The NASA Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Project has been considering a landing-site ellipse designated EP78B2 in southeastern Utopia Planitia, southwest of Elysium Mons. The site appears to be relatively safe for a MER landing site because of its predicted low wind velocities in mesoscale atmospheric circulation models and its low surface roughness at various scales as indicated by topographic and imaging data sets. Previously, the site's surface rocks have been interpreted to be marine sediments or lava flows. In addition, we suggest that Late Noachian to Early Hesperian collapse and mass wasting of Noachian highland rocks contributed to the deposition of detritus in the area of the ellipse. Furthermore, we document partial Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian resurfacing of the ellipse by flows and vents that may be of mud or silicate volcanic origin. A rover investigation of the Utopia landing site using the MER Athena instrument package might address some fundamental aspects of Martian geologic evolution, such as climate change, hydrologic evolution, and magmatic and tectonic history.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2003JE002054","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., Carr, M.H., Skinner, J., Gilmore, M.S., and Hare, T.M., 2003, Geology of the MER 2003 \"Elysium\" candidate landing site in southeastern Utopia Planitia, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 108, no. E12, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JE002054.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003je002054","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars; Utopia Planitia","volume":"108","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a25fae4b0c8380cd58cf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, Michael H.","contributorId":61894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skinner, James A. 0000-0002-3644-7010 jskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3644-7010","contributorId":3187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"James A.","email":"jskinner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilmore, Martha S.","contributorId":211064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilmore","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hare, Trent M. 0000-0001-8842-389X thare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":3188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"Trent","email":"thare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015309,"text":"1015309 - 2003 - Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T16:26:28","indexId":"1015309","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1303,"text":"Comptes Rendus - Biologies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets","docAbstract":"The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) of North America is critically endangered due in part to its extreme specialization on formerly stable and abundant prairie dogs (Cynomys). Its close relative, the Siberian polecat (M. eversmannii) seems to have been subjected to a varying environment that was not conducive to specialization. One source of environmental variation in Asian steppes was plague (caused by Yersina pestis), which was absent from North America. Introduction of plague to North America presents serious challenges to ferret recovery. Partial solutions to other biological and political problems have been found, resulting in improved production in captivity, increased survival post-release, and thriving populations in plague-free South Dakota.
","language":"English, French","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00046-5","usgsCitation":"Biggins, E., and Godbey, J.L., 2003, Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets: Comptes Rendus - Biologies, v. 326, no. Supplement 1, p. 104-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00046-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"111","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"326","issue":"Supplement 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6dc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggins, E.","contributorId":88303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godbey, Jerry L.","contributorId":58988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godbey","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53199,"text":"ofr2003288 - 2003 - The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T15:18:51","indexId":"ofr2003288","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-288","title":"The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002)","docAbstract":"The Colorado River has experienced dramatic physical and biological change. Rated as the fifth largest river in the USA by volume, today its waters seldom reach the sea. Water diversions gradually reduce its flow to a point where its last remaining waters are diverted at Morales Dam leaving nearly 100 km of historic channel dry. In contrast, lower basin storage reservoirs cover 36% of the historic channel. Remaining portions of the flowing river have been channelized and straightened to a point where it now resembles a large canal. Levees, mechanical dredging, and the natural forces of erosion have degraded the river channel nearly 2 m in some locations, isolating it from its floodplain and affecting local water tables. The river no longer functions as a natural stream system characteristic of spring run-off, summer spates, and droughts. Today it serves as a water storage and conveyance system to meet human needs.
\nPhysical change has been severe, but not as devastating as the biological pollution. More than 80 nonnative fish species have been introduced to the lower basin. Today, over 20 fish species have established, many forming economically important sport fisheries. As these alien species expanded their range, native communities rapidly declined and disappeared from much of their historic range. By 1930, most had become rare. The last remnant populations of bonytail, razorback sucker, and Colorado pikeminnow in the lower basin were taken downstream of Davis Dam during the 1960’s and 1970’s. Today, Colorado pikeminnow, and it appears, wild bonytail are extirpated downstream of Glen Canyon Dam, and wild razorback suckers are extremely rare. The Colorado River and its fish assemblage is a totally different ecosystem than it was a century ago.
\nState and federal agencies have been attempting to reestablish native communities for nearly three decades. More than 12 million razorback suckers, most of them small, were stocked between 1981 and 1991. Few of these fish survived and during the past decade managers have switched to stocking larger suckers to improve survival. Since 1995, nearly 18,000 bonytail and 30,000 large razorback suckers have been stocked in Lake Havasu. There was also a single stocking (611) of flannelmouth suckers in 1976. These programs have produced mixed results. The single introduction of flannelmouth sucker has resulted in a thriving community, estimated at more than 4,000 fish. This success spirited hopes by many that other natives would respond similarly but unfortunately, that has not occurred.
\nInitial stocking returns suggest that stocking survival of bonytail and razorback sucker is relatively poor (<12%) and the absence of any detectable recruitment indicates present reintroduction efforts are falling short of anticipated survival or potential recovery. In contrast, the single introduction of wild flannelmouth sucker, out-performed millions of hatchery produced razorback sucker. This suggests hatchery reared fish may be inferior to wild fish in terms of survival skills, which has been found to be the case for terrestrial animal introductions. A review of culturing, stocking, and repatriation techniques is warranted which examines ways to better prepare fish to convert to natural foods, recognize predators, and be physically conditioned to cope with currents and hopefully avoid or escape predators.
\nComparison of flannelmouth sucker success and the razorback sucker’s failure provides compelling evidence that helps explain the dramatic physical habitat changes that have occurred and the possible role of habitat selection and predator communities. It mimics conditions observed in portions of the upper basin where flannelmouth suckers are still common but razorback suckers have been extirpated. Both sucker species are successfully spawning in the lower basin, however, recruitment can only be detected for flannelmouth. Habitat preference and associated predation pressure of those habitats appear to be the primary factors responsible for recruitment. Flannelmouth suckers prefer channel habitat that supports a fraction of the predators found in off-channel habitats where razorback suckers reside. The dependence of razorback sucker young on slack water habitat puts the species at a much higher predation risk.
\nThrough a process of trial and error during the past two decades, managers are now stocking large natives to increase their survival. Small native fish simply have not survived. While this improves short-term stocking survival, it ignores or at least delays dealing with the predation issue. Current stocking programs have reestablished or augmented relatively small populations of bonytail, razorback, and flannelmouth suckers between Davis and Parker Dams. All three species are better off than they were a decade ago in this section of the river. Unfortunately, bonytail and razorback sucker will only maintain a presence in the Colorado River main stem through continued stocking and it remains to be seen if management agencies will make that long-term commitment.
\nWhile the gains for the bonytail and razorback sucker have been difficult, the successful reintroduction of flannelmouth sucker highlights the ecological changes that have taken place and suggests this, and possibly other channel oriented species (i.e., Gila robusta) could be established. In contrast, there is no evidence to suggest we can expect similar recruitment or expansions for bonytail and razorback sucker. Their dependence on slack water habitat leaves their young vulnerable to overwhelming predation.
\nRecovery in the main stem will only be accomplished with a dramatic decrease and possibly a total removal of nonnative species. After ten years and over $6 million in expenditures to remove nonnative fish it appears this philosophy is neither technically nor politically viable. In the meantime, stocking is the only alternative available to insure these species don’t disappear. The only viable option appears the creation and maintenance of small, isolated refuge communities where these species have shown they can produce young.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and California Fish and Game Department","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G., 2003, The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-288, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003288.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2003288.PNG"},{"id":320295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0288/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -114.60662841796875,\n 35.14237113713991\n ],\n [\n -114.6697998046875,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -114.63409423828125,\n 35.068221159859256\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 35.03224538129597\n ],\n [\n -114.6697998046875,\n 34.872411827691025\n ],\n [\n -114.49676513671875,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -114.41436767578124,\n 34.522398580663314\n ],\n [\n -114.43634033203125,\n 34.447688696497444\n ],\n [\n -114.17816162109375,\n 34.29579932143427\n ],\n [\n -114.3402099609375,\n 34.15499986715356\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -114.1094970703125,\n 34.261756524459805\n ],\n [\n -114.0765380859375,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.32373046875,\n 34.4793919710481\n ],\n [\n -114.35943603515625,\n 34.54049998801135\n ],\n [\n -114.40887451171875,\n 34.617387052407175\n ],\n [\n -114.45281982421875,\n 34.732584206123626\n ],\n [\n -114.49676513671875,\n 34.856636719051735\n ],\n [\n -114.60113525390625,\n 34.89043681762452\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -114.55169677734375,\n 35.11766197360177\n ],\n [\n -114.54620361328125,\n 35.22767235493586\n ],\n [\n -114.56268310546874,\n 35.26580442886754\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Gordon","contributorId":7729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179832,"text":"70179832 - 2003 - Genetic concepts and uncertainties in restoring fish populations and species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:26:58","indexId":"70179832","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":" Genetic concepts and uncertainties in restoring fish populations and species","docAbstract":"Genetic considerations can be crucially important to the success of reintroductions of lotic species. Current paradigms for conservation and population genetics provide guidance for reducing uncertainties in genetic issues and for increasing the likelihood of achieving restoration. Effective restoration is facilitated through specific goals and objectives developed from the definition that a restored or healthy population is (i) genetically adapted to the local environment, (ii) self-sustaining at abundances consistent with the carrying capacity of the river system, (iii) genetically compatible with neighboring populations so that substantial outbreeding depression does not result from straying and interbreeding between populations, and (iv) sufficiently diverse genetically to accommodate environmental variability over many decades. Genetic principles reveal the importance of describing and adhering to the ancestral lineages for the species to be restored and enabling genetic processes to maintain diversity and fitness in the populations under restoration. Newly established populations should be protected from unnecessary human sources of mortality, gene flow from maladapted (e.g., hatchery) or exotic populations, and inadvertent selection by fisheries or other human activities. Such protection facilitates initial, rapid adaptation of the population to its environment and should enhance the chances for persistence. Various uncertainties about specific restoration actions must be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Such uncertainties include whether to allow natural colonization or to introduce fish, which populations are suitable as sources for reintroduction, appropriate levels of gene flow from other populations, appropriate levels of artificial production, appropriate minimum numbers of individuals released or maintained in the population, and the best developmental stages for releasing fish into the restored stream. Rigorous evaluation or experimental management is necessary to reduce uncertainty in our knowledge so that future conservation and restoration activities can be more effective.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Strategies for restoring river ecosystems: Sources of variability and uncertainty in natural and managed systems","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Reisenbichler, R., Utter, F., and Krueger, C., 2003, Genetic concepts and uncertainties in restoring fish populations and species, chap. of Strategies for restoring river ecosystems: Sources of variability and uncertainty in natural and managed systems, p. 149-183.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"149","endPage":"183","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://csis.msu.edu/research/publications/genetic-concepts-and-uncertainties-restoring-fish-populations-and-species"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808d98e4b01dfadfff15ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reisenbichler, R.R.","contributorId":77356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Utter, F.M.","contributorId":178440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Utter","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1017140,"text":"1017140 - 2003 - The effects of ammonia on freshwater unionid mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:54","indexId":"1017140","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of ammonia on freshwater unionid mussels","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Newton, T., 2003, The effects of ammonia on freshwater unionid mussels: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 22, no. 11, p. 2543-2544.","productDescription":"pp. 2543-2544","startPage":"2543","endPage":"2544","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db666f93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newton, T.J.","contributorId":104428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015312,"text":"1015312 - 2003 - Beaver herbivory and its effect on cottonwood trees: Influence of flooding along matched regulated and unregulated rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T20:09:21","indexId":"1015312","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beaver herbivory and its effect on cottonwood trees: Influence of flooding along matched regulated and unregulated rivers","docAbstract":"We compared beaver (Castor canadensis) foraging patterns on Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. wislizenii) saplings and the probability of saplings being cut on a 10 km reach of the flow-regulated Green River and a 8.6 km reach of the free-flowing Yampa River in northwestern Colorado. We measured the abundance and density of cottonwood on each reach and followed the fates of individually marked saplings in three patches of cottonwood on the Yampa River and two patches on the Green River. Two natural floods on the Yampa River and one controlled flood on the Green River between May 1998 and November 1999 allowed us to assess the effect of flooding on beaver herbivory. Independent of beaver herbivory, flow regulation on the Green River has caused a decrease in number of cottonwood patches per kilometre of river, area of patches per kilometre, and average stem density within cottonwood patches. The number of saplings cut per beaver colony was three times lower on the Green River than on the Yampa River but the probability of a sapling being cut by a beaver was still higher on the Green River because of lower sapling density there. Controlled flooding appeared to increase the rate of foraging on the Green River by inundating patches of cottonwood, which enhanced access by beaver. Our results suggest regulation can magnify the impact of beaver on cottonwood through interrelated effects on plant spatial distribution and cottonwood density, with the result that beaver herbivory will need to be considered in plans to enhance cottonwood populations along regulated rivers.
We developed a method to estimate mortality rates of adult fish caused by entrainment through the propellers of commercial towboats operating in river channels. The method combines trawling while following towboats (to recover a fraction of the kills) and application of a hydrodynamic model of diffusion (to estimate the fraction of the total kills collected in the trawls). The sampling problem is unusual and required quantifying relatively rare events. We first examined key statistical properties of the entrainment mortality rate estimators using Monte Carlo simulation, which demonstrated that a design-based estimator and a new ad hoc estimator are both unbiased and converge to the true value as the sample size becomes large. Next, we estimated the entrainment mortality rates of adult fishes in Pool 26 of the Mississippi River and the Alton Pool of the Illinois River, where we observed kills that we attributed to entrainment. Our estimates of entrainment mortality rates were 2.52 fish/km of towboat travel (80% confidence interval, 1.00–6.09 fish/km) for gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, 0.13 fish/km (0.00–0.41) for skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris, and 0.53 fish/km (0.00–1.33) for both shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus and smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus. Our approach applies more broadly to commercial vessels operating in confined channels, including other large rivers and intracoastal waterways.
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","startPage":"285","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b15441e4b01ccd54fc5ecd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bradshaw, G.A.","contributorId":182454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradshaw","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671476,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marquet, P.A.","contributorId":182455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marquet","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671477,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ronnenberg, K.L.","contributorId":182456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ronnenberg","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671478,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Killeen, T.J.","contributorId":182451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Killeen","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siles, T.M.","contributorId":182452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siles","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grimwood, T.","contributorId":182453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimwood","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steininger, M.K.","contributorId":29933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steininger","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tucker, C.J.","contributorId":30074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Panfil, S.","contributorId":182450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Panfil","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1001020,"text":"1001020 - 2003 - Compensatory mechanisms in Great Lakes sea lamprey populations: implications for alternative control strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T13:54:07","indexId":"1001020","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compensatory mechanisms in Great Lakes sea lamprey populations: implications for alternative control strategies","docAbstract":"Compensatory mechanisms are demographic processes that tend to increase population growth rates at lower population density. These processes will tend to reduce the effectiveness of actions that use controls on reproductive success to suppress sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an economically important pest in the Great Lakes. Historical evidence for compensatory mechanisms in sea lamprey populations was reviewed, and revealed: (1) strong evidence for shifts in sex ratios as sea lamprey abundance was reduced in the early years of the control program; (2) weak and equivocal evidence for increased growth rates of sea lamprey cohorts re-colonizing streams following a lampricide treatment; and (3) suggestions of other compensatory processes, such as earlier ages at metamorphosis, but with little empirical evidence. Larval size distribution data for cohorts in the first and second years following a lampricide treatment (26 pairs of cohorts in 20 streams) was analyzed and did not indicate a consistent pattern of more rapid growth of the first colonizing cohort (only 11 of 33 cases). To test for compensation between spawning and age-1 in sea lamprey populations, data were analyzed for 49 stream-years for which spawning female abundance was known and age-1 abundance was estimated in the following year. A fit of these data to a Ricker stock-recruitment function showed evidence for compensation, measured as reduced survival to age 1 at higher abundance of spawning females. More obvious, however, was a large amount of density-independent variation in survival, which tends to mask evidence for compensatory survival. The results were applied to a simple model that simulates sea lamprey populations and their control in a hypothetical lake. Control strategies that targeted reproductive success performed far less well than comparable strategies that targeted larval populations, because density-independent recruitment variation leads to occasional strong year classes even when spawner abundance is reduced to low levels through alternative control. It is concluded that further study of recruitment variation in lamprey populations is critical to rationalizing alternative controls that target reproductive success, and that recruitment variation needs to be incorporated into models used to evaluate sea lamprey control options.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70481-X","usgsCitation":"Jones, M., Bergstedt, R., Twohey, M.B., Fodale, M.F., Cuddy, D.W., and Slade, J., 2003, Compensatory mechanisms in Great Lakes sea lamprey populations: implications for alternative control strategies: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 113-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70481-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"129","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa651","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Michael L.","contributorId":7219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":6590,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstedt, R.A.","contributorId":74330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Twohey, Michael B.","contributorId":62541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Twohey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fodale, Michael F.","contributorId":18309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodale","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cuddy, Douglas W.","contributorId":77474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuddy","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Slade, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":44890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Jeffrey W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70182597,"text":"70182597 - 2003 - Large woody debris and flow resistance in step-pool channels, Cascade Range, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T13:51:52","indexId":"70182597","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large woody debris and flow resistance in step-pool channels, Cascade Range, Washington","docAbstract":"Total flow resistance, measured as Darcy-Weisbach f, in 20 step-pool channels with large woody debris (LWD) in Washington, ranged from 5 to 380 during summer low flows. Step risers in the study streams consist of either (1) large and relatively immobile woody debris, bedrock, or roots that form fixed, or “forced,” steps, or (2) smaller and relatively mobile wood or clasts, or a mixture of both, arranged across the channel by the stream. Flow resistance in step-pool channels may be partitioned into grain, form, and spill resistance. Grain resistance is calculated as a function of particle size, and form resistance is calculated as large woody debris drag. Combined, grain and form resistance account for less than 10% of the total flow resistance. We initially assumed that the substantial remaining portion is spill resistance attributable to steps. However, measured step characteristics could not explain between-reach variations in flow resistance. This suggests that other factors may be significant; the coefficient of variation of the hydraulic radius explained 43% of the variation in friction factors between streams, for example. Large woody debris generates form resistance on step treads and spill resistance at step risers. Because the form resistance of step-pool channels is relatively minor compared to spill resistance and because wood in steps accentuates spill resistance by increasing step height, we suggest that wood in step risers influences channel hydraulics more than wood elsewhere in the channel. Hence, the distribution and function, not just abundance, of large woody debris is critical in steep, step-pool channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00333-1","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., and Wohl, E.E., 2003, Large woody debris and flow resistance in step-pool channels, Cascade Range, Washington: Geomorphology, v. 51, no. 1-3, p. 141-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00333-1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range","volume":"51","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b15441e4b01ccd54fc5ec9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wohl, Ellen E.","contributorId":16969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":672000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182750,"text":"70182750 - 2003 - Surgical implantation of transmitters into fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T15:19:16","indexId":"70182750","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5255,"text":"ILAR Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surgical implantation of transmitters into fish","docAbstract":"Although the Animal Welfare Act does not cover poikilotherms, individual institutions and policies and legal requirements other than the Animal Welfare Act (e.g., the US Public Health Service and the Interagency Research Animal Committee's Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training) require the review of projects involving fish by institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs). IACUCs may, however, lack the knowledge and experience to evaluate fish projects judiciously, especially when the projects are in field settings. Surgeries involving implantation of transmitters and other instruments into the coelom, which now comprise a very common research tool in the study of free-ranging fishes, are examples of surgeries that use a broad spectrum of surgical and anesthetic techniques, some of which would not be considered acceptable for similar work on mammals. IACUCs should apply the standards they would expect to be used for surgeries on homeotherms to surgeries on fish. Surgeons should be carefully trained and experienced. Surgical instruments and transmitters should be sterile. Regulations and laws on the use of drugs in animals should be followed, particularly those concerned with anesthetics and antibiotics used on free-ranging fish. Exceptions to surgical procedures should be made only when circumstances are extreme enough to warrant the use of less than optimal procedures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/ilar.44.4.295","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D.M., 2003, Surgical implantation of transmitters into fish: ILAR Journal, v. 44, no. 4, p. 295-306, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.44.4.295.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"306","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b548c5e4b01ccd54fddfe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003690,"text":"1003690 - 2003 - Pseudacris triseriata (western chorus frog) and Rana sylvatica (wood frog) chytridiomycosis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-19T15:26:00","indexId":"1003690","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pseudacris triseriata (western chorus frog) and Rana sylvatica (wood frog) chytridiomycosis","docAbstract":"The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a known pathogen of anuran amphibians, and has been correlated with amphibian die-offs worldwide (Daszak et. al. 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5:735-748). In Colorado, B. dendrobatidis has infected Boreal toads (Bufo boreas) (Muths et. al., in review) and has been identified on museum specimens of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) (Carey et. al. 1999. Develop. Comp. Immunol. 23:459-472). We report the first verified case of chytrid fungus in chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata) and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) in the United States. We collected seven P. triseriata, and two adult and two juvenile R. sylvatica in the Kawuneeche Valley in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) during June 2001. These animals were submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) as part of an amphibian health evaluation in RMNP. Chorus frogs were shipped in one container. Wood frog adults and juveniles were shipped in two separate containers. Histological examinations of all chorus frogs and 3 of 4 wood frogs were positive for chytrid fungus infection. The fourth (adult) wood frog was too decomposed for meaningful histology. Histological findings consisted of multifocally mild to diffusely severe infections of the epidermis of the ventrum and hindlimb digital skin. Chytrid thalli were confined to the thickened epidermis (hyperkeratosis), were spherical to oval, and occasional thalli contained characteristic discharge pores or zoospores (Green and Kagarise Sherman 1999. J. Herpetol 35:92-103; Fellers et al. 2001. Copeia 2001:945-953). We cannot confirm that all specimens carried the fungus at collection, because infection may have spread from one individual to all other individuals in each container during transport. Further sampling of amphibians in Kawuneeche Valley is warranted to determine the rate of infection and mortality in these populations.
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