During 1996-1997, water samples were collected from five sites in the Yazoo River Basin and analysed for 14 herbicides and nine degradates. These included acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, fluometuron, metolachlor, metribuzin, molinate, norflurazon, prometryn, propanil, propazine, simazine, trifluralin, three degradates of fluometuron, two degradates of atrazine, one degradate of cyanazine, norflurazon, prometryn, and propanil. Fluxes generally were higher in 1997 than in 1996 due to a greater rainfall in 1997 than 1996. Fluxes were much larger from streams in the alluvial plain (an area of very productive farmland) than from the Skuna River in the bluff hills (an area of small farms, pasture, and forest). Adding the flux of the atrazine degradates to the atrazine flux increased the total atrazine flux by an average of 14.5%. The fluometuron degradates added about 10% to the total fluometuron flux, and adding the norflurazon degradate flux to the norflurazon flux increased the flux by 82% in 1996 and by 171% in 1997.
Significant variations in interannual and decadal recharge rates are likely in alluvial basins of the semiarid southwestern United States on the basis of decadal variations in climate and precipitation and correlation of El Niño with high rates of winter precipitation and streamflow. A better understanding of the magnitude of recharge variations in semiarid and arid regions would reduce water budget uncertainty. Variability of ephemeral channel recharge with climate in southeastern Arizona was investigated through analysis of hydrologic monitoring near three ephemeral streams in southeastern Arizona during the middle to late 1990s and by relating the results to long‐term hydrologic and climatic trends. The analysis used precipitation, streamflow, water levels in wells, estimates of groundwater storage change from repeat gravity surveys, and two climatic indicators of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Oscillation index, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Results indicate that variations in winter recharge are related to ENSO. El Niño conditions correspond with a greater probability of high rates of winter precipitation, streamflow, and recharge. La Niña conditions are almost exclusively associated with below‐average recharge. Rates of recharge along Rillito Creek near Tucson during 1977–1998, a period of frequent El Niño conditions and positive PDO values, were 3 times recharge rates during 1941–1957, a period dominated by La Niña conditions and low PDO values. Quantification of recharge variability with decadal climate cycles should improve estimates of rates of aquifer drainage and replenishment in the region. Similar methods are applicable to other regions where thick unsaturated zones can accept significant periodic recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003255","usgsCitation":"Pool, D.R., 2005, Variations in climate and ephemeral channel recharge in southeastern Arizona, United States: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 11, Article W11403; 25 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003255.","productDescription":"Article W11403; 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489773,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003255","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","volume":"41","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc179e4b08c986b32a5b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pool, D. R.","contributorId":75581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027626,"text":"70027626 - 2005 - Decadal-scale change of infiltration characteristics of a tephra-mantled hillslope at Mount St Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T21:34:51.991481","indexId":"70027626","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decadal-scale change of infiltration characteristics of a tephra-mantled hillslope at Mount St Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The cataclysmic 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens radically reduced the infiltration characteristics of ∼60 000 ha of rugged terrain and dramatically altered landscape hydrology. Two decades of erosional, biogenic, cryogenic, and anthropogenic activity have modified the infiltration characteristics of much of that devastated landscape and modulated the hydrological impact of the eruption. We assessed infiltration and runoff characteristics of a segment of hillslope thickly mantled with tephra, but now revegetated primarily with grasses and other plants, to evaluate hydrological modifications due to erosion and natural turbation. Eruptive disturbance reduced infiltration capacity of the hillslope by as much as 50‐fold. Between 1980 and 2000, apparent infiltration capacities of plots on the hillslope increased as much as ten fold, but remain approximately three to five times less than the probable pre‐eruption capacities. Common regional rainfall intensities and snowmelt rates presently produce little surface runoff; however, high‐magnitude, low‐frequency storms and unusually rapid snowmelt can still induce broad infiltration‐excess overland flow. After 20 years, erosion and natural mechanical turbation have modulated, but not effaced, the hydrological perturbation caused by the cataclysmic eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5863","usgsCitation":"Major, J., and Yamakoshi, T., 2005, Decadal-scale change of infiltration characteristics of a tephra-mantled hillslope at Mount St Helens, Washington: Hydrological Processes, v. 19, no. 18, p. 3621-3630, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5863.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3621","endPage":"3630","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211115,"rank":2,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5863"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.4151611328125,\n 46.11322971817248\n ],\n [\n -121.97845458984375,\n 46.11322971817248\n ],\n [\n -121.97845458984375,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -122.4151611328125,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -122.4151611328125,\n 46.11322971817248\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdfee4b0c8380cd4ea65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":414418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yamakoshi, T.","contributorId":105116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamakoshi","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027660,"text":"70027660 - 2005 - Modeling and measuring the nocturnal drainage flow in a high-elevation, subalpine forest with complex terrain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T08:26:22","indexId":"70027660","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and measuring the nocturnal drainage flow in a high-elevation, subalpine forest with complex terrain","docAbstract":"The nocturnal drainage flow of air causes significant uncertainty in ecosystem CO2, H2O, and energy budgets determined with the eddy covariance measurement approach. In this study, we examined the magnitude, nature, and dynamics of the nocturnal drainage flow in a subalpine forest ecosystem with complex terrain. We used an experimental approach involving four towers, each with vertical profiling of wind speed to measure the magnitude of drainage flows and dynamics in their occurrence. We developed an analytical drainage flow model, constrained with measurements of canopy structure and SF6 diffusion, to help us interpret the tower profile results. Model predictions were in good agreement with observed profiles of wind speed, leaf area density, and wind drag coefficient. Using theory, we showed that this one‐dimensional model is reduced to the widely used exponential wind profile model under conditions where vertical leaf area density and drag coefficient are uniformly distributed. We used the model for stability analysis, which predicted the presence of a very stable layer near the height of maximum leaf area density. This stable layer acts as a flow impediment, minimizing vertical dispersion between the subcanopy air space and the atmosphere above the canopy. The prediction is consistent with the results of SF6 diffusion observations that showed minimal vertical dispersion of nighttime, subcanopy drainage flows. The stable within‐canopy air layer coincided with the height of maximum wake‐to‐shear production ratio. We concluded that nighttime drainage flows are restricted to a relatively shallow layer of air beneath the canopy, with little vertical mixing across a relatively long horizontal fetch. Insight into the horizontal and vertical structure of the drainage flow is crucial for understanding the magnitude and dynamics of the mean advective CO2 flux that becomes significant during stable nighttime conditions and are typically missed during measurement of the turbulent CO2 flux. The model and interpretation provided in this study should lead to research strategies for the measurement of these advective fluxes and their inclusion in the overall mass balance for CO2 at this site with complex terrain.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2005JD006282","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Yi, C., Monson, R.K., Zhai, Z., Anderson, D., Lamb, B., Allwine, G., Turnipseed, A., and Burns, S.P., 2005, Modeling and measuring the nocturnal drainage flow in a high-elevation, subalpine forest with complex terrain: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 110, no. 22, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006282.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477854,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006282","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211091,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006282"}],"volume":"110","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bd7e4b0c8380cd6f842","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yi, C.","contributorId":62039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yi","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monson, Russell K.","contributorId":48136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhai, Z.","contributorId":24189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhai","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, D.E.","contributorId":47320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lamb, B.","contributorId":17058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Allwine, G.","contributorId":52462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allwine","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turnipseed, A.A.","contributorId":23726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Burns, Sean P.","contributorId":98921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70029693,"text":"70029693 - 2005 - Application of wavelet analysis for monitoring the hydrologic effects of dam operation: Glen canyon dam and the Colorado River at lees ferry, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70029693","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of wavelet analysis for monitoring the hydrologic effects of dam operation: Glen canyon dam and the Colorado River at lees ferry, Arizona","docAbstract":"Wavelet analysis is a powerful tool with which to analyse the hydrologic effects of dam construction and operation on river systems. Using continuous records of instantaneous discharge from the Lees Ferry gauging station and records of daily mean discharge from upstream tributaries, we conducted wavelet analyses of the hydrologic structure of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The wavelet power spectrum (WPS) of daily mean discharge provided a highly compressed and integrative picture of the post-dam elimination of pronounced annual and sub-annual flow features. The WPS of the continuous record showed the influence of diurnal and weekly power generation cycles, shifts in discharge management, and the 1996 experimental flood in the post-dam period. Normalization of the WPS by local wavelet spectra revealed the fine structure of modulation in discharge scale and amplitude and provides an extremely efficient tool with which to assess the relationships among hydrologic cycles and ecological and geomorphic systems. We extended our analysis to sections of the Snake River and showed how wavelet analysis can be used as a data mining technique. The wavelet approach is an especially promising tool with which to assess dam operation in less well-studied regions and to evaluate management attempts to reconstruct desired flow characteristics. Copyright ?? 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/rra.827","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"White, M., Schmidt, J.C., and Topping, D., 2005, Application of wavelet analysis for monitoring the hydrologic effects of dam operation: Glen canyon dam and the Colorado River at lees ferry, Arizona: River Research and Applications, v. 21, no. 5, p. 551-565, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.827.","startPage":"551","endPage":"565","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212735,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.827"}],"volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecc1e4b0c8380cd49473","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, M.A.","contributorId":8312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, J. C.","contributorId":60245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Topping, D.J. 0000-0002-2104-4577","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":53927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029690,"text":"70029690 - 2005 - Estimating discharge in rivers using remotely sensed hydraulic information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70029690","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating discharge in rivers using remotely sensed hydraulic information","docAbstract":"A methodology to estimate in-bank river discharge exclusively from remotely sensed hydraulic data is developed. Water-surface width and maximum channel width measured from 26 aerial and digital orthophotos of 17 single channel rivers and 41 SAR images of three braided rivers were coupled with channel slope data obtained from topographic maps to estimate the discharge. The standard error of the discharge estimates were within a factor of 1.5-2 (50-100%) of the observed, with the mean estimate accuracy within 10%. This level of accuracy was achieved using calibration functions developed from observed discharge. The calibration functions use reach specific geomorphic variables, the maximum channel width and the channel slope, to predict a correction factor. The calibration functions are related to channel type. Surface velocity and width information, obtained from a single C-band image obtained by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL's) AirSAR was also used to estimate discharge for a reach of the Missouri River. Without using a calibration function, the estimate accuracy was +72% of the observed discharge, which is within the expected range of uncertainty for the method. However, using the observed velocity to calibrate the initial estimate improved the estimate accuracy to within +10% of the observed. Remotely sensed discharge estimates with accuracies reported in this paper could be useful for regional or continental scale hydrologic studies, or in regions where ground-based data is lacking. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.11.022","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Bjerklie, D., Moller, D., Smith, L., and Dingman, S., 2005, Estimating discharge in rivers using remotely sensed hydraulic information: Journal of Hydrology, v. 309, no. 1-4, p. 191-209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.11.022.","startPage":"191","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212677,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.11.022"},{"id":240201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"309","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b16e4b0c8380cd5256e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjerklie, D.M.","contributorId":68923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjerklie","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moller, D.","contributorId":47585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moller","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, L.C.","contributorId":88561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dingman, S.L.","contributorId":46720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingman","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029676,"text":"70029676 - 2005 - Outflow channel sources, reactivation, and chaos formation, Xanthe Terra, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70029676","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Outflow channel sources, reactivation, and chaos formation, Xanthe Terra, Mars","docAbstract":"The undulating, warped, and densely fractured surfaces of highland regions east of Valles Marineris (located north of the eastern Aureum Chaos, east of the Hydraotes Chaos, and south of the Hydaspis Chaos) resulted from extensional surface warping related to ground subsidence, caused when pressurized water confined in subterranean caverns was released to the surface. Water emanations formed crater lakes and resulted in channeling episodes involved in the excavation of Ares, Tiu, and Simud Valles of the eastern part of the circum-Chryse outflow channel system. Progressive surface subsidence and associated reduction of the subsurface cavernous volume, and/or episodes of magmatic-driven activity, led to increases of the hydrostatic pressure, resulting in reactivation of both catastrophic and non-catastrophic outflow activity. Ancient cratered highland and basin materials that underwent large-scale subsidence grade into densely fractured terrains. Collapse of rock materials in these regions resulted in the formation of chaotic terrains, which occur in and near the headwaters of the eastern circum-Chryse outflow channels. The deepest chaotic terrain in the Hydaspis Chaos region resulted from the collapse of pre-existing outflow channel floors. The release of volatiles and related collapse may have included water emanations not necessarily linked to catastrophic outflow. Basal warming related to dike intrusions, thermokarst activity involving wet sediments and/or dissected ice-enriched country rock, permafrost exposed to the atmosphere by extensional tectonism and channel incision, and/or the injection of water into porous floor material, may have enhanced outflow channel floor instability and subsequent collapse. In addition to the possible genetic linkage to outflow channel development dating back to at least the Late Noachian, clear disruption of impact craters with pristine ejecta blankets and rims, as well as preservation of fine tectonic fabrics, suggest that plateau subsidence and chaos formation may have continued well into the Amazonian Period. The geologic and paleohydrologic histories presented here have important implications, as new mechanisms for outflow channel formation and other fluvial activity are described, and new reactivation mechanisms are proposed for the origin of chaotic terrain as contributors to flooding. Detailed geomorphic analysis indicates that subterranean caverns may have been exposed during chaos formation, and thus chaotic terrains mark prime locations for future geologic, hydrologic, and possible astrobiologic exploration. ?? 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.025","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J., Sasaki, S., Kuzmin, R., Dohm, J.M., Tanaka, K.L., Miyamoto, H., Kurita, K., Komatsu, G., Fairen, A., and Ferris, J., 2005, Outflow channel sources, reactivation, and chaos formation, Xanthe Terra, Mars: Icarus, v. 175, no. 1, p. 36-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.025.","startPage":"36","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212942,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.025"},{"id":240511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"175","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a71bbe4b0c8380cd76728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, J.A.P.","contributorId":55948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sasaki, S.","contributorId":78534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasaki","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuzmin, R.O.","contributorId":14932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzmin","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miyamoto, H.","contributorId":56831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miyamoto","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kurita, K.","contributorId":31583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurita","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Komatsu, G.","contributorId":35913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komatsu","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fairen, A.G.","contributorId":25335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairen","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ferris, J.C.","contributorId":13731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferris","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70029657,"text":"70029657 - 2005 - Incorporating seepage losses into the unsteady streamflow equations for simulating intermittent flow along mountain front streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T08:05:57","indexId":"70029657","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incorporating seepage losses into the unsteady streamflow equations for simulating intermittent flow along mountain front streams","docAbstract":"Seepage losses along numerous mountain front streams that discharge intermittently onto alluvial fans and piedmont alluvial plains are an important source of groundwater in the Basin and Range Province of the Western United States. Determining the distribution of seepage loss along mountain front streams is important when assessing groundwater resources of the region. Seepage loss along a mountain front stream in northern Nevada was evaluated using a one‐dimensional unsteady streamflow model. Seepage loss was incorporated into the spatial derivatives of the streamflow equations. Because seepage loss from streams is dependent on stream depth, wetted perimeter, and streambed properties, a two‐dimensional variably saturated flow model was used to develop a series of relations between seepage loss and stream depth for each reach. This method works when streams are separated from groundwater by variably saturated sediment. Two periods of intermittent flow were simulated to evaluate the modeling approach. The model reproduced measured flow and seepage losses along the channel. Seepage loss in the spring of 2000 was limited to the upper reaches on the alluvial plain and totaled 196,000 m3, whereas 64% of the seepage loss in the spring of 2004 occurred at the base of the alluvial plain and totaled 273,000 m3. A greater seepage loss at the base of the piedmont alluvial plain is attributed to increased streambed hydraulic conductivity caused by less armoring of the channel. The modeling approach provides a method for quantifying and distributing seepage loss along mountain front streams that cross alluvial fans or piedmont alluvial plains.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003677","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Niswonger, R., Prudic, D.E., Pohll, G., and Constantz, J., 2005, Incorporating seepage losses into the unsteady streamflow equations for simulating intermittent flow along mountain front streams: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003677.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003677","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39eae4b0c8380cd61aa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niswonger, R.G.","contributorId":103393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":423665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pohll, G.","contributorId":25362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohll","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029620,"text":"70029620 - 2005 - Disturbance frequency and community structure in a twenty-five year intervention study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70029620","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disturbance frequency and community structure in a twenty-five year intervention study","docAbstract":"Models of community regulation commonly incorporate gradients of disturbance inversely related to the role of biotic interactions in regulating intermediate trophic levels. Higher trophic-level organisms are predicted to be more strongly limited by intermediate levels of disturbance than are the organisms they consume. We used a manipulation of the frequency of hydrological disturbance in an intervention analysis to examine its effects on small-fish communities in the Everglades, USA. From 1978 to 2002, we monitored fishes at one long-hydroperiod (average 350 days) and at one short-hydroperiod (average 259 days; monitoring started here in 1985) site. At a third site, managers intervened in 1985 to diminish the frequency and duration of marsh drying. By the late 1990s, the successional dynamics of density and relative abundance at the intervention site converged on those of the long-hydroperiod site. Community change was manifested over 3 to 5 years following a dry-down if a site remained inundated; the number of days since the most recent drying event and length of the preceding dry period were useful for predicting population dynamics. Community dissimilarity was positively correlated with the time since last dry. Community dynamics resulted from change in the relative abundance of three groups of species linked by life-history responses to drought. Drought frequency and intensity covaried in response to hydrological manipulation at the landscape scale; community-level successional dynamics converged on a relatively small range of species compositions when drought return-time extended beyond 4 years. The density of small fishes increased with diminution of drought frequency, consistent with disturbance-limited community structure; less-frequent drying than experienced in this study (i.e., longer return times) yields predator-dominated regulation of small-fish communities in some parts of the Everglades. ?? Springer-Verlag 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00442-005-0094-4","issn":"00298549","usgsCitation":"Trexler, J., Loftus, W., and Perry, S., 2005, Disturbance frequency and community structure in a twenty-five year intervention study: Oecologia, v. 145, no. 1, p. 140-152, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0094-4.","startPage":"140","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210877,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0094-4"},{"id":237934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a032de4b0c8380cd50397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trexler, J.C.","contributorId":23108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftus, W.F.","contributorId":29363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftus","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, S.","contributorId":70340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029616,"text":"70029616 - 2005 - Speciation and transport of newly deposited mercury in a boreal forest wetland: A stable mercury isotope approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T07:27:04","indexId":"70029616","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speciation and transport of newly deposited mercury in a boreal forest wetland: A stable mercury isotope approach","docAbstract":"As part of the Mercury Experiment to Assess Atmospheric Loadings in Canada and the United States (METAALICUS) the fate and transport of contemporary mercury (Hg) deposition in a boreal wetland was investigated using an experimentally applied stable mercury isotope. We applied high purity (99.2% ± 0.1) 202Hg(II) to a wetland plot to determine if (1) the 202Hg was detectable above the pool of native Hg, (2) the 202Hg migrated vertically and/or horizontally in peat and pore waters, and (3) the 202Hg was converted to methylmercury (MeHg) in situ. The 202Hg was easily detected by ICP/MS in both solid peat and pore waters. Over 3 months, the 202Hg migrated vertically downward in excess of 15 cm below the water table and traveled several meters horizontally beyond the experimental plot to the lake margin along the dominant vector of groundwater flow. Importantly, at one location, 6% of aqueous 202Hg was detected as Me202Hg after only 1 day. These results indicate that new inorganic Hg in atmospheric deposition can be readily methylated and transported lakeward by shallow groundwater flow, confirming the important role of wetlands as contributors of Hg to aquatic ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003219","usgsCitation":"Branfireun, B., Krabbenhoft, D., Hintelmann, H., Hunt, R.J., Hurley, J., and Rudd, J., 2005, Speciation and transport of newly deposited mercury in a boreal forest wetland: A stable mercury isotope approach: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 6, W06016; 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003219.","productDescription":"W06016; 11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477884,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003219","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94eae4b08c986b31acb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Branfireun, B.A.","contributorId":92843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Branfireun","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hintelmann, H.","contributorId":64423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hintelmann","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hurley, J.P.","contributorId":97645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurley","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rudd, J.W.M.","contributorId":45487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudd","given":"J.W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70029609,"text":"70029609 - 2005 - Diel behavior of rare earth elements in a mountain stream with acidic to neutral pH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T08:18:46","indexId":"70029609","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel behavior of rare earth elements in a mountain stream with acidic to neutral pH","docAbstract":"Diel (24-h) changes in concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) were investigated in Fisher Creek, a mountain stream in Montana that receives acid mine drainage in its headwaters. Three simultaneous 24-h samplings were conducted at an upstream station (pH = 3.3), an intermediate station (pH = 5.5), and a downstream station (pH = 6.8). The REE were found to behave conservatively at the two upstream stations. At the downstream station, REE partitioned into suspended particles to a degree that varied with the time of day, and concentrations of dissolved REE were 2.9- to 9.4-fold (190% to 830%) higher in the early morning vs. the late afternoon. The decrease in dissolved REE concentrations during the day coincided with a corresponding increase in the concentration of REE in suspended particles, such that diel changes in the total REE concentrations were relatively minor (27% to 55% increase at night). Across the lanthanide series, the heavy REE partitioned into the suspended solid phase to a greater extent than the light REE. Filtered samples from the downstream station showed a decrease in shale-normalized REE concentration across the lanthanide series, with positive anomalies at La and Gd, and a negative Eu anomaly. As the temperature of the creek increased in the afternoon, the slope of the REE profile steepened and the magnitude of the anomalies increased.
The above observations are explained by cyclic adsorption of REE onto suspended particles of hydrous ferric and aluminum oxides (HFO, HAO). Conditional partition coefficients for each REE between the suspended solids and the aqueous phase reached a maximum at 1700 hours and a minimum at 0700 hours. This pattern is attributed to diel variations in stream temperature, possibly reinforced by kinetic factors (i.e., slower rates of reaction at night than during the day). Estimates of the enthalpy of adsorption of each REE onto suspended particles based on the field results averaged +82 kJ/mol and are similar in magnitude to estimates in the literature for adsorption of divalent metal cations onto clays and hydrous metal oxides. The results of this study have important implications to the use of REE as hydrogeochemical tracers in streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.019","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Gammons, C., Wood, S., and Nimick, D., 2005, Diel behavior of rare earth elements in a mountain stream with acidic to neutral pH: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, no. 15, p. 3747-3758, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.019.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3747","endPage":"3758","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210737,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.019"}],"volume":"69","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00bee4b0c8380cd4f8c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gammons, C.H.","contributorId":18459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gammons","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, S.A.","contributorId":82829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029592,"text":"70029592 - 2005 - Progression of methanogenic degradation of crude oil in the subsurface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:45:30","indexId":"70029592","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1541,"text":"Environmental Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progression of methanogenic degradation of crude oil in the subsurface","docAbstract":"Our results show that subsurface crude-oil degradation rates at a long-term research site were strongly influenced by small-scale variations in hydrologic conditions. The site is a shallow glacial outwash aquifer located near Bemidji in northern Minnesota that became contaminated when oil spilled from a broken pipeline in August 1979. In the study area, separate-phase oil forms a subsurface oil body extending from land surface to about 1 m (3.3 ft) below the 6–8-m (20–26 ft)-deep water table. Oil saturation in the sediments ranges from 10–20% in the vadose zone to 30–70% near the water table. At depths below 2 m (6.6 ft), degradation of the separate-phase crude oil occurs under methanogenic conditions. The sequence of methanogenic alkane degradation depletes the longer chain n-alkanes before the shorter chain n-alkanes, which is opposite to the better known aerobic sequence. The rates of degradation vary significantly with location in the subsurface. Oil-coated soils within 1.5 m (5 ft) of land surface have experienced little degradation where soil water saturation is less than 20%. Oil located 2–8 m (6.6–26 ft) below land surface in areas of higher recharge has been substantially degraded. The best explanation for the association between recharge and enhanced degradation seems to be increased downward transport of microbial growth nutrients to the oil body. This is supported by observations of greater microbial numbers at higher elevations in the oil body and significant decreases with depth in nutrient concentrations, especially phosphorus. Our results suggest that environmental effects may cause widely diverging degradation rates in the same spill, calling into question dating methods based on degradation state.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/eg.11160404036","issn":"10759565","usgsCitation":"Bekins, B., Hostettler, F., Herkelrath, W., Delin, G., Warren, E., and Essaid, H., 2005, Progression of methanogenic degradation of crude oil in the subsurface: Environmental Geosciences, v. 12, no. 2, p. 139-152, https://doi.org/10.1306/eg.11160404036.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210516,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/eg.11160404036"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ee1e4b0c8380cd7f440","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warren, E.","contributorId":15360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70029552,"text":"70029552 - 2005 - Isotopic compositions of the elements, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T09:55:57","indexId":"70029552","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2427,"text":"Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic compositions of the elements, 2001","docAbstract":"The Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry completed its last review of the isotopic compositions of the elements as determined by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry in 2001. That review involved a critical evaluation of the published literature, element by element, and forms the basis of the table of the isotopic compositions of the elements (TICE) presented here. For each element, TICE includes evaluated data from the “best measurement” of the isotope abundances in a single sample, along with a set of representative isotope abundances and uncertainties that accommodate known variations in normal terrestrial materials. The representative isotope abundances and uncertainties generally are consistent with the standard atomic weight of the element
A broad range of organic compounds is recognized as environmentally relevant for their potential adverse effects on human and ecosystem health. This method was developed to better determine the distribution of 61 compounds that are typically associated with industrial and household waste as well as some that are toxic and known (or suspected) for endocrine-disrupting potential extracted from environmental sediment samples. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) coupled with solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used to reduce sample preparation time, reduce solvent consumption to one-fifth of that required using dichloromethane-based Soxhlet extraction, and to minimize background interferences for full scan GC/MS analysis. Recoveries from spiked Ottawa sand, commercially available topsoil, and environmental stream sediment, fortified at 4–720 μg per compound, averaged 76 ± 13%. Initial method detection limits for single-component compounds ranged from 12.5 to 520 μg/kg, based on 25 g samples. Results from 103 environmental sediment samples show that 36 out of 61 compounds (59%) were detected in at least one sample with concentrations ranging from 20 to 100,000 μg/kg. The most frequently detected compound, beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol, was detected in 87 of the 103 (84.5%) environmental samples with a concentration range 360–100,000 μg/kg. Results for a standard reference material using dichloromethane Soxhlet-based extraction are also compared.
The dominant characteristics of wave energy variability in the eastern North Pacific are described from NOAA National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy data collected from 1981 to 2003. Ten buoys at distributed locations were selected for comparison based on record duration and data continuity. Long‐period (LP) [T > 12] s, intermediate‐period [6 ≤ T ≤ 12] s, and short‐period [T < 6] s wave spectral energy components are considered separately. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses of monthly wave energy anomalies reveal that all three wave energy components exhibit similar patterns of spatial variability. The dominant mode represents coherent heightened (or diminished) wave energy along the West Coast from Alaska to southern California, as indicated by composites of the 700 hPa height field. The second EOF mode reveals a distinct El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐associated spatial distribution of wave energy, which occurs when the North Pacific storm track is extended unusually far south or has receded to the north. Monthly means and principal components (PCs) of wave energy levels indicate that the 1997–1998 El Niño winter had the highest basin‐wide wave energy within this record, substantially higher than the 1982–1983 El Niño. An increasing trend in the dominant PC of LP wave energy suggests that storminess has increased in the northeast Pacific since 1980. This trend is emphasized at central eastern North Pacific locations. Patterns of storminess variability are consistent with increasing activity in the central North Pacific as well as the tendency for more extreme waves in the south during El Niño episodes and in the north during La Niña.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004JC002398","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bromirski, P., Cayan, D., and Flick, R., 2005, Wave spectral energy variability in the northeast Pacific: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 110, no. 3, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002398.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477843,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jc002398","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210620,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002398"}],"volume":"110","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-03-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf97e4b08c986b32e9b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bromirski, P.D.","contributorId":82521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromirski","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":422494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flick, R.E.","contributorId":17820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flick","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029377,"text":"70029377 - 2005 - Use of dissolved and vapor‐phase gases to investigate methanogenic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the subsurface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T09:36:18","indexId":"70029377","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of dissolved and vapor‐phase gases to investigate methanogenic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the subsurface","docAbstract":"At many sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, methanogenesis is a significant degradation pathway. Techniques to estimate CH4 production, consumption, and transport processes are needed to understand the geochemical system, provide a complete carbon mass balance, and quantify the hydrocarbon degradation rate. Dissolved and vapor‐phase gas data collected at a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site near Bemidji, Minnesota, demonstrate that naturally occurring nonreactive or relatively inert gases such as Ar and N2 can be effectively used to better understand and quantify physical and chemical processes related to methanogenic activity in the subsurface. In the vadose zone, regions of Ar and N2 depletion and enrichment are indicative of methanogenic and methanotrophic zones, and concentration gradients between the regions suggest that reaction‐induced advection can be an important gas transport process. In the saturated zone, dissolved Ar and N2 concentrations are used to quantify degassing driven by methanogenesis and also suggest that attenuation of methane along the flow path, into the downgradient aquifer, is largely controlled by physical processes. Slight but discernable preferential depletion of N2 over Ar, in both the saturated and unsaturated zones near the free‐phase oil, suggests reactivity of N2 and is consistent with other evidence indicating that nitrogen fixation by microbial activity is taking place at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003433","usgsCitation":"Amos, R.T., Mayer, K.U., Bekins, B.A., Delin, G.N., and Williams, R.L., 2005, Use of dissolved and vapor‐phase gases to investigate methanogenic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the subsurface: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 2, W02001; 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003433.","productDescription":"W02001; 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477950,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003433","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbee6e4b08c986b329852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amos, Richard T.","contributorId":69081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amos","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, K. Ulrich","contributorId":151069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ulrich","affiliations":[{"id":18176,"text":"Department of Earth and Ocean Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":422474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delin, Geoffrey N. 0000-0001-7991-6158 delin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-6158","contributorId":2610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"Geoffrey","email":"delin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":5063,"text":"Central Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Randi L.","contributorId":150556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Randi","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029333,"text":"70029333 - 2005 - Hydrologic regime controls soil phosphorus fluxes in restoration and undisturbed wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70029333","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic regime controls soil phosphorus fluxes in restoration and undisturbed wetlands","docAbstract":"Many wetland restoration projects occur on former agricultural soils that have a history of disturbance and fertilization, making them prone to phosphorus (P) release upon flooding. To study the relationship between P release and hydrologic regime, we collected soil cores from three restoration wetlands and three undisturbed wetlands around Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon, U.S.A. Soil cores were subjected to one of three hydrologic regimes - flooded, moist, and dry - for 7.5 weeks, and P fluxes were measured upon reflooding. Soils from restoration wetlands released P upon reflooding regardless of the hydrologic regime, with the greatest releases coming from soils that had been flooded or dried. Undisturbed wetland soils released P only after drying. Patterns in P release can be explained by a combination of physical and biological processes, including the release of iron-bound P due to anoxia in the flooded treatment and the mineralization of organic P under aerobic conditions in the dry treatment. Higher rates of soil P release from restoration wetland soils, particularly under flooded conditions, were associated with higher total P concentrations compared with undisturbed wetland soils. We conclude that maintaining moist soil is the means to minimize P release from recently flooded wetland soils. Alternatively, prolonged flooding provides a means of liberating excess labile P from former agricultural soils while minimizing continued organic P mineralization and soil subsidence. ?? 2005 Society for Ecological Restoration International.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restoration Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00043.x","issn":"10612971","usgsCitation":"Aldous, A., McCormick, P., Ferguson, C., Graham, S., and Craft, C., 2005, Hydrologic regime controls soil phosphorus fluxes in restoration and undisturbed wetlands: Restoration Ecology, v. 13, no. 2, p. 341-347, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00043.x.","startPage":"341","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477899,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2005.00043.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210505,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00043.x"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a367fe4b0c8380cd6076d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aldous, A.","contributorId":105517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldous","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, P.","contributorId":30022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferguson, C.","contributorId":18960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, S.","contributorId":70988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Craft, C.","contributorId":67712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craft","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029330,"text":"70029330 - 2005 - Vertical cross contamination of trichloroethylene in a borehole in fractured sandstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T16:58:21","indexId":"70029330","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical cross contamination of trichloroethylene in a borehole in fractured sandstone","docAbstract":"Boreholes drilled through contaminated zones in fractured rock create the potential for vertical movement of contaminated ground water between fractures. The usual assumption is that purging eliminates cross contamination; however, the results of a field study conducted in a trichloroethylene (TCE) plume in fractured sandstone with a mean matrix porosity of 13% demonstrates that matrix‐diffusion effects can be strong and persistent. A deep borehole was drilled to 110 m below ground surface (mbgs) near a shallow bedrock well containing high TCE concentrations. The borehole was cored continuously to collect closely spaced samples of rock for analysis of TCE concentrations. Geophysical logging and flowmetering were conducted in the open borehole, and a removable multilevel monitoring system was installed to provide hydraulic‐head and ground water samples from discrete fracture zones. The borehole was later reamed to complete a well screened from 89 to 100 mbgs; persistent TCE concentrations at this depth ranged from 2100 to 33,000 μg/L. Rock‐core analyses, combined with the other types of borehole information, show that nearly all of this deep contamination was due to the lingering effects of the downward flow of dissolved TCE from shallower depths during the few days of open‐hole conditions that existed prior to installation of the multilevel system. This study demonstrates that transfer of contaminant mass to the matrix by diffusion can cause severe cross contamination effects in sedimentary rocks, but these effects generally are not identified from information normally obtained in fractured‐rock investigations, resulting in potential misinterpretation of site conditions.
Jarosite-group minerals accumulate in the form of stalactites and fine-grained mud on massive pyrite in the D drift of the Richmond mine, Iron Mountain, California. Water samples were collected by placing beakers under the dripping stalactites and by extracting pore water from the mud using a centrifuge. The water is rich in Fe3+ and SO4 2−, with a pH of approximately 2.1, which is significantly higher than the extremely acidic waters found elsewhere in the mine. Electron-microprobe analysis and X-ray mapping indicate that the small crystals (<10 μm in diameter) are compositionally zoned with respect to Na and K, and include hydronium jarosite corresponding to the formula (H3O)0.6K0.3Na0.1Fe3 3+(SO4)2(OH)6. The proton-microprobe analyses indicate that the jarosite-group minerals contain significant amounts of As, Pb and Zn, and minor levels of Bi, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn and Sr. Speciation modeling indicates that the drip waters are supersaturated with respect to jarosite-group minerals. The expected range in composition of jarosite-group solid-solution in equilibrium with the pore water extracted from the mud was found to be consistent with the observed range in composition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Associaion of Canada","doi":"10.2113/gscanmin.43.4.1225","usgsCitation":"Jamieson, H.E., Robinson, C., Alpers, C.N., Nordstrom, D.K., Poustovetov, A., and Lowers, H., 2005, The composition of coexisting jarosite-group minerals and water from the Richmond mine, Iron Mountain, California: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 43, no. 4, p. 1225-1242, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.43.4.1225.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1225","endPage":"1242","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Iron Mountain","volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa4be4b08c986b3227b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jamieson, Heather E.","contributorId":150176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jamieson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":422084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Clare","contributorId":195273,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Clare","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":422087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Poustovetov, Alexei","contributorId":68516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poustovetov","given":"Alexei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lowers, Heather A. hlowers@usgs.gov","contributorId":149265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather A.","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":422083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70029275,"text":"70029275 - 2005 - Numerical simulation of double‐diffusive finger convection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T09:42:19","indexId":"70029275","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulation of double‐diffusive finger convection","docAbstract":"A hybrid finite element, integrated finite difference numerical model is developed for the simulation of double‐diffusive and multicomponent flow in two and three dimensions. The model is based on a multidimensional, density‐dependent, saturated‐unsaturated transport model (SUTRA), which uses one governing equation for fluid flow and another for solute transport. The solute‐transport equation is applied sequentially to each simulated species. Density coupling of the flow and solute‐transport equations is accounted for and handled using a sequential implicit Picard iterative scheme. High‐resolution data from a double‐diffusive Hele‐Shaw experiment, initially in a density‐stable configuration, is used to verify the numerical model. The temporal and spatial evolution of simulated double‐diffusive convection is in good agreement with experimental results. Numerical results are very sensitive to discretization and correspond closest to experimental results when element sizes adequately define the spatial resolution of observed fingering. Numerical results also indicate that differences in the molecular diffusivity of sodium chloride and the dye used to visualize experimental sodium chloride concentrations are significant and cause inaccurate mapping of sodium chloride concentrations by the dye, especially at late times. As a result of reduced diffusion, simulated dye fingers are better defined than simulated sodium chloride fingers and exhibit more vertical mass transfer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003WR002777","usgsCitation":"Hughes, J.D., Sanford, W.E., and Vacher, H.L., 2005, Numerical simulation of double‐diffusive finger convection: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 1, W01019; 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002777.","productDescription":"W01019; 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477916,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002777","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a690fe4b0c8380cd73b44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, Joseph D. 0000-0003-1311-2354 jdhughes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-2354","contributorId":2492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Joseph","email":"jdhughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vacher, H. Leonard","contributorId":90529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vacher","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Leonard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029248,"text":"70029248 - 2005 - Investigating surface water-well interaction using stable isotope ratios of water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T08:57:10","indexId":"70029248","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating surface water-well interaction using stable isotope ratios of water","docAbstract":"Because surface water can be a source of undesirable water quality in a drinking water well, an understanding of the amount of surface water and its travel time to the well is needed to assess a well's vulnerability. Stable isotope ratios of oxygen in river water at the City of La Crosse, Wisconsin, show peak-to-peak seasonal variation greater than 4‰ in 2001 and 2002. This seasonal signal was identified in 7 of 13 city municipal wells, indicating that these 7 wells have appreciable surface water contributions and are potentially vulnerable to contaminants in the surface water. When looking at wells with more than 6 sampling events, a larger variation in δ18O compositions correlated with a larger fraction of surface water, suggesting that samples collected for oxygen isotopic composition over time may be useful for identifying the vulnerability to surface water influence even if a local meteoric water line is not available.
A time series of δ18O from one of the municipal wells and from a piezometerlocated between the river and the municipal well showed that the travel time of flood water to the municipal well was approximately 2 months; non-flood arrival times were on the order of 9 months. Four independent methods were also used to assess time of travel. Three methods (groundwater temperature arrival times at the intermediate piezometer, virus-culture results, and particle tracking using a numerical groundwater-flow model) yielded flood and non-flood travel times of less than 1 year for this site. Age dating of one groundwater sample using 3H–3He methods estimated an age longer than 1 year, but was likely confounded by deviations from piston flow as noted by others. Chlorofluorocarbons and SF6analyses were not useful at this site due to degradation and contamination, respectively. This work illustrates the utility of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of water to determine the contribution and travel time of surface water in groundwater, and demonstrates the importance of using multiple methods to improve estimates for time of travel of 1 year or less.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.010","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Coplen, T., Haas, N., Saad, D.A., and Borchardt, M., 2005, Investigating surface water-well interaction using stable isotope ratios of water: Journal of Hydrology, v. 302, no. 1-4, p. 154-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.010.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"172","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210748,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.010"}],"volume":"302","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e6ee4b0c8380cd63d99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haas, N.L.","contributorId":33496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saad, D. A.","contributorId":85212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Borchardt, M. A.","contributorId":62804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}