a subcyclical continuum of deposition and erosion. Marine transgressions alternated with regressions on a slowly subsiding passive continental margin, their orderly succession modified mainly by isostatic adjustments, occasional Appalachian tectonism, and paleoclimatic change. This passive scenario was dramatically transformed in the late Eocene, however, by a bolide impact on the inner continental shelf. The resultant crater is now buried 400–500 m beneath lower Chesapeake Bay, its surrounding peninsulas, and the continental shelf east of Delmarva Peninsula. This convulsive event, and the giant tsunami it engendered, fundamentally changed the regional geological framework and depositional regime of the Virginia Coastal Plain, and produced the following principal consequences. (1) The impact excavated a roughly circular crater, twice the size of Rhode Island (∼6400 km<sup>2</sup>) and nearly as deep as the Grand Canyon (∼1.3 km deep). (2) The excavation truncated all existing ground-water aquifers in the target area by gouging ∼4300 km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of rock from the upper lithosphere, including Proterozoic and Paleozoic crystalline basement rocks and Middle Jurassic to upper Eocene sedimentary rocks. (3) Synimpact depositional processes, including ejecta fallback, massive crater-wall failure, water-column collapse, and tsunami backwash, filled the crater with a porous breccia lens, 600–1200 m thick, at a phenomenal rate of ∼1200 m/hr. The breccia lens replaced the truncated ground-water aquifers with a single 4300 km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>reservoir, characterized by ground water ∼1.5 times saltier than normal sea water (chlorinities as high as 25,700 mg/l). (4) A structural and topographic low, created by differential subsidence of the compacting breccia, persisted over the crater at least through the Pleistocene. In the depression are preserved postimpact marine lithofacies and biofacies (upper Eocene, lower Oligocene, lower Miocene) not known elsewhere in the Virginia Coastal Plain. (5) Long-term differential compaction and subsidence of the breccia lens spawned extensive fault systems in the postimpact strata. Many of these faults appear to reach the bay floor, and may be potential hazards for motion-sensitive structures in population centers around Chesapeake Bay. Near-surface fracturing and faulting generated by the impact shock may extend as far as 90 km from the crater rim. (6) Having never completely filled with postimpact sediments, the sea-floor depression over the crater appears to have predetermined the location of Chesapeake Bay. (7) As large impact craters are principal sources for some of the world's precious metals, it is reasonable to expect that metal-enriched sills, dikes, and melt sheets are present in the inner basin of the crater.</p><p>In addition to these specific consequences, the crater and the convulsive event that produced it, have widespread implications for traditional interpretations of certain structural and depositional features of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, particularly in southeastern Virginia.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 1997, The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution: Sedimentary Geology, v. 108, no. 1-4, p. 45-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.67333984375,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              42.69051116998238\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.67333984375,\n              42.69051116998238\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.67333984375,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6c8e4b08c986b321288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019914,"text":"70019914 - 1997 - Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:23:09","indexId":"70019914","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle","docAbstract":"<p>Major and trace element concentrations, including REE by isotope dilution, and Sr, Nd, Pb, and O isotope ratios have been determined for 38 mafic lavas from the Mount Adams, Crater Lake, Mount Shasta, Medicine Lake, and Lassen volcanic fields, in the Cascade arc, northwestern part of the United States. Many of the samples have a high Mg# [100Mg/(Mg + FeT) &gt; 60] and Ni content (&gt;140 ppm) such that we consider them to be primitive. We recognize three end-member primitive magma groups in the Cascades, characterized mainly by their trace-element and alkali-metal abundances: (1) High-alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT) has trace element abundances similar to N-MORB, except for slightly elevated LILE, and has Eu/Eu* &gt; 1. (2) Arc basalt and basaltic andesite have notably higher LILE contents, generally have higher SiO2 contents, are more oxidized, and have higher Cr for a given Ni abundance than HAOT. These lavas show relative depletion in HFSE, have lower HREE and higher LREE than HAOT, and have smaller Eu/Eu* (0.94-1.06). (3) Alkali basalt from the Simcoe volcanic field east of Mount Adams represents the third end-member, which contributes an intraplate geochemical signature to magma compositions. Notable geochemical features among the volcanic fields are: (1) Mount Adams rocks are richest in Fe and most incompatible elements including HFSE; (2) the most incompatible-element depleted lavas occur at Medicine Lake; (3) all centers have relatively primitive lavas with high LILE/HFSE ratios but only the Mount Adams, Lassen, and Medicine Lake volcanic fields also have relatively primitive rocks with an intraplate geochemical signature; (4) there is a tendency for increasing 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/204Pb, and ??18O and decreasing 206Pb/204Pb and 143Nd/144Nd from north to south. The three end-member Cascade magma types reflect contributions from three mantle components: depleted sub-arc mantle modestly enriched in LILE during ancient subduction; a modern, hydrous subduction component; and OIB-source-like domains. Lavas with arc and intraplate (OIB) geochemical signatures were erupted close to HAOT, and many lavas are blends of two or more magma types. Pre-eruptive H2O contents of HAOT, coupled with phase-equilibrium studies, suggest that these magmas were relatively dry and last equilibrated in the mantle wedge at temperatures of ~1300 degrees C and depths of ~40 km, virtually at the base of the crust. Arc basalt and basaltic andesite represent greater extents of melting than HAOT, presumably in the same general thermal regime but at somewhat lower mantle separation temperatures, of domains of sub-arc mantle that have been enriched by a hydrous subduction component derived from the young, relatively hot Juan de Fuca plate. The primitive magmas originated by partial melting in response to adiabatic upwelling within the mantle wedge. Tectonic extension in this part of the Cascade arc, one characterized by slow oblique convergence, contributes to mantle upwelling and facilitates eruption of primitive magmas.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Bruggman, P., Christiansen, R., Clynne, M., Donnelly-Nolan, J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 35, no. 2, p. 397-423.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"423","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ba2e4b0c8380cd7e2b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":384357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruggman, P. E.","contributorId":83536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruggman","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019906,"text":"70019906 - 1997 - Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T20:23:20.593441","indexId":"70019906","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development","docAbstract":"<p><span>Magmatism that accompanied the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system (MRS) is attributed to the upwelling and decompression melting of a mantle plume beneath North America. Five distinctive flood-basalt compositions are recognized in the rift-related basalt succession along the south shore of western Lake Superior, based on stratigraphically correlated major element, trace element, and Nd isotopic analyses. These distinctive compositions can be correlated with equivalent basalt types in comparable stratigraphic positions in other MRS localities around western Lake Superior. Four of these compositions are also recognized at Mamainse Point more than 200 km away in eastern Lake Superior. These regionally correlative basalt compositions provide the basis for determining the sequential contribution of various mantle sources to flood-basalt magmatism during rift development, extending a model originally developed for eastern Lake Superior. In this refined model, the earliest basalts were derived from small degrees of partial melting at great depth of an enriched, ocean-island-type plume mantle source (ε</span><sub>Nd(1100)</sub><span>&nbsp;value of about 0), followed by magmas representing melts from this plume source and interaction with another mantle source, most likely continental lithospheric mantle (ε</span><sub>Nd(1100</sub><span>) &lt; 0). The relative contribution of this second mantle source diminished with time as larger degree partial melts of the plume became the dominant source for the voluminous younger basalts (ε</span><sub>Nd(1100)</sub><span>&nbsp;value of about 0). Towards the end of magmatism, mixtures of melts from the plume and a depleted asthenospheric mantle source became dominant (ε</span><sub>Nd(1100)</sub><span> = 0 to +3).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e17-041","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, S.W., Shirey, S., Schulz, K.J., and Green, J., 1997, Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, no. 4, p. 504-520, https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-041.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"504","endPage":"520","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228027,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Apostle Islands, Isle Royale, Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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-92.1919979533726,\n              46.68415405060526\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.22802657339773,\n              46.65531062511002\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.30608858345104,\n              46.67179446728079\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.30008381344722,\n              46.091868432379414\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.84972606313733,\n              45.87071715012689\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.29241052120538,\n              45.67418249476367\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.92653113958038,\n              45.92953859097938\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad66e4b0c8380cd86eca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, S. W.","contributorId":79504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirey, S.B.","contributorId":69712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirey","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, K. J.","contributorId":79131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, J.C.","contributorId":90052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019885,"text":"70019885 - 1997 - Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-16T16:38:47.86717","indexId":"70019885","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Evolutionary theory predicts that some aquatic organisms may adapt by directional selection to limiting physical environmental conditions, yet empirical data are conflicting. We sought to test the assumption that sculpins (family Cottidae) inhabiting thermally stable springs of the southeastern United States differ in temperature tolerance and metabolism from populations inhabiting more thermally labile stream habitats. Spring populations of pygmy sculpins (</span><i>Cottus pygmaeus</i><span>) and Ozark sculpins (</span><i>C. hypselurus</i><span>) differed interspecifically in thermal tolerance from populations of stream-dwelling mottled (</span><i>C. bairdi</i><span>) and Tallapoosa sculpins (</span><i>C. tallapoosae</i><span>), and both stream and spring populations of banded sculpins (</span><i>C. carolinae</i><span>). No intra- or interspecific differences in thermal tolerance were found among populations of&nbsp;</span><i>C. bairdi, C. talla poosae</i><span>, or&nbsp;</span><i>C. carolinae</i><span>.&nbsp;</span><i>Cottus pygmaeus</i><span>&nbsp;acclimated to 15°C differed intraspecifically in routine metabolism from fish acclimated to 20° and 25°C.&nbsp;</span><i>Cottus pygmaeus</i><span>&nbsp;and stream-dwelling&nbsp;</span><i>C. bairdi</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>C. carolinae</i><span>&nbsp;acclimated to temperatures of 20° and 25°C showed no interspecific differences in routine metabolism. Our results suggest that some spring-adapted populations or species may be more stenothermal than stream-dwelling congeners, but a greater understanding of the interactions of other physical and biological factors is required to better explain micro- and macro habitat distributions of eastern North American sculpins.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00148.x","usgsCitation":"Walsh, S., Haney, D.C., and Timmerman, C.M., 1997, Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 6, no. 2, p. 84-94, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00148.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227732,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc16ae4b08c986b32a56e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, S. J. 0000-0002-1009-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":62171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haney, D. C.","contributorId":97854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timmerman, C. M.","contributorId":98898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timmerman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019108,"text":"70019108 - 1997 - Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:17:11","indexId":"70019108","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"<p>Massachusetts Bay is a shallow (35 m average depth) semienclosed embayment, roughly 100 ?? 50 km, which opens into the Gulf of Maine at its eastern boundary. Surface waves associated with winter storm winds from the northeast cause large sediment resuspension events, and wave and circulation fields during these events have a quasi-steady response to the wind stress. Coupled wave, circulation, and boundary layer models indicate that wave-enhanced bottom friction has a significant damping effect on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay. The simulated response exhibits significant three-dimensional structure, but still can be fundamentally understood using idealized models. The depth-integrated momentum balance is dominated by along-bay stress, pressure gradient, and bottom stress. The effective bottom drag coefficient during typical storm conditions is increased by a factor of 2-5 when wave effects are included, but the mean bottom stress is relatively unaffected by wave effects due to a reduction in bottom currents by 30-50%. The vertical mixing is also relatively unaffected by the waves, and the result is that the increased drag causes a nearly depth-independent offset of the vertical current profiles. The alongshore transport in the bay is reduced 10-50%, depending on wind direction.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1997)123:5(233)","issn":"0733950X","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., and List, J.H., 1997, Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 123, no. 5, p. 233-239, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1997)123:5(233).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"239","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod Bay, Massachussetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.4111328125,\n              41.40153558289846\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.78515625,\n              41.40153558289846\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.78515625,\n              42.98857645832184\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.4111328125,\n              42.98857645832184\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.4111328125,\n              41.40153558289846\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a062ee4b0c8380cd51133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019830,"text":"70019830 - 1997 - Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T18:01:16.054629","indexId":"70019830","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","docAbstract":"<p>Jonah field, located in the northwestern Green River basin, Wyoming, produces gas from overpressured fluvial channel sandstones of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation. Reservoirs exist in isolated and amalgamated channel facies 10-100 ft (3-30 m) thick and 150-4000 ft (45-1210 m) wide, deposited by meandering and braided streams. Compositional and paleocurrent studies indicate these streams flowed eastward and had their source area in highlands associated with the Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt to the west. Productive sandstones at Jonah have been divided into five pay intervals, only one of which (Jonah interval) displays continuity across most of the field. Porosities in clean, productive sandstones range from 8 to 12%, with core permeabilities of .01-0.9 md (millidarcys) and in-situ permeabilities as low as 3-20 <span>µ</span>d (microdarcys), as determined by pressure buildup analyses. Structurally, the field is bounded by faults that have partly controlled the level of overpressuring. This level is 2500 ft (758 m) higher at Jonah field than in surrounding parts of the basin, extending to the top part of the Lance Formation. The field was discovered in 1975, but only in the 1990s did the area become fully commercial, due to improvements in fracture stimulation techniques. Recent advances in this area have further increased recoverable reserves and serve as a potential example for future development of tight gas sands elsewhere in the Rocky Mountain region.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Montgomery, S.L., and Robinson, J.W., 1997, Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1049-1062, https://doi.org/10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1049","endPage":"1062","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Sublette County","otherGeospatial":"Jonah field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.90916441832,\n              43\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.90916441832,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              43\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.90916441832,\n              43\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a400ce4b0c8380cd64a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montgomery, Scott L.","contributorId":43513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, J. W.","contributorId":54179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019798,"text":"70019798 - 1997 - Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in eastern Kentucky coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T13:19:11.859459","indexId":"70019798","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in eastern Kentucky coals","docAbstract":"<p><span>Coal in the Eastern Kentucky coalfield has been, and continues to be, a valuable energy resource, especially for the electric utility industry. However, Federal mandates in Titles III and IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 have placed increasingly stringent demands on the type and grade of coal that can be burnt in an environmentally acceptable manner. Therefore, a greater understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of thickness and quality parameters, and the geologic factors that control their distribution, is critical if the Eastern Kentucky coalfield is to continue to be a major producer of high-quality coal. Information from the Kentucky Geological Survey's Coal Resource Information System database is used in this paper to document the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of important factors such as bed thickness, calorific value, ash yield and total sulfur content. The distribution of 15 elements that naturally occur in trace amounts in Kentucky coal is also discussed, as these elements may require monitoring with passage of Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(96)00191-3","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., and Hower, J., 1997, Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in eastern Kentucky coals: Fuel, v. 76, no. 8, p. 711-715, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(96)00191-3.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"711","endPage":"715","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227726,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.8671189710937,\n              38.591173872081185\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.51089849953684,\n              38.55705127664643\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.79459795274948,\n              38.146317393456656\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.44928899862366,\n              37.44793474218231\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.39473141146718,\n              37.26579653506417\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.32221039312296,\n              36.620461717506245\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.68548277843657,\n              36.58542322762872\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.53272153439956,\n              36.64673013905853\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.4017833252246,\n              36.64673013905853\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.3144911857744,\n              36.672989604276324\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.13990690687466,\n              36.70798828823946\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07443780228719,\n              36.812888721703274\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.87803048852474,\n              36.86528511747656\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.83438441879997,\n              36.952532642514186\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68162317476296,\n              37.03097006468121\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68162317476296,\n              37.10932656265504\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4852158610005,\n              37.213675902576355\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.34336613439451,\n              37.23974072384843\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.96146302430067,\n              37.52585859834528\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.09240123347561,\n              37.61234529306144\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.25607399494434,\n              37.69873152299168\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.27789702980706,\n              37.77639316685455\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.43065827384406,\n              37.94868273203441\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.43065827384406,\n              38.008888884492734\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.57250800045007,\n              38.1291529553875\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.52886193072528,\n              38.31773960664148\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.57250800045007,\n              38.51437524399887\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8671189710937,\n              38.591173872081185\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f697e4b0c8380cd4c82c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019786,"text":"70019786 - 1997 - Geostatistical analysis of regional hydraulic conductivity variations in the Snake River Plain aquifer, eastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T13:14:10.172961","indexId":"70019786","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geostatistical analysis of regional hydraulic conductivity variations in the Snake River Plain aquifer, eastern Idaho","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15008935\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The regional spatial correlation structure of bulk horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K<sub>b</sub>) estimated from published transmissivity data from 79 open boreholes in the fractured basalt aquifer of the eastern Snake River Plain was analyzed with geostatistical methods. The two-dimensional spatial correlation structure of ln K<sub>b</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>shows a pronounced 4:1 range anisotropy, with a maximum correlation range in the north-northwest–south-southeast direction of about 6 km. The maximum variogram range of ln K<sub>b</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is similar to the mean length of flow groups exposed at the surface. The ln K<sub>b</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>range anisotropy is similar to the mean width/length ratio of late Quaternary and Holocene basalt lava flows and the orientations of the major volcanic structural features on the eastern Snake River Plain. The similarity between ln K<sub>b</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>correlation scales and basalt flow dimensions and between basalt flow orientations and correlation range anisotropy suggests that the spatial distribution of zones of high hydraulic conductivity may be controlled by the lateral dimensions, spatial distribution, and interconnection between highly permeable zones which are known to occur between lava flows within flow groups. If hydraulic conductivity and lithology are eventually shown to be cross correlative in this geologic setting, it may be possible to stochastically simulate hydraulic conductivity distributions, which are conditional on a knowledge of volcanic stratigraphy.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0855:GAORHC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Welhan, J., and Reed, M., 1997, Geostatistical analysis of regional hydraulic conductivity variations in the Snake River Plain aquifer, eastern Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 7, p. 855-868, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0855:GAORHC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"855","endPage":"868","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228137,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.49942718878722,\n              44.13702556965356\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.49942718878722,\n              42.27948622051471\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.35782562628705,\n              42.27948622051471\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.35782562628705,\n              44.13702556965356\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.49942718878722,\n              44.13702556965356\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28b0e4b0c8380cd5a308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welhan, J.A.","contributorId":34281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welhan","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, M.F.","contributorId":68902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019137,"text":"70019137 - 1997 - Ophiolitic basement to the Great Valley forearc basin, California, from seismic and gravity data: Implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T14:21:14.37421","indexId":"70019137","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ophiolitic basement to the Great Valley forearc basin, California, from seismic and gravity data: Implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin","docAbstract":"The nature of the Great Valley basement, whether oceanic or continental, has long been a source of controversy. A velocity model (derived from a 200-km-long east-west reflection-refraction profile collected south of the Mendocino triple junction, northern California, in 1993), further constrained by density and magnetic models, reveals an ophiolite underlying the Great Valley (Great Valley ophiolite), which in turn is underlain by a westward extension of lower-density continental crust (Sierran affinity material). We used an integrated modeling philosophy, first modeling the seismic-refraction data to obtain a final velocity model, and then modeling the long-wavelength features of the gravity data to obtain a final density model that is constrained in the upper crust by our velocity model. The crustal section of Great Valley ophiolite is 7-8 km thick, and the Great Valley ophiolite relict oceanic Moho is at 11-16 km depth. The Great Valley ophiolite does not extend west beneath the Coast Ranges, but only as far as the western margin of the Great Valley, where the 5-7-km-thick Great Valley ophiolite mantle section dips west into the present-day mantle. There are 16-18 km of lower-density Sierran affinity material beneath the Great Valley ophiolite mantle section, such that a second, deeper, \"present-day\" continental Moho is at about 34 km depth. At mid-crustal depths, the boundary between the eastern extent of the Great Valley ophiolite and the western extent of Sierran affinity material is a near-vertical velocity and density discontinuity about 80 km east of the western margin of the Great Valley. Our model has important implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin. We suggest that a thick ophiolite sequence was obducted onto continental material, probably during the Jurassic Nevadan orogeny, so that the Great Valley basement is oceanic crust above oceanic mantle vertically stacked above continental crust and continental mantle.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1536:OBTTGV>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Godfrey, N.J., Beaudoin, B.C., Klemperer, S., Levander, A., Luetgert, J., Meltzer, A., Mooney, W.D., and Trehu, A., 1997, Ophiolitic basement to the Great Valley forearc basin, California, from seismic and gravity data: Implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 12, p. 1536-1562, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1536:OBTTGV>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 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J.","contributorId":12866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beaudoin, B. C.","contributorId":17629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Levander, A.","contributorId":91248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levander","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luetgert, J.","contributorId":92807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meltzer, A.","contributorId":55692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzer","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trehu, A.","contributorId":28372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70019748,"text":"70019748 - 1997 - Effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the south-eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T10:58:45.197072","indexId":"70019748","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the south-eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>The south-eastern United States and Gulf Coast of Mexico is physiographically diverse, although dominated by a broad coastal plain. Much of the region has a humid, warm temperate climate with little seasonality in precipitation but strong seasonality in runoff owing to high rates of summer evapotranspiration. The climate of southern Florida and eastern Mexico is subtropical with a distinct summer wet season and winter dry season. Regional climate models suggest that climate change resulting from a doubling of the pre-industrial levels of atmospheric CO2 may increase annual air temperatures by 3-4??C. Changes in precipitation are highly uncertain, but the most probable scenario shows higher levels over all but the northern, interior portions of the region, with increases primarily occurring in summer and occurring as more intense or clustered storms. Despite the increases in precipitation, runoff is likely to decline over much of the region owing to increases in evapotranspiration exceeding increases in precipitation. Only in Florida and the Gulf Coast areas of the US and Mexico are precipitation increases likely to exceed evapotranspiration increases, producing an increase in runoff. However, increases in storm intensity and clustering are likely to result in more extreme hydrographs, with larger peaks in flow but lower baseflows and longer periods of drought. The ecological effects of climate change on freshwaters of the region include: (1) a general increase in rates of primary production, organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling as a result of higher temperatures and longer growing seasons: (2) reduction in habitat for cool water species, particularly fish and macroinvertebrates in Appalachian streams; (3) reduction in water quality and in suitable habitat in summer owing to lower baseflows and intensification of the temperature-dissolved oxygen squeeze in many rivers and reservoirs; (4) reduction in organic matter storage and loss of organisms during more intense flushing events in some streams and wetlands; (5) shorter periods of inundation of riparian wetlands and greater drying of wetland soils, particularly in northern and inland areas; (6) expansion of subtropical species northwards, including several non-native nuisance species currently confined to southern Florida; (7) expansion of wetlands in Florida and coastal Mexico, but increase in eutrophication of Florida lakes as a result of greater runoff from urban and agricultural areas; and (8) changes in the flushing rate of estuaries that would alter their salinity regimes, stratification and water quality as well as influence productivity in the Gulf of Mexico. Many of the expected climate change effects will exacerbate current anthropogenic stresses on the region's freshwater systems, including increasing demands for water, increasing waste heat loadings and land use changes that alter the quantity and quality of runoff to streams and reservoirs. Research is needed especially in several critical areas: long-term monitoring of key hydrological, chemical and biological properties (particularly water balances in small, forested catchments and temperature-sensitive species); experimental studies of the effects of warming on organisms and ecosystem processes under realistic conditions (e.g. in situ heating experiments); studies of the effects of natural hydrological variation on biological communities; and assessment of the effects of water management activities on organisms and ecosystem processes, including development and testing of management and restoration strategies designed to counteract changes in climate.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Mulholland, P.J., Best, G., Coutant, C., Hornberger, G., Meyer, J., Robinson, P., Stenberg, J., Turner, R., Vera-Herrera, F., and Wetzel, R., 1997, Effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the south-eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 8, p. 949-970.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"949","endPage":"970","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06aee4b0c8380cd51385","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulholland, P. J.","contributorId":89081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulholland","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, G.R.","contributorId":27007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coutant, C.C.","contributorId":15470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coutant","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyer, J.L.","contributorId":73316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robinson, P.J.","contributorId":43232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stenberg, J.R.","contributorId":7140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenberg","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Turner, R.E.","contributorId":39749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16756,"text":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Vera-Herrera, F.","contributorId":95762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vera-Herrera","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wetzel, R.G.","contributorId":60403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70019717,"text":"70019717 - 1997 - The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T11:27:11.698425","indexId":"70019717","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","docAbstract":"<p><span>The 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff, from Long Valley caldera in eastern California, consists of a widespread fall deposit and voluminous partly welded ignimbrite. The fall deposit (F), exposed over an easterly sector below and adjacent to the ignimbrite, is divided into nine units (F1‐F9), with no significant time breaks, except possibly between F8 and F9. Maximum clast sizes are compared with other deposits where accumulation rates are known or inferred to estimate an accumulation time for F1‐F8 as ca. 90 hrs. The ignimbrite (Ig) is divided into chronologically and/or geographically distinct packages of material. Earlier packages (Ig1) were emplaced mostly eastward, are wholly intraplinian (coeval with fall units F2‐F8), Lack phenocrystic pyroxenes, and contain few or no Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite lithic fragments. Earlier packages (Ig2) were erupted mostly to the north and east, are at least partly intraplinian (interbedded with fall unit F9 to the east), contain pyroxenes, and have lithic fractions rich in Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite or other lithologies exposed on the northern caldera rim. Recognition of the intraplinian nature of Ig1 east of the caldera and use of the fall deposit chronometry yields accumulation estimates of ca. 25 hrs for an earlier, less‐welded subpackage and ca. 36 hrs for a later, mostly welded subpackage. Average accumulation rates range up to ≥1 mm/s of dense‐welded massive ignimbrite, equivalent to ≥2.5 mm/s of non‐welded material. Comparisons of internal stratification in Ig1 and northern Ig2 lobes suggest the thickest northern ignimbrite accumulated in ≥35 hrs. Identifiable vent positions migrated from an initial site previously proposed in the south‐central part of the caldera (F1‐8, Ig1) in complex fashion; one vent set (for eastern Ig2) migrated east and north toward Glass Mountain, while another set (for northern Ig2) opened from west to east across the northern caldera margin. Vent locations for Ig1 and Ig2 southwest of the caldera have not been identified. The new stratigraphic framework shows that much of the Bishop ignimbrite is intraplinian in nature, and that fall deposits and ignimbrite units previously inferred to be sequential are largely or wholly coeval. Fundamental reassessment is therefore required of all existing models for the eruption dynamics and the nature and causes of pre‐eruptive zonations in trace elements, volatiles, and isotopes in the parental magma chamber.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/515937","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Wilson, C.J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy: Journal of Geology, v. 105, no. 4, p. 407-439, https://doi.org/10.1086/515937.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.9812469482422,\n              37.541855135522226\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.63586425781249,\n              37.541855135522226\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.63586425781249,\n              37.76474401178003\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.9812469482422,\n              37.76474401178003\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.9812469482422,\n              37.541855135522226\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9eee4b08c986b3225f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019686,"text":"70019686 - 1997 - Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:01:45.542941","indexId":"70019686","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The Racha-Dzhava earthquake (<i>Ms</i>=7.0) that occurred on 1991 April 29 at 09:12:48.1 GMT in the southern border of the Great Caucasus is the biggest event ever recorded in the region, stronger than the Spitak earthquake (<i>Ms</i>=6.9) of 1988. A field expedition to the epicentral area was organised and a temporary seismic network of 37 stations was deployed to record the aftershock activity. A very precise image of the aftershock distribution is obtained, showing an elongated cloud oriented N105°, with one branch trending N310° in the western part. The southernmost part extends over 80 km, with the depth ranging from 0 to 15 km, and dips north. The northern branch, which is about 30 km long, shows activity that ranges in depth from 5 to 15 km. The complex thrust dips northwards. A stress-tensor inversion from<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave first-motion polarities shows a state of triaxial compression, with the major principal axis oriented roughly N-S, the minor principal axis being vertical. Body-waveform inversion of teleseismic seismograms was performed for the main shock, which can be divided into four subevents with a total rupture-time duration of 22 s. The most important part of the seismic moment was released by a gentle northerly dipping thrust. The model is consistent with the compressive tectonics of the region and is in agreement with the aftershock distribution and the stress tensor deduced from the aftershocks. The focal mechanisms of the three largest aftershocks were also inverted from body-wave records. The April 29th (<i>Ms</i>=6.1) and May 5th (<i>Ms</i>=5.4) aftershocks have thrust mechanisms on roughly E-W-oriented planes, similar to the main shock. Surprisingly, the June 15th (<i>Ms</i>=6.2) aftershock shows a thrust fault striking N-S. This mechanism is explained by the structural control of the rupture along the east-dipping geometry of the Dzirula Massif close to the Borzhomi-Kazbeg strike-slip fault. In fact, the orientation and shape of the stress tensor produce a thrust on a N-S oriented plane. Nappe tectonics has been identified as an important feature in the Caucasus, and the source mechanism is consistent with this observation. A hidden fault is present below the nappe, and no large surface breaks were observed due to the main shock. The epicentral region is characterized by sediments that are trapped between two crystalline basements: the Dzirula Massif, which crops out south of Chiatoura, and the Caucasus Main Range north of Oni. Most, if not all, of the rupture is controlled by the thrusting of overlapping, deformed and folded sediments over the Dzirula Massif. This event is another example of blind active faults, with the distinctive feature that the fault plane dips at a gentle angle. The Racha Range is one of the surface expressions of this blind thrust, and its growth is the consequence and evidence of similar earthquakes in the past.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb00985.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Fuenzalida, H., Rivera, L., Haessler, H., Legrand, D., Philip, H., Dorbath, L., McCormack, D., Arefiev, S., Langer, C., and Cisternas, A., 1997, Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics: Geophysical Journal International, v. 130, no. 1, p. 29-46, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb00985.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-04578497","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b63e4b08c986b3177c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuenzalida, H.","contributorId":94806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuenzalida","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rivera, L.","contributorId":39535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivera","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haessler, H.","contributorId":82871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haessler","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Legrand, D.","contributorId":37093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legrand","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Philip, H.","contributorId":43122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philip","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dorbath, L.","contributorId":103424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorbath","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCormack, D.","contributorId":97648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormack","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Arefiev, S.","contributorId":92003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arefiev","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Langer, C.","contributorId":98480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cisternas, A.","contributorId":43509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cisternas","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
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