{"pageNumber":"2873","pageRowStart":"71800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70025838,"text":"70025838 - 2003 - Dissolved nickel and benthic flux in South San Francisco Bay: A potential for natural sources to dominate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T08:03:57","indexId":"70025838","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved nickel and benthic flux in South San Francisco Bay: A potential for natural sources to dominate","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00128-003-0129-7","issn":"00074861","usgsCitation":"Topping, B., and Kuwabara, J., 2003, Dissolved nickel and benthic flux in South San Francisco Bay: A potential for natural sources to dominate: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 71, no. 1, p. 46-51, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0129-7.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208833,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0129-7"},{"id":234868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","volume":"71","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0237e4b0c8380cd4ff50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Topping, B.R.","contributorId":97541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025837,"text":"70025837 - 2003 - Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T14:26:04.076689","indexId":"70025837","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass <i>Bromus madritensis</i> subsp. <i>rubens</i> (Poaceae) and two native species","title":"Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species","docAbstract":"<p><span>Abundance of invasive plants is often attributed to their ability ot outcompete native species. We compared resource acquisition and allocation of the invasive annual grass&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus madritensis</i><span>&nbsp;subsp.&nbsp;</span><i>rubens</i><span>&nbsp;with that of two native Mojave Desert annuals,&nbsp;</span><i>Vulpia octoflora</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Descurainia pinnata</i><span>, in a glasshouse experiment. Each species was grown in monoculture at two densities and two levels of N availability to compare how these annuals capture resources and to understand their relative sensitivities to environmental change. During &gt;4 mo of growth,&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;used water more rapidly and had greater biomass and N content than the natives, partly because of its greater root‐surface area and its exploitation of deep soils.&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;also had greater N uptake, net assimilation and transpiration rates, and canopy area than&nbsp;</span><i>Vulpia</i><span>. Resource use by&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;was less sensitive to changes in N availability or density than were the natives. The two native species in this study produced numerous small seeds that tended to remain dormant, thus ensuring escape of offspring from unfavorable germination conditions;&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;produced fewer but larger seeds that readily germinated. Collectively, these traits give&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus</i><span>&nbsp;the potential to rapidly establish in diverse habitats of the Mojave Desert, thereby gaining an advantage over coexisting native species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.3732/ajb.90.7.1045","usgsCitation":"Defalco, L., Bryla, D.R., Smith-Longozo, V., and Nowak, R.S., 2003, Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species: American Journal of Botany, v. 90, no. 7, p. 1045-1053, https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.7.1045.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1045","endPage":"1053","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478566,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.7.1045","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.576416015625,\n              34.94448806230625\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.65881347656249,\n              35.232159412017154\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.80712890625,\n              35.563512051219696\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.20812988281251,\n              35.60371874069731\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.84533691406249,\n              35.49198366469642\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.30126953125,\n              35.25907654252574\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.510009765625,\n              34.88142481679756\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.850830078125,\n              34.48392002731987\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.5596923828125,\n              34.16636338473789\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.9005126953125,\n              34.17090836352573\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.42260742187499,\n              34.4793919710481\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3402099609375,\n              34.65128519895413\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.5489501953125,\n              34.94448806230625\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.576416015625,\n              34.94448806230625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed58e4b0c8380cd49756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Defalco, Lesley A. ldefalco@usgs.gov","contributorId":138961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Defalco","given":"Lesley A.","email":"ldefalco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryla, David R.","contributorId":174984,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bryla","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith-Longozo, Vickie","contributorId":99508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith-Longozo","given":"Vickie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nowak, Robert S.","contributorId":15474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025835,"text":"70025835 - 2003 - Detailed fault structure of the 2000 Western Tottori, Japan, earthquake sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:19:19.958719","indexId":"70025835","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detailed fault structure of the 2000 Western Tottori, Japan, earthquake sequence","docAbstract":"We investigate the faulting process of the aftershock region of the 2000 western Tottori earthquake (Mw 6.6) by combining aftershock hypocenters and moment tensor solutions. Aftershock locations were precisely determined by the double difference method using P- and S-phase arrival data of the Japan Meteorological Agency unified catalog. By combining the relocated hypocenters and moment tensor solutions of aftershocks by broadband waveform inversion of FREESIA (F-net), we successfully resolved very detailed fault structures activated by the mainshock. The estimated fault model resolves 15 individual fault segments that are consistent with both aftershock distribution and focal mechanism solutions. Rupture in the mainshock was principally confined to the three fault elements in the southern half of the zone, which is also where the earliest aftershocks concentrate. With time, the northern part of the zone becomes activated, which is also reflected in the postseismic deformation field. From the stress tensor analysis of aftershock focal mechanisms, we found a rather uniform stress field in the aftershock region, although fault strikes were scattered. The maximum stress direction is N107??E, which is consistent with the tectonic stress field in this region. In the northern part of the fault, where no slip occurred during the mainshock but postseismic slip was observed, the maximum stress direction of N130??E was possible as an alternative solution of stress tensor inversion.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020123","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Fukuyama, E., Ellsworth, W., Waldhauser, F., and Kubo, A., 2003, Detailed fault structure of the 2000 Western Tottori, Japan, earthquake sequence: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 4, p. 1468-1478, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020123.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1468","endPage":"1478","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":421942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","city":"Tottori","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              133.80547753004936,\n              35.66580215480178\n            ],\n            [\n              133.80547753004936,\n              35.1599138957484\n            ],\n            [\n              134.59649315505095,\n              35.1599138957484\n            ],\n            [\n              134.59649315505095,\n              35.66580215480178\n            ],\n            [\n              133.80547753004936,\n              35.66580215480178\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff50e4b0c8380cd4f111","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fukuyama, E.","contributorId":22917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fukuyama","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waldhauser, F.","contributorId":31897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhauser","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kubo, A.","contributorId":84131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubo","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025834,"text":"70025834 - 2003 - A thick lens of fresh groundwater in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T09:55:51","indexId":"70025834","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A thick lens of fresh groundwater in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA","docAbstract":"<p>A thick lens of fresh groundwater exists in a large region of low permeability in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA. The conventional conceptual model for groundwater occurrence in Hawaii and other shield-volcano islands does not account for such a thick freshwater lens. In the conventional conceptual model, the lava-flow accumulations of which most shield volcanoes are built form large regions of relatively high permeability and thin freshwater lenses. In the southern Lihue Basin, basin-filling lavas and sediments form a large region of low regional hydraulic conductivity, which, in the moist climate of the basin, is saturated nearly to the land surface and water tables are hundreds of meters above sea level within a few kilometers from the coast. Such high water levels in shield-volcano islands were previously thought to exist only under perched or dike-impounded conditions, but in the southern Lihue Basin, high water levels exist in an apparently dike-free, fully saturated aquifer. A new conceptual model of groundwater occurrence in shield-volcano islands is needed to explain conditions in the southern Lihue Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0233-5","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Izuka, S.K., and Gingerich, S.B., 2003, A thick lens of fresh groundwater in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 11, no. 2, p. 240-248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0233-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"240","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5fce4b0c8380cd470a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izuka, S. K.","contributorId":39818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izuka","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gingerich, S. B.","contributorId":83958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025833,"text":"70025833 - 2003 - Fitting population models from field data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T16:51:22","indexId":"70025833","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fitting population models from field data","docAbstract":"<p>The application of population and community ecology to solving real-world problems requires population and community dynamics models that reflect the myriad patterns of interaction among organisms and between the biotic and physical environments. Appropriate models are not hard to construct, but the experimental manipulations needed to evaluate their defining coefficients are often both time consuming and costly, and sometimes environmentally destructive, as well. In this paper we present an empirical approach for finding the coefficients of broadly inclusive models without the need for environmental manipulation, demonstrate the approach with both an animal and a plant example, and suggest possible applications. Software has been developed, and is available from the senior author, with a manual describing both field and analytic procedures.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00390-3","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J., Freeman, D., Kirchhoff, M., Alados, C., Escos, J., and Duda, J., 2003, Fitting population models from field data: Ecological Modelling, v. 162, no. 1-2, p. 119-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00390-3.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"143","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208813,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00390-3"}],"volume":"162","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10c7e4b0c8380cd53ddd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, D.C.","contributorId":21309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirchhoff, M.D.","contributorId":73792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirchhoff","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alados, C.L.","contributorId":22925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alados","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Escos, J.","contributorId":44311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escos","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duda, J.J. 0000-0001-7431-8634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":105073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025830,"text":"70025830 - 2003 - Determining extreme parameter correlation in ground water models.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025830","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining extreme parameter correlation in ground water models.","docAbstract":"In ground water flow system models with hydraulic-head observations but without significant imposed or observed flows, extreme parameter correlation generally exists. As a result, hydraulic conductivity and recharge parameters cannot be uniquely estimated. In complicated problems, such correlation can go undetected even by experienced modelers. Extreme parameter correlation can be detected using parameter correlation coefficients, but their utility depends on the presence of sufficient, but not excessive, numerical imprecision of the sensitivities, such as round-off error. This work investigates the information that can be obtained from parameter correlation coefficients in the presence of different levels of numerical imprecision, and compares it to the information provided by an alternative method called the singular value decomposition (SVD). Results suggest that (1) calculated correlation coefficients with absolute values that round to 1.00 were good indicators of extreme parameter correlation, but smaller values were not necessarily good indicators of lack of correlation and resulting unique parameter estimates; (2) the SVD may be more difficult to interpret than parameter correlation coefficients, but it required sensitivities that were one to two significant digits less accurate than those that required using parameter correlation coefficients; and (3) both the SVD and parameter correlation coefficients identified extremely correlated parameters better when the parameters were more equally sensitive. When the statistical measures fail, parameter correlation can be identified only by the tedious process of executing regression using different sets of starting values, or, in some circumstances, through graphs of the objective function.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., and Osterby, O., 2003, Determining extreme parameter correlation in ground water models.: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 4, p. 420-430.","startPage":"420","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffeee4b0c8380cd4f4a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osterby, O.","contributorId":68515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterby","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025829,"text":"70025829 - 2003 - Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025829","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur","docAbstract":"Use of stable isotope ratios to trace pathways of organic matter among consumers requires knowledge of the isotopic shift between diet and consumer. Variation in trophic shift among consumers can be substantial. For data from the published literature and supplementary original data (excluding fluid-feeding consumers), the mean isotopic shift for C was +0.5 ?? 0.13??? rather than 0.0???, as commonly assumed. The shift for C was higher for consumers analyzed as muscle (+1.3 ?? 0.30???) than for consumers analyzed whole (+0.3 ?? 0.14???). Among consumers analyzed whole, the trophic shift for C was lower for consumers acidified prior to analysis (-0.2 ?? 0.21???) than for unacidified samples (+0.5 ?? 0.17???). For N, trophic shift was lower for consumers raised on invertebrate diets (+1.4 ?? 0.21???) than for consumers raised on other high-protein diets (+3.3 ?? 0.26???) and was intermediate for consumers raised on plant and algal diets (+2.2 ?? 0.30???). The trophic shift for S differed between high-protein (+2.0 ?? 0.65???) and low-protein diets (-0.5 ?? 0.56???). Thus, methods of analysis and dietary differences can affect trophic shift for consumers; the utility of stable isotope methods can be improved if this information is incorporated into studies of trophic relationships. Although few studies of stable isotope ratios have considered variation in the trophic shift, such variation is important because small errors in estimates of trophic shift can result in large errors in estimates of the contribution of sources to consumers or in estimates of trophic position.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oikos","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12098.x","issn":"00301299","usgsCitation":"McCutchan, J., Lewis, W., Kendall, C., and McGrath, C., 2003, Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur: Oikos, v. 102, no. 2, p. 378-390, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12098.x.","startPage":"378","endPage":"390","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208773,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12098.x"},{"id":234751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc16be4b08c986b32a571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCutchan, J.H. Jr.","contributorId":88540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCutchan","given":"J.H.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, W.M. Jr.","contributorId":17374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"W.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGrath, C.C.","contributorId":17018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrath","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025828,"text":"70025828 - 2003 - A classification of ecological boundaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-01T11:08:56.897856","indexId":"70025828","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A classification of ecological boundaries","docAbstract":"<p>Ecologists use the term <i>boundary</i> to refer to a wide range of real and conceptual structures. Because imprecise terminology may impede the search for general patterns and theories about ecological boundaries, we present a classification of the attributes of ecological boundaries to aid in communication and theory development. Ecological boundaries may differ in their origin and maintenance, their spatial structure, their function, and their temporal dynamics. A classification system based on these attributes should help ecologists determine whether boundaries are truly comparable. This system can be applied when comparing empirical studies, comparing theories, and testing theoretical predictions against empirical results.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0723:ACOEB]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00063568","usgsCitation":"Strayer, D., Power, M.E., Fagan, W., Pickett, S.T., and Belnap, J., 2003, A classification of ecological boundaries: BioScience, v. 53, no. 8, p. 723-729, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0723:ACOEB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"723","endPage":"729","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0723:acoeb]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e343e4b0c8380cd45ef9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strayer, David L.","contributorId":238531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strayer","given":"David L.","affiliations":[{"id":47722,"text":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Power, Mary E.","contributorId":191956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Power","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fagan, William F.","contributorId":108239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagan","given":"William F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pickett, Steward T. A.","contributorId":69758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickett","given":"Steward","email":"","middleInitial":"T. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025827,"text":"70025827 - 2003 - Shock-wave-induced fracturing of calcareous nannofossils from the Chesapeake Bay impact crater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025827","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shock-wave-induced fracturing of calcareous nannofossils from the Chesapeake Bay impact crater","docAbstract":"Fractured calcareous nannofossils of the genus Discoaster from synimpact sediments within the Chesapeake Bay impact crater demonstrate that other petrographic shock indicators exist for the cratering process in addition to quartz minerals. Evidence for shock-induced taphonomy includes marginal fracturing of rosette-shaped Discoaster species into pentagonal shapes and pressure- and temperature-induced dissolution of ray tips and edges of discoasters. Rotational deformation of individual crystallites may be the mechanism that produces the fracture pattern. Shock-wave-fractured calcareous nannofossils were recovered from synimpact matrix material representing tsunami or resurge sedimentation that followed impact. Samples taken from cohesive clasts within the crater rubble show no evidence of shock-induced fracturing. The data presented here support growing evidence that microfossils can be used to determine the intensity and timing of wet-impact cratering.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G19678.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Self-Trail J.M., 2003, Shock-wave-induced fracturing of calcareous nannofossils from the Chesapeake Bay impact crater: Geology, v. 31, no. 8, p. 697-700, https://doi.org/10.1130/G19678.1.","startPage":"697","endPage":"700","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208747,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G19678.1"},{"id":234714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e7de4b08c986b318987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Self-Trail J.M.","contributorId":128180,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Self-Trail J.M.","id":535151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025826,"text":"70025826 - 2003 - HPLC and ELISA analyses of larval bile acids from Pacific and western brook lampreys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T16:38:14","indexId":"70025826","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3477,"text":"Steroids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"HPLC and ELISA analyses of larval bile acids from Pacific and western brook lampreys","docAbstract":"<p>Comparative studies were performed on two native lamprey species, Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) and western brook lamprey (Lampetra richardsoni) from the Pacific coast along with sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) from the Great Lakes, to investigate their bile acid production and release. HPLC and ELISA analyses of the gall bladders and liver extract revealed that the major bile acid compound from Pacific and western brook larval lampreys was petromyzonol sulfate (PZS), previously identified as a migratory pheromone in larval sea lamprey. An ELISA for PZS has been developed in a working range of 20pg-10ng per well. The tissue concentrations of PZS in gall bladder were 127.40, 145.86, and 276.96??g/g body mass in sea lamprey, Pacific lamprey, and western brook lamprey, respectively. Releasing rates for PZS in the three species were measured using ELISA to find that western brook and sea lamprey released PZS 20 times higher than Pacific lamprey did. Further studies are required to determine whether PZS is a chemical cue in Pacific and western brook lampreys. ?? 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0039-128X(03)00088-6","issn":"0039128X","usgsCitation":"Yun, S., Scott, A., Bayer, J., Seelye, J., Close, D., and Li, W., 2003, HPLC and ELISA analyses of larval bile acids from Pacific and western brook lampreys: Steroids, v. 68, no. 6, p. 515-523, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-128X(03)00088-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"523","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208746,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-128X(03)00088-6"}],"volume":"68","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e85e4b0c8380cd5c604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yun, S.-S.","contributorId":94831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yun","given":"S.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, A.P.","contributorId":43951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bayer, J.M.","contributorId":47945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayer","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seelye, J.G.","contributorId":32861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelye","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Close, D.A.","contributorId":77715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Close","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, W.","contributorId":85361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025824,"text":"70025824 - 2003 - Regional flood probabilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:52:58","indexId":"70025824","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional flood probabilities","docAbstract":"<p><span>The&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>‐year annual maximum flood at a site is defined to be that streamflow, that has probability 1/</span><i>T</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>of being exceeded in any given year, and for a group of sites the corresponding regional flood probability (RFP) is the probability that at least one site will experience a<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>T</i><span>‐year flood in any given year. The RFP depends on the number of sites of interest and on the spatial correlation of flows among the sites. We present a Monte Carlo method for obtaining the RFP and demonstrate that spatial correlation estimates used in this method may be obtained with rank transformed data and therefore that knowledge of the at‐site peak flow distribution is not necessary. We examine the extent to which the estimates depend on specification of a parametric form for the spatial correlation function, which is known to be nonstationary for peak flows. It is shown in a simulation study that use of a stationary correlation function to compute RFPs yields satisfactory estimates for certain nonstationary processes. Application of asymptotic extreme value theory is examined, and a methodology for separating channel network and rainfall effects on RFPs is suggested. A case study is presented using peak flow data from the state of Washington. For 193 sites in the Puget Sound region it is estimated that a 100‐year flood will occur on the average every 4.5 years.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR001140","usgsCitation":"Troutman, B.M., and Karlinger, M.R., 2003, Regional flood probabilities: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 4, p. 4-1-4-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR001140.","productDescription":"Article 1095; 15 p.","startPage":"4-1","endPage":"4-15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478535,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr001140","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a4cfe4b0e8fec6cdbc82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, Michael R.","contributorId":10777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025823,"text":"70025823 - 2003 - Coalbed gas in the Mecsek Basin, Hungary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025823","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coalbed gas in the Mecsek Basin, Hungary","docAbstract":"Information about the presence and recovery of coalbed gas during underground mining and attempts to recover the gas as an energy source, plus new data about gas storage capacity, petrography, maturity, and other coal quality factors, indicate that the coals of the Mecsek Basin may contain large quantities of coalbed gas that is largely methane. Two preliminary estimates of the total gas content of the coalfield are 0.28e+11 m3 (almost 1 trillion cubic feet) and 1.13e+11 m3 (nearly 4 trillion cubic feet). Although much more information is needed about gas contents, permeabilities and other reservoir factors, the available geologic information may be sufficient to identify target areas for exploration. Efforts required to evaluate production potential are warranted. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00021-1","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Landis, E., Rohrbacher, T., Barker, C., Fodor, B., and Gombar, G., 2003, Coalbed gas in the Mecsek Basin, Hungary: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 54, no. 1-2, p. 41-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00021-1.","startPage":"41","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208722,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00021-1"},{"id":234677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f76de4b0c8380cd4caf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landis, E.R.","contributorId":40605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rohrbacher, T.J.","contributorId":56274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohrbacher","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fodor, B.","contributorId":98003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodor","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gombar, G.","contributorId":25256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gombar","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025822,"text":"70025822 - 2003 - Difficulties in relating Cd concentrations in the predatory insect Chaoborus to those of its prey in nature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025822","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Difficulties in relating Cd concentrations in the predatory insect Chaoborus to those of its prey in nature","docAbstract":"Because Chaoborus larvae take up most of their cadmium (Cd) from food, we tested the hypothesis that Cd concentrations in this insect are directly related to those in their planktonic prey. We measured Cd in Chaoborus and in Zooplankton collected from 24 eastern Canadian lakes varying widely in their Cd concentrations. Cd concentrations in the predator were not correlated with those in bulk zooplankton, whether separated into size fractions liable to be eaten by Chaoborus or not. In highly acidic lakes, Cd concentrations in Chaoborus did not respond to increases in zooplankton Cd because of either competition between H and Cd ions at Cd absorption sites in the predator's gut or differences in prey community composition between highly acidic and circumneutral lakes. Relationships between Cd in Chaoborus and in its potential prey were stronger when we used Cd concentrations for specific crustacean taxa in a mechanistic model. We conclude that predictive relationships between metal concentrations in predators and their prey are likely to be strongest if the subset of prey consumed by the predator has been characterized and if this information is used in a bioaccumulation model.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f03-068","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Croteau, M., Hare, L., and Tessier, A., 2003, Difficulties in relating Cd concentrations in the predatory insect Chaoborus to those of its prey in nature: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 60, no. 7, p. 800-808, https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-068.","startPage":"800","endPage":"808","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208706,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-068"},{"id":234643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010ce4b0c8380cd4fa89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Croteau, M.-N.","contributorId":37511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croteau","given":"M.-N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hare, L.","contributorId":30414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tessier, A.","contributorId":88920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tessier","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025821,"text":"70025821 - 2003 - Shell microstructure of the late Carboniferous rostroconch mollusc Apotocardium lanterna (Branson, 1965)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T23:08:34.272554","indexId":"70025821","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shell microstructure of the late Carboniferous rostroconch mollusc Apotocardium lanterna (Branson, 1965)","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Late Carboniferous bransoniid conocardioidean&nbsp;</span><span class=\"genus-species\">Apotocardium lanterna</span><span>&nbsp;(</span>Branson, 1965<span>) had an entirely aragonitic shell with a finely prismatic outer shell layer, a predominantly crossed lamellar to complex crossed lamellar middle shell layer, and an “inner” shell layer of finely textured porcelaneous and/or matted structure. This “inner” layer is probably homologous with the inner part of the middle shell layer and the inner layer&nbsp;</span><span class=\"genus-species\">sensu stricto</span><span>&nbsp;of bivalved molluscs. Shell morphological and microstructural convergences between conocardioids and living heart cockles suggest that at least some conocardioids may have farmed algal endosymbionts in their posterior mantle margins. This symbiosis may have helped conocardioids compete with the biomechanically more efficient bivalves during the latter part of the Paleozoic.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0655:SMOTLC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Rogalla, N., Carter, J., and Pojeta, J., 2003, Shell microstructure of the late Carboniferous rostroconch mollusc Apotocardium lanterna (Branson, 1965): Journal of Paleontology, v. 77, no. 4, p. 655-673, https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0655:SMOTLC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"655","endPage":"673","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e69e4b08c986b31890e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogalla, N.S.","contributorId":68513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogalla","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, J.G.","contributorId":85376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pojeta, J. Jr.","contributorId":55150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pojeta","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025820,"text":"70025820 - 2003 - Mercury effects on predator avoidance behavior of a forage fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025820","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury effects on predator avoidance behavior of a forage fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)","docAbstract":"Mercury contamination of fish is widespread in North America and has resulted in the establishment of fish consumption advisories to protect human health, However, the effects of mercury exposure to fish have seldom been investigated. We examined the effects of dietary mercury exposure at environmental levels in a common forage species, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). Fish were fed either an unaltered diet (12 ng/g wet wt methylmercury [MeHg] as Hg), a low-Hg diet (455 ng/g Hg), or a high-Hg diet (959 ng/g Hg). After 90 d mean fish whole-body total Hg concentrations were 41, 230, and 518 ng/g wet wt, respectively, which were within the range of concentrations found in this species in northern U.S. lakes. There were no mortalities or differences in growth rate among groups. Groups of fish from each treatment were exposed to a model avian predator and their behavioral response videotaped for analysis. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined in fish after behavioral testing. Fish fed the high-Hg diet had significantly greater shoal vertical dispersal following predator exposure, took longer to return to pre-exposure activity level, and had greater shoal area after return to pre-exposure activity than did the other treatments, all of which would increase vulnerability of the fish to predation. There were no differences in brain AChE among treatments. We conclude that mercury exposure at levels currently occurring in northern United States lakes alters fish predator-avoidance behavior in a manner that may increase vulnerability to predation. This finding has significant implications for food chain transfer of Hg and Hg exposure of fish predators.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1556:MEOPAB>2.0.CO;2","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Webber, H., and Haines, T., 2003, Mercury effects on predator avoidance behavior of a forage fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 22, no. 7, p. 1556-1561, https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1556:MEOPAB>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1556","endPage":"1561","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208705,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1556:MEOPAB>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5402e4b0c8380cd6ce60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webber, H.M.","contributorId":49962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webber","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025819,"text":"70025819 - 2003 - Characterization of microbially Fe(III)-reduced nontronite: Environmental cell-transmission electron microscopy study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T18:28:12","indexId":"70025819","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of microbially Fe(III)-reduced nontronite: Environmental cell-transmission electron microscopy study","docAbstract":"<p>Microstructural changes induced by the microbial reduction of Fe(III) in nontronite by <i>Shewanella oneidensis</i> were studied using environmental cell (EC)-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), conventional TEM, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Direct observations of clays by EC-TEM in their hydrated state allowed for the first time an accurate and unambiguous TEM measurement of basal layer spacings and the contraction of layer spacing caused by microbial effects, most likely those of Fe(III) reduction. Non-reduced and Fe(III)-reduced nontronite, observed by EC-TEM, exhibited fringes with mean <i>d</i>001 spacings of 1.50 nm (standard deviation, σ = 0.08 nm) and 1.26 nm (σ = 0.10 nm), respectively. In comparison, the same samples embedded with Nanoplast resin, sectioned by microtome, and observed using conventional TEM, displayed layer spacings of 1.0–1.1 nm (non-reduced) and 1.0 nm (reduced). The results from Nanoplast-embedded samples are typical of conventional TEM studies, which have measured nearly identical layer spacings regardless of Fe oxidation state. Following Fe(III) reduction, both EC- and conventional TEM showed an increase in the order of nontronite selected area electron diffraction patterns while the images exhibited fewer wavy fringes and fewer layer terminations. An increase in stacking order in reduced nontronite was also suggested by XRD measurements. In particular, the ratio of the valley to peak intensity (<i>v/p</i>) of the 1.7 nm basal 001 peak of ethylene glycolated nontronite was measured at 0.65 (non-reduced) and 0.85 (microbially reduced).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510403","usgsCitation":"Kim, J., Furukawa, Y., Daulton, T.L., Lavoie, D.L., and Newell, S.W., 2003, Characterization of microbially Fe(III)-reduced nontronite: Environmental cell-transmission electron microscopy study: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 51, no. 4, p. 382-389, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510403.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"382","endPage":"389","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4d0e4b0c8380cd4bf35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, Jin-wook","contributorId":61921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kim","given":"Jin-wook","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furukawa, Yoko","contributorId":74178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Furukawa","given":"Yoko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daulton, Tyrone L.","contributorId":54775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daulton","given":"Tyrone","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lavoie, Dawn L. dlavoie@usgs.gov","contributorId":3006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lavoie","given":"Dawn","email":"dlavoie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":406694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newell, Steven W.","contributorId":67266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newell","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025818,"text":"70025818 - 2003 - Utility of high-altitude infrared spectral data in mineral exploration: Application to Northern Patagonia Mountains, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T18:20:55.676332","indexId":"70025818","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Utility of high-altitude infrared spectral data in mineral exploration: Application to Northern Patagonia Mountains, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p><span>Synoptic views of hydrothermal alteration assemblages are of considerable&nbsp;</span>utility<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;regional-scale minerals&nbsp;</span>exploration<span>. Recent advances&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>data<span>&nbsp;acquisition and analysis technologies have greatly enhanced the usefulness of remotely sensed imaging spectroscopy for reliable alteration&nbsp;</span>mineral<span>&nbsp;assemblages mapping. Using NASA's Airborne Visible&nbsp;</span>Infrared<span>&nbsp;Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor, this study mapped large areas of advanced argillic and phyllic-argillic alteration assemblages&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the southeastern Santa Rita and&nbsp;</span>northern<span>&nbsp;</span>Patagonia<span>&nbsp;</span>mountains<span>,&nbsp;</span>Arizona<span>. Two concealed porphyry copper deposits have been identified during past&nbsp;</span>exploration<span>, the Red&nbsp;</span>Mountain<span>&nbsp;and Sunnyside deposits, and related published hydrothermal alteration zoning studies allow the comparison of the results obtained from AVIRIS&nbsp;</span>data<span>&nbsp;to the more traditional field mapping approaches. The AVIRIS mapping compares favorably with field-based studies. An analysis of iron-bearing oxide minerals above a concealed supergene chalcocite deposit at Red&nbsp;</span>Mountain<span>&nbsp;also indicates that remotely sensed&nbsp;</span>data<span>&nbsp;can be of value&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the interpretation of leached caps above porphyry copper deposits.&nbsp;</span>In<span>&nbsp;conjunction with other types of geophysical&nbsp;</span>data<span>, AVIRIS&nbsp;</span>mineral<span>&nbsp;maps can be used to discriminate different&nbsp;</span>exploration<span>&nbsp;targets within a region.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.5.1003","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Berger, B.R., King, T.V., Morath, L., and Phillips, J., 2003, Utility of high-altitude infrared spectral data in mineral exploration: Application to Northern Patagonia Mountains, Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 5, p. 1003-1018, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.5.1003.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1018","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0cee4b08c986b32a324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berger, B. R.","contributorId":77914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, T. V. V.","contributorId":6192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morath, L.C.","contributorId":62094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morath","given":"L.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025816,"text":"70025816 - 2003 - Latitudinal comparisons of walleye growth in North America and factors influencing growth of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70025816","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Latitudinal comparisons of walleye growth in North America and factors influencing growth of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs","docAbstract":"We compared the growth of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum in Kansas to that of other populations throughout North America and determined the effects of the abundance of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and temperature on the growth of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs. Age was estimated from scales and otoliths collected from walleyes (N = 2,072) sampled with gill nets from eight Kansas reservoirs during fall in 1991-1999. Age-0 gizzard shad abundance was indexed based on summer seining information, and temperature data were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Parameter estimates of von Bertalanffy growth models indicated that the growth of walleyes in Kansas was more similar to that of southern latitude populations (e.g., Mississippi and Texas) than to that of northern (e.g., Manitoba, Minnesota and South Dakota) or middle latitude (e.g., Colorado and Iowa) populations. Northern and middle latitude populations had lower mean back-calculated lengths at age 1, lower growth coefficients, and greater longevity than southern and Kansas populations. A relative growth index (RGI; [Lt/Ls ] ?? 100, where Lt is the observed length at age and Ls is the age-specific standard length derived from a pooled von Bertalanffy growth model) and standardized percentile values (percentile values of mean back-calculated lengths at age) indicated that the growth of walleyes in Kansas was above average compared with that of other populations in North America. The annual growth increments of Kansas walleyes were more variable among years than among reservoirs. The growth increments of age-0 and age-1 walleyes were positively related to the catch rates of gizzard shad smaller than 80 mm, whereas the growth of age-2 and age-3 walleyes was inversely related to mean summer air temperature. Our results provide a framework for comparing North American walleye populations, and our proposed RGI provides a simple, easily interpreted index of growth.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M02-050","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Quist, M., Guy, C., Schultz, R., and Stephen, J., 2003, Latitudinal comparisons of walleye growth in North America and factors influencing growth of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 3, p. 677-692, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-050.","startPage":"677","endPage":"692","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208672,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-050"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4582e4b0c8380cd6739c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quist, M.C. 0000-0001-8268-1839","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":62805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guy, C.S.","contributorId":59160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schultz, R.D.","contributorId":66889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephen, J.L.","contributorId":84126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025815,"text":"70025815 - 2003 - Measurement of <i>in vitro</i> leucocyte mitogenesis in fish: ELISA based detection of the thymidine analogue 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-07T11:54:11","indexId":"70025815","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1653,"text":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of <i>in vitro</i> leucocyte mitogenesis in fish: ELISA based detection of the thymidine analogue 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine","docAbstract":"<p><span>In this study we present a method for the measurement of&nbsp;</span><i>in vitro</i><span>&nbsp;mitogenesis in fish leucocytes that is based on the incorporation of the thymidine analogue 5&prime;-bromo-2&prime;-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into the DNA of replicating cells, followed by ELISA-based detection. This technique, adapted from methods developed for mammalian cells, operates on a similar biological principle to&nbsp;</span><sup>3</sup><span>H-thymidine incorporation, but circumvents the logistical and safety issues inherent with the radioactive label. Because it directly measures DNA proliferation, the assay has advantages over other colorimetric methods that may be strongly influenced by leucocyte metabolic status. Using BrdU incorporation followed by ELISA, we evaluate the responsiveness of rainbow trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;[Walbaum]) leucocytes to the mammalian T-cell mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A) as well as the differential response of white perch (</span><i>Morone americana</i><span>&nbsp;[Gmelin]) leucocytes to Con A and pokeweed mitogen. Specific considerations intrinsic to the assay system are discussed, including the implications of utilising enzyme-based detection.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/fsim.2002.0436","issn":"10504648","usgsCitation":"Gauthier, D.T., Cartwright, D.D., Densmore, C.L., Blazer, V., and Ottinger, C.A., 2003, Measurement of <i>in vitro</i> leucocyte mitogenesis in fish: ELISA based detection of the thymidine analogue 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine: Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 14, no. 4, p. 279-288, https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2002.0436.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"288","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208671,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2002.0436"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a530be4b0c8380cd6c840","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gauthier, David T.","contributorId":42762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gauthier","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cartwright, Deborah D.","contributorId":28202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Densmore, Christine L. 0000-0001-6440-0781 cdensmore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-0781","contributorId":4560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"cdensmore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025814,"text":"70025814 - 2003 - Effects of disturbance on contribution of energy sources to growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in boreal streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T15:49:16","indexId":"70025814","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of disturbance on contribution of energy sources to growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in boreal streams","docAbstract":"<p>We used stable isotopes of carbon in a growth-dependent tissue-turnover model to quantify the relative contribution of autochthonous and terrestrial energy sources to juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in five small boreal streams tributary to the upper Yukon River. We used a tissue-turnover model because fish did not grow enough to come into isotopic equilibrium with their diet. In two streams, autochthonous energy sources contributed 23 and 41% to the growth of juvenile salmon. In the other three, fish growth was largely due to terrestrial (i.e., allochthonous) energy sources. This low contribution of autochthonous energy appeared to be related to stream-specific disturbances: a recent forest fire impacted two of the streams and the third was affected by a large midsummer spate during the study. These disturbances reduced the relative abundance of herbivorous macroinvertebrates, the contribution of autochthonous material to other invertebrates, and ultimately, the energy flow between stream algae and fish. Our findings suggest that disturbances to streams can be an important mechanism affecting transfer of primary energy sources to higher trophic levels.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f03-035","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Perry, R., Bradford, M., and Grout, J., 2003, Effects of disturbance on contribution of energy sources to growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in boreal streams: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 60, no. 4, p. 390-400, https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-035.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"390","endPage":"400","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208653,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-035"}],"country":"Canada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -140.6634521484375,\n              64.69440978626835\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.6304931640625,\n              63.12705521006729\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.6754150390625,\n              63.17171454570863\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.9500732421875,\n              64.67091929440798\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.6634521484375,\n              64.69440978626835\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06d4e4b0c8380cd51427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, R.W.","contributorId":43947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradford, M.J.","contributorId":105495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grout, J.A.","contributorId":93674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grout","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025807,"text":"70025807 - 2003 - Radio tag retention and tag-related mortality among adult sockeye salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T09:00:15","indexId":"70025807","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radio tag retention and tag-related mortality among adult sockeye salmon","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tag retention and tag-related mortality are concerns for any tagging study but are rarely estimated. We assessed retention and mortality rates for esophageal radio tag implants in adult sockeye salmon </span><i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i><span>. Migrating sockeye salmon captured at the outlet of Lake Clark, Alaska, were implanted with one of four different radio tags (14.5 × 43 mm (diameter × length), 14.5 × 49 mm, 16 × 46 mm, and 19 × 51 mm). Fish were observed for 15 to 35 d after tagging to determine retention and mortality rates. The overall tag retention rate was high (0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.92-1.00; minimum, 33 d), with one loss of a 19-mm × 51- mm tag. Mortality of tagged sockeye salmon (0.02; 95% CI, 0-0.08) was similar to that of untagged controls (0.03 (0-0.15)). Sockeye salmon with body lengths (mid-eye to tail fork) of 585-649 mm retained tags as large as 19 × 51 mm and those with body lengths of 499-628 mm retained tags as small as 14.5 × 43 mm for a minimum of 33 d with no increase in mortality. The tags used in this study represent a suite of radio tags that vary in size, operational life, and cost but that are effective in tracking adult anadromous salmon with little tag loss or increase in fish mortality.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0978:RTRATM>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Ramstad, K.M., and Woody, C.A., 2003, Radio tag retention and tag-related mortality among adult sockeye salmon: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 3, p. 978-982, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0978:RTRATM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"978","endPage":"982","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Lake Clark","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a939ae4b0c8380cd80f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramstad, Kristina M.","contributorId":172547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramstad","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woody, Carol Ann","contributorId":172548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woody","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025806,"text":"70025806 - 2003 - Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T18:22:28.433873","indexId":"70025806","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1303,"text":"Comptes Rendus - Biologies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets","docAbstract":"<p><span>The&nbsp;black-footed ferret&nbsp;(</span><i>Mustela nigripes</i><span>) of North America is critically endangered due in part to its extreme specialization on formerly stable and abundant&nbsp;prairie dogs&nbsp;(</span><i>Cynomys</i><span>). Its close relative, the Siberian&nbsp;polecat&nbsp;(</span><i>M. eversmannii</i><span>) seems to have been subjected to a varying environment that was not conducive to specialization. One source of environmental variation in Asian&nbsp;steppes&nbsp;was plague (caused by&nbsp;</span><i>Yersina pestis</i><span>), which was absent from North America. Introduction of plague to North America presents serious challenges to ferret recovery. Partial solutions to other biological and political problems have been found, resulting in improved production in captivity, increased survival post-release, and thriving populations in plague-free South Dakota.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/s1631-0691(03)00046-5","issn":"16310691","usgsCitation":"Biggins, E., and Godbey, J.L., 2003, Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets: Comptes Rendus - Biologies, v. 326, no. SUPPL. 1, p. 104-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0691(03)00046-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"111","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"326","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3fde4b0c8380cd4ba89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggins, E.","contributorId":88303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godbey, Jerry L.","contributorId":58988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godbey","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025805,"text":"70025805 - 2003 - Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: Implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:14:44","indexId":"70025805","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: Implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites","docAbstract":"<p>One-dimensional (1D) geochemical transport modeling is used to demonstrate the effects of speciation and sorption reactions on the ground-water transport of Np and Pu, two redox-sensitive elements. Earlier 1D simulations (Reardon, 1981) considered the kinetically limited dissolution of calcite and its effect on ion-exchange reactions (involving<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>90</sup>Sr, Ca, Na, Mg and K), and documented the spatial variation of a<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>90</sup>Sr partition coefficient under both transient and steady-state chemical conditions. In contrast, the simulations presented here assume local equilibrium for all reactions, and consider sorption on constant potential, rather than constant charge, surfaces. Reardon's (1981) seminal findings on the spatial and temporal variability of partitioning (of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>90</sup>Sr) are reexamined and found partially caused by his assumption of a kinetically limited reaction.</p><p>In the present work, sorption is assumed the predominant retardation process controlling Pu and Np transport, and is simulated using a diffuse-double-layer-surface-complexation (DDLSC) model. Transport simulations consider the infiltration of Np- and Pu-contaminated waters into an initially uncontaminated environment, followed by the cleanup of the resultant contamination with uncontaminated water. Simulations are conducted using different spatial distributions of sorption capacities (with the same total potential sorption capacity, but with different variances and spatial correlation structures). Results obtained differ markedly from those that would be obtained in transport simulations using constant<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub>, Langmuir or Freundlich sorption models. When possible, simulation results (breakthrough curves) are fitted to a constant<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub>advection–dispersion transport model and compared. Functional differences often are great enough that they prevent a meaningful fit of the simulation results with a constant<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(or even a Langmuir or Freundlich) model, even in the case of Np, a weakly sorbed radionuclide under the simulation conditions. Functional behaviors that cannot be fit include concentration trend reversals and radionuclide desorption spikes. Other simulation results are fit successfully but the fitted parameters (<i>K</i><sub>d</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and dispersivity) vary significantly depending on simulation conditions (e.g. “infiltration” vs. “cleanup” conditions). Notably, an increase in the variance of the specified sorption capacities results in a marked increase in the dispersion of the radionuclides.</p><p>The results presented have implications for the simulation of radionuclide migration in performance assessments of nuclear waste-disposal sites, for the future monitoring of those sites, and more generally for modeling contaminant transport in ground-water environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., 2003, Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: Implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites: Computers & Geosciences, v. 29, no. 3, p. 331-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208915,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bcae4b0c8380cd6f7e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025803,"text":"70025803 - 2003 - The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the toxicity of fire-fighting chemicals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025803","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the toxicity of fire-fighting chemicals","docAbstract":"The interactive effects of ultraviolet (UV) and fire-retardant chemicals were evaluated by exposing rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) juveniles and tadpoles of southern leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala) to six fire-retardant formulations with and without sodium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate of soda [YPS]) and to YPS alone under three simulated UV light treatments. Yellow prussiate of soda is used as a corrosion inhibitor in some of the fire-retardant chemical formulations. The underwater UV intensities measured were about 2 to 10% of surface irradiance measured in various aquatic habitats and were within tolerance limits for the species tested. Mortality of trout and tadpoles exposed to Fire-Trol?? GTS-R, Fire-Trol 300-F, Fire-Trol LCA-R, and Fire-Trol LCA-F was significantly increased in the presence of UV radiation when YPS was present in the formulation. The boreal toad (Bufo boreas), listed as endangered by the state of Colorado (USA), and southern leopard frog were similar in their sensitivity to these chemicals. Photoenhancement of fire-retardant chemicals can occur in a range of aquatic habitats and may be of concern even when optical clarity of water is low; however, other habitat characteristics can also reduce fire retardant toxicity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1525:TEOURO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Calfee, R., and Little, E.E., 2003, The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the toxicity of fire-fighting chemicals: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 22, no. 7, p. 1525-1531, https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1525:TEOURO>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1525","endPage":"1531","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208891,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1525:TEOURO>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baba4e4b08c986b322f95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calfee, R.D.","contributorId":85130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calfee","given":"R.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025802,"text":"70025802 - 2003 - Empirical ground-motion relations for subduction-zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-10T16:14:11.049194","indexId":"70025802","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Empirical ground-motion relations for subduction-zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ground-motion relations for earthquakes that occur in subduction zones are an important input to seismic-hazard analyses in many parts of the world. In the Cascadia region (Washington, Oregon, northern California, and British Columbia), for example, there is a significant hazard from megathrust earthquakes along the subduction interface and from large events within the subducting slab. These hazards are in addition to the hazard from shallow earthquakes in the overlying crust. We have compiled a response spectra database from thousands of strong-motion recordings from events of moment magnitude (</span><strong>M</strong><span>) 5-8.3 occurring in subduction zones around the world, including both interface and in-slab events. The 2001&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;6.8 Nisqually and 1999&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;5.9 Satsop earthquakes are included in the database, as are many records from subduction zones in Japan (Kyoshin-Net data), Mexico (Guerrero data), and Central America. The size of the database is four times larger than that available for previous empirical regressions to determine ground-motion relations for subduction-zone earthquakes. The large dataset enables improved determination of attenuation parameters and magnitude scaling, for both interface and in-slab events. Soil response parameters are also better determined by the data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020156","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, G.M., and Boore, D., 2003, Empirical ground-motion relations for subduction-zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 4, p. 1703-1729, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020156.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1703","endPage":"1729","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408090,"rank":2,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080108"},{"id":234939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.31054687499999,\n              38.47939467327645\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.970703125,\n              39.00211029922515\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.981689453125,\n              41.97582726102573\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.01538085937499,\n              42.004407212963585\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.99890136718749,\n              43.80678314779554\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.9000244140625,\n              43.98095752608484\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.92199707031249,\n              44.071800467511565\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.85607910156249,\n              44.19402066387343\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0648193359375,\n              44.30419567985762\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.158203125,\n              44.29240108529005\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.14172363281251,\n              44.34349388385857\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.18566894531249,\n              44.3906169787868\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1746826171875,\n              44.469071224701096\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.01538085937499,\n              44.72332018895825\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.9000244140625,\n              44.766236875162335\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.7901611328125,\n              44.933696389694674\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.806640625,\n              44.999767019181284\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6912841796875,\n              45.12392881616326\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6033935546875,\n              45.35600542155823\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.42211914062499,\n              45.6101948758674\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5045166015625,\n              45.706179285330855\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.510009765625,\n              45.767522962149876\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.74621582031249,\n              45.84793427349226\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.92199707031249,\n              46.08847179577592\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.89453125,\n              46.15319980124842\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.92199707031249,\n              46.240651955001695\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0208740234375,\n              46.37346430137335\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0208740234375,\n              46.411351502899215\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0208740234375,\n              48.99824008113872\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.0216064453125,\n              49.001843917978526\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.114990234375,\n              49.102645497788814\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12597656249999,\n              49.14578361775004\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.1973876953125,\n              49.2140089056539\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3621826171875,\n              49.2140089056539\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.345703125,\n              49.25346477497736\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.5599365234375,\n              49.42169406084926\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.54345703125,\n              49.514510112029\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.554443359375,\n              49.5822260446217\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.6807861328125,\n              49.59290945425261\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.61486816406251,\n              49.66407240384585\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.6038818359375,\n              49.82735281650853\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.6533203125,\n              49.933544070506144\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.61486816406251,\n              49.954754298064195\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.64233398437499,\n              50.05008477838256\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.697265625,\n              50.138185230436896\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.72473144531251,\n              50.366488762738264\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.87854003906249,\n              50.46100111599232\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.98840332031249,\n              50.60067298872855\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.20812988281251,\n              50.590211939351896\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.25207519531249,\n              50.64249394010323\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.26855468749999,\n              50.74688365485319\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.3839111328125,\n              50.74340774029213\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.51574707031249,\n              50.8232885012118\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.5706787109375,\n              50.965346321637696\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.71899414062499,\n              51.086272518565515\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.9112548828125,\n              51.11386850819646\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.98266601562499,\n              51.16556659836182\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.96618652343749,\n              51.217206807233396\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.15295410156249,\n              51.32031367286622\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.21887207031249,\n              51.32374658474385\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.2298583984375,\n              51.37863823622004\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.31225585937499,\n              51.49848454717058\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6143798828125,\n              51.818802709382474\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.7572021484375,\n              51.839171715043946\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.8780517578125,\n              51.73383267274113\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.98242187499999,\n              51.90361280788357\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.16918945312499,\n              52.01531743663362\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.2735595703125,\n              52.2008737173322\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.3504638671875,\n              52.231163984032676\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.39990234375,\n              52.15708463620445\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.7239990234375,\n              52.231163984032676\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.79541015625001,\n              52.261433597272294\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.674560546875,\n              52.3688917060255\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.69653320312499,\n              52.419172910580876\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.8668212890625,\n              52.462703626583746\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.9766845703125,\n              52.52624809700062\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.10302734374999,\n              52.44261787120725\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.20190429687501,\n              52.415822612378776\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.20190429687501,\n              52.43926935464697\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              52.47608904123904\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.29528808593751,\n              52.62306005822959\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.2513427734375,\n              52.67305135923188\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.38317871093749,\n              52.78615348878663\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.33923339843749,\n              52.84259457223949\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.44909667968749,\n              52.92215137976296\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.56994628906249,\n              52.92546307943839\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.6083984375,\n              53.01808785593772\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.7017822265625,\n              53.1237017988457\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.9215087890625,\n              53.25535521592485\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.0643310546875,\n              53.25535521592485\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.05883789062501,\n              53.186287573913305\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.21264648437499,\n              53.21590163025062\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.37744140625,\n              53.3866046856269\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.7015380859375,\n              53.42262754609993\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.75646972656249,\n              53.48477702972815\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.86083984375,\n              53.592504809039376\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.75646972656249,\n              53.58272269994398\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.67956542968749,\n              53.608803292930894\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.69604492187499,\n              53.657661020298\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.761962890625,\n              53.716215632472036\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.8443603515625,\n              53.73246635451261\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.8553466796875,\n              53.79091696637288\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.92675781249999,\n              53.80389494430924\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.981689453125,\n              53.8460456413833\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.981689453125,\n              60.01546201341472\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.141845703125,\n              60.009970961180386\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.768310546875,\n              59.89444803635239\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.724365234375,\n              59.75086102411168\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.6806640625,\n              59.226555635719215\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.548828125,\n              59.0009698708429\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.58178710937497,\n              58.88761938459046\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.4609375,\n              58.88761938459046\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.790771484375,\n              59.136499487320734\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.549072265625,\n              59.147769484619786\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.461181640625,\n              59.25464954448365\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.395263671875,\n              59.42272750081453\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.307373046875,\n              59.43390314475794\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.175537109375,\n              59.5343180010956\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.219482421875,\n              59.60665430241931\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.043701171875,\n              59.62332522313024\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.4833984375,\n              59.75086102411168\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.10986328125,\n              59.57328763638666\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.076904296875,\n              59.48414789449185\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.16479492187497,\n              59.439489583059725\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.010986328125,\n              59.26026554911028\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.769287109375,\n              59.226555635719215\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.62646484375,\n              59.11394836022265\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.49462890624997,\n              59.09138238455909\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.417724609375,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.329833984375,\n              58.85354158266562\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.450927734375,\n              58.430481925680034\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.516845703125,\n              58.39019698411526\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.29736328125,\n              57.21365975961655\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.440185546875,\n              57.088515327886505\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.12158203125,\n              57.03475232578498\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.198486328125,\n              56.87899917413543\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.978759765625,\n              56.794862261400546\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.89086914062497,\n              56.565536245992064\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.6162109375,\n              56.57764086466516\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.462646484375,\n              56.11493571902952\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.286865234375,\n              56.065902963300424\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.14404296874997,\n              56.090427143991526\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.045166015625,\n              55.936894769039434\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.198974609375,\n              55.73948169869349\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.990234375,\n              55.28537238249355\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.572509765625,\n              54.813348417419284\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.077880859375,\n              54.667477840945715\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.000732421875,\n              54.08517342088679\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.451171875,\n              54.18172660239092\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.17626953125,\n              54.29088164657006\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.253173828125,\n              53.839563678833606\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.93457031249997,\n              53.42262754609993\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.440185546875,\n              52.89564866211353\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.89086914062497,\n              52.50284765940397\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.2978515625,\n              51.31001339554934\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.47412109375,\n              50.70167663576478\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.39721679687497,\n              50.590211939351896\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.9248046875,\n              50.240178884797025\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.0126953125,\n              50.1135334310997\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.85888671875,\n              50.00067775723633\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.705078125,\n              50.05713877598689\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.50732421874999,\n              50.05008477838256\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.265625,\n              49.866316729538674\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.639404296875,\n              49.38952445158216\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.96923828125,\n              49.081062364320736\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.23315429687501,\n              48.71271258145237\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.771728515625,\n              48.567520373908295\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.79370117187499,\n              48.151428143221224\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.71679687499999,\n              47.88688085106901\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.53002929687499,\n              47.73932336136857\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.38720703124999,\n              47.36115300722623\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.26635742187501,\n              47.24194882163242\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.222412109375,\n              46.965259400349275\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.134521484375,\n              46.67205646734499\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.134521484375,\n              46.28622391806706\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.002685546875,\n              46.06560846138691\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.04663085937499,\n              45.90529985724799\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.04663085937499,\n              45.18978009667531\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.1455078125,\n              44.81691551782855\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.21142578125,\n              44.20583500104184\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.178466796875,\n              43.97700467496408\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.332275390625,\n              43.42898792344155\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.43115234375,\n              43.35713822211053\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.53002929687499,\n              43.0287452513488\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.661865234375,\n              42.867912483915305\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.486083984375,\n              42.60970621339408\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.49707031249999,\n              42.415346114253616\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.43115234375,\n              42.09007006868398\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.288330078125,\n              41.92680320648791\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.29931640625,\n              41.763117447005875\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.112548828125,\n              41.40153558289846\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.23339843749999,\n              41.13729606112276\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.222412109375,\n              40.871987756697415\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.46411132812499,\n              40.455307212131494\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.43115234375,\n              40.212440718286466\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.93676757812499,\n              39.80009595634838\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.837890625,\n              39.554883059924016\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.914794921875,\n              39.39375459224348\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.78295898437501,\n              39.08743603215884\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              38.94232097947902\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.31054687499999,\n              38.47939467327645\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a090ae4b0c8380cd51d8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, G. M.","contributorId":69283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}