Four lichen species sampled three times over a 15-year time span at four of the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin were analyzed for 16 chemical elements in order to determine time trends and spatial patterns. Factor analyses of the data revealed that elements associated with soils (Al, Cr, Fe, Na, Ni and S) have increased over the study period, while nutrient and pollutant elements (Cu, K, P, Pb and Zn) have decreased. Four other elements (Ca, Cd, Mg and Mn) were unchanged over time. Cladina rangiferina, a terricolous species, contained the lowest concentrations of all elements, while the corticolous species Evernia mesomorpha was highest in soil elements, Hypogymnia physodes was highest in Ca, Cd, Mg and Mn, and Parmelia sulcata was highest in the nutritional elements. Lichens on islands within 3–4 km of the mainland were highest in soil elements, which decreased with distance from the mainland. Elements that were 18–43% greater on the nearest islands were significantly different between near and far islands. Eight elements (Al, Ca, Cd, K, Mg, Mn, P and S) exceeded enrichment levels for Hypogymnia physodes, suggesting possible contamination problems for this species. Although Pb has decreased significantly over the time period, other elements have increased in the lichens while decreasing in the atmosphere, suggesting that accumulation in the environment is continuing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00474-6","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., and Wetmore, C.M., 2003, Elemental chemistry of four lichen species from the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin, 1987, 1995 and 2001: Science of the Total Environment, v. 305, no. 1-3, p. 77-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00474-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"86","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388330,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Apostle Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.99151611328125,\n 46.99617776437492\n ],\n [\n -90.90774536132812,\n 47.01209842876063\n ],\n [\n -90.83358764648438,\n 46.991494313050424\n ],\n [\n -90.80062866210938,\n 46.991494313050424\n ],\n [\n -90.78414916992186,\n 47.00273390667881\n ],\n [\n -90.76766967773438,\n 47.0420538672161\n ],\n [\n -90.75393676757812,\n 47.04954010021555\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 47.086020441438556\n ],\n [\n -90.71136474609375,\n 47.08882558740757\n ],\n [\n -90.70037841796875,\n 47.068251086353435\n ],\n [\n -90.66604614257812,\n 47.05983195515023\n ],\n [\n -90.62759399414062,\n 47.06170298810154\n ],\n [\n -90.60699462890625,\n 47.06731569299121\n ],\n [\n -90.56716918945312,\n 47.08508535995384\n ],\n [\n -90.54794311523438,\n 47.057960856537726\n ],\n [\n -90.52459716796875,\n 47.02895043138593\n ],\n [\n -90.48477172851562,\n 47.03082254778662\n ],\n [\n -90.47378540039062,\n 47.069186463300724\n ],\n [\n -90.4339599609375,\n 47.08508535995384\n ],\n [\n -90.36392211914062,\n 47.086020441438556\n ],\n [\n -90.362548828125,\n 47.05702528260841\n ],\n [\n -90.38589477539062,\n 46.99992422991225\n ],\n [\n -90.428466796875,\n 46.98118927533914\n ],\n [\n -90.4888916015625,\n 46.973693454655916\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 46.95401192579361\n ],\n [\n -90.50674438476562,\n 46.93432315590575\n ],\n [\n -90.50949096679688,\n 46.91744130390868\n ],\n [\n -90.4779052734375,\n 46.90899838277448\n ],\n [\n -90.42709350585938,\n 46.90524554642923\n ],\n [\n -90.43670654296875,\n 46.882723010671945\n ],\n [\n -90.49575805664061,\n 46.856434763486966\n ],\n [\n -90.53558349609375,\n 46.86864162233212\n ],\n [\n -90.52871704101562,\n 46.88741598566432\n ],\n [\n -90.516357421875,\n 46.89680070399431\n ],\n [\n -90.54656982421875,\n 46.90149244734082\n ],\n [\n -90.57266235351562,\n 46.899615799267245\n ],\n [\n -90.64544677734375,\n 46.897739085507\n ],\n [\n -90.66055297851562,\n 46.88366163851489\n ],\n [\n -90.69351196289062,\n 46.86582490125156\n ],\n [\n -90.71136474609375,\n 46.852678248531106\n ],\n [\n -90.73333740234375,\n 46.83295223381215\n ],\n [\n -90.74981689453125,\n 46.82355634774574\n ],\n [\n -90.77728271484375,\n 46.81885778879603\n ],\n [\n -90.78277587890625,\n 46.840467760124604\n ],\n [\n -90.7635498046875,\n 46.86864162233212\n ],\n [\n -90.736083984375,\n 46.88647742351024\n ],\n [\n -90.73745727539061,\n 46.90055413151483\n ],\n [\n -90.75256347656249,\n 46.91556521415998\n ],\n [\n -90.77728271484375,\n 46.93244765730184\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 46.95119968771708\n ],\n [\n -90.79925537109375,\n 46.96057323995596\n ],\n [\n -90.823974609375,\n 46.96338498544955\n ],\n [\n -90.85281372070312,\n 46.96619658317045\n ],\n [\n -90.87478637695312,\n 46.96900803311957\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 46.96900803311957\n ],\n [\n -90.92697143554688,\n 46.96244775337095\n ],\n [\n -90.94757080078124,\n 46.95494930564661\n ],\n [\n -90.98052978515625,\n 46.953074529521054\n ],\n [\n -90.99700927734375,\n 46.96338498544955\n ],\n [\n -90.99151611328125,\n 46.99617776437492\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"305","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db60664c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetmore, C. M.","contributorId":65036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wetmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000838,"text":"1000838 - 2003 - Starvation resistance in lake trout fry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-20T23:36:30.479191","indexId":"1000838","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Starvation resistance in lake trout fry","docAbstract":"Newly hatched fry were acclimated to 7 or 12°C and either fed daily (controls) or denied food for varying lengths of time and then fed daily until the end of the study (day 91 at 7°C and day 43 at 12°C). Growth was reduced by delays in the onset of feeding of 27 or more days at 7°C and 7 or more days at 12°C. Mortality of fry unfed for more than 34 days at 7°C, or more than 21 days at 12°C, was higher than among controls. Daily mortality increased with the length of the food deprivation period and did not cease immediately when food was made available, but reached zero by the end of the study. Mortality among unfed fry reached 50% in about 59 days at 7°C and 32 days at 12°C. Study results permitted calculation of the \"point-of-no-return\" (PNR) mortality, which included the mortality that occurred during the period of food deprivation, and also the delayed component of mortality that was directly attributable to starvation and that occurred after food was made available. The PNR for 50% mortality for food-deprived fry occurred after 52 days at 7°C and 24 days at 12°C. Thus, both measures of mortality indicate that lake trout fry would be highly resistant to death by starvation in the thermal habitat they would be expected to occupy in the Great Lakes. We conclude that a more likely adverse effect of reduced food availability would result from a reduction in growth rate that extends the length of time fry remain small and vulnerable to predation by adult alewives and other non-native fishes with which they associate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70444-4","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., Manny, B.A., and Kennedy, G.W., 2003, Starvation resistance in lake trout fry: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, no. 3, p. 375-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70444-4.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"382","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489ef8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, Gregory W. 0000-0003-1686-6960 gkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-6960","contributorId":3700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Gregory","email":"gkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159628,"text":"70159628 - 2003 - The collaborative historical African rainfall model: description and evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T14:13:17","indexId":"70159628","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2032,"text":"International Journal of Climatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The collaborative historical African rainfall model: description and evaluation","docAbstract":"In Africa the variability of rainfall in space and time is high, and the general availability of historical gauge data is low. This makes many food security and hydrologic preparedness activities difficult. In order to help overcome this limitation, we have created the Collaborative Historical African Rainfall Model (CHARM). CHARM combines three sources of information: climatologically aided interpolated (CAI) rainfall grids (monthly/0.5° ), National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis precipitation fields (daily/1.875° ) and orographic enhancement estimates (daily/0.1° ). The first set of weights scales the daily reanalysis precipitation fields to match the gridded CAI monthly rainfall time series. This produces data with a daily/0.5° resolution. A diagnostic model of orographic precipitation, VDELB—based on the dot-product of the surface wind V and terrain gradient (DEL) and atmospheric buoyancy B—is then used to estimate the precipitation enhancement produced by complex terrain. Although the data are produced on 0.1° grids to facilitate integration with satellite-based rainfall estimates, the ‘true’ resolution of the data will be less than this value, and varies with station density, topography, and precipitation dynamics. The CHARM is best suited, therefore, to applications that integrate rainfall or rainfall-driven model results over large regions.
\nThe CHARM time series is compared with three independent datasets: dekadal satellite-based rainfall estimates across the continent, dekadal interpolated gauge data in Mali, and daily interpolated gauge data in western Kenya. These comparisons suggest reasonable accuracies (standard errors of about half a standard deviation) when data are aggregated to regional scales, even at daily time steps. Thus constrained, numerical weather prediction precipitation fields do a reasonable job of representing large-scale diurnal variations.
\nWe examined patterns of non-native plant diversity in protected and managed ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of the Colorado Front Range. Cheesman Lake, a protected landscape, and Turkey Creek, a managed landscape, appear to have had similar natural disturbance histories prior to European settlement and fire protection during the last century. However, Turkey Creek has experienced logging, grazing, prescribed burning, and recreation since the late 1800s, while Cheesman Lake has not.
Using the modified-Whittaker plot design to sample understory species richness and cover, we collected data for 30 0.1 ha plots in each landscape. Topographic position greatly influenced results, while management history did not. At both Cheesman Lake and Turkey Creek, low/riparian plots had highest native and non-native species richness and cover; upland plots (especially east/west-facing, south-facing and flat, high plots) had the lowest. However, there were no significant differences between Cheesman Lake and Turkey Creek for native species richness, native species cover, non-native species richness, or non-native species cover for any topographic category. In general, non-native species richness and cover were highly positively correlated with native species richness and/or cover (among other variables). In total, 16 non-native species were recorded at Cheesman Lake and Turkey Creek; none of the 16 non-native species were more common at one site than another.
These findings suggest that: (1) areas that are high in native species diversity also contain more non-native species; (2) both protected and managed areas can be invaded by non-native plant species, and at similar intensities; and (3) logging, grazing, and other similar disturbances may have less of an impact on non-native species establishment and growth than topographic position (i.e., in lowland and riparian zones versus upland zones).
The Gold Bar district in the southern Roberts Mountains, 48 km northwest of Eureka, Nevada, contains one main deposit (Gold Bar), five satellite deposits, and other resources. Approximately 0.5 Moz of gold have been recovered from a resource of 1,639,000 oz of gold in Carlin-type gold deposits in lower plate, miogeoclinal carbonate rocks below the Roberts Mountains thrust. Host rocks are unit 2 of the Upper Member of the Devonian Denay Formation and the Bartine Member of the McColley Canyon Formation. Spatial and temporal relations between structures and gold mineralization indicate that both pre-Tertiary and Tertiary structures were important controls on gold mineralization. Gold mineralization occurs primarily along high-angle Tertiary normal faults, some of which are reactivated reverse faults of Paleozoic or Mesozoic age. Most deposits are localized at the intersection of northwest- and northeast-striking faults. Alteration includes decalcification, and to a lesser extent, silicification along high-angle faults. Jasperoid (pervasive silicification), which formed along most faults and in some strata-bound zones, accounts for a small portion of the ore in every deposit. In the Gold Canyon deposit, a high-grade jasperoid pipe formed along a Tertiary normal fault which was localized along a zone of overturned fault-propagation folds and thrust faults of Paleozoic or Mesozoic age.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.6.1173","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Yigit, O., Nelson, E., Hitzman, M., and Hofstra, A., 2003, Structural controls on Carlin-type gold mineralization in the gold bar district, Eureka County, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 6, p. 1173-1188, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.6.1173.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1173","endPage":"1188","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Eureka","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.3177490234375,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -115.697021484375,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -115.697021484375,\n 39.787433886224406\n ],\n [\n -116.3177490234375,\n 39.787433886224406\n ],\n [\n -116.3177490234375,\n 39.232253141714885\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bdce4b08c986b31d121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yigit, O.","contributorId":54383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yigit","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, E.P.","contributorId":53577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hitzman, M.W.","contributorId":107906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitzman","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001794,"text":"1001794 - 2003 - Sampling designs for carnivore scent-station surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T18:58:22.934155","indexId":"1001794","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling designs for carnivore scent-station surveys","docAbstract":"Scent stations usually are deployed in clusters to expedite data collection and increase the number of stations that can be operated for a given cost. Presumed benefits of cluster sampling may not be realized, however, unless cluster sizes are chosen with respect to sampling variation within and among clusters. To encourage and facilitate the use of efficient designs and reporting standards, we used data collected in Minnesota, USA, during 1986-1991 to (1) compare the performance of survey designs with various numbers of stations/cluster; (2) estimate relations between required sample sizes and visitation rates, changes in visitation rates, and error rates; and (3) compare 2 measures of carnivore response: proportions of scent stations (station index) and proportions of clusters (line index) visited by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Despite broad ecological differences between the species, results were similar for foxes and skunks. Foxes visited 2-21% of stations and 15-84% of lines. Skunks visited 1-16% of stations and 3-54% of lines. Station and line indices were closely related (r2 > 0.86) and were similarly sensitive indicators of change in visitation rates. Low visitation rates greatly limited the potential usefulness of scent-station surveys because required minimum sample sizes increased exponentially as visitation rates decreased. For visitation rates below 5-10%, required minimum sample sizes were very large and difficult to anticipate. Relative to single-stage sampling, cluster sampling with 10 stations/cluster inflated sample variances, hence sample sizes required to achieve a fixed level of precision, by a factor of 1.6-2.2. Cluster sampling is advantageous only when cost savings permit increases in sample sizes that outweigh concomitant increases in sampling variability. Costs and sampling variation both should be considered when choosing survey designs, and designs should be evaluated and refined as data accumulate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802770","usgsCitation":"Sargeant, G., Johnson, D.H., and Berg, W.E., 2003, Sampling designs for carnivore scent-station surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 67, no. 2, p. 289-299, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802770.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"299","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.62646484375,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -90.98876953125,\n 48.25394114463431\n ],\n [\n -92.57080078125,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -94.85595703125,\n 49.33944093715546\n ],\n [\n -95.11962890625,\n 49.410973199695846\n ],\n [\n -95.20751953125,\n 48.96579381461063\n ],\n [\n -97.27294921875,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -96.9873046875,\n 47.78363463526376\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 46.84516443029276\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -96.416015625,\n 45.30580259943578\n ],\n [\n -96.43798828125,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 43.91372326852401\n ],\n [\n -93.14208984375,\n 44.933696389694674\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 45.47554027158593\n ],\n [\n -92.8564453125,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 46.195042108660154\n ],\n [\n -92.08740234375,\n 46.830133640447386\n ],\n [\n -89.62646484375,\n 48.019324184801185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sargeant, G.A.","contributorId":51681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berg, W. E.","contributorId":102424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015080,"text":"1015080 - 2003 - Lake-specific responses to elevated atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-17T14:14:47.708225","indexId":"1015080","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake-specific responses to elevated atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A","docAbstract":"We explored variability among subalpine lakes sharing very similar climate and atmospheric conditions, but differing in watershed characteristics, hydrology, and food web structure. Special attention was given to nitrogen (N) dynamics because the study area receives some of the highest levels of atmospheric N deposition in the Rocky Mountains. We asked if the effect of regional N deposition would be manifested uniformly among neighboring lakes both in terms of ambient conditions and responses to greater nutrient inputs. Catchment vegetation appeared to be the main determinant of ambient nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, although in-lake differences in recycling produced variable and contrasting NH4 levels. Phytoplankton chlorophyll atemporarily responded to early season NO3 peaks in the lakes with rocky watersheds, but chlorophyll means over the ice-free season were remarkably similar among lakes despite differences in both nutrient supply and zooplankton grazing. In most cases, phosphorus was limiting to phytoplankton growth, although the importance of N deficiencies was greater in lakes with forested watersheds and fringing wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008636.13361.47","usgsCitation":"Nydick, K., LaFrancois, B., Baron, J., and Johnson, B., 2003, Lake-specific responses to elevated atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A: Hydrobiologia, v. 510, no. 1-3, p. 103-114, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008636.13361.47.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"114","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.643798828125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -104.8974609375,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -104.8974609375,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n -108.643798828125,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n -108.643798828125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"510","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b42b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nydick, K. R.","contributorId":9991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"K. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaFrancois, B. M.","contributorId":34457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LaFrancois","given":"B. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, B. M.","contributorId":71511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70161935,"text":"70161935 - 2003 - In praise of mechanistically-rich models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T09:16:27","indexId":"70161935","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"In praise of mechanistically-rich models","docAbstract":"Quantitative models are crucial to almost every area of ecosystem science. They provide a logical structure that guides and informs empirical observations of ecosystem processes. They play a particularly crucial role in synthesizing and integrating our understanding of the immense diversity of ecosystem structure and function. Increasingly, models are being called on to predict the effects of human actions on natural ecosystems. Despite the widespread use of models, there exists intense debate within the field over a wide range of practical and philosophical issues pertaining to quantitative modeling. This book--which grew out of a gathering of leading experts at the ninth Cary Conference--explores those issues.
\n\n
The book opens with an overview of the status and role of modeling in ecosystem science, including perspectives on the long-running debate over the appropriate level of complexity in models. This is followed by eight chapters that address the critical issue of evaluating ecosystem models, including methods of addressing uncertainty. Next come several case studies of the role of models in environmental policy and management. A section on the future of modeling in ecosystem science focuses on increasing the use of modeling in undergraduate education and the modeling skills of professionals within the field. The benefits and limitations of predictive (versus observational) models are also considered in detail. Written by stellar contributors, this book grants access to the state of the art and science of ecosystem modeling.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Models in ecosystem scienc","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Princeton University Press","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., and Mooij, W.M., 2003, In praise of mechanistically-rich models, chap. of Models in ecosystem scienc, p. 63-82.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314084,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://press.princeton.edu/titles/7692.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e048e4b039675d005e2b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Canham, Charles D.","contributorId":152138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canham","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588114,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Jonathan J.","contributorId":16738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588115,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lauenroth, William K.","contributorId":80982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lauenroth","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588116,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooij, Wolf M.","contributorId":94169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"Wolf","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025502,"text":"70025502 - 2003 - New K-Ar ages and the geologic evidence against rejuvenated-stage volcanism at Haleakalā, East Maui, a postshield-stage volcano of the Hawaiian island chain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-27T21:02:40.422236","indexId":"70025502","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New K-Ar ages and the geologic evidence against rejuvenated-stage volcanism at Haleakalā, East Maui, a postshield-stage volcano of the Hawaiian island chain","docAbstract":"The postshield and previously inferred rejuvenated-stage history of Haleakalā volcano is reevaluated on the basis of 52 new K-Ar ages, 42 from the postshield Kula Volcanics and 10 from the overlying Hāna Volcanics. Postshield extrusion was robust from 0.93 to 0.76 Ma. A period of low extrusion rate or volcanic quiescence occurred between 0.76 and 0.65 Ma, well within Kula time. A chemical change to increasingly alkalic lava occurred at this time as the volcano changed from broadly hawaiitic to basanitic in its eruptive products and robust extrusion resumed. A slightly longer period of low extrusion rate or quiescence occurred after ca. 0.4 Ma, but only trifling change in geochemical character is observed. Geochemically, the Hāna Volcanics unit, chiefly basanitic, overlaps greatly with the upper part of the Kula Volcanics; there is a weak tendency to slightly more alkaline character among the Hāna Volcanics.
\nThe age of the Kula/Hāna boundary is ca. 0.15–0.12 Ma; thus, volcanic quiescence of only ∼0.03 m.y. separates the two formations, much shorter than the previously known limit of 0.25–0.30 m.y. The brevity of this hiatus, coupled with coincident vent loci and broadly similar geochemical characteristics for the Hāna and the upper part of the Kula Volcanics, indicates that the Hāna Volcanics unit comprises deposits of postshield-stage volcanism that has waned substantially since ca. 0.4–0.3 Ma. Haleakalā has not yet begun a classically defined rejuvenated stage. Our findings support recent numerical modeling of plume-lithosphere interactions that predict that Haleakalā is near the end of its postshield growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0683:NKAATG>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, D.R., Nishimitsu, Y., and Tagami, T., 2003, New K-Ar ages and the geologic evidence against rejuvenated-stage volcanism at Haleakalā, East Maui, a postshield-stage volcano of the Hawaiian island chain: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 6, p. 683-694, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0683:NKAATG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"694","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Haleakalā volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.26609802246094,\n 20.69574627626688\n ],\n [\n -156.2427520751953,\n 20.69574627626688\n ],\n [\n -156.2427520751953,\n 20.722079783730962\n ],\n [\n -156.26609802246094,\n 20.722079783730962\n ],\n [\n -156.26609802246094,\n 20.69574627626688\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a651ee4b0c8380cd72b0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishimitsu, Yoshitomo","contributorId":17808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishimitsu","given":"Yoshitomo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tagami, Takahiro","contributorId":7474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tagami","given":"Takahiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025398,"text":"70025398 - 2003 - Comparison of P- and S-wave velocity profiles obtained from surface seismic refraction/reflection and downhole data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025398","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of P- and S-wave velocity profiles obtained from surface seismic refraction/reflection and downhole data","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic-reflection/refraction data were acquired on the ground surface at six locations to compare with near-surface seismic-velocity downhole measurements. Measurement sites were in Seattle, WA, the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, and the San Fernando Valley, CA. We quantitatively compared the data in terms of the average shear-wave velocity to 30-m depth (Vs30), and by the ratio of the relative site amplification produced by the velocity profiles of each data type over a specified set of quarter-wavelength frequencies. In terms of Vs30, similar values were determined from the two methods. There is <15% difference at four of the six sites. The Vs30 values at the other two sites differ by 21% and 48%. The relative site amplification factors differ generally by less than 10% for both P- and S-wave velocities. We also found that S-wave reflections and first-arrival phase delays are essential for identifying velocity inversions. The results suggest that seismic reflection/refraction data are a fast, non-invasive, and less expensive alternative to downhole data for determining Vs30. In addition, we emphasize that some P- and S-wave reflection travel times can directly indicate the frequencies of potentially damaging earthquake site resonances. A strong correlation between the simple S-wave first-arrival travel time/apparent velocity on the ground surface at 100 m offset from the seismic source and the Vs30 value for that site is an additional unique feature of the reflection/refraction data that could greatly simplify Vs30 determinations. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00151-3","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., Stephenson, W.J., and Odum, J.K., 2003, Comparison of P- and S-wave velocity profiles obtained from surface seismic refraction/reflection and downhole data: Tectonophysics, v. 368, no. 1-4, p. 71-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00151-3.","startPage":"71","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209538,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00151-3"},{"id":236113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"368","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f845e4b0c8380cd4cfae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025427,"text":"70025427 - 2003 - Millennial- to century-scale variability in Gulf of Mexico Holocene climate records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025427","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Millennial- to century-scale variability in Gulf of Mexico Holocene climate records","docAbstract":"Proxy records from two piston cores in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) provide a detailed (50-100 year resolution) record of climate variability over the last 14,000 years. Long-term (millennial-scale) trends and changes are related to the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions and movement of the average position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) related to orbital forcing. The ??18O of the surface-dwelling planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber show negative excursions between 14 and 10.2 ka (radiocarbon years) that reflect influx of meltwater into the western GOM during melting of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The relative abundance of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer is related to transport of Caribbean water into the GOM. Maximum transport of Caribbean surface waters and moisture into the GOM associated with a northward migration of the average position of the ITCZ occurs between about 6.5 and 4.5 ka. In addition, abundance variations of G. sacculifer show century-scale variability throughout most of the Holocene. The GOM record is consistent with records from other areas, suggesting that century-scale variability is a pervasive feature of Holocene climate. The frequency of several cycles in the climate records is similar to cycles identified in proxy records of solar variability, indicating that at least some of the century-scale climate variability during the Holocene is due to external (solar) forcing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Poore, R., Dowsett, H., Verardo, S., and Quinn, T.M., 2003, Millennial- to century-scale variability in Gulf of Mexico Holocene climate records: Paleoceanography, v. 18, no. 2, p. 26-1.","startPage":"26","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a572ee4b0c8380cd6daf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verardo, S.","contributorId":15786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verardo","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quinn, T. M.","contributorId":71320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025435,"text":"70025435 - 2003 - Habitat use by Swainson's Warblers in a managed bottomland forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-29T16:07:53.014237","indexId":"70025435","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by Swainson's Warblers in a managed bottomland forest","docAbstract":"The Swainson's Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) is a locally distributed and relatively uncommon Neotropical migrant songbird that breeds in the bottomland forests of the southeastern United States and spends the nonbreeding season in the Caribbean Basin. Populations of Swainson's Warblers have declined during recent decades as bottomland forests have come under increasingly intensive management and large areas have been converted to other land uses. We examined the habitat around song perches used by male Swainson's Warblers at Big Hammock Wildlife Management Area, a managed bottomland forest along the Altamaha River in Tattnall County, Georgia. We quantified 20 features of habitat structure in areas occupied by Swainson's Warblers (occupied plots) and two sets of controls: unoccupied plots adjacent to occupied plots (adjacent control plots) and unoccupied plots throughout the management area (general control plots). Occupied plots and adjacent control plots both differed in structure from the general control plots. We detected no significant differences, however, in vegetation structure between occupied plots and adjacent control plots. General control plots tended to have a greater number of trees, greater basal area, and a complete canopy, whereas occupied and adjacent control plots had high densities of small stems, cane, herbaceous ground cover, and leaf litter; this latter pattern is typical of documented Swainson's Warbler breeding habitat. Lack of significant differences in vegetation structure may be due to great variation in habitat structure around song perches, small sample size, or scarcity of Swainson's Warblers. Future research should focus on quantifying habitat characteristics around nest sites, song perches, and feeding areas. Our results suggest that management of bottomland habitats by thinning forests and encouraging regeneration of canebrakes is needed for successful conservation of Swainson's Warblers.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1676/02-110","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Somershoe, S., Hudman, S., and Chandler, C., 2003, Habitat use by Swainson's Warblers in a managed bottomland forest: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 115, no. 2, p. 148-154, https://doi.org/10.1676/02-110.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"148","endPage":"154","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/210472","text":"External Repository"},{"id":388624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Caribbean Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.771484375,\n 25.20494115356912\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 23.483400654325642\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 20.715015145512087\n ],\n [\n -89.033203125,\n 15.834535741221565\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 15.284185114076433\n ],\n [\n -81.7822265625,\n 8.971897294083014\n ],\n [\n -78.31054687499999,\n 9.318990192397905\n ],\n [\n -77.16796875,\n 8.015715997869071\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 10.35815140094367\n ],\n [\n -71.982421875,\n 12.425847783029134\n ],\n [\n -69.60937499999999,\n 12.254127737657381\n ],\n [\n -67.6318359375,\n 10.228437266155943\n ],\n [\n -62.40234375,\n 10.703791711680736\n ],\n [\n -61.2158203125,\n 15.241789855961722\n ],\n [\n -62.5341796875,\n 22.187404991398775\n ],\n [\n -80.771484375,\n 25.20494115356912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f3be4b0c8380cd5cbe1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Somershoe, S.G.","contributorId":10893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Somershoe","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudman, S.P.","contributorId":98095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudman","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chandler, C.R.","contributorId":23739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025436,"text":"70025436 - 2003 - The relationship between the instantaneous velocity field and the rate of moment release in the lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:45:28","indexId":"70025436","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between the instantaneous velocity field and the rate of moment release in the lithosphere","docAbstract":"Instantaneous velocity gradients within the continental lithosphere are often related to the tectonic driving forces. This relationship is direct if the forces are secular, as for the case of loading of a locked section of a subduction interface by the downgoing plate. If the forces are static, as for the case of lateral variations in gravitational potential energy, then velocity gradients can be produced only if the lithosphere has, on average, zero strength. The static force model may be related to the long-term velocity field but not the instantaneous velocity field (typically measured geodetically over a period of several years) because over short time intervals the upper lithosphere behaves elastically. In order to describe both the short- and long-term behaviour of an (elastic) lithosphere-(viscoelastic) asthenosphere system in a self-consistent manner, I construct a deformation model termed the expected interseismic velocity (EIV) model. Assuming that the lithosphere is populated with faults that rupture continually, each with a definite mean recurrence time, and that the Earth is well approximated as a linear elastic-viscoelastic coupled system, I derive a simple relationship between the instantaneous velocity field and the average rate of moment release in the lithosphere. Examples with synthetic fault networks demonstrate that velocity gradients in actively deforming regions may to a large extent be the product of compounded viscoelastic relaxation from past earthquakes on hundreds of faults distributed over large ( ≥106 km2) areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01924.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., 2003, The relationship between the instantaneous velocity field and the rate of moment release in the lithosphere: Geophysical Journal International, v. 153, no. 3, p. 595-608, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01924.x.","startPage":"595","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478510,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.01924.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209522,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01924.x"}],"volume":"153","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf20e4b08c986b324579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025430,"text":"70025430 - 2003 - Controls of tectonics and sediment source locations on along-strike variations in transgressive deposits on the northern California margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025430","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls of tectonics and sediment source locations on along-strike variations in transgressive deposits on the northern California margin","docAbstract":"We identify two surfaces in the shallow subsurface on the Eel River margin offshore northern California, a lowstand erosion surface, likely formed during the last glacial maximum, and an overlying surface likely formed during the most recent transgression of the shoreline. The lowstand erosion surface, which extends from the inner shelf to near the shelfbreak and from the Eel River to Trinidad Head (???80 km), truncates underlying strata on the shelf. Above the surface, inferred transgressive coastal and estuarine sedimentary units separate it from the transgressive surface on the shelf. Early in the transgression, Eel River sediment was likely both transported down the Eel Canyon and dispersed on the slope, allowing transgressive coastal sediment from the smaller Mad River to accumulate in a recognizable deposit on the shelf. The location of coastal Mad River sediment accumulation was controlled by the location of the paleo-Mad River. Throughout the remainder of the transgression, dispersed sediment from the Eel River accumulated an average of 20 m of onlapping shelf deposits. The distribution and thickness of these transgressive marine units was strongly modified by northwest-southeast trending folds. Thick sediment packages accumulated over structural lows in the lowstand surface. The thinnest sediment accumulations (0-10 m) were deposited over structural highs along faults and uplifting anticlines. The Eel margin, an active margin with steep, high sediment-load streams, has developed a thick transgressive systems tract. On this margin sediment accumulates as rapidly as the processes of uplift and downwarp locally create and destroy accommodation space. Sequence stratigraphic models of tectonically active margins should account for variations in accommodation space along margins as well as across them. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00116-6","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Spinelli, G., and Field, M., 2003, Controls of tectonics and sediment source locations on along-strike variations in transgressive deposits on the northern California margin: Marine Geology, v. 197, no. 1-4, p. 35-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00116-6.","startPage":"35","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209478,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00116-6"}],"volume":"197","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbcde4b0c8380cd4df82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinelli, G.A.","contributorId":29995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinelli","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025397,"text":"70025397 - 2003 - Geographic information systems and spatial analysis of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Middle Atlantic region of the U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025397","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2385,"text":"Journal of Medical Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic information systems and spatial analysis of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Middle Atlantic region of the U.S.A","docAbstract":"In the Middle Atlantic region of the U.S.A., the vector of Lyme disease, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and other human and veterinary pathogens is the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say. In 1997 and 1998, 663 adult I. scapularis ticks were collected from 320 transects spanning 66,400 km2 in five states of the Middle Atlantic region. Tick abundance patterns were clustered, with relatively high numbers along the coastal plain of the Chesapeake Bay, decreasing to the west and south. There were significant associations between tick abundance and land cover, distance to water, distance to forest edge, elevation, and soil type.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Medical Entomology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00222585","usgsCitation":"Bunnell, J., Price, S.D., Das, A., Shields, T., and Glass, G., 2003, Geographic information systems and spatial analysis of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Middle Atlantic region of the U.S.A: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 40, no. 4, p. 570-576.","startPage":"570","endPage":"576","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a176fe4b0c8380cd554db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunnell, J.E.","contributorId":63512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, S. D.","contributorId":106576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Das, A.","contributorId":45097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Das","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shields, T.M.","contributorId":6237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shields","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Glass, G.E.","contributorId":37853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025444,"text":"70025444 - 2003 - Global forest cover mapping for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization forest resources assessment 2000 program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:24:20","indexId":"70025444","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1688,"text":"Forest Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global forest cover mapping for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization forest resources assessment 2000 program","docAbstract":"Many countries periodically produce national reports on the status and changes of forest resources, using statistical surveys and spatial mapping of remotely sensed data. At the global level, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has conducted a Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) program every 10 yr since 1980, producing statistics and analysis that give a global synopsis of forest resources in the world. For the year 2000 of the FRA program (FRA2000), a global forest cover map was produced to provide spatial context to the extensive survey. The forest cover map, produced at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC), has five classes: closed forest, open or fragmented forest, other wooded land, other land cover, and water. The first two forested classes at the global scale were delineated using combinations of temporal compositing, modified mixture analysis, geographic stratification, and other classification techniques. The remaining three FAO classes were derived primarily from the USGS global land cover characteristics database (Loveland et al. 1999). Validated on the basis of existing reference data sets, the map is estimated to be 77% accurate for the first four classes (no reference data were available for water), and 86% accurate for the forest and nonforest classification. The final map will be published as an insert to the FAO FRA2000 report.","language":"English","issn":"0015749X","usgsCitation":"Zhu, Z., and Waller, E., 2003, Global forest cover mapping for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization forest resources assessment 2000 program: Forest Science, v. 49, no. 3, p. 369-380.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"380","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2946e4b0c8380cd5a800","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhu, Z.","contributorId":10898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waller, E.","contributorId":54389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025404,"text":"70025404 - 2003 - The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: A wingspread workshop summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025404","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: A wingspread workshop summary","docAbstract":"Numerous studies have documented the decline of amphibian populations over the past decade and no single factor has been the linked to these widespread declines. Determining the causes of declining amphibian populations worldwide has proven difficult because of the variety of anthropogenic and natural suspect agents. A Wingspread workshop, convened by The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), brought together individuals with expertise in the areas of amphibian biology, ecotoxicology, natural resource management, and environmental policy. This workshop had three objectives: 1) create a network for future discussions on multiple Stressor causes of declines; 2) characterize and prioritize technical issues critical to the analysis of the decline problem; and 3) identify and develop resource management approaches to promote sustainable and healthy amphibian populations. The workshop proceedings will be summarized in a book entitled, \"Multiple Stressors and Declining Amphibian Populations: Evaluating Cause and Effect.\" This paper summarizes the results of the workshop.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Multiple Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations","conferenceDate":"16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002","conferenceLocation":"Pittsburgh, PA","language":"English","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Krest, S., Linder, G., and Sparling, D.W., 2003, The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: A wingspread workshop summary, in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1443, Pittsburgh, PA, 16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002, p. 207-218.","startPage":"207","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1443","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf86e4b08c986b324871","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","contributorId":128348,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","id":536565,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Krest, S.K.","contributorId":45428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025440,"text":"70025440 - 2003 - Gold deposits as sensitive indicators of tectonic environments and their preservation potential throughout geological history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025440","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3632,"text":"Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gold deposits as sensitive indicators of tectonic environments and their preservation potential throughout geological history","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03717453","usgsCitation":"Groves, D., Goldfarb, R., and Vielreicher, R., 2003, Gold deposits as sensitive indicators of tectonic environments and their preservation potential throughout geological history: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, v. 112, no. 2 AUG.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"2 AUG","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2984e4b0c8380cd5a9f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vielreicher, R.M.","contributorId":105100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vielreicher","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025438,"text":"70025438 - 2003 - Potential effects on grassland birds of converting marginal cropland to switchgrass biomass production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025438","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1035,"text":"Biomass and Bioenergy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects on grassland birds of converting marginal cropland to switchgrass biomass production","docAbstract":"Habitat loss is a major reason for the decline of grassland birds in North America. Five habitats (pastures, hayfields, rowcrop fields, small-grain fields, Conservation Reserve Program fields) compose most of the habitat used by grassland birds in the Midwest United States. Growing and harvesting switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a biomass fuel would create another habitat for grassland birds. Bird abundance information from studies conducted in Iowa and adjacent states and land-use data for the Rathbun Lake Watershed in southern Iowa were used in a Geographic Information System to model the potential effects on bird abundances of converting rowcrop fields to biomass production. Abundances of bird species that are management priorities increased in both biomass scenarios. Common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) abundance in the watershed also increased greatly in both scenarios. Other species (e.g., homed lark [Eremophila alpestris], killdeer [Charadrius vociferous]) were more abundant in the existing land use than in the biomass scenarios, and conversion of fields from rowcrop to biomass production could be detrimental to these species. In general, biomass fields will provide habitat for grassland birds that are management priorities, but future monitoring of birds in such fields is needed as conversion of rowcrop fields to biomass production continues. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biomass and Bioenergy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00187-3","issn":"09619534","usgsCitation":"Murray, L., Best, L.B., Jacobsen, T., and Braster, M., 2003, Potential effects on grassland birds of converting marginal cropland to switchgrass biomass production: Biomass and Bioenergy, v. 25, no. 2, p. 167-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00187-3.","startPage":"167","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209541,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00187-3"},{"id":236116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ef2e4b0c8380cd7a826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, L.D.","contributorId":70976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, Louis B.","contributorId":52525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobsen, T.J.","contributorId":98519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braster, M.L.","contributorId":62390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braster","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025429,"text":"70025429 - 2003 - Limitations and implications of stream classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025429","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limitations and implications of stream classification","docAbstract":"Stream classifications that are based on channel form, such as the Rosgen Level II classification, are useful tools for the physical description and grouping of streams and for providing a means of communication for stream studies involving scientists and (or) managers with different backgrounds. The Level II classification also is used as a tool to assess stream stability, infer geomorphic processes, predict future geomorphic response, and guide stream restoration or rehabilitation activities. The use of the Level II classification for these additional purposes is evaluated in this paper. Several examples are described to illustrate the limitations and management implications of the Level II classification. Limitations include: (1) time dependence, (2) uncertain applicability across physical environments, (3) difficulty in identification of a true equilibrium condition, (4) potential for incorrect determination of bankfull elevation, and (5) uncertain process significance of classification criteria. Implications of using stream classifications based on channel form, such as Rosgen's, include: (1) acceptance of the limitations, (2) acceptance of the risk of classifying streams incorrectly, and (3) classification results may be used inappropriately. It is concluded that use of the Level II classification for purposes beyond description and communication is not appropriate. Research needs are identified that, if addressed, may help improve the usefulness of the Level II classification.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Fitzpatrick, F., 2003, Limitations and implications of stream classification: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 3, p. 659-670.","startPage":"659","endPage":"670","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4787e4b0c8380cd678b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025428,"text":"70025428 - 2003 - Population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) across a nitrogen-amended landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025428","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) across a nitrogen-amended landscape","docAbstract":"We conducted a mark-recapture experiment to examine the population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in response to low-level nitrogen amendments (16.4 kg nitrogen/ha per year) and exclosure fencing in an old-field grassland. The experimental design consisted of sixteen 0.16-ha plots with 4 replicates of each treatment combination. We predicted that densities, reproductive success, movement probabilities, and survival rates of cotton rats would be greater on nitrogen-amended plots because of greater aboveground biomass and canopy cover. Population densities of cotton rats tended to be highest on fenced nitrogen plots, but densities on unfenced nitrogen plots were similar to those on control and fenced plots. We observed no distinct patterns in survival rates, reproductive success, or movement probabilities with regard to nitrogen treatments. However, survival rates and reproductive success tended to be higher for cotton rats on fenced plots than for those on unfenced plots and this was likely attributable to decreased predation on fenced plots. As low-level nitrogen amendments continue to be applied, we predict that survival, reproduction, and population-growth rates of cotton rats on control plots, especially fenced plots with no nitrogen amendment, will eventually exceed those on nitrogen-amended plots as a result of higher plant-species diversity, greater food availability, and better quality cover.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/z03-084","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Clark, J., Hellgren, E.C., Jorgensen, E., Tunnell, S., Engle, D.M., and Leslie, D., 2003, Population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) across a nitrogen-amended landscape: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 81, no. 6, p. 994-1003, https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-084.","startPage":"994","endPage":"1003","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209462,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-084"},{"id":235934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d4ce4b0c8380cd79e80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J.E.","contributorId":66630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hellgren, E. C.","contributorId":40327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellgren","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jorgensen, E.E.","contributorId":97300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tunnell, S.J.","contributorId":44723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tunnell","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Engle, David M.","contributorId":97225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025434,"text":"70025434 - 2003 - Long-term, high-frequency current and temperature measurements along central California: Insights into upwelling/relaxation and internal waves on the inner shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025434","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term, high-frequency current and temperature measurements along central California: Insights into upwelling/relaxation and internal waves on the inner shelf","docAbstract":"Thermistor chains and acoustic Doppler current profilers were deployed at the northern and southern ends of Monterey Bay to examine the thermal and hydrodynamic structure of the inner (h ??? 20 m) shelf of central California. These instruments sampled temperature and current velocity at 2-min intervals over a 13-month period from June 2000 to July 2001. Time series of these data, in conjunction with SST imagery and CODAR sea surface current maps, helped to establish the basic hydrography for Monterey Bay. Analysis of time series data revealed that depth integrated flow at both sites was shore parallel (northwest-southeast) with net flows out of the Bay (northwest). The current and temperature records were dominated by semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal signals that lagged the surface tides by 3 h on average. Over the course of an internal tidal cycle these flows were asymmetric, with the flow during the flooding internal tide to the southeast typically lasting only one-third as long as the flow to the northwest during the ebbing internal tide. The transitions from ebb to flood were rapid and bore-like in nature; they were also marked by rapid increases in temperature and high shear. During the spring and summer, when thermal stratification was high, we observed almost 2000 high-frequency (Tp ??? 4-20 min) internal waves in packets of 8-10 following the heads of these bore-like features. Previous studies along the West Coast of the US have concluded that warm water bores and high-frequency internal waves may play a significant role in the onshore transport of larvae.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00045-1","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., McManus, M., and Figurski, J., 2003, Long-term, high-frequency current and temperature measurements along central California: Insights into upwelling/relaxation and internal waves on the inner shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 23, no. 9, p. 901-918, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00045-1.","startPage":"901","endPage":"918","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209507,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00045-1"},{"id":236044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49b4e4b0c8380cd6880b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, C. D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":98905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McManus, M.A.","contributorId":73390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McManus","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Figurski, J.D.","contributorId":80853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figurski","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025439,"text":"70025439 - 2003 - Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks at Cuprite, Nevada, using the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (Aster), a new satellite-imaging system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025439","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks at Cuprite, Nevada, using the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (Aster), a new satellite-imaging system","docAbstract":"The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a 14-band multispectral instrument on board the Earth Observing System (EOS), TERRA. The three bands between 0.52 and 0.86 ??m and the six bands from 1.60 and 2.43 ??m, which have 15- and 30-m spatial resolution, respectively, were selected primarily for making remote mineralogical determinations. The Cuprite, Nevada, mining district comprises two hydrothermal alteration centers where Tertiary volcanic rocks have been hydrothermally altered mainly to bleached silicified rocks and opalized rocks, with a marginal zone of limonitic argilized rocks. Country rocks are mainly Cambrian phyllitic siltstone and limestone. Evaluation of an ASTER image of the Cuprite district shows that spectral reflectance differences in the nine bands in the 0.52 to 2.43 ??m region provide a basis for identifying and mapping mineralogical components which characterize the main hydrothermal alteration zones: opal is the spectrally dominant mineral in the silicified zone; whereas, alunite and kaolinite are dominant in the opalized zone. In addition, the distribution of unaltered country rocks was mapped because of the presence of spectrally dominant muscovite in the siltstone and calcite in limestone, and the tuffaceous rocks and playa deposits were distinguishable due to their relatively flat spectra and weak absorption features at 2.33 and 2.20 ??m, respectively. An Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) image of the study area was processed using a similar methodology used with the ASTER data. Comparison of the ASTER and AVIRIS results shows that the results are generally similar, but the higher spectral resolution of AVIRIS (224 bands) permits identification of more individual minerals, including certain polymorphs. However, ASTER has recorded images of more than 90 percent of the Earth's land surface with less than 20 percent cloud cover, and these data are available at nominal or no cost. Landsat TM images have a similar spatial resolution to ASTER images, but TM has fewer bands, which limits its usefulness for making mineral determinations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., Hook, S., Abrams, M.J., and Mars, J., 2003, Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks at Cuprite, Nevada, using the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (Aster), a new satellite-imaging system: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 5, p. 1019-1027.","startPage":"1019","endPage":"1027","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5059e4b0c8380cd6b629","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hook, S.J.","contributorId":21711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abrams, M. J.","contributorId":29859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mars, J.C.","contributorId":74833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mars","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025442,"text":"70025442 - 2003 - Lithology and shear-wave velocity in Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T14:24:01.362143","indexId":"70025442","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithology and shear-wave velocity in Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"We have derived a new three-dimensional model of the lithologic structure beneath the city of Memphis, Tennessee, and examined its correlation with measured shear-wave velocity profiles. The correlation is sufficiently high that the better-constrained lithologic model may be used as a proxy for shear-wave velocities, which are required to calculate site-amplification for new seismic hazard maps for Memphis. The lithologic model and its uncertainties are derived from over 1200 newly compiled well and boring logs, some sampling to 500 m depth, and a moving-least-squares algorithm. Seventy-six new shear-wave velocity profiles have been measured and used for this study, most sampling to 30 m depth or less. All log and velocity observations are publicly available via new web sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020164","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Waldron, B., Schweig, E., Hwang, H., Webbers, A., Van Arsdale, R., Tucker, K., Williams, R., Street, R., Mayne, P., Stephenson, W., Odum, J., Cramer, C., Updike, R., Hutson, S., and Bradley, M., 2003, Lithology and shear-wave velocity in Memphis, Tennessee: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 986-997, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020164.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"986","endPage":"997","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Memphis","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.1263427734375,\n 34.99625375979014\n ],\n [\n -89.79400634765624,\n 34.99625375979014\n ],\n [\n -89.79400634765624,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -90.1263427734375,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -90.1263427734375,\n 34.99625375979014\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4886e4b0c8380cd67f14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldron, B.","contributorId":70169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweig, E.","contributorId":91203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hwang, H.","contributorId":55628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hwang","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webbers, A.","contributorId":103456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webbers","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Van Arsdale, R.","contributorId":35093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Arsdale","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tucker, K.","contributorId":18159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, R.","contributorId":7686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Street, R.","contributorId":35097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Street","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mayne, P.","contributorId":100172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayne","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Stephenson, W.","contributorId":37910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Odum, J.","contributorId":7849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Cramer, C.","contributorId":102254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Updike, R.","contributorId":69763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Updike","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hutson, S.","contributorId":31963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Bradley, M.","contributorId":68057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70025487,"text":"70025487 - 2003 - Effects of ungulates and prairie dogs on seed banks and vegetation in a North American mixed-grass prairie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-24T18:43:57.916121","indexId":"70025487","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of ungulates and prairie dogs on seed banks and vegetation in a North American mixed-grass prairie","docAbstract":"The relationship between vegetation cover and soil seed banks was studied in five different ungulate herbivore-prairie dog treatment combinations at three northern mixed-grass prairie sites in Badlands National Park, South Dakota. There were distinct differences in both the seed bank composition and the aboveground vegetation between the off-prairie dog colony treatments and the on-colony treatments. The three on-colony treatments were similar to each other at all three sites with vegetation dominated by the forbs Dyssodia papposa, Hedeoma spp., Sphaeralcea coccinea, Conyza canadensis, and Plantago patagonica and seed banks dominated by the forbs Verbena bracteata and Dyssodia papposa. The two off-colony treatments were also similar to each other at all three sites. Vegetation at these sites was dominated by the grasses Pascopyrum smithii, Bromus tectorum and Bouteloua gracilis and the seed banks were dominated by several grasses including Bromus tectorum, Monroa squarrosa, Panicum capillare, Sporobolus cryptandra and Stipa viridula. A total of 146 seedlings representing 21 species germinated and emerged from off-colony treatments while 3069 seedlings comprising 33 species germinated from on-colony treatments. Fifteen of the forty species found in soil seed banks were not present in the vegetation, and 57 of the 82 species represented in the vegetation were not found in the seed banks. Few dominant species typical of mixed-grass prairie vegetation germinated and emerged from seed banks collected from prairie dog colony treatments suggesting that removal of prairie dogs will not result in the rapid reestablishment of representative mixed-grass prairie unless steps are taken to restore the soil seed bank.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1023929627168","usgsCitation":"Fahnestock, J.T., Larson, D., Plumb, G.E., and Detling, J., 2003, Effects of ungulates and prairie dogs on seed banks and vegetation in a North American mixed-grass prairie: Plant Ecology, v. 167, no. 2, p. 255-268, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023929627168.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"268","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478388,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsnpwrc/79","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Badlands National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.02978515625,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -101.5521240234375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -101.5521240234375,\n 44.071800467511565\n ],\n [\n -103.02978515625,\n 44.071800467511565\n ],\n [\n -103.02978515625,\n 43.45291889355465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"167","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a081be4b0c8380cd5199e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fahnestock, J. T.","contributorId":54545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fahnestock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, D.L. 0000-0001-5202-0634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":69501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plumb, G. E.","contributorId":107226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plumb","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Detling, J.K.","contributorId":31703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detling","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}