Investigations in the northernmost Carlin trend were undertaken to advance understanding of the geochemical signatures and genesis of precious metal deposits in the trend. Two fundamental geologic relationships near the trend significantly affect regional geochemical distributions: a remarkably intact lower Paleozoic stratigraphic sequence of siliceous rocks in the upper plate of the middle Paleozoic Roberts Mountains thrust, and the widespread repetition of rocks high in the upper plate during late Paleozoic thrusting that thickens the cover above mineralized rock in the lower plate. A compilation of previously published chemical analyses of 440 stream sediment samples and 115 rocks from two 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, as well as new chemical analyses of approximately 1,000 drill core samples in a 1,514 m (4,970 ft) hole through the Rodeo Creek deposit were used to construct three-dimensional element distribution models that highlight metal zonation in the mineralized systems. The Rodeo Creek deposit comprises deep Ag base-metal ± Au-mineralized rock below the Roberts Mountains thrust and contains an unusually high Ag/Au ratio greater than 30. Stacked geochemical halos related to the deposit are confined to the lower plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust and include two horizons of Hg, Cu, and Zn anomalies-as much as 180 m above the deposit-that mostly result from mercurian sphalerite. Extremely subtle indications of mineralization in the upper plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust above the deposit include arsenopyrite overgrowths on small pyrite crystals in 50- to 75-μm-wide clay-carbonate veinlets that lack alteration halos, arsenical rims on small disseminated crystal of recrystallized diagenetic pyrite, and partial replacement of diagenetic pyrite by tennantite. Some of these minerals contain anomalously high Au. However, these As-(Au)-bearing rocks most likely represent another locus of largely untested mineralized rock rather than distal halos related to either the Rodeo Creek or the nearby Dee and Storm gold deposits. Application of micromineralogic techniques helped to identify mineral assemblages that are specific to mineralization and provided an empirical foundation for interpretations of geochemical halos in the Carlin trend. District-scale geochemical patterns of several elements in stream sediments and surface rocks coincide with the northernmost Carlin trend and can be used to explore for Carlin-type deposits. Concentrations of elevated As and Sb in stream sediments (as much as 54 ppm As) have northwest-elongate lobate patterns that clearly outline the trend across a width of approximately 4 km. Arsenic contents of exposed rocks (as much as 90 ppm As) strongly correlate with As contents of derivative stream sediments, and rock contents of Sb show a somewhat lesser but nonetheless strong and similar correspondence. Factor analysis of stream-sediment data shows that those factor scores that are correlated with As, Sb, Au, and Pb also are high along the trend and suggest that mineralized rocks may be present. Although As was not detected by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) studies in heavy mineral concentrates of high-As stream sediments in the Carlin trend, X-ray absorption near-edge spectra (XANES) of selected light fractions of stream sediment samples indicate that Al-bearing phases, such as gibbsite, amorphous Al oxyhydroxides, or aluminosilicate clay minerals host most of the As(V). The best fit, visually and in terms of the lowest residual, was obtained by a model compound of As(V) sorbed to gibbsite. Thus, most As in stream sediments derived from altered rock within the Carlin trend apparently is contained in light fractions. The geochemical character of young, unconsolidated, postmineral deposits that cover mineralized rocks on the Carlin trend partly results from mineralized sources along the trend. Concentration of As in the Miocene Carlin Formation shows an exceptionally well developed progressive increase to about 30 ppm As as altered rock surrounding the trend is approached. Mineralized and/or altered rock fragments probably have been shed directly into the sedimentary basin of the Carlin Formation, and migration of As, now fixed as As(V), also may have occurred in the supergene environment after material was recycled out of the Carlin Formation and into present-day gulleys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.2.287","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Theodore, T.G., Kotlyar, B.B., Singer, D., Berger, V., Abbott, E., and Foster, A., 2003, Applied geochemistry, geology and mineralogy of the northernmost Carlin trend, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 2, p. 287-316, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.2.287.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Carlin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.17492675781251,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -115.9881591796875,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -115.9881591796875,\n 40.78885994449482\n ],\n [\n -116.17492675781251,\n 40.78885994449482\n ],\n [\n -116.17492675781251,\n 40.68063802521456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccde4b0c8380cd494cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Theodore, T. G.","contributorId":38122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"T.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kotlyar, B. B.","contributorId":74408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotlyar","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berger, V.I.","contributorId":50920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"V.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abbott, E.W.","contributorId":7890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Foster, A. L. 0000-0003-1362-0068","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":17190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025612,"text":"70025612 - 2003 - The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the northwestern US and the implications for ecosystem management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70025612","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the northwestern US and the implications for ecosystem management","docAbstract":"Fire is an important part of the disturbance regimes of northwestern US forests and its role in maintaining and altering forest vegetation is evident in the paleoecological record of the region. Long-term reconstructions of Holocene fire regimes, provided by the analysis of charcoal, pollen, and other fire proxies in a network of lake records, indicate that the Pacific Northwest and summer-dry regions of the northern Rocky Mountains experienced their highest fire activity in the early Holocene (11,000-7000 years ago) and during the Medieval Warm Period (ca. 1000 years ago) when drought conditions were more severe than today. In contrast, in summer-wet areas of the northern Rocky Mountains, the period of highest fire activity was registered in the last 7000 years when dry woodland vegetation developed. When synthesized across the entire northwestern US, the paleoecological record reveals that past and present fire regimes are strongly controlled by climate changes occurring on multiple time scales. The scarcity of fires in the 20th century in some northwestern US ecosystems may be the result of successful fire suppression policies, but in wetter forests this absence is consistent with long-term fire regime patterns. In addition, simulations of potential future climate and vegetation indicate that future fire conditions in some parts of the northwestern US could be more severe than they are today. The Holocene record of periods of intensified summer drought is used to assess the nature of future fire-climate-vegetation linkages in the region. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00051-3","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Whitlock, C., Shafer, S., and Marlon, J., 2003, The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the northwestern US and the implications for ecosystem management, in Forest Ecology and Management, v. 178, no. 1-2, p. 5-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00051-3.","startPage":"5","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209497,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00051-3"},{"id":236017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"178","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf61e4b08c986b32474d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitlock, C.","contributorId":105836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlock","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shafer, S.L.","contributorId":26789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marlon, J.","contributorId":20525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlon","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025478,"text":"70025478 - 2003 - Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025478","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Pyroclastic flows entering the sea are plausible mechanisms for tsunami generation at volcanic island arcs worldwide. We evaluate tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow using an example from Aniakchak volcano in Alaska where evidence for tsunami inundation coincident with a major, caldera-forming eruption of the volcano ca. 3.5 ka has been described. Using a numerical model, we simulate the tsunami and compare the results to field estimates of tsunami run up.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., and Watts, P., 2003, Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 14.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a692de4b0c8380cd73bdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, P.","contributorId":81669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025476,"text":"70025476 - 2003 - Establishing causality in the decline and deformity of amphibians: The amphibian research and monitoring initiative model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025476","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Establishing causality in the decline and deformity of amphibians: The amphibian research and monitoring initiative model","docAbstract":"Research to date has indicated that a range of environmental variables such as disease, parasitism, predation, competition, environmental contamination, solar ultraviolet radiation, climate change, or habitat alteration may be responsible for declining amphibian populations and the appearance of deformed organisms, yet in many cases no definitive environmental variable stands out as a causal factor. Multiple Stressors are often present in the habitat, and interactions among these can magnify injury to biota. This raises the possibility that the additive or synergistic impact of these Stressors may be the underlying cause of amphibian declines. Effective management for the restoration of amphibian populations requires the identification of causal factors contributing to their declines. A systematic approach to determine causality is especially important because initial impressions may be misleading or ambiguous. In addition, the evaluation of amphibian populations requires consideration of a broader spatial scale than commonly used in regulatory monitoring. We describe a systematic three-tiered approach to determine causality in amphibian declines and deformities. Tier 1 includes an evaluation of historic databases and extant data and would involve a desktop synopsis of the status of various stressors as well as site visits. Tier 2 studies are iterative, hypothesis driven studies beginning with general tests and continuing with analyses of increasing complexity as certain stressors are identified for further investigation. Tier 3 applies information developed in Tier 2 as predictive indicators of habitats and species at risk over broad landscape scales and provides decision support for the adaptive management of amphibian recovery. This comprehensive, tiered program could provide a mechanistic approach to identifying and addressing specific stressors responsible for amphibian declines across various landscapes.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Multiple Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations","conferenceDate":"16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002","conferenceLocation":"Pittsburgh, PA","language":"English","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Little, E.E., Bridges, C., Linder, G., and Boone, M., 2003, Establishing causality in the decline and deformity of amphibians: The amphibian research and monitoring initiative model, in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1443, Pittsburgh, PA, 16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002, p. 263-277.","startPage":"263","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1443","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a63e4b0c8380cd5232f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","contributorId":128348,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","id":536568,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bridges, C.M.","contributorId":104652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boone, M.","contributorId":70167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025957,"text":"70025957 - 2003 - Thermal exposure of juvenile fall chinook salmon migrating through a lower Snake River Reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T16:27:10","indexId":"70025957","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal exposure of juvenile fall chinook salmon migrating through a lower Snake River Reservoir","docAbstract":"Impoundment of the Snake River, Washington, has resulted in high water temperatures and late seaward migration of juvenile fall chinook salmon during summer months. To determine if juvenile fall chinook salmon are exposed to temperatures higher than the upper incipient lethal, we tagged groups of fish with temperature-sensing radio tags and tracked them in Little Goose Reservoir on the Snake River during the summers of 1998 and 1999. Spatial and temporal patterns of the reservoir's thermal environment were described using a bathythermograph. Little Goose Reservoir was generally homothermic, and temperatures selected by fish were typically not significantly different from mean water temperatures. No areas of thermal refugia existed in Little Goose Reservoir. Thermal exposure was most influenced by fish residence time in the reservoir within each year and by temperature differences between years. Current augmentation of Snake River summer flows with cold-water releases from Dworshak Dam in Idaho reduces the thermal exposure of juvenile fall chinook salmon by lowering water temperatures up to 4??C and may therefore increase their survival. Continued flow augmentation using water from Dworshak Reservoir may be the only mechanism to meet the temperature standard for the lower Snake River.
","language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Haskell, C.A., and Rondorf, D., 2003, Thermal exposure of juvenile fall chinook salmon migrating through a lower Snake River Reservoir: Northwest Science, v. 77, no. 2, p. 100-109.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.49877929687499,\n 46.837649560937464\n ],\n [\n -116.94946289062499,\n 46.649436163350245\n ],\n [\n -115.916748046875,\n 46.95776134668866\n ],\n [\n -115.400390625,\n 46.852678248531106\n ],\n [\n -115.57617187499999,\n 45.56021795715051\n ],\n [\n -118.16894531249999,\n 45.863237552964364\n ],\n [\n -119.4708251953125,\n 45.82497145796607\n ],\n [\n -119.50927734374999,\n 46.403776166694634\n ],\n [\n -118.8006591796875,\n 46.55130547880643\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 46.78501604269254\n ],\n [\n -117.49877929687499,\n 46.837649560937464\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb220e4b08c986b3255f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haskell, C. A.","contributorId":94082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haskell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025613,"text":"70025613 - 2003 - Mobile fishing gear reduces benthic megafaunal production on Georges Bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-10T19:41:05","indexId":"70025613","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mobile fishing gear reduces benthic megafaunal production on Georges Bank","docAbstract":"This study addresses the effect of mobile fishing gear disturbance on benthic megafaunal production on the gravel pavement of northern Georges Bank. From 1994 to 2000, we sampled benthic megafauna with a 1 m Naturalists' dredge at shallow (47 to 62 m) and deep (80 to 90 m) sites. The cessation of fishing in large areas of Georges Bank in January 1995 allowed us to monitor changes in production at a previously disturbed site. Production at a shallow disturbed site varied little over the sampling period (32 to 57 kcal m-2 yr-1) and was markedly lower than production at the nearby recovering site, where production increased from 17 kcal m-2yr -1 in 1994 before the closure to 215 kcal m-2 yr -1 in 2000. Atlantic sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus and green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis dominated production at the recovering site. The community production:biomass ratio decreased over time at the recovering site as the sea scallop population matured. At the deep sites, production remained significantly higher at undisturbed sites (174 to 256 kcal m-2 yr-1) than at disturbed sites (30 to 52 kcal m -2 yr-1). The soft-bodied tube-building polychaete Thelepus cincinnatus dominated production at the undisturbed site, while hard-shelled bivalve molluscs Astarte spp. and P. magellanicus were prevalent at the disturbed site. Mobile fishing gear disturbance has a conspicuous effect on benthic megafaunal production in this hard-bottom habitat. Cessation of mobile fishing has resulted in a marked increase in benthic megafaunal production. These findings should help fishery managers to gauge the costs and benefits of management tools such as area closures and low-impact fishing gears.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps260097","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Hermsen, J., Collie, J., and Valentine, P.C., 2003, Mobile fishing gear reduces benthic megafaunal production on Georges Bank: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 260, p. 97-108, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps260097.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478485,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps260097","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Banks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.663818359375,\n 40.763901280945866\n ],\n [\n -68.4228515625,\n 40.763901280945866\n ],\n [\n -68.4228515625,\n 42.415346114253616\n ],\n [\n -71.663818359375,\n 42.415346114253616\n ],\n [\n -71.663818359375,\n 40.763901280945866\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b8fe4b0c8380cd6f63c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hermsen, J.M.","contributorId":20132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hermsen","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collie, J.S.","contributorId":102217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collie","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025614,"text":"70025614 - 2003 - Phanerozoic strike-slip faulting in the continental interior platform of the United States: examples from the Laramide Orogen, Midcontinent, and Ancestral Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-04T17:58:25.595709","indexId":"70025614","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phanerozoic strike-slip faulting in the continental interior platform of the United States: examples from the Laramide Orogen, Midcontinent, and Ancestral Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"The continental interior platform of the United States is that part of the North American craton where a thin veneer of Phanerozoic strata covers Precambrian crystalline basement. N- to NE-trending and W- to NW-trending fault zones, formed initially by Proterozoic/Cambrian rifting, break the crust of the platform into rectilinear blocks. These zones were reactivated during the Phanerozoic, most notably in the late Palaeozoic Ancestral Rockies event and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Laramide orogeny — some remain active today. Dip-slip reactivation can be readily recognized in cross section by offset stratigraphic horizons and monoclinal fault-propagation folds. Strike-slip displacement is hard to document because of poor exposure. Though offset palaeochannels, horizontal slip lineations, and strain at fault bends locally demonstrate strike-slip offset, most reports of strike-slip movements for interior-platform faults are based on occurrence of map-view belts of en echelon faults and anticlines. Each belt overlies a basement-penetrating master fault, which typically splays upwards into a flower structure. In general, both strike-slip and dip-slip components of displacement occur in the same fault zone, so some belts of en echelon structures occur on the flanks of monoclinal folds. Thus, strike-slip displacement represents the lateral component of oblique fault reactivation; dip-slip and strike-slip components are the same order of magnitude (tens of metres to tens of kilometres). Effectively, faults with strike-slip components of displacement act as transfers accommodating jostling of rectilinear crustal blocks. In this context, the sense of slip on an individual strike-slip fault depends on block geometry, not necessarily on the trajectory of regional σ1. Strike-slip faulting in the North American interior differs markedly from that of southern and central Eurasia, possibly because of a contrast in lithosphere strength. Weak Eurasia strained significantly during the Alpine-Himalayan collision, forcing crustal blocks to undergo significant lateral escape. The strong North American craton strained relatively little during collisional-convergent orogeny, so crustal blocks underwent relatively small displacements.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.210.01.10","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Marshak, S., Nelson, W., and McBride, J., 2003, Phanerozoic strike-slip faulting in the continental interior platform of the United States: examples from the Laramide Orogen, Midcontinent, and Ancestral Rocky Mountains: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 210, p. 159-184, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.210.01.10.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"184","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"210","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a786ae4b0c8380cd786bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshak, S.","contributorId":34657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marshak","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, W.J.","contributorId":17762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024669,"text":"70024669 - 2003 - Vulnerability of nontarget goose species to hunting with electronic snow goose calls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024669","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability of nontarget goose species to hunting with electronic snow goose calls","docAbstract":"Since 1999, use of electronic calls has been legal for hunting lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens; hereafter snow geese) during special seasons or times of day when other waterfowl species could not be hunted in prairie Canada. Prior to expanding the use of electronic calls for hunting snow geese during fall hunting seasons, effects of these calls on nontarget goose species must be examined. Accordingly, we examined the vulnerability of Canada (Branta canadensis) and white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) (dark geese) to electronic snow goose calls and 3 goose decoy sets (dark, mixed, and white) during the 1999 fall hunting seasons in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Canada geese were 2.3 times more likely to fly within gun range (P<0.001) and the mean number killed/hour/hunter was 2.5 times greater (P=0.043) during control periods when hunters were silent or used traditional calling methods (i.e., hand-held and voice calls) than when hunters used electronic snow goose calls. Flock response and kill rate for Canada geese declined as proportions of white decoys increased in decoy sets (P<0.001). White-fronted geese were 1.8 times more likely to fly within gun range (P=0.050) and the mean number killed/hour/hunter was 5.0 times greater (P=0.022) during control periods than during periods when electronic snow goose calls were used. Flock response for white-fronted geese also declined as the proportion of white decoys increased in decoy sets (P<0.001). The legalization of electronic snow goose calls during fall hunting seasons in prairie Canada should not result in increased harvest of nontarget dark geese.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Caswell, J., Afton, A., and Caswell, F.D., 2003, Vulnerability of nontarget goose species to hunting with electronic snow goose calls: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 31, no. 4, p. 1117-1125.","startPage":"1117","endPage":"1125","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc37fe4b08c986b32b1f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caswell, J.H.","contributorId":12236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caswell","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caswell, F. Dale","contributorId":57403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caswell","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dale","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025956,"text":"70025956 - 2003 - Arthrophycus in the Silurian of Alabama (USA) and the problem of compound trace fossils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025956","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arthrophycus in the Silurian of Alabama (USA) and the problem of compound trace fossils","docAbstract":"Arthrophycus brongniartii (Harlan, 1832) is common in marginal-marine deposits in the Silurian Red Mountain Formation of Alabama. The ichnospecies, the second to be named in North America, is revived and emended after long disuse. Transitional forms to Rusophycus isp. and other morphologic evidence indicate that the maker of Arthrophycus was an arthropod, perhaps a trinucleine (raphiophorid?) trilobite. Interconnection of Arthrophycus and Nereites biserialis, as well as intergradation of Arthrophycus with Cruziana aff. quadrata, Phycodes flabellum, and Asterosoma ludwigae, indicate that these Red Mountain trace fossils were made by the same species of arthropod. Possible relationships with Arthrophycus alleghaniensis (Harlan, 1831) in the Silurian belt from Ontario to Tennessee are also explored. Ichnofamily Arthrophycidae Schimper, 1879 is emended. The ichnofamily is interpreted as chiefly the work of arthropods. Arthrophycus and other trace fossils from the Silurian of Alabama constitute a test case to build criteria for recognizing the members of complexes of trace fossils. In general, criteria such as interconnection of different forms, intergradation among unconnected forms, similarity of size, similarity of morphologic elements, and co-occurrence should be examined in order to determine the biologic and ethologic interrelationships of trace fossils. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00685-5","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Rindsberg, A.K., and Martin, A., 2003, Arthrophycus in the Silurian of Alabama (USA) and the problem of compound trace fossils: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 192, no. 1-4, p. 187-219, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00685-5.","startPage":"187","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208918,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00685-5"},{"id":235017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"192","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eda6e4b0c8380cd49913","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rindsberg, Andrew K.","contributorId":16612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rindsberg","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, A.J.","contributorId":63574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025954,"text":"70025954 - 2003 - Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025954","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence","docAbstract":"On 23 October 2002, the Mw 6.7 Nenana Mountain earthquake occurred in central Alaska. It was followed on 3 November 2002 by the Mw 7.9 Denali Fault mainshock, the largest strike-slip earthquake to occur in North America during the past 150 years. We have modeled static Coulomb stress transfer effects during this sequence. We find that the Nenana Mountain foreshock transferred 30-50 kPa of Coulomb stress to the hypocentral region of the Denali Fault mainshock, encouraging its occurrence. We also find that the two main earthquakes together transferred more than 400 kPa of Coulomb stress to the Cross Creek segment of the Totschunda fault system and to the Denali fault southeast of the mainshock rupture, and up to 80 kPa to the Denali fault west of the Nenana Mountain rupture. Other major faults in the region experienced much smaller static Coulomb stress changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Anderson, G., and Ji, C., 2003, Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 6, p. 43-1.","startPage":"43","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96f4e4b08c986b31b7d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, G.","contributorId":26490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ji, C.","contributorId":31093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025953,"text":"70025953 - 2003 - Selenium isotope fractionation during reduction by Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-sulfate (green rust)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:36:54","indexId":"70025953","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium isotope fractionation during reduction by Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-sulfate (green rust)","docAbstract":"We have determined the extent of Se isotope fractionation induced by reduction of selenate by sulfate interlayered green rust (GRSO4), a Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-sulfate. This compound is known to reduce selenate to Se(0), and it is the only naturally relevant abiotic selenate reduction pathway documented to date. Se reduction reactions, when they occur in nature, greatly reduce Se mobility and bioavailability. Se stable isotope analysis shows promise as an indicator of Se reduction, and Se isotope fractionation by various Se reactions must be known in order to refine this tool. We measured the increase in the 80Se/76Se ratio of dissolved selenate as lighter isotopes were preferentially consumed during reduction by GRSO4. Six different experiments that used GRSO4 made by two methods, with varying solution compositions and pH, yielded identical isotopic fractionations. Regression of all the data yielded an instantaneous isotope fractionation of 7.36 ± 0.24‰. Selenate reduction by GRSO4 induces much greater isotopic fractionation than does bacterial selenate reduction. If selenate reduction by GRSO4 occurs in nature, it may be identifiable on the basis of its relatively large isotopic fractionation.
The snowpack in the vicinity of the Mount Zirkel Wilderness Area is among the most acidic in the western United States. We analyzed water chemistry and examined hatching success in tiger salamanders and chorus frogs at ponds there and at nearby Rabbit Ears Pass (Dumont) to determine whether acid deposition affects amphibians or their breeding habitats at these potentially sensitive locations. We found a wide range of acid neutralizing capacity among ponds within sites; the minimum pH recorded during the experiment was 5.4 at one of 12 ponds with all others at pH ??? 5.7. At Dumont, hatching success for chorus frogs was greater in ponds with low acid neutralizing capacity; however, lowest pHs were >5.8. At current levels of acid deposition, weather and pond characteristics are likely more important than acidity in influencing hatching success in amphibian larvae at these sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Brill","doi":"10.1163/156853803763806911","issn":"01735373","usgsCitation":"Muths, E., Campbell, K., and Corn, P., 2003, Hatching success in salamanders and chorus frogs at two sites in Colorado, USA: Effects of acidic deposition and climate: Amphibia-Reptilia, v. 24, no. 1, p. 27-36, https://doi.org/10.1163/156853803763806911.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478570,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156853803763806911","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.190554,40.997607],[-106.061181,40.996999],[-105.730421,40.996886],[-105.724804,40.99691],[-105.277138,40.998173],[-105.27686,40.998173],[-105.256527,40.998191],[-105.254779,40.99821],[-104.943371,40.998084],[-104.855273,40.998048],[-104.829504,40.99927],[-104.675999,41.000957],[-104.497149,41.001828],[-104.497058,41.001805],[-104.467672,41.001473],[-104.214692,41.001657],[-104.214191,41.001568],[-104.211473,41.001591],[-104.123586,41.001626],[-104.10459,41.001543],[-104.086068,41.001563],[-104.066961,41.001504],[-104.053249,41.001406],[-104.039238,41.001502],[-104.023383,41.001887],[-104.018223,41.001617],[-103.972642,41.001615],[-103.971373,41.001524],[-103.953525,41.001596],[-103.906324,41.001387],[-103.896207,41.00175],[-103.877967,41.001673],[-103.858449,41.001681],[-103.750498,41.002054],[-103.574522,41.001721],[-103.497447,41.001635],[-103.486697,41.001914],[-103.421975,41.002007],[-103.421925,41.001969],[-103.396991,41.002558],[-103.382492,41.002232],[-103.365314,41.001846],[-103.362979,41.001844],[-103.077804,41.002298],[-103.076536,41.002253],[-103.059538,41.002368],[-103.057998,41.002368],[-103.043444,41.002344],[-103.038704,41.002251],[-103.002026,41.002486],[-103.000102,41.0024],[-102.98269,41.002157],[-102.981483,41.002112],[-102.963669,41.002186],[-102.962522,41.002072],[-102.960706,41.002059],[-102.959624,41.002095],[-102.94483,41.002303],[-102.943109,41.002051],[-102.925568,41.00228],[-102.924029,41.002142],[-102.906547,41.002276],[-102.904796,41.002207],[-102.887407,41.002178],[-102.885746,41.002131],[-102.867822,41.002183],[-102.865784,41.001988],[-102.849263,41.002301],[-102.846455,41.002256],[-102.830303,41.002351],[-102.82728,41.002143],[-102.773546,41.002414],[-102.766723,41.002275],[-102.754617,41.002361],[-102.739624,41.00223],[-102.653463,41.002332],[-102.621033,41.002597],[-102.578696,41.002291],[-102.575738,41.002268],[-102.575496,41.0022],[-102.566048,41.0022],[-102.556789,41.002219],[-102.487955,41.002445],[-102.470537,41.002382],[-102.469223,41.002424],[-102.379593,41.002301],[-102.364066,41.002174],[-102.292833,41.002207],[-102.292622,41.00223],[-102.292553,41.002207],[-102.291354,41.002207],[-102.2721,41.002245],[-102.267812,41.002383],[-102.231931,41.002327],[-102.2122,41.002462],[-102.209361,41.002442],[-102.19121,41.002326],[-102.124972,41.002338],[-102.070598,41.002423],[-102.051718,41.002377],[-102.051614,41.002377],[-102.051292,40.749591],[-102.051292,40.749586],[-102.051398,40.697542],[-102.051725,40.537839],[-102.051519,40.520094],[-102.051465,40.440008],[-102.05184,40.396396],[-102.051572,40.39308],[-102.051798,40.360069],[-102.051553,40.349214],[-102.051309,40.338381],[-102.051922,40.235344],[-102.051894,40.229193],[-102.051909,40.162674],[-102.052001,40.148359],[-102.051744,40.003078],[-102.051569,39.849805],[-102.051363,39.843471],[-102.051318,39.833311],[-102.051254,39.818992],[-102.050594,39.675594],[-102.050099,39.653812],[-102.050422,39.646048],[-102.049954,39.592331],[-102.049806,39.574058],[-102.049764,39.56818],[-102.049554,39.538932],[-102.049673,39.536691],[-102.049679,39.506183],[-102.049369,39.423333],[-102.04937,39.41821],[-102.049167,39.403597],[-102.04896,39.373712],[-102.048449,39.303138],[-102.04725,39.13702],[-102.047189,39.133147],[-102.047134,39.129701],[-102.046571,39.047038],[-102.045388,38.813392],[-102.045334,38.799463],[-102.045448,38.783453],[-102.045371,38.770064],[-102.045287,38.755528],[-102.045375,38.754339],[-102.045212,38.697567],[-102.045156,38.688555],[-102.045127,38.686725],[-102.04516,38.675221],[-102.045102,38.674946],[-102.045074,38.669617],[-102.045288,38.615249],[-102.045288,38.615168],[-102.045211,38.581609],[-102.045189,38.558732],[-102.045223,38.543797],[-102.045112,38.523784],[-102.045262,38.505532],[-102.045263,38.505395],[-102.045324,38.453647],[-102.044936,38.41968],[-102.044442,38.415802],[-102.044944,38.384419],[-102.044613,38.312324],[-102.044568,38.268819],[-102.044567,38.268749],[-102.04451,38.262412],[-102.044398,38.250015],[-102.044251,38.141778],[-102.044589,38.125013],[-102.044255,38.113011],[-102.044644,38.045532],[-102.043844,37.928102],[-102.043845,37.926135],[-102.043219,37.867929],[-102.043033,37.824146],[-102.042953,37.803535],[-102.042668,37.788758],[-102.042158,37.760164],[-102.04199,37.738541],[-102.041876,37.723875],[-102.041574,37.680436],[-102.041694,37.665681],[-102.041582,37.654495],[-102.041585,37.644282],[-102.041618,37.607868],[-102.041894,37.557977],[-102.041899,37.541186],[-102.042016,37.535261],[-102.041786,37.506066],[-102.041801,37.469488],[-102.041755,37.434855],[-102.041669,37.43474],[-102.041676,37.409898],[-102.041586,37.38919],[-102.041524,37.375018],[-102.042089,37.352819],[-102.041974,37.352613],[-102.041817,37.30949],[-102.041664,37.29765],[-102.041963,37.258164],[-102.042002,37.141744],[-102.042135,37.125021],[-102.042092,37.125021],[-102.041809,37.111973],[-102.041983,37.106551],[-102.04192,37.035083],[-102.041749,37.034397],[-102.041921,37.032178],[-102.04195,37.030805],[-102.041952,37.024742],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-102.054503,36.993109],[-102.184271,36.993593],[-102.208316,36.99373],[-102.260789,36.994388],[-102.355288,36.994506],[-102.355367,36.994575],[-102.698142,36.995149],[-102.74206,36.997689],[-102.75986,37.000019],[-102.778569,36.999242],[-102.806762,37.000019],[-102.814616,37.000783],[-102.841989,36.999598],[-102.979613,36.998549],[-102.985807,36.998571],[-102.986976,36.998524],[-103.002199,37.000104],[-103.086106,37.000174],[-103.155922,37.000232],[-103.733247,36.998016],[-103.734364,36.998041],[-104.007855,36.996239],[-104.250536,36.994644],[-104.338833,36.993535],[-104.519257,36.993766],[-104.624556,36.994377],[-104.625545,36.993599],[-104.645029,36.993378],[-104.732031,36.993447],[-104.73212,36.993484],[-105.000554,36.993264],[-105.029228,36.992729],[-105.1208,36.995428],[-105.155042,36.995339],[-105.220613,36.995169],[-105.251296,36.995605],[-105.41931,36.995856],[-105.442459,36.995994],[-105.447255,36.996017],[-105.465182,36.995991],[-105.508836,36.995895],[-105.512485,36.995777],[-105.533922,36.995875],[-105.62747,36.995679],[-105.66472,36.995874],[-105.716471,36.995849],[-105.71847,36.995846],[-105.996159,36.995418],[-105.997472,36.995417],[-106.006634,36.995343],[-106.201469,36.994122],[-106.247705,36.994266],[-106.248675,36.994288],[-106.293279,36.99389],[-106.343139,36.99423],[-106.47628,36.993839],[-106.500589,36.993768],[-106.617159,36.992967],[-106.617125,36.993004],[-106.628652,36.993175],[-106.628733,36.993161],[-106.661344,36.993243],[-106.675626,36.993123],[-106.750591,36.992461],[-106.869796,36.992426],[-106.877292,37.000139],[-107.420913,37.000005],[-107.420915,37.000005],[-107.481737,37.000005],[-108.000623,37.000001],[-108.249358,36.999015],[-108.250635,36.999561],[-108.288086,36.999555],[-108.2884,36.99952],[-108.320464,36.999499],[-108.320721,36.99951],[-108.379203,36.999459],[-108.619689,36.999249],[-108.620309,36.999287],[-108.954404,36.998906],[-108.958868,36.998913],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.045166,37.072742],[-109.045058,37.074661],[-109.044995,37.086429],[-109.045189,37.096271],[-109.045173,37.109464],[-109.045203,37.111958],[-109.045156,37.112064],[-109.045995,37.177279],[-109.045978,37.201831],[-109.045487,37.210844],[-109.045584,37.249351],[-109.046039,37.249993],[-109.04581,37.374993],[-109.043464,37.484711],[-109.043137,37.499992],[-109.041915,37.530653],[-109.041865,37.530726],[-109.041806,37.604171],[-109.042131,37.617662],[-109.042089,37.623795],[-109.042269,37.666067],[-109.041732,37.711214],[-109.04176,37.713182],[-109.041636,37.74021],[-109.042098,37.74999],[-109.041461,37.800105],[-109.041754,37.835826],[-109.041723,37.842051],[-109.041844,37.872788],[-109.041653,37.88117],[-109.041058,37.907236],[-109.043121,37.97426],[-109.042819,37.997068],[-109.04282,37.999301],[-109.041837,38.153022],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.054648,38.244921],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.059962,38.499987],[-109.060253,38.599328],[-109.059541,38.719888],[-109.057388,38.795456],[-109.054189,38.874984],[-109.053943,38.904414],[-109.053797,38.905284],[-109.053233,38.942467],[-109.053292,38.942878],[-109.052436,38.999985],[-109.051512,39.126095],[-109.050765,39.366677],[-109.051363,39.497674],[-109.05104,39.660472],[-109.050615,39.87497],[-109.050873,40.058915],[-109.050813,40.059579],[-109.050944,40.180712],[-109.050973,40.180849],[-109.050969,40.222662],[-109.050946,40.444368],[-109.050314,40.495092],[-109.050698,40.499963],[-109.049955,40.539901],[-109.050074,40.540358],[-109.048044,40.619231],[-109.048249,40.653601],[-109.048373,40.662602],[-109.049088,40.714562],[-109.048455,40.826081],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-108.884138,41.000094],[-108.631108,41.000156],[-108.526667,40.999608],[-108.500659,41.000112],[-108.250649,41.000114],[-108.181227,41.000455],[-108.046539,41.002064],[-107.918421,41.002036],[-107.625624,41.002124],[-107.367443,41.003073],[-107.317794,41.002967],[-107.241194,41.002804],[-107.000606,41.003444],[-106.857773,41.002663],[-106.453859,41.002057],[-106.439563,41.001978],[-106.437419,41.001795],[-106.43095,41.001752],[-106.391852,41.001176],[-106.386356,41.001144],[-106.321165,40.999123],[-106.217573,40.997734],[-106.190554,40.997607]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colorado\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f88e4b0c8380cd5ce83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muths, E.","contributorId":6394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corn, P.S.","contributorId":63751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025621,"text":"70025621 - 2003 - Response of sphagnum fuscum to nitrogen deposition: A case study of mbrogenous peatlands in Alberta, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T14:18:10.578026","indexId":"70025621","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1087,"text":"Bryologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Response of sphagnum fuscum to nitrogen deposition: A case study of mbrogenous peatlands in Alberta, Canada","title":"Response of sphagnum fuscum to nitrogen deposition: A case study of mbrogenous peatlands in Alberta, Canada","docAbstract":"Peatlands cover about 30% of northeastern Alberta and are ecosystems that are sensitive to nitrogen deposition. In polluted areas of the UK, high atmospheric N deposition (as a component of acid deposition) has been considered among the causes of Sphagnum decline in bogs (ombrogenous peatlands). In relatively unpolluted areas of western Canada and northern Sweden, short-term experimental studies have shown that Sphagnum responds quickly to nutrient loading, with uptake and retention of nitrogen and increased production. Here we examine the response of Sphagnum fuscum to enhanced nitrogen deposition generated during 34 years of oil sands mining through the determination of net primary production (NPP) and nitrogen concentrations in the upper peat column. We chose six continental bogs receiving differing atmospheric nitrogen loads (modeled using a CALPUFF 2D dispersion model). Sphagnum fuscum net primary production (NPP) at the high deposition site (Steepbank—mean of 600 g/m2; median of 486 g/m2) was over three times as high than at five other sites with lower N deposition. Additionally, production of S. fuscum may be influenced to some extent by distance of the moss surface from the water table. Across all sites, peat nitrogen concentrations are highest at the surface, decreasing in the top 3 cm with no significant change with increasing depth. We conclude that elevated N deposition at the Steepbank site has enhanced Sphagnum production. Increased N concentrations are evident only in the top 1-cm of the peat profile. Thus, 34 years after mine startup, increased N-deposition has increased net primary production of Sphagnum fuscum without causing elevated levels of nitrogen in the organic matter profile. A response to N-stress for Sphagnum fuscum is proposed at 14–34 kg ha−1 yr−1. A review of N-deposition values reveals a critical N-deposition value of between 14.8 and 15.7 kg ha−1 yr−1 for NPP of Sphagnum species.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0235:ROSFTN]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00072745","usgsCitation":"Vitt, D., Wieder, K., Halsey, L., and Turetsky, M., 2003, Response of sphagnum fuscum to nitrogen deposition: A case study of mbrogenous peatlands in Alberta, Canada: Bryologist, v. 106, no. 2, p. 235-245, https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0235:ROSFTN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Alberta","otherGeospatial":"northeast Alberta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.57617187499999,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 59.977005492196\n ],\n [\n -115.57617187499999,\n 59.977005492196\n ],\n [\n -115.57617187499999,\n 56.31653672211301\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa1fe4b0c8380cd86169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vitt, D.H.","contributorId":17029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vitt","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieder, K.","contributorId":58072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieder","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halsey, L.A.","contributorId":26497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halsey","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turetsky, M.","contributorId":108302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025622,"text":"70025622 - 2003 - Geostatistics and the representative elementary volume of gamma ray tomography attenuation in rocks cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-04T17:54:57.701764","indexId":"70025622","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geostatistics and the representative elementary volume of gamma ray tomography attenuation in rocks cores","docAbstract":"Semivariograms of samples of Culebra Dolomite have been determined at two different resolutions for gamma ray computed tomography images. By fitting models to semivariograms, small-scale and large-scale correlation lengths are determined for four samples. Different semivariogram parameters were found for adjacent cores at both resolutions. Relative elementary volume (REV) concepts are related to the stationarity of the sample. A scale disparity factor is defined and is used to determine sample size required for ergodic stationarity with a specified correlation length. This allows for comparison of geostatistical measures and representative elementary volumes. The modifiable areal unit problem is also addressed and used to determine resolution effects on correlation lengths. By changing resolution, a range of correlation lengths can be determined for the same sample. Comparison of voxel volume to the best-fit model correlation length of a single sample at different resolutions reveals a linear scaling effect. Using this relationship, the range of the point value semivariogram is determined. This is the range approached as the voxel size goes to zero. Finally, these results are compared to the regularization theory of point variables for borehole cores and are found to be a better fit for predicting the volume-averaged range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.08","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Vogel, J.R., and Brown, G., 2003, Geostatistics and the representative elementary volume of gamma ray tomography attenuation in rocks cores: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 215, p. 81-93, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.08.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387687,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"215","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28b4e4b0c8380cd5a32c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogel, J. R.","contributorId":21639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, G.O.","contributorId":53580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"G.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025473,"text":"70025473 - 2003 - Natural background concentrations of nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025473","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural background concentrations of nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Determining natural background concentrations of nutrients in watersheds in the developed world has been hampered by a lack of pristine sampling sites covering a range of climatic conditions and basin sizes. Using data from 63 minimally impacted U.S. Geological Survey reference basins, we developed empirical models of the background yield of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from small watersheds as functions of annual runoff, basin size, atmospheric nitrogen deposition rate, and region-specific factors. We applied previously estimated in-stream loss rates to yields from the small watershed models to obtain estimates of background TN and TP yield and concentration throughout the stream/river network in 14 ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Background TN concentration varies from less than 0.02 mg L-1 in the xeric west to more than 0.5 mg L-1 along the southeastern coastal plain. Background TP concentration varies from less than 0.006 mg L-1 in the xeric west to more than 0.08 mg L-1 in the great plains. TN concentrations in U.S. streams and rivers currently exceed natural background levels by a much larger factor (6.4) than do TP concentrations (2.0). Because of local variation in runoff and other factors, the range of background nutrient concentrations is very large within some nutrient ecoregions. It is likely that background concentrations in some streams in these regions exceed proposed nutrient criteria.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es020663b","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.A., Alexander, R.B., and Schwarz, G., 2003, Natural background concentrations of nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 37, no. 14, p. 3039-3047, https://doi.org/10.1021/es020663b.","startPage":"3039","endPage":"3047","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209524,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es020663b"},{"id":236081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a62e3e4b0c8380cd7218a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarz, G. E. 0000-0002-9239-4566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":14852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025943,"text":"70025943 - 2003 - Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70025943","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise","docAbstract":"The discovery of Brandon vent on the southern East Pacific Rise is providing new insights into the controls on midocean ridge hydrothermal vent fluid chemistry. The physical conditions at the time ofsampling (287 bar and 405??C) place the Brandon fluids very close to the critical point of seawater (298 bar and 407??C). This permits in situ study of the effects of near criticalphenomena, which are interpreted to be the primary cause of enhanced transition metal transport in these fluids. Of the five orifices on Brandon sampled, three were venting fluids with less than seawater chlorinity, and two were venting fluids with greater than seawater chlorinity. The liquid phase orifices contain 1.6-1.9 times the chloride content of the vapors. Most other elements, excluding the gases, have this same ratio demonstrating the conservative nature of phase separation and the lack of subsequent water-rock interaction. The vapor and liquid phases vent at the same time from orifices within meters of each other on the Brandon structure. Variations in fluid compositions occur on a time scale of minutes. Our interpretation is that phase separation and segregation must be occurring 'real time' within the sulfide structure itself. Fluids from Brandon therefore provide an unique opportunity to understand in situ phase separation without the overprinting of continued water-rock interaction with the oceanic crust, as well as critical phenomena. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Von Damm, K.L., Lilley, M., Shanks, W., Brockington, M., Bray, A., O’Grady, K.M., Olson, E., Graham, A., and Proskurowski, G., 2003, Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 206, no. 3-4, p. 365-378, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6.","startPage":"365","endPage":"378","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208839,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6"}],"volume":"206","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e64e4b0c8380cd53423","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Von Damm, Karen L.","contributorId":87701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Damm","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilley, M.D.","contributorId":21299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilley","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C.","contributorId":39419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brockington, M.","contributorId":79682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brockington","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bray, A.M.","contributorId":39536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Grady, K. M.","contributorId":33101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Grady","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Olson, E.","contributorId":53974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Graham, A.","contributorId":24517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Proskurowski, G.","contributorId":47955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proskurowski","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ]}