{"pageNumber":"2882","pageRowStart":"72025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70026204,"text":"70026204 - 2003 - Long-term and large-scale perspectives on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T16:41:51","indexId":"70026204","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term and large-scale perspectives on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning","docAbstract":"<p><span>In a growing body of literature from a variety of ecosystems is strong evidence that various components of biodiversity have significant impacts on ecosystem functioning. However, much of this evidence comes from short-term, small-scale experiments in which communities are synthesized from relatively small species pools and conditions are highly controlled. Extrapolation of the results of such experiments to longer time scales and larger spatial scales—those of whole ecosystems—is difficult because the experiments do not incorporate natural processes such as recruitment limitation and colonization of new species. We show how long-term study of planned and accidental changes in species richness and composition suggests that the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning will vary over time and space. More important, we also highlight areas of uncertainty that need to be addressed through coordinated cross-scale and cross-site research.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0089:LTALSP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00063568","usgsCitation":"Symstad, A., Chapin, F.S., Wall, D., Gross, K., Huenneke, L., Mittelbach, G., Peters, D., and Tilman, D., 2003, Long-term and large-scale perspectives on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: BioScience, v. 53, no. 1, p. 89-98, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0089:LTALSP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4977e4b0c8380cd6861c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Symstad, A.J.","contributorId":25524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symstad","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapin, F. S. III","contributorId":16776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wall, D.H.","contributorId":16203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gross, K.L.","contributorId":37129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huenneke, L.F.","contributorId":41196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huenneke","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mittelbach, G.G.","contributorId":99749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mittelbach","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Peters, Debra P. C.","contributorId":36903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peters","given":"Debra P. C.","affiliations":[{"id":25579,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":408503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tilman, D.","contributorId":58595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70025203,"text":"70025203 - 2003 - Interactions of organic contaminants with mineral-adsorbed surfactants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025203","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of organic contaminants with mineral-adsorbed surfactants","docAbstract":"Sorption of organic contaminants (phenol, p-nitrophenol, and naphthalene) to natural solids (soils and bentonite) with and without myristylpyridinium bromide (MPB) cationic surfactant was studied to provide novel insight to interactions of contaminants with the mineral-adsorbed surfactant. Contaminant sorption coefficients with mineral-adsorbed surfactants, Kss, show a strong dependence on surfactant loading in the solid. At low surfactant levels, the Kss values increased with increasing sorbed surfactant mass, reached a maximum, and then decreased with increasing surfactant loading. The Kss values for contaminants were always higher than respective partition coefficients with surfactant micelles (Kmc) and natural organic matter (Koc). At examined MPB concentrations in water the three organic contaminants showed little solubility enhancement by MPB. At low sorbed-surfactant levels, the resulting mineral-adsorbed surfactant via the cation-exchange process appears to form a thin organic film, which effectively \"adsorbs\" the contaminants, resulting in very high Kss values. At high surfactant levels, the sorbed surfactant on minerals appears to form a bulklike medium that behaves essentially as a partition phase (rather than an adsorptive surface), with the resulting Kss being significantly decreased and less dependent on the MPB loading. The results provide a reference to the use of surfactants for remediation of contaminated soils/sediments or groundwater in engineered surfactant-enhanced washing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es026326k","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Zhu, L., Chen, B., Tao, S., and Chiou, C.T., 2003, Interactions of organic contaminants with mineral-adsorbed surfactants: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 37, no. 17, p. 4001-4006, https://doi.org/10.1021/es026326k.","startPage":"4001","endPage":"4006","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209474,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es026326k"},{"id":235956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ccfe4b0c8380cd63070","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhu, L.","contributorId":58055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, B.","contributorId":30420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tao, S.","contributorId":81296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tao","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025082,"text":"70025082 - 2003 - Fault interactions and large complex earthquakes in the Los Angeles area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T13:11:52","indexId":"70025082","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault interactions and large complex earthquakes in the Los Angeles area","docAbstract":"Faults in complex tectonic environments interact in various ways, including triggered rupture of one fault by another, that may increase seismic hazard in the surrounding region. We model static and dynamic fault interactions between the strike-slip and thrust fault systems in southern California. We find that rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga thrust fault system is unlikely to trigger rupture of the San Andreas or San Jacinto strike-slip faults. However, a large northern San Jacinto fault earthquake could trigger a cascading rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga system, potentially causing a moment magnitude 7.5 to 7.8 earthquake on the edge of the Los Angeles metropolitan region.","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.1090747","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Anderson, G., Aagaard, B.T., and Hudnut, K., 2003, Fault interactions and large complex earthquakes in the Los Angeles area: Science, v. 302, no. 5652, p. 1946-1949, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090747.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1946","endPage":"1949","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"302","issue":"5652","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f17e4b0c8380cd53765","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Greg","contributorId":127427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aagaard, Brad T. 0000-0002-8795-9833 baagaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9833","contributorId":192869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aagaard","given":"Brad","email":"baagaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudnut, Ken","contributorId":44590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025247,"text":"70025247 - 2003 - Assessing recovery feasibility for piping plovers using optimization and simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70025247","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing recovery feasibility for piping plovers using optimization and simulation","docAbstract":"Optimization and simulation modeling can be used to account for demographic and economic factors simultaneously in a comprehensive analysis of endangered-species population recovery. This is a powerful approach that is broadly applicable but underutilized in conservation biology. We applied the approach to a population recovery analysis of threatened and endangered piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) in the Great Plains of North America. Predator exclusion increases the reproductive success of piping plovers, but the most cost-efficient strategy of applying predator exclusion and the number of protected breeding pairs necessary to prevent further population declines were unknown. We developed a linear programming model to define strategies that would either maximize fledging rates or minimize financial costs by allocating plover pairs to 1 of 6 types of protection. We evaluated the optimal strategies using a stochastic population simulation model. The minimum cost to achieve a 20% chance of stabilizing simulated populations was approximately $1-11 million over 50 years. Increasing reproductive success to 1.24 fledglings/pair at minimal cost in any given area required fencing 85% of pairs at managed sites but cost 23% less than the current approach. Maximum fledging rates resulted in >20% of simulated populations reaching recovery goals in 30-50 years at cumulative costs of <$16 million. Protecting plover pairs within 50 km of natural resource agency field offices was sufficient to increase simulated populations to established recovery goals. A range-wide management plan needs to be developed and implemented to foster the involvement and cooperation among managers that will be necessary for recovery efforts to be successful. We also discuss how our approach can be applied to a variety of wildlife management issues.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Larson, M., Ryan, M., and Murphy, R., 2003, Assessing recovery feasibility for piping plovers using optimization and simulation: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 31, no. 4, p. 1105-1116.","startPage":"1105","endPage":"1116","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eddfe4b0c8380cd49a7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, M.A.","contributorId":15814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, M.R.","contributorId":92198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, R.K.","contributorId":48910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003002,"text":"1003002 - 2003 - Review of techniques to prevent introduction of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) during native mussel (Unionoidea) conservation activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-09T15:30:22.415002","indexId":"1003002","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2455,"text":"Journal of Shellfish Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Review of techniques to prevent introduction of zebra mussels (<i>Dreissena polymorpha</i>) during native mussel (Unionoidea) conservation activities","title":"Review of techniques to prevent introduction of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) during native mussel (Unionoidea) conservation activities","docAbstract":"Because of the declines in diversity and abundance of native freshwater mussels (superfamily Unionoidea), and the potential decimation of populations of native mussels resulting from the rapid spread of the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, management options to eliminate or reduce the threat of the zebra mussel are needed. Relocating native mussels to refugia (artificial and natural) has been proposed to mitigate the threat of zebra mussels to native species. Relocation of native mussels to refugia such as fish hatchery facilities or natural habitats within their historic range. Which are unlikely to be infested by zebra mussels, necessitates that protocols be developed to prevent the inadvertent introduction of zebra mussels. Several recent studies have developed Such protocols, and have assessed their effectiveness on the health and survival of native mussels during subsequent relocation to various refugia. The purpose of this project is to synthesize and evaluate the current protocols and to develop a set of procedures that resource managers and researchers should consider before conducting conservation activities in zebra mussel infested waters. We found that the existing protocols have many common points of concern, such as facility modification and suitability, zebra mussel risk assessment and management procedures, and health and disease management procedures. These conservation protocols may have broad applicability to other situations and locations. A summary and evaluation of the information in these main areas, along with recommended guidelines, are presented in this article.","language":"English","publisher":"North Carolina State Univ, Dept Environmental & Molecular Toxicology","publisherLocation":"Raleigh, NC","issn":"07308000","usgsCitation":"Cope, W., Newton, T., and Gatenby, C., 2003, Review of techniques to prevent introduction of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) during native mussel (Unionoidea) conservation activities: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 22, no. 1, p. 177-184.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"184","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":401988,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.shellfish.org/tables-of-contents"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-63.6645,46.55],[-62.0121,46.4431],[-62.8743,45.9682],[-64.1428,46.3927],[-64.3926,46.7275],[-64.0149,47.036],[-63.6645,46.55]]],[[[-61.8063,49.1051],[-63.5893,49.4007],[-64.5191,49.873],[-62.8583,49.7064],[-61.8063,49.1051]]],[[[-123.51,48.51],[-124.0129,48.3709],[-125.655,48.825],[-127.03,49.815],[-128.0593,49.995],[-128.4446,50.5391],[-128.3584,50.7707],[-125.755,50.295],[-124.9208,49.4753],[-123.9225,49.0625],[-123.51,48.51]]],[[[-56.134,50.687],[-56.7959,49.8123],[-56.1431,50.1501],[-55.4715,49.9358],[-55.8224,49.5871],[-54.9351,49.313],[-54.4738,49.5567],[-53.4766,49.2491],[-53.786,48.5168],[-53.0861,48.6878],[-52.6481,47.5356],[-53.0692,46.6555],[-54.1789,46.8071],[-53.9619,47.6252],[-54.2405,47.7523],[-55.4008,46.885],[-55.9975,46.9197],[-55.2912,47.3896],[-56.2508,47.6326],[-59.266,47.6034],[-59.4195,47.8995],[-58.7966,48.2515],[-59.2316,48.5232],[-58.3918,49.1256],[-57.3587,50.7183],[-56.7387,51.2874],[-55.407,51.5883],[-56.134,50.687]]],[[[-133.18,54.17],[-131.75,54.12],[-132.0495,52.9846],[-131.179,52.1804],[-131.5778,52.1824],[-133.0546,53.4115],[-133.18,54.17]]],[[[-79.2658,62.1587],[-79.6575,61.6331],[-80.3622,62.0165],[-79.9294,62.3856],[-79.2658,62.1587]]],[[[-81.8983,62.7108],[-83.0686,62.1592],[-83.7746,62.1823],[-83.9937,62.4528],[-83.2505,62.9141],[-81.877,62.9046],[-81.8983,62.7108]]],[[[-85.1613,65.6573],[-84.9758,65.2175],[-84.464,65.3718],[-81.642,64.4551],[-81.5534,63.9796],[-80.8174,64.0575],[-80.1035,63.726],[-80.991,63.4113],[-82.5472,63.6517],[-83.1088,64.1019],[-85.5234,63.0524],[-85.8668,63.6373],[-87.222,63.5412],[-86.3528,64.0358],[-85.8839,65.7388],[-85.1613,65.6573]]],[[[-75.8659,67.1489],[-76.9869,67.0987],[-77.2364,67.5881],[-76.8117,68.1486],[-75.8952,68.2872],[-75.1145,68.0104],[-75.216,67.4443],[-75.8659,67.1489]]],[[[-95.6477,69.1077],[-96.2695,68.757],[-97.6174,69.06],[-98.4318,68.9507],[-99.7974,69.4],[-98.2183,70.1435],[-96.5574,69.68],[-95.6477,69.1077]]],[[[-90.5471,69.4977],[-90.5515,68.475],[-89.2152,69.2587],[-88.0197,68.6151],[-88.3175,67.8734],[-87.3502,67.1987],[-86.3061,67.9215],[-85.5766,68.7846],[-85.522,69.8821],[-82.6226,69.6583],[-81.2804,69.162],[-81.2202,68.6657],[-81.9644,68.1325],[-81.2593,67.5972],[-81.3865,67.1108],[-83.3446,66.4115],[-84.7354,66.2573],[-85.7694,66.5583],[-87.3232,64.7756],[-88.483,64.099],[-89.9144,64.0327],[-90.704,63.6102],[-90.77,62.9602],[-91.9334,62.8351],[-93.157,62.0247],[-94.2415,60.8987],[-94.6293,60.1102],[-94.6846,58.9488],[-93.215,58.7821],[-92.297,57.0871],[-90.8977,57.2847],[-89.0395,56.8517],[-87.3242,55.9991],[-85.0118,55.3026],[-82.2729,55.1483],[-82.4362,54.2823],[-82.125,53.277],[-81.4008,52.1579],[-79.9129,51.2084],[-79.143,51.5339],[-78.6019,52.5621],[-79.1242,54.1415],[-79.8296,54.6677],[-78.2287,55.1365],[-77.0956,55.8374],[-76.5414,56.5342],[-76.6232,57.2026],[-77.3023,58.0521],[-78.5169,58.8046],[-77.3368,59.8526],[-78.1069,62.3196],[-77.4107,62.5505],[-74.6682,62.1811],[-73.8399,62.4438],[-71.6771,61.5254],[-71.3737,61.1372],[-69.5904,61.0614],[-69.2879,58.9574],[-68.3746,58.8011],[-67.6498,58.2121],[-66.2018,58.7673],[-64.5835,60.3356],[-61.3966,56.9675],[-61.7987,56.3395],[-59.5696,55.2041],[-57.3332,54.6265],[-56.9369,53.7803],[-56.1581,53.6475],[-55.7563,53.2704],[-55.6834,52.1466],[-57.1269,51.4197],[-58.7748,51.0643],[-60.0331,50.2428],[-61.7237,50.0805],[-66.3991,50.229],[-67.2363,49.5116],[-68.5111,49.0684],[-71.1046,46.8217],[-70.2552,46.9861],[-68.65,48.3],[-66.5524,49.1331],[-65.0563,49.2328],[-64.171,48.7425],[-65.1155,48.0709],[-64.4722,46.2385],[-63.1733,45.739],[-61.5207,45.8838],[-60.5182,47.0079],[-60.4486,46.2826],[-59.8029,45.9204],[-61.0399,45.2653],[-64.2466,44.2655],[-65.3641,43.5452],[-66.1234,43.6187],[-66.1617,44.4651],[-64.4255,45.292],[-67.1374,45.1375],[-66.9647,44.8097],[-70.1162,43.6841],[-70.6455,43.0902],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.885,41.9228],[-69.965,41.6372],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.2413,41.1195],[-71.945,40.93],[-74.2567,40.4735],[-73.9624,40.4276],[-74.1784,39.7093],[-74.906,38.9395],[-75.5281,39.4985],[-75.0567,38.4041],[-75.9402,37.2169],[-75.7221,37.9371],[-76.2329,38.3192],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.5427,38.7176],[-76.3293,38.0833],[-76.99,38.24],[-76.3016,37.9179],[-76.2587,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.8973],[-75.7275,35.5507],[-76.3632,34.8085],[-77.3976,34.512],[-78.055,33.9255],[-79.0607,33.494],[-79.2036,33.1584],[-80.3013,32.5094],[-81.3363,31.4405],[-81.4904,30.73],[-81.3137,30.0355],[-80.0565,26.88],[-80.381,25.2062],[-81.1721,25.2013],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.8553,27.8862],[-82.65,28.55],[-83.7096,29.9366],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.1088,29.6362],[-86.4,30.4],[-89.5938,30.16],[-89.2177,29.2911],[-89.4082,29.1596],[-89.7793,29.3071],[-90.8802,29.1485],[-91.6268,29.677],[-93.8484,29.7136],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.6003,28.7386],[-96.594,28.3075],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.703,24.2723],[-97.8724,22.4442],[-97.1893,20.6354],[-95.9009,18.828],[-94.8391,18.5627],[-94.4257,18.1444],[-91.4079,18.8761],[-90.7719,19.2841],[-90.2786,20.9999],[-88.5439,21.4937],[-87.0519,21.5435],[-86.812,21.3315],[-86.8459,20.8499],[-87.6211,19.6466],[-87.4368,19.4724],[-87.8372,18.2598],[-88.3,18.5],[-88.1068,18.3487],[-88.3554,16.5308],[-88.9306,15.8873],[-88.1212,15.6887],[-87.9018,15.8645],[-86.9032,15.7567],[-84.9837,15.9959],[-83.4104,15.2709],[-83.1472,14.9958],[-83.1821,14.3107],[-83.5198,13.5677],[-83.4733,12.4191],[-83.8555,11.3733],[-83.4023,10.3954],[-82.1871,9.2075],[-82.2076,8.9956],[-81.7142,9.032],[-81.4393,8.7862],[-79.5733,9.6116],[-78.0559,9.2477],[-77.3534,8.6705],[-77.2426,7.9353],[-77.4311,7.6381],[-77.7534,7.7098],[-77.8816,7.2238],[-78.4292,8.052],[-78.1821,8.3192],[-79.1203,8.9961],[-79.5579,8.9324],[-79.7606,8.5845],[-80.3827,8.2984],[-80.4807,8.0903],[-80.0037,7.5475],[-80.4212,7.2716],[-80.8864,7.2205],[-81.0595,7.8179],[-81.5195,7.7066],[-81.7213,8.109],[-82.8201,8.2909],[-82.851,8.0738],[-83.5084,8.4469],[-83.7115,8.6568],[-83.6326,9.0514],[-84.6476,9.6155],[-84.7134,9.9081],[-84.9757,10.0867],[-85.1109,9.557],[-85.6608,9.9334],[-85.6593,10.7543],[-85.9417,10.8953],[-85.7125,11.0884],[-87.6685,12.9099],[-87.3167,12.9847],[-87.4894,13.2975],[-88.4833,13.164],[-90.6086,13.9098],[-91.2324,13.9278],[-93.3595,15.6154],[-94.6917,16.201],[-96.5574,15.6535],[-100.8295,17.1711],[-101.9185,17.9161],[-103.501,18.2923],[-104.992,19.3161],[-105.493,19.9468],[-105.7314,20.4341],[-105.3978,20.5317],[-105.2658,21.4221],[-106.0287,22.7738],[-108.4019,25.1723],[-109.2602,25.5806],[-109.4441,25.8249],[-109.2916,26.4429],[-110.3917,27.1621],[-110.641,27.8599],[-111.1789,27.9412],[-112.2282,28.9544],[-113.1638,30.7869],[-113.1487,31.171],[-114.7765,31.7995],[-114.9367,31.3935],[-114.6739,30.1627],[-111.6165,26.6628],[-110.6551,24.2986],[-110.1729,24.2656],[-109.4334,23.1856],[-110.0314,22.8231],[-110.2951,23.431],[-112.182,24.7384],[-112.3007,26.012],[-114.4658,27.1421],[-115.0551,27.7227],[-114.5704,27.7415],[-114.1993,28.115],[-114.162,28.5661],[-115.5187,29.5564],[-117.2959,33.0462],[-118.4106,33.7409],[-118.5199,34.0278],[-120.6229,34.6086],[-120.7443,35.1569],[-121.7146,36.1615],[-122.512,37.7834],[-123.7272,38.9517],[-123.8652,39.767],[-124.3981,40.3132],[-124.2137,41.9996],[-124.5328,42.766],[-124.1421,43.7084],[-123.8989,45.5234],[-124.0796,46.8648],[-124.6872,48.1844],[-124.5661,48.3797],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.5874,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.84,49],[-125.6246,50.4166],[-127.4356,50.8306],[-127.9928,51.7158],[-127.8503,52.3296],[-129.1298,52.7554],[-129.3052,53.5616],[-130.515,54.2876],[-130.5361,54.8028],[-131.9672,55.4978],[-132.25,56.37],[-133.5392,57.1789],[-134.0781,58.1231],[-136.6281,58.2122],[-137.8,58.5],[-139.8678,59.5378],[-142.5744,60.0845],[-143.9589,59.9992],[-147.1144,60.8847],[-148.2243,60.673],[-148.0181,59.9783],[-151.7164,59.1558],[-151.8594,59.745],[-151.4097,60.7258],[-150.3469,61.0336],[-150.6211,61.2844],[-154.0192,59.3503],[-153.2875,58.8647],[-154.2325,58.1464],[-156.3083,57.4228],[-156.5561,56.98],[-158.1172,56.4636],[-158.4333,55.9942],[-164.7856,54.4042],[-164.9422,54.5722],[-161.8042,55.895],[-160.5636,56.0081],[-157.7228,57.57],[-157.5503,58.3283],[-157.0417,58.9189],[-158.1947,58.6158],[-158.5172,58.7878],[-159.0586,58.4242],[-159.7117,58.9314],[-159.9813,58.5726],[-160.3553,59.0711],[-161.9689,58.6717],[-161.8742,59.6336],[-162.5181,59.9897],[-163.8183,59.7981],[-165.3464,60.5075],[-165.3508,61.0739],[-166.1214,61.5],[-164.5625,63.1464],[-163.0672,63.0595],[-162.2606,63.5419],[-161.5345,63.4558],[-160.7725,63.7661],[-160.9583,64.2228],[-161.5181,64.4028],[-160.7778,64.7886],[-162.7578,64.3386],[-163.5464,64.5592],[-164.9608,64.447],[-166.4253,64.6867],[-168.1106,65.67],[-164.4747,66.5767],[-163.6525,66.5767],[-163.7886,66.0772],[-161.6778,66.1161],[-162.4897,66.7356],[-163.7197,67.1164],[-165.3903,68.0428],[-166.7644,68.3589],[-166.2047,68.883],[-164.4308,68.9155],[-163.1686,69.3711],[-162.9306,69.8581],[-161.9089,70.3333],[-159.0392,70.8916],[-158.1197,70.8247],[-156.5808,71.3578],[-155.0678,71.1478],[-154.3442,70.6964],[-153.9,70.89],[-152.21,70.83],[-152.27,70.6],[-150.74,70.43],[-149.72,70.53],[-144.92,69.99],[-143.5895,70.1525],[-136.5036,68.898],[-134.4146,69.6274],[-132.9293,69.5053],[-129.7947,70.1937],[-129.1077,69.7793],[-128.3616,70.0129],[-128.1382,70.4838],[-127.4471,70.3772],[-125.7563,69.4806],[-124.4248,70.1584],[-124.2897,69.3997],[-123.0611,69.5637],[-122.6835,69.8555],[-121.4723,69.7978],[-117.6027,69.0113],[-115.2469,68.9059],[-113.8979,68.3989],[-115.3049,67.9026],[-113.4973,67.6882],[-109.9462,67.981],[-108.8802,67.3814],[-107.7924,67.8874],[-108.813,68.3116],[-108.1672,68.6539],[-106.15,68.8],[-104.3379,68.018],[-103.2212,68.0978],[-101.4543,67.6469],[-98.4432,67.7817],[-98.5586,68.4039],[-97.6695,68.5786],[-96.1199,68.2394],[-96.1259,67.2934],[-95.4894,68.0907],[-94.685,68.0638],[-94.2328,69.069],[-96.4713,70.0898],[-96.3912,71.1948],[-95.2088,71.9205],[-93.89,71.7602],[-92.8782,71.3187],[-91.5196,70.1913],[-92.4069,69.7],[-90.5471,69.4977]]],[[[-114.1672,73.1215],[-114.6663,72.6528],[-112.441,72.9554],[-111.0504,72.4504],[-109.9204,72.9611],[-109.0065,72.6334],[-108.1884,71.6509],[-107.686,72.0655],[-108.3964,73.0895],[-107.5165,73.236],[-106.5226,73.076],[-105.4025,72.6726],[-104.4648,70.993],[-100.9808,70.0243],[-101.0893,69.5845],[-102.7312,69.504],[-102.0933,69.1196],[-102.4302,68.7528],[-105.96,69.18],[-113.3132,68.5355],[-113.855,69.0074],[-115.22,69.28],[-116.1079,69.1682],[-117.34,69.96],[-112.4161,70.3664],[-114.35,70.6],[-117.9048,70.5406],[-118.4324,70.9092],[-116.1131,71.3092],[-119.402,71.5586],[-117.8664,72.7059],[-115.1891,73.3146],[-114.1672,73.1215]]],[[[-104.5,73.42],[-105.38,72.76],[-106.94,73.46],[-105.26,73.64],[-104.5,73.42]]],[[[-76.34,73.1027],[-76.2514,72.8264],[-79.4863,72.7422],[-80.8761,73.3332],[-80.8339,73.6932],[-80.3531,73.7597],[-78.0644,73.6519],[-76.34,73.1027]]],[[[-86.5622,73.1575],[-85.7744,72.5341],[-84.8501,73.3403],[-82.3156,73.751],[-80.6001,72.7165],[-80.7489,72.0619],[-78.7706,72.3522],[-77.8246,72.7496],[-74.2286,71.7671],[-74.0991,71.3308],[-72.2422,71.5569],[-71.2,70.92],[-68.7861,70.525],[-67.915,70.122],[-66.969,69.1861],[-68.8051,68.7202],[-64.8623,67.8475],[-63.4249,66.9285],[-61.852,66.8621],[-62.1632,66.1603],[-63.9184,64.9987],[-65.1489,65.426],[-66.7212,66.388],[-68.015,66.2627],[-68.1413,65.6898],[-65.3202,64.3827],[-64.6694,63.3929],[-65.0138,62.6742],[-68.7832,63.7457],[-66.3283,62.2801],[-66.1656,61.9309],[-71.0234,62.9107],[-72.2354,63.3978],[-71.8863,63.68],[-74.8344,64.6791],[-74.8185,64.3891],[-77.71,64.2295],[-78.556,64.5729],[-77.8973,65.3092],[-73.9598,65.4548],[-74.2939,65.8118],[-72.6512,67.2846],[-72.9261,67.7269],[-73.3116,68.0694],[-74.8433,68.5546],[-76.8691,68.8947],[-76.2287,69.1478],[-77.2874,69.7695],[-78.9572,70.1669],[-79.4925,69.8718],[-81.3055,69.7432],[-84.9447,69.9666],[-88.6817,70.4107],[-89.5134,70.762],[-88.4677,71.2182],[-89.8882,71.2226],[-90.2052,72.2351],[-89.4366,73.1295],[-88.4082,73.5379],[-85.8262,73.8038],[-86.5622,73.1575]]],[[[-100.3564,73.8439],[-99.1639,73.6334],[-97.38,73.76],[-97.12,73.47],[-98.0536,72.9905],[-96.54,72.56],[-96.72,71.66],[-98.3597,71.2729],[-99.3229,71.3564],[-102.5,72.51],[-102.48,72.83],[-100.4384,72.7059],[-101.54,73.36],[-100.3564,73.8439]]],[[[-93.1963,72.772],[-94.2691,72.0246],[-95.4099,72.0619],[-96.0338,72.9403],[-96.0183,73.4374],[-95.4958,73.8624],[-94.5037,74.1349],[-90.5098,73.8567],[-92.004,72.9662],[-93.1963,72.772]]],[[[-120.46,71.3836],[-123.0922,70.9016],[-123.62,71.34],[-125.929,71.8687],[-123.94,73.68],[-124.9178,74.2928],[-121.5379,74.4489],[-117.5556,74.1858],[-115.5108,73.4752],[-119.22,72.52],[-120.46,71.82],[-120.46,71.3836]]],[[[-93.6128,74.98],[-94.1569,74.5924],[-96.8209,74.9276],[-96.2886,75.3778],[-94.8508,75.6472],[-93.6128,74.98]]],[[[-98.5,76.72],[-97.7356,76.2566],[-97.7044,75.7434],[-98.16,75],[-99.8087,74.8974],[-100.8837,75.0574],[-100.8629,75.6408],[-102.5021,75.5638],[-102.5655,76.3366],[-98.5,76.72]]],[[[-108.2114,76.2017],[-107.8194,75.8455],[-105.881,75.9694],[-105.705,75.4795],[-106.3135,75.0053],[-109.7,74.85],[-112.2231,74.417],[-113.7438,74.3943],[-113.8714,74.7203],[-111.7942,75.1625],[-116.3122,75.0434],[-117.7104,75.2222],[-116.346,76.199],[-115.4049,76.4789],[-112.5906,76.1413],[-110.8142,75.5492],[-109.0671,75.4732],[-110.4973,76.4298],[-109.5811,76.7942],[-108.5486,76.6783],[-108.2114,76.2017]]],[[[-94.6841,77.0979],[-93.5739,76.7763],[-91.605,76.7785],[-90.7419,76.4496],[-90.9697,76.074],[-89.1871,75.6102],[-86.3792,75.4824],[-81.1285,75.714],[-80.0575,75.3369],[-79.8339,74.9231],[-81.9488,74.4425],[-89.7647,74.5156],[-92.4224,74.8378],[-92.8899,75.8827],[-93.8938,76.3192],[-95.9625,76.4414],[-97.1214,76.7511],[-96.7451,77.1614],[-94.6841,77.0979]]],[[[-116.1986,77.6453],[-116.3358,76.877],[-117.1061,76.53],[-121.5,75.9],[-122.8549,76.1165],[-119.1039,77.5122],[-116.1986,77.6453]]],[[[-93.84,77.52],[-96.1697,77.5551],[-96.4363,77.8346],[-94.4226,77.82],[-93.7207,77.6343],[-93.84,77.52]]],[[[-110.1869,77.697],[-112.0512,77.4092],[-113.5343,77.7322],[-112.7246,78.0511],[-109.8545,77.9963],[-110.1869,77.697]]],[[[-109.6632,78.602],[-112.5421,78.4079],[-111.5,78.85],[-109.6632,78.602]]],[[[-95.8303,78.0569],[-97.3098,77.8506],[-98.1243,78.0829],[-98.5529,78.4581],[-98.632,78.8719],[-96.7544,78.7658],[-95.5593,78.4183],[-95.8303,78.0569]]],[[[-100.0602,78.3248],[-99.6709,77.9075],[-102.9498,78.3432],[-105.1761,78.3803],[-104.2104,78.6774],[-105.4196,78.9183],[-105.4923,79.3016],[-100.8252,78.8005],[-100.0602,78.3248]]],[[[-87.02,79.66],[-85.8144,79.3369],[-89.0354,78.2872],[-90.8044,78.2153],[-92.8767,78.3433],[-93.9512,78.751],[-93.9357,79.1137],[-93.1452,79.3801],[-94.974,79.3725],[-96.0761,79.705],[-96.7097,80.1578],[-95.3235,80.9073],[-94.2984,80.9773],[-94.7354,81.2065],[-92.4098,81.2574],[-91.1329,80.7235],[-87.81,80.32],[-87.02,79.66]]],[[[-68.5,83.1063],[-61.85,82.6286],[-61.8939,82.3617],[-67.6576,81.5014],[-65.4803,81.5066],[-69.4697,80.6168],[-71.18,79.8],[-76.9077,79.3231],[-75.5292,79.1977],[-76.2205,79.0191],[-75.3935,78.5258],[-79.7595,77.2097],[-79.6197,76.9834],[-77.9109,77.0221],[-77.8891,76.778],[-80.5613,76.1781],[-83.1744,76.454],[-86.1118,76.299],[-89.4907,76.4724],[-89.6161,76.9521],[-87.7674,77.1783],[-88.26,77.9],[-84.9763,77.5387],[-86.34,78.18],[-87.9619,78.3718],[-87.152,78.7587],[-85.3787,78.9969],[-85.095,79.3454],[-86.5073,79.7362],[-86.9318,80.2515],[-83.4087,80.1],[-81.8482,80.4644],[-87.599,80.5163],[-89.3666,80.8557],[-91.3679,81.5531],[-91.587,81.8943],[-86.9702,82.2796],[-85.5,82.6523],[-83.18,82.32],[-82.42,82.86],[-79.3066,83.1306],[-68.5,83.1063]]],[[[-71.7124,19.7145],[-70.8067,19.8803],[-69.9508,19.648],[-69.7693,19.2933],[-69.2221,19.3132],[-69.2544,19.0152],[-68.3179,18.6122],[-68.6893,18.2051],[-69.9529,18.4283],[-70.5171,18.1843],[-70.6693,18.4269],[-71,18.2833],[-71.4002,17.5986],[-71.7083,18.045],[-72.3725,18.215],[-73.9224,18.031],[-74.458,18.3426],[-74.3699,18.6649],[-72.6949,18.4458],[-72.3349,18.6684],[-72.7917,19.1016],[-72.7841,19.4836],[-73.415,19.6396],[-73.1898,19.9157],[-71.7124,19.7145]]],[[[-77.5696,18.4905],[-76.8966,18.4009],[-76.1997,17.8869],[-77.2063,17.7011],[-78.3377,18.226],[-78.2177,18.4545],[-77.5696,18.4905]]],[[[-66.2824,18.5148],[-65.591,18.228],[-65.8472,17.9759],[-67.1842,17.9466],[-67.1007,18.5206],[-66.2824,18.5148]]],[[[-155.5421,19.0835],[-155.6882,18.9162],[-155.9367,19.0594],[-156.0735,19.7029],[-155.8611,20.2672],[-155.2245,19.993],[-154.8074,19.5087],[-155.5421,19.0835]]],[[[-156.0793,20.644],[-156.4145,20.5724],[-156.7106,20.9268],[-156.2571,20.9175],[-156.0793,20.644]]],[[[-157.6528,21.3222],[-158.1267,21.3124],[-158.2927,21.5791],[-158.0252,21.717],[-157.6528,21.3222]]],[[[-159.3451,21.982],[-159.8005,22.0653],[-159.3657,22.2149],[-159.3451,21.982]]],[[[-153.0063,57.1158],[-154.0051,56.7347],[-154.5164,56.9928],[-154.671,57.4612],[-153.2287,57.969],[-152.5648,57.9014],[-152.1412,57.5911],[-153.0063,57.1158]]],[[[-165.5792,59.91],[-166.1928,59.7544],[-167.4553,60.2131],[-165.6744,60.2936],[-165.5792,59.91]]],[[[-171.7317,63.7825],[-168.6894,63.2975],[-169.5294,62.9769],[-170.6714,63.3758],[-171.5531,63.3178],[-171.7911,63.4059],[-171.7317,63.7825]]],[[[-82.2682,23.1886],[-80.6188,23.106],[-79.2815,22.3992],[-78.3474,22.5122],[-76.5238,21.2068],[-75.5982,21.0166],[-75.6711,20.7351],[-74.9339,20.6939],[-74.178,20.2846],[-74.2967,20.0504],[-74.9616,19.9234],[-77.7555,19.8555],[-77.0851,20.4134],[-78.1373,20.74],[-78.7199,21.5981],[-79.285,21.5592],[-82.17,22.3871],[-81.795,22.637],[-82.7759,22.6882],[-84.0522,21.9106],[-84.9749,21.896],[-83.7782,22.7881],[-82.2682,23.1886]]],[[[-77.5347,23.7598],[-77.78,23.71],[-78.4085,24.5756],[-78.1909,25.2103],[-77.89,25.17],[-77.5347,23.7598]]],[[[-77.82,26.58],[-78.91,26.42],[-78.98,26.79],[-77.85,26.84],[-77.82,26.58]]],[[[-77,26.59],[-77.1726,25.8792],[-77.34,26.53],[-77.79,27.04],[-77,26.59]]],[[[-61.68,10.76],[-60.895,10.855],[-60.935,10.11],[-61.95,10.09],[-61.66,10.365],[-61.68,10.76]]],[[[-46.7638,82.628],[-43.4064,83.2252],[-39.8975,83.1802],[-38.6221,83.5491],[-27.1005,83.5197],[-20.8454,82.7267],[-22.6918,82.3417],[-31.9,82.2],[-31.3965,82.0215],[-27.8567,82.1318],[-24.8445,81.787],[-22.9033,82.0932],[-22.0718,81.7345],[-23.1696,81.1527],[-15.7682,81.9125],[-12.7702,81.7189],[-12.2086,81.2915],[-16.85,80.35],[-20.0462,80.1771],[-17.7304,80.1291],[-19.705,78.7513],[-19.6735,77.6386],[-18.4729,76.9857],[-21.6794,76.628],[-19.8341,76.0981],[-19.599,75.2484],[-20.6682,75.1559],[-19.3728,74.2956],[-21.5942,74.2238],[-20.4345,73.8171],[-20.7623,73.4644],[-23.5659,73.3066],[-22.3131,72.6293],[-22.2995,72.1841],[-24.2783,72.5979],[-24.793,72.3302],[-23.443,72.0802],[-22.1328,71.469],[-21.7536,70.6637],[-23.536,70.471],[-25.5434,71.4309],[-25.2014,70.7523],[-26.3628,70.2265],[-22.349,70.1295],[-27.7474,68.4705],[-31.7767,68.1208],[-32.8111,67.7355],[-34.202,66.6797],[-36.3528,65.9789],[-39.8122,65.4585],[-40.669,64.84],[-40.6828,64.139],[-41.1887,63.4825],[-42.8194,62.6823],[-42.4167,61.9009],[-43.3784,60.0977],[-44.7875,60.0368],[-46.2636,60.8533],[-48.2629,60.8584],[-49.2331,61.4068],[-49.9004,62.3834],[-51.6333,63.6269],[-52.1401,64.2784],[-52.2766,65.1767],[-53.6617,66.0996],[-53.3016,66.8365],[-53.9691,67.189],[-52.9804,68.3576],[-51.4754,68.7296],[-51.0804,69.1478],[-50.8712,69.9291],[-53.4563,69.2836],[-54.6834,69.61],[-54.75,70.2893],[-54.3588,70.8213],[-51.3901,70.5698],[-54.0042,71.5472],[-55,71.4065],[-55.8347,71.6544],[-54.7182,72.5863],[-57.3236,74.7103],[-58.5968,75.0986],[-58.5852,75.5173],[-61.2686,76.1024],[-68.5044,76.0614],[-71.4026,77.0086],[-66.764,77.376],[-71.0429,77.636],[-73.297,78.0442],[-73.1594,78.4327],[-65.7107,79.3944],[-65.3239,79.7581],[-68.023,80.1172],[-67.1513,80.5158],[-62.2344,81.3211],[-62.6512,81.7704],[-57.2074,82.1907],[-54.1344,82.1996],[-53.0433,81.8883],[-50.3906,82.4388],[-44.523,81.6607],[-46.9007,82.1998],[-46.7638,82.628]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"North America\"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604056","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cope, W.G.","contributorId":71918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newton, T.J.","contributorId":104428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gatenby, C.M.","contributorId":31334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gatenby","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1008238,"text":"1008238 - 2003 - The use of multi-temporal Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for mapping fuels in Yosemite National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T11:30:24","indexId":"1008238","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of multi-temporal Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for mapping fuels in Yosemite National Park, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>The objective of this study was to test the applicability of using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from a temporal sequence of six Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes to map fuel models for Yosemite National Park, USA. An unsupervised classification algorithm was used to define 30 unique spectral-temporal classes of NDVI values. A combination of graphical, statistical and visual techniques was used to characterize the 30 classes and identify those that responded similarly and could be combined into fuel models. The final classification of fuel models included six different types: short annual and perennial grasses, tall perennial grasses, medium brush and evergreen hardwoods, short-needled conifers with no heavy fuels, long-needled conifers and deciduous hardwoods, and short-needled conifers with a component of heavy fuels. The NDVI, when analysed over a season of phenologically distinct periods along with ancillary data, can elicit information necessary to distinguish fuel model types. Fuels information derived from remote sensors has proven to be useful for initial classification of fuels and has been applied to fire management situations on the ground.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431160210144679","usgsCitation":"Van Wagtendonk, J.W., and Root, R.R., 2003, The use of multi-temporal Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for mapping fuels in Yosemite National Park, USA: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1639-1651, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160210144679.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1639","endPage":"1651","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Wagtendonk, Jan W. jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","contributorId":2648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagtendonk","given":"Jan","email":"jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Root, Ralph R.","contributorId":174937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Root","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008245,"text":"1008245 - 2003 - Effects of backpack radiotags on female northern pintails wintering in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T14:42:32","indexId":"1008245","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of backpack radiotags on female northern pintails wintering in California","docAbstract":"<p> To test whether backpack radiotags impacted the wintering biology of northern pintails (Anas acuta), I attached spear-suture (SSU, n=82 in 1993) or harness (HAR, n=337 in 1991-1993) backpack radiotags to female Hatch-Year (HY) and After-Hatch-Year (AHY) pintails after their autumn arrival in California. I evaluated impacts of radiotags on 1) wintering population distribution; 2) flock status, flock size, and body mass at harvest; and 3) August-March survival. I also compared retention of SSU and HAR following attachment. Distribution, flock status, and flock size at harvest of HAR, SSU, and unmarked (UMK) pintails were similar. However, harvest mass of HAR pintails averaged 1 33 g (SE=25 g) less than UMK pintails; loss tended to be greatest for heavier HY females in 1 993. Daily survival rates during 1 993-1 994 of HAR vs. SSU pintails were similar for both HY (0.9979 vs. 0.9974) and AHY (0.9988 vs. 0.9986) female pintails. Retention ranged from 30-1 58 days (x=81 d, SE=5 d) for the 37 SSU that I confirmed as being shed; all other SSU failed 1-month studies due to poor retention past a month. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Fleskes, J.P., 2003, Effects of backpack radiotags on female northern pintails wintering in California: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 31, no. 1, p. 212-219.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"212","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6249d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleskes, Joseph P. 0000-0001-5388-6675 joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-6675","contributorId":1889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"Joseph","email":"joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1008249,"text":"1008249 - 2003 - Use of radio telemetry in studies of shorebirds: past contributions and future directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T16:38:47","indexId":"1008249","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3704,"text":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of radio telemetry in studies of shorebirds: past contributions and future directions","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Warnock, N., and Takekawa, J.Y., 2003, Use of radio telemetry in studies of shorebirds: past contributions and future directions: Wader Study Group Bulletin, v. 100, p. 138-150.","productDescription":"p. 138-150","startPage":"138","endPage":"150","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604471","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warnock, N.","contributorId":80615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warnock","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025139,"text":"70025139 - 2003 - Oxygen isotopes in nitrate: New reference materials for 18O:17O:16O measurements and observations on nitrate-water equilibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-06T22:40:48.761812","indexId":"70025139","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3233,"text":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Oxygen isotopes in nitrate: New reference materials for <sup>18</sup>O:<sup>17</sup>O:<sup>16</sup>O measurements and observations on nitrate-water equilibration","title":"Oxygen isotopes in nitrate: New reference materials for 18O:17O:16O measurements and observations on nitrate-water equilibration","docAbstract":"<p><span>Despite a rapidly growing literature on analytical methods and field applications of O isotope-ratio measurements of NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> in environmental studies, there is evidence that the reported data may not be comparable because reference materials with widely varying </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O values have not been readily available. To address this problem, we prepared large quantities of two nitrate salts with contrasting O isotopic compositions for distribution as reference materials for O isotope-ratio measurements: USGS34 (KNO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) with low </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O and USGS35 (NaNO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) with high </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O and ‘mass-independent’ </span><i>δ</i><sup>17</sup><span>O. The procedure used to produce USGS34 involved equilibration of HNO</span><sub>3</sub><span> with </span><sup>18</sup><span>O-depleted meteoric water. Nitric acid equilibration is proposed as a simple method for producing laboratory NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> reference materials with a range of </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O values and normal (mass-dependent) </span><sup>18</sup><span>O:</span><sup>17</sup><span>O:</span><sup>16</sup><span>O variation. Preliminary data indicate that the equilibrium O isotope-fractionation factor (</span><i>α</i><span>) between [NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>] and H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O decreases with increasing temperature from 1.0215 at 22°C to 1.0131 at 100°C. USGS35 was purified from the nitrate ore deposits of the Atacama Desert in Chile and has a high </span><sup>17</sup><span>O:</span><sup>18</sup><span>O ratio owing to its atmospheric origin. These new reference materials, combined with previously distributed NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> isotopic reference materials IAEA-N3 (=IAEA-NO-3) and USGS32, can be used to calibrate local laboratory reference materials for determining offset values, scale factors, and mass-independent effects on N and O isotope-ratio measurements in a wide variety of environmental NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> samples. Preliminary analyses yield the following results (normalized with respect to VSMOW and SLAP, with reproducibilities of ±0.2–0.3‰, 1</span><i>σ</i><span>): IAEA-N3 has </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O = +25.6‰ and </span><i>δ</i><sup>17</sup><span>O = +13.2‰; USGS32 has </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O = +25.7‰; USGS34 has </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O = −27.9‰ and </span><i>δ</i><sup>17</sup><span>O = −14.8‰; and USGS35 has </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O = +57.5‰ and </span><i>δ</i><sup>17</sup><span>O = +51.5‰. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rcm.1123","issn":"09514198","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., Mroczkowski, S., and Coplen, T., 2003, Oxygen isotopes in nitrate: New reference materials for 18O:17O:16O measurements and observations on nitrate-water equilibration: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 17, no. 16, p. 1835-1846, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1123.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1835","endPage":"1846","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a72b1e4b0c8380cd76c41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mroczkowski, S.J.","contributorId":58673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mroczkowski","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026490,"text":"70026490 - 2003 - Studies of the environmental fate and effect of aircraft deicing fluids: Detection of 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T10:51:57","indexId":"70026490","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of the environmental fate and effect of aircraft deicing fluids: Detection of 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)","docAbstract":"<p>This paper presents the results of a number of field and laboratory studies to evaluate the environmental impact of aircraft deicing and anti-icing fluids (ADAFs) on aquatic systems. Both 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5-MeBt) and 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4-MeBt), known additives to ADAFs, were found in whole-tissue extracts from minnows placed downstream of an effluent outfall that receives ADAF contaminated runoff from General Mitchell International Airport (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Neither of these compounds was detected in tissues from minnows placed upstream from the airport. A toxicity assessment of water collected during the minnow exposure studies utilizing Hyalella azteca, Pimephales promelas, and Ceriodaphnia dubia showed greater toxicity in a secondary airport outfall containing ADAFs when compared to upstream non-ADAF-contaminated samples. In two 28-d static renewal tests using 5-MeBt laboratory-fortified waters, 5-MeBt was detected in whole-tissue extracts of minnows at all concentrations tested. In studies using laboratory water fortified with 5-MeBt, the median lethal concentration (LC50) of 5-MeBt for P. promelas was found to be 22.0 mg/L. The LC50 for C. dubia to 5-MeBt laboratory-fortified water was found to be 81.3 mg/L. The 25% inhibition concentration (IC25) of 5-MeBt for the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum was 23.2 mg/L, and the average median effective concentration (EC50) for Microtox was 4.25 mg/L. The results of these field and lab studies indicate that additives, other than glycols, used in aircraft deicing fluids can be found in aquatic systems and may be of greater risk than previously believed.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620220117","usgsCitation":"Cancilla, D.A., Baird, J., Geis, S., and Corsi, S., 2003, Studies of the environmental fate and effect of aircraft deicing fluids: Detection of 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 22, no. 1, p. 134-140, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620220117.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"General Mitchell International Airport , Kinnickinnic River, Milwaukee, Wilson Park Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.96941757202148,\n              42.89294454033488\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.96941757202148,\n              42.979911619610654\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.83140182495117,\n              42.979911619610654\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.83140182495117,\n              42.89294454033488\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.96941757202148,\n              42.89294454033488\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cafe4b08c986b31d482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cancilla, Devon A.","contributorId":94467,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cancilla","given":"Devon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12723,"text":"Western Washington University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":409716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baird, J.C.","contributorId":24141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baird","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13122,"text":"Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":409713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geis, S.W.","contributorId":86538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geis","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corsi, Steven R. srcorsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corsi","given":"Steven R.","email":"srcorsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025142,"text":"70025142 - 2003 - Sand ridges off Sarasota, Florida: A complex facies boundary on a low-energy inner shelf environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-25T11:46:40","indexId":"70025142","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sand ridges off Sarasota, Florida: A complex facies boundary on a low-energy inner shelf environment","docAbstract":"The innermost shelf off Sarasota, Florida was mapped using sidescan-sonar imagery, seismic-reflection profiles, surface sediment samples, and short cores to define the transition between an onshore siliciclastic sand province and an offshore carbonate province and to identify the processes controlling the distribution of these distinctive facies. The transition between these facies is abrupt and closely tied to the morphology of the inner shelf. A series of low-relief nearly shore-normal ridges characterize the inner shelf. Stratigraphically, the ridges are separated from the underlying Pleistocene and Tertiary carbonate strata by the Holocene ravinement surface. While surficial sediment is fine to very-fine siliciclastic sand on the southeastern sides of the ridges and shell hash covers their northwestern sides, the cores of these Holocene deposits are a mixture of both of these facies. Along the southeastern edges of the ridges the facies boundary coincides with the discontinuity that separates the ridge deposits from the underlying strata. The transition from siliciclastic to carbonate sediment on the northwestern sides of the ridges is equally abrupt, but it falls along the crests of the ridges rather than at their edges. Here the facies transition lies within the Holocene deposit, and appears to be the result of sediment reworking by modern processes. This facies distribution primarily appears to result from south-flowing currents generated during winter storms that winnow the fine siliciclastic sediment from the troughs and steeper northwestern sides of the ridges. A coarse shell lag is left armoring the steeper northwestern sides of the ridges, and the fine sediment is deposited on the gentler southeastern sides of the ridges. This pronounced partitioning of the surficial sediment appears to be the result of the siliciclastic sand being winnowed and transported by these currents while the carbonate shell hash falls below the threshold of sediment movement and is left as a lag. The resulting facies boundaries on this low-energy, sediment-starved inner continental shelf are of two origins which both are tied to the remarkably subtle ridge morphology. Along the southeastern sides of the ridges the facies boundary coincides with a stratigraphic discontinuity that separates Holocene from the older deposits while the transition along the northwestern sides of the ridges is within the Holocene deposit and is the result of sediment redistribution by modern processes. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00185-3","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., Brooks, G.L., Gelfenbaum, G., Paskevich, V., and Donahue, B., 2003, Sand ridges off Sarasota, Florida: A complex facies boundary on a low-energy inner shelf environment: Marine Geology, v. 200, no. 1-4, p. 243-262, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00185-3.","startPage":"243","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209552,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00185-3"}],"volume":"200","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b869ce4b08c986b31602d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, D.","contributorId":53144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, Gillian L.","contributorId":31033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Gillian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paskevich, V.","contributorId":61583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskevich","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donahue, Brian","contributorId":22951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donahue","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7149,"text":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025160,"text":"70025160 - 2003 - Stochastic Ground Water Flow Simulation with a Fracture Zone Continuum Model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025160","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stochastic Ground Water Flow Simulation with a Fracture Zone Continuum Model","docAbstract":"A method is presented for incorporating the hydraulic effects of vertical fracture zones into two-dimensional cell-based continuum models of ground water flow and particle tracking. High hydraulic conductivity features are used in the model to represent fracture zones. For fracture zones that are not coincident with model rows or columns, an adjustment is required for the hydraulic conductivity value entered into the model cells to compensate for the longer flowpath through the model grid. A similar adjustment is also required for simulated travel times through model cells. A travel time error of less than 8% can occur for particles moving through fractures with certain orientations. The fracture zone continuum model uses stochastically generated fracture zone networks and Monte Carlo analysis to quantify uncertainties with simulated advective travel times. An approach is also presented for converting an equivalent continuum model into a fracture zone continuum model by establishing the contribution of matrix block transmissivity to the bulk transmissivity of the aquifer. The methods are used for a case study in west-central Florida to quantify advective travel times from a potential wetland rehydration site to a municipal supply wellfield. Uncertainties in advective travel times are assumed to result from the presence of vertical fracture zones, commonly observed on aerial photographs as photolineaments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02397.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C., 2003, Stochastic Ground Water Flow Simulation with a Fracture Zone Continuum Model: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 5, p. 587-601, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02397.x.","startPage":"587","endPage":"601","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209419,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02397.x"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9846e4b08c986b31bf49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025270,"text":"70025270 - 2003 - American shad in the Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:17:31","indexId":"70025270","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"American shad in the Columbia River","docAbstract":"American shad Alosa sapidissima from the Hudson River, New York, were introduced into the Sacramento River, California, in 1871 and were first observed in the Columbia River in 1876. American shad returns to the Columbia River increased greatly between 1960 and 1990, and recently 2-4 million adults have been counted per year at Bonneville Dam, Oregon and Washington State (river kilometer 235). The total return of American shad is likely much higher than this dam count. Returning adults migrate as far as 600 km up the Columbia and Snake rivers, passing as many as eight large hydroelectric dams. Spawning occurs primarily in the lower river and in several large reservoirs. A small sample found returning adults were 2-6 years old and about one-third of adults were repeat spawners. Larval American shad are abundant in plankton and in the nearshore zone. Juvenile American shad occur throughout the water column during night, but school near the bottom or inshore during day. Juveniles consume a variety of zooplankton, but cyclopoid copepods were 86% of the diet by mass. Juveniles emigrate from the river from August through December. Annual exploitation of American shad by commercial and recreational fisheries combined is near 9% of the total count at Bonneville Dam. The success of American shad in the Columbia River is likely related to successful passage at dams, good spawning and rearing habitats, and low exploitation. The role of American shad within the aquatic community is poorly understood. We speculate that juveniles could alter the zooplankton community and may supplement the diet of resident predators. Data, however, are lacking or sparse in some areas, and more information is needed on the role of larval and juvenile American shad in the food web, factors limiting adult returns, ocean distribution of adults, and interactions between American shad and endangered or threatened salmonids throughout the river. ?? 2003 by the American Fisheries Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world's shads","language":"English","publisher":"American fisheries society ","issn":"08922284","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J., Hinrichsen, R., Gadomski, D., Feil, D., and Rondorf, D., 2003, American shad in the Columbia River, chap. <i>of</i> Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world's shads, v. 2003, no. 35, p. 141-155.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"141","endPage":"155","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2003","issue":"35","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9b5e4b0c8380cd483d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, J.H.","contributorId":72154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinrichsen, R.A.","contributorId":76921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinrichsen","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gadomski, D.M.","contributorId":37101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gadomski","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feil, D.H.","contributorId":103850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feil","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":404563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025183,"text":"70025183 - 2003 - Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025183","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy","docAbstract":"The increasing availability of digital photographic materials has fueled efforts by agencies and organizations to generate land cover maps for states, regions, and the United States as a whole. Regardless of the information sources and classification methods used, land cover maps are subject to numerous sources of error. In order to understand the quality of the information contained in these maps, it is desirable to generate statistically valid estimates of accuracy rates describing misclassification errors. We explored a full sample survey framework for creating accuracy assessment study designs that balance statistical and operational considerations in relation to study objectives for a regional assessment of GAP land cover maps. We focused not only on appropriate sample designs and estimation approaches, but on aspects of the data collection process, such as gaining cooperation of land owners and using pixel clusters as an observation unit. The approach was tested in a pilot study to assess the accuracy of Iowa GAP land cover maps. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design addressed sample size requirements for land covers and the need for geographic spread while minimizing operational effort. Recruitment methods used for private land owners yielded high response rates, minimizing a source of nonresponse error. Collecting data for a 9-pixel cluster centered on the sampled pixel was simple to implement, and provided better information on rarer vegetation classes as well as substantial gains in precision relative to observing data at a single-pixel.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1025107023980","issn":"13528505","usgsCitation":"Nusser, S., and Klaas, E., 2003, Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 10, no. 3, p. 309-331, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025107023980.","startPage":"309","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025107023980"},{"id":235651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba28ae4b08c986b31f79b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nusser, S.M.","contributorId":49302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nusser","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaas, Erwin E.","contributorId":21487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaas","given":"Erwin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025269,"text":"70025269 - 2003 - Variation in plumage, molt, and morphology of the Whiskered Auklet (<i>Aethia pygmaea</i>) in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T10:09:48","indexId":"70025269","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in plumage, molt, and morphology of the Whiskered Auklet (<i>Aethia pygmaea</i>) in Alaska","docAbstract":"We studied molt and size variation in Whiskered Auklets collected at sea in August from the Aleutian Islands in 1992 and 1993. We evaluated size differences from external and skeletal measurements. Adults were molting extensively in August, indicating that molt began in July. Primaries 1-5 had been completely replaced, while primaries 6-8 were in various stages of replacement, and primaries 9 and 10 were old in most birds. We also found that juveniles were not molting. This pattern is similar to other species of small auklets where breeding and molt in adults overlap, but juveniles do not molt until the following summer. This suggests that Whiskered Auklets are subjected to similar ecological constraints as other auklets. We provide the first skeletal measurements of Whiskered Auklets and some new external measurements. Results of statistical analyses indicate that there is no sexual dimorphism in adults. A small sample of juveniles suggests that they are similar in size to adults.","language":"English","publisher":"The Association of Field Ornithologists","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.90","issn":"02738570","usgsCitation":"Pitocchelli, J., Piatt, J.F., and Carter, H., 2003, Variation in plumage, molt, and morphology of the Whiskered Auklet (<i>Aethia pygmaea</i>) in Alaska: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 74, no. 1, p. 90-98, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.90.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc160e4b08c986b32a548","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitocchelli, Jay","contributorId":28419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pitocchelli","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":404559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Harry R.","contributorId":79546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Harry R.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":404557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025187,"text":"70025187 - 2003 - Bacterial transport experiments in fractured crystalline bedrock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:07:43","indexId":"70025187","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bacterial transport experiments in fractured crystalline bedrock","docAbstract":"The efficiency of contaminant biodegradation in ground water depends, in part, on the transport properties of the degrading bacteria. Few data exist concerning the transport of bacteria in saturated bedrock, particularly at the field scale. Bacteria and microsphere tracer experiments were conducted in a fractured crystalline bedrock under forced-gradient conditions over a distance of 36 m. Bacteria isolated from the local ground water were chosen on the basis of physicochemical and physiological differences (shape, cell-wall type, motility), and were differentially stained so that their transport behavior could be compared. No two bacterial strains transported in an identical manner, and microspheres produced distinctly different breakthrough curves than bacteria. Although there was insufficient control in this field experiment to completely separate the effects of bacteria shape, reaction to Gram staining, cell size, and motility on transport efficiency, it was observed that (1) the nonmotile, mutant strain exhibited better fractional recovery than the motile parent strain; (2) Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria exhibited higher fractional recovery relative to the Gram-positive rod-shaped strain of similar size; and (3) coccoidal (spherical-shaped) bacteria transported better than all but one strain of the rod-shaped bacteria. The field experiment must be interpreted in the context of the specific bacterial strains and ground water environment in which they were conducted, but experimental results suggest that minor differences in the physical properties of bacteria can lead to major differences in transport behavior at the field scale.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02406.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Becker, M., Metge, D., Collins, S., Shapiro, A., and Harvey, R., 2003, Bacterial transport experiments in fractured crystalline bedrock: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 5, p. 682-689, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02406.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"682","endPage":"689","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209355,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02406.x"},{"id":235688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef9be4b0c8380cd4a34a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, M.W.","contributorId":35896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metge, D.W.","contributorId":51477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collins, S.A.","contributorId":63947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shapiro, A.M. 0000-0002-6425-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":88384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":404164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025190,"text":"70025190 - 2003 - The morphology and migration of transverse bars off the west-central Florida coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025190","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The morphology and migration of transverse bars off the west-central Florida coast","docAbstract":"A series of migrating shore-normal sandbars with wavelengths of 75-120 m and heights up to 2 m have been identified off the northern tip of Anna Maria Island, a barrier island on the west-central Florida coast. Similar features have been described elsewhere since the 1930s and termed 'transverse bars'. The transverse bars identified off Anna Maria Island are found for about 3 km along the coast and extend 4 km offshore, well outside the normal surf-zone width. No cusps or any other associated beach expression is evident despite the fact that the bars come to within about 75 m of the beach. Sediments on the crests of the bars are a well-sorted fine quartz sand, whereas sediments in the troughs are a poorly sorted coarse carbonate shell hash. Historical aerial photographs and repeated high-resolution bathymetric surveys provide a means of quantifying the migration of the transverse bars. Analyses of orthorectified aerial photographs from the early 1940s through the mid 1990s clearly show movement or migration taking place in the bar field. In the 40-yr period from 1951 to 1991, the southern edge of the bar field moved 200-350 m to the south, with an average long-term migration rate of 8 m/yr. Repeated bathymetric surveys over an 8-month period give an average short-term migration rate of 21 m/yr to the south. Wave and current measurements suggest that southerly winds associated with the passage of cold fronts drive near-bed currents to the south that are strong enough to initiate sediment transport and cause the southerly migration of the transverse bars.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00187-7","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Gelfenbaum, G., and Brooks, G.R., 2003, The morphology and migration of transverse bars off the west-central Florida coast: Marine Geology, v. 200, no. 1-4, p. 273-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00187-7.","startPage":"273","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209373,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00187-7"},{"id":235728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"200","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badeee4b08c986b323e71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, G. R.","contributorId":96312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025207,"text":"70025207 - 2003 - Phylogeny and genetic diversity of Bridgeoporus nobilissimus inferred using mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-22T17:34:12.621848","indexId":"70025207","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2798,"text":"Mycologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Phylogeny and genetic diversity of <i>Bridgeoporus nobilissimus</i> inferred using mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA sequences","title":"Phylogeny and genetic diversity of Bridgeoporus nobilissimus inferred using mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA sequences","docAbstract":"<p>The genetic diversity and phylogeny of Bridgeoporus nobilissimus have been analyzed. DNA was extracted from spores collected from individual fruiting bodies representing six geographically distinct populations in Oregon and Washington. Spore samples collected contained low levels of bacteria, yeast and a filamentous fungal species. Using taxon-specific PCR primers, it was possible to discriminate among rDNA from bacteria, yeast, a filamentous associate and B. nobilissimus. Nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences of B. nobilissimus were compared among individuals representing six populations and were found to have less than 2% variation. These sequences also were used to design dual and nested PCR primers for B. nobilissimus-specific amplification. Mitochondrial small-subunit rDNA sequences were used in a phylogenetic analysis that placed B. nobilissimus in the hymenochaetoid clade, where it was associated with Oxyporus and Schizopora.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/15572536.2004.11833043","issn":"00275514","usgsCitation":"Redberg, G., Hibbett, D., Ammirati, J., and Rodriguez, R.J., 2003, Phylogeny and genetic diversity of Bridgeoporus nobilissimus inferred using mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA sequences: Mycologia, v. 95, no. 5, p. 836-845, https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2004.11833043.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"836","endPage":"845","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a54e4b0c8380cd78e69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Redberg, G.L.","contributorId":29621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redberg","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hibbett, D.S.","contributorId":96468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hibbett","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ammirati, J.F. Jr.","contributorId":34702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ammirati","given":"J.F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025267,"text":"70025267 - 2003 - Middle to late Holocene coastal evolution along the south coast of Upolu Island, Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025267","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle to late Holocene coastal evolution along the south coast of Upolu Island, Samoa","docAbstract":"Stratigraphic surveys and sedimentological analyses of coastal sediments and reef cores along the south coast of Upolu Island, Samoa, reveal that during the middle Holocene this coast was characterised by barrier spits, open lagoons, and estuaries. These estuarine systems matured during the late Holocene, with progressive sedimentation and inlet closure, leading to the dominance of mangrove swamps in the past 1000 years. Contemporaneous with the transition of open estuaries to mangrove swamps was the aggradation and progradation of coastal plains. The coastal progradation since 700-1000 years BP is best explained by increased sediment availability and reduced incident wave energy at the shore resulting from the shallowing and subsequent cessation of reef crest accretion following the mid-Holocene sea-level highstand ca. ???4500 yr BP. A small relative sea-level (RSL) lowering since 700-1000 years may have contributed to the positive sediment budget. This study highlights the need for island-wide coastal surveys to assess the relative roles of RSL, sediment budgets, and hydrodynamics on coastal evolution and stability. Differences in coastal evolution around Upolu Island may also be influenced by differential tectonic movements associated with late Holocene volcanism, coseismicity, and/ or submarine landslides. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00284-6","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, I., and Grossman, E.E., 2003, Middle to late Holocene coastal evolution along the south coast of Upolu Island, Samoa: Marine Geology, v. 202, no. 1-2, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00284-6.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478514,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.540.4407","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209441,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00284-6"},{"id":235888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"202","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56ebe4b0c8380cd6d8fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodwin, I.D.","contributorId":81676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"I.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossman, E. E.","contributorId":96046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025245,"text":"70025245 - 2003 - Eutrophication and carbon sources in Chesapeake Bay over the last 2700 yr: Human impacts in context","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T14:59:32","indexId":"70025245","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eutrophication and carbon sources in Chesapeake Bay over the last 2700 yr: Human impacts in context","docAbstract":"<p><span>To compare natural variability and trends in a developed estuary with human-influenced patterns, stable isotope ratios (δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N) were measured in sediments from five piston cores collected in Chesapeake Bay. Mixing of terrestrial and algal carbon sources primarily controls patterns of δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C</span><sub>org</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>profiles, so this proxy shows changes in estuary productivity and in delivery of terrestrial carbon to the bay. Analyses of δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N show periods when oxygen depletion allowed intense denitrification and nutrient recycling to develop in the seasonally stratified water column, in addition to recycling taking place in surficial sediments. These conditions produced<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>15</sup><span>N-enriched (heavy) nitrogen in algal biomass, and ultimately in sediment. A pronounced increasing trend in δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N of +4‰ started in about A.D. 1750 to 1800 at all core sites, indicating greater eutrophication in the bay and summer oxygen depletion since that time. The timing of the change correlates with the advent of widespread land clearing and tillage in the watershed, and associated increases in erosion and sedimentation. Isotope data show that the region has experienced up to 13 wet-dry cycles in the last 2700 yr. Relative sea-level rise and basin infilling have produced a net freshening trend overprinted with cyclic climatic variability. Isotope data also constrain the relative position of the spring productivity maximum in Chesapeake Bay and distinguish local anomalies from sustained changes impacting large regions of the bay. This approach to reconstructing environmental history should be generally applicable to studies of other estuaries and coastal embayments impacted by watershed development.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00131-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bratton, J., Colman, S.M., and Seal, R., 2003, Eutrophication and carbon sources in Chesapeake Bay over the last 2700 yr: Human impacts in context: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, no. 18, p. 3385-3402, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00131-5.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"3385","endPage":"3402","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.981201171875,\n              36.81368259124586\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.55847167968749,\n              36.81368259124586\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.55847167968749,\n              39.49556336059472\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.981201171875,\n              39.49556336059472\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.981201171875,\n              36.81368259124586\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bd2e4b0c8380cd528c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bratton, J.F.","contributorId":94354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":404410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015623,"text":"1015623 - 2003 - [Book review] The Alligator Book, by C. C. Lockwood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-10T17:16:26","indexId":"1015623","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":908,"text":"Arkansas Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The Alligator Book, by C. C. Lockwood","docAbstract":"Review of: The Alligator Book. Lockwood, C. C. 2002. Louisiana State University Press: Baton Rouge. ISBN: 0807128287.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arkansas Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arkansas State University","publisherLocation":"Jonesboro, AR","usgsCitation":"Rauschenberger, R., 2003, [Book review] The Alligator Book, by C. C. Lockwood: Arkansas Review, v. 34, no. 1, p. 48-48.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"48","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rauschenberger, R.H.","contributorId":93442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rauschenberger","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001018,"text":"1001018 - 2003 - Comparison of spring measures of length, weight, and condition factor for predicting metamorphosis in two populations of sea lampreys (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>) larvae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T16:48:31","indexId":"1001018","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of spring measures of length, weight, and condition factor for predicting metamorphosis in two populations of sea lampreys (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>) larvae","docAbstract":"<p><span>The ability to predict when sea lampreys (</span><i>Petromyzon marinus</i><span>) will metamorphose from the larval phase to the parasitic phase is essential to the operation of the sea lamprey control program. During the spring of 1994, two populations of sea lamprey larvae from two rivers were captured, measured, weighed, implanted with coded wire tags, and returned to the same sites in the streams from which they were taken. Sea lampreys were recovered in the fall, after metamorphosis would have occurred, and checked for the presence of a tag. When the spring data were compared to the fall data it was found that the minimum requirements (length &ge; 120 mm, weight &ge; 3 g, and condition factor &ge; 1.50) suggested for metamorphosis did define a pool of larvae capable of metamorphosing. However, logistic regressions that relate the probability of metamorphosis to size are necessary to predict metamorphosis in a population. The data indicated, based on cross-validation, that weight measurements alone predicted metamorphosis with greater precision than length or condition factor in both the Marengo and Amnicon rivers. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion, weight alone was a better predictor in the Amnicon River, but length and condition factor combined predicted metamorphosis better in the Marengo River. There would be no additional cost if weight alone were used instead of length. However, if length and weight were measured the gain in predictive power would not be enough to justify the additional cost.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70489-4","usgsCitation":"Henson, M.P., Bergstedt, R.A., and Adams, J.V., 2003, Comparison of spring measures of length, weight, and condition factor for predicting metamorphosis in two populations of sea lampreys (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>) larvae: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 204-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70489-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"213","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henson, Mary P.","contributorId":74724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1008312,"text":"1008312 - 2003 - Satellite telemetry and wildlife studies in India: Advantages, options and challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T13:14:41","indexId":"1008312","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1359,"text":"Current Science","onlineIssn":"0011-3891","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite telemetry and wildlife studies in India: Advantages, options and challenges","docAbstract":"<p>Greater spatial coverage, accuracy and non-invasiveness of satellite technology make it one of the best tools to track long-distance migrants, which is otherwise difficult using conventional radio telemetry. In this article, we review the evolution of satellite telemetry and its application. We provide examples of three recent studies in India that have demonstrated and created a widespread appreciation of the use and benefits of satellite telemetry among biologists and managers. We also discuss the future prospects of this technology vis-a-vis benefits and challenges in the Indian subcontinent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Current Science Association","usgsCitation":"Javed, S., Higuchi, H., Nagendran, M., and Takekawa, J.Y., 2003, Satellite telemetry and wildlife studies in India: Advantages, options and challenges: Current Science, v. 85, no. 10, p. 1439-1443.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1439","endPage":"1443","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329067,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/toc.php?vol=085&issue=10"}],"volume":"85","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Javed, Sàlim","contributorId":13733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Javed","given":"Sàlim","affiliations":[{"id":34107,"text":"Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":317366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higuchi, Hiroyoshi","contributorId":69850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higuchi","given":"Hiroyoshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagendran, Meenakshi","contributorId":34083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagendran","given":"Meenakshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":96991,"text":"96991 - 2003 - The revegetation of disturbed areas associated with roads at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96991","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"The revegetation of disturbed areas associated with roads at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"Report prepared for National Park Service, Lake Mead National Recreation Area.","usgsCitation":"Scoles, S., and DeFalco, L., 2003, The revegetation of disturbed areas associated with roads at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640ec9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scoles, S.J.","contributorId":69497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoles","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeFalco, L.A.","contributorId":46032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFalco","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001751,"text":"1001751 - 2003 - Male brown-headed cowbird attacks and kills a nestling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:49","indexId":"1001751","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Male brown-headed cowbird attacks and kills a nestling","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Igl, L., 2003, Male brown-headed cowbird attacks and kills a nestling: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 115, p. 210-212.","productDescription":"p. 210-212","startPage":"210","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Igl, L.D. 0000-0003-0530-7266","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":13568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}