{"pageNumber":"289","pageRowStart":"7200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10458,"records":[{"id":70024561,"text":"70024561 - 2002 - The proximal part of the giant submarine Wailau landslide, Molokai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024561","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The proximal part of the giant submarine Wailau landslide, Molokai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The main break-in-slope on the northern submarine flank of Molokai at -1500 to -1250 m is a shoreline feature that has been only modestly modified by the Wailau landslide. Submarine canyons above the break-in-slope, including one meandering stream, were subaerially carved. Where such canyons cross the break-in-slope, plunge pools may form by erosion from bedload sediment carried down the canyons. West Molokai Volcano continued infrequent volcanic activity that formed a series of small coastal sea cliffs, now submerged, as the island subsided. Lavas exposed at the break-in-slope are subaerially erupted and emplaced tholeiitic shield lavas. Submarine rejuvenated-stage volcanic cones formed after the landslide took place and following at least 400-500 m of subsidence after the main break-in-slope had formed. The sea cliff on east Molokai is not the headwall of the landslide, nor did it form entirely by erosion. It may mark the location of a listric fault similar to the Hilina faults on present-day Kilauea Volcano. The Wailau landslide occurred about 1.5 Ma and the Kalaupapa Peninsula most likely formed 330??5 ka. Molokai is presently stable relative to sea level and has subsided no more than 30 m in the last 330 ka. At their peak, West and East Molokai stood 1.6 and 3 km above sea level. High rainfall causes high surface runoff and formation of canyons, and increases groundwater pressure that during dike intrusions may lead to flank failure. Active shield or postshield volcanism (with dikes injected along rift zones) and high rainfall appear to be two components needed to trigger the deep-seated giant Hawaiian landslides. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00261-X","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., and Moore, J., 2002, The proximal part of the giant submarine Wailau landslide, Molokai, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 113, no. 1-2, p. 259-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00261-X.","startPage":"259","endPage":"287","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207778,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00261-X"},{"id":232981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baedae4b08c986b3243b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024556,"text":"70024556 - 2002 - Sediment transport on the Palos Verdes shelf over seasonal to decadal time scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024556","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment transport on the Palos Verdes shelf over seasonal to decadal time scales","docAbstract":"We combine direct observations, longer-term wave data, and model calculations to characterize resuspension and transport of fine-grained, effluent-affected sediment on the Palos Verdes shelf. Near-bed waves, currents, and suspended sediment concentrations were monitored during the winter of 1992-93 with a bottom tripod and current-meter mooring at a 63-m-deep site. Wave conditions that winter were moderate (??? 2 year recurrence interval), and mean current was alongshelf to the northwest; currents were not significantly correlated with wave conditions. Seven wave events during the winter (December-March) produced near-bed wave orbital velocities at the study site in excess of 14 cm s-1, the observed threshold for significant resuspension. Three of these events occurred during the bottom tripod deployment and are characterized by the highest persistent suspended sediment concentrations in the tripod record. Suspended sediment flux was alongshelf to the northwest for 5 of the 6 wave events for which current data were available; one event occurred during low southeast currents. Measured suspended sediment concentration and grain size generally agree with values that were calculated using a shelf sediment transport model with no adjustment of parameters from values determined for two muddy sites on the northern California shelf. We extend our seasonal observations to a period of almost 2 decades by applying the observed thresholds for wave-driven resuspension to near-bed wave conditions calculated from NDBC Buoy 46025 surface wave data. An average of 10 resuspension events per year, with an average duration of 1.6 days, were identified at a water depth of 60 m; the number of events dropped to 3 per year at 90 m, beyond the shelf break. For the majority of these events, calculated net suspended sediment flux is toward the northwest (alongshelf) at an average rate of 140 kg m-1 h-1; about a third of the events have net southeastward flux at an average rate of 30 kg m-1 h-1. The calculated thickness of the resuspended surface layer of the bed was less than 1 cm for all events at 60 m. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00116-9","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Wiberg, P., Drake, D., Harris, C.K., and Noble, M., 2002, Sediment transport on the Palos Verdes shelf over seasonal to decadal time scales: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 6-7, p. 987-1004, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00116-9.","startPage":"987","endPage":"1004","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207734,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00116-9"},{"id":232913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89e6e4b08c986b316f22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, C. K.","contributorId":80337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noble, M.","contributorId":15340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024534,"text":"70024534 - 2002 - Classification of reaches in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers based on flow characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T15:40:07","indexId":"70024534","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of reaches in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers based on flow characteristics","docAbstract":"<p><span>Several aspects of flow have been shown to be important determinants of biological community structure and function in streams, yet direct application of this approach to large rivers has been limited. Using a multivariate approach, we grouped flow gauges into hydrologically similar units in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers and developed a model based on flow variability parameters that could be used to test hypotheses about the role of flow in determining aquatic community structure. This model could also be used for future comparisons as the hydrological regime changes. A suite of hydrological parameters for the recent, post-impoundment period (1 October 1966–30 September 1996) for each of 15 gauges along the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers were initially used. Preliminary graphical exploration identified five variables for use in further multivariate analyses. Six hydrologically distinct units composed of gauges exhibiting similar flow characteristics were then identified using cluster analysis. Discriminant analyses identified the three most influential variables as flow per unit drainage area, coefficient of variation of mean annual flow, and flow constancy. One surprising result was the relative similarity of flow regimes between the two uppermost and three lowermost gauges, despite large differences in magnitude of flow and separation by roughly 3000 km. Our results synthesize, simplify and interpret the complex changes in flow occurring along the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers, and provide an objective grouping for future tests of how these changes may affect biological communities.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.635","usgsCitation":"Pegg, M.A., and Pierce, C.L., 2002, Classification of reaches in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers based on flow characteristics: River Research and Applications, v. 18, no. 1, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.635.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1118&context=nrem_pubs","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River, Yellowstone River","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f61ce4b0c8380cd4c5cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pegg, Mark A.","contributorId":198830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pegg","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, Clay L. cpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Clay","email":"cpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":350,"text":"Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024520,"text":"70024520 - 2002 - Spatial scales of carbon flow in a river food web","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T16:40:59.727122","indexId":"70024520","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial scales of carbon flow in a river food web","docAbstract":"<p>Spatial extents of food webs that support stream and river consumers are largely unknown, but such information is essential for basic understanding and management of lotic ecosystems. <span>We used predictable variation in algal δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C with water velocity, and measurements of consumer δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N</span> to examine carbon flow and trophic structure in food webs of the South Fork Eel River in Northern California. Analyses of <span>δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C</span> showed that the most abundant macroinvertebrate groups (collector-gatherers and scrapers) relied on algae from local sources within their riffle or shallow pool habitats. In contrast, filter-feeding invertebrates in riffles relied in part on algal production derived from upstream shallow pools. Riffle invertebrate predators also relied in part on consumers of pool-derived algal carbon. One abundant taxon drifting from shallow pools and riffles (baetid mayflies) relied on algal production derived from the habitats from which they dispersed. The trophic linkage from pool algae to riffle invertebrate predators was thus mediated through either predation on pool herbivores dispersing into riffles, or on filter feeders. Algal production in shallow pool habitats dominated the resource base of vertebrate predators in all habitats at the end of the summer. We could not distinguish between the trophic roles of riffle algae and terrestrial detritus, but both carbon sources appeared to play minor roles for vertebrate consumers. In shallow pools, small vertebrates, including three-spined stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>), roach (<i>Hesperoleucas symmetricus</i>), and rough-skinned newts (<i>Taricha granulosa</i>), relied on invertebrate prey derived from local pool habitats. During the most productive summer period, growth of all size classes of steelhead and resident rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) in all habitats (shallow pools, riffles, and deep unproductive pools) was largely derived from algal production in shallow pools. Preliminary data suggest that the strong role of shallow pool algae in riffle steelhead growth during summer periods was due to drift of pool invertebrates to riffles, rather than movement of riffle trout. Data for <span>δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N</span> showed that resident rainbow trout (25-33 cm standard length) in deep pools preyed upon small size classes of juvenile steelhead that were most often found in riffles or shallow pools. While many invertebrate consumers relied primarily on algal production derived from local habitats, our study shows that growth of top predators in the river is strongly linked to food webs in adjacent habitats. These results suggest a key role for emigration of aquatic prey in determining carbon flow to top predators.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1845:SSOCFI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Finlay, J., Khandwala, S., and Power, M., 2002, Spatial scales of carbon flow in a river food web: Ecology, v. 83, no. 7, p. 1845-1859, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1845:SSOCFI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1845","endPage":"1859","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South Fork Eel River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.64288330078126,\n              39.58769895822252\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.44100952148439,\n              39.58769895822252\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.4423828125,\n              39.68129756502578\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.53439331054689,\n              39.68182601089365\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.64288330078126,\n              39.675484393594814\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.64288330078126,\n              39.58769895822252\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94a6e4b08c986b31abcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finlay, J. C.","contributorId":58057,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finlay","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[{"id":13008,"text":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Khandwala, S.","contributorId":10582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khandwala","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, M.E.","contributorId":103994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024512,"text":"70024512 - 2002 - Low abundance materials at the mars pathfinder landing site: An investigation using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70024512","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Low abundance materials at the mars pathfinder landing site: An investigation using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques","docAbstract":"Recalibrated and geometrically registered multispectral images from the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) were analyzed using Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) and related techniques. SMA models a multispectral image scene as a linear combination of end-member spectra, and anomalous materials which do not fit the model are detected as model residuals. While most of the IMP data studied here are modeled generally well using \"Bright Dust,\" \"Gray Rock,\" and \"Shade\" image endmembers, additional anomalous materials were detected through careful analysis of root mean square (RMS) error images resulting from SMA. For example, analysis of SMA fraction and RMS images indicates spectral differences within a previously monolithologic Dark Soil class. A type of Dark Soil that has high fractional abundances in rock fraction images (Gray Rock Soil) was identified. Other anomalous materials identified included a previously noted \"Black Rock\" lithology, a class of possibly indurated, compacted, or partially cemented soils (\"Intermediate Soil\"), and a unit referred to as \"Anomalous Patches\" on at least one rock. The Black Rock lithology has a strong 900-1000-nm absorption, and modeling of the derived image endmembers using a laboratory reference endmember modeling (REM) approach produced best-fit model spectra that are most consistent with the presence of high-Ca pyroxenes and/or olivine, crystalline ferric oxide minerals, or mixtures of these materials as important components of the Black Rock endmember. More unique mineralogic identifications could not be obtained using our initial REM analyses. Both Intermediate Soil and Anomalous Patches units exhibit a relatively narrow 860-950-nm absorption that is consistent with the presence of either low-Ca pyroxenes or a cementing crystalline ferric oxide mineral. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.2002.6865","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Bell, J., Farrand, W.H., Johnson, J.R., and Morris, R., 2002, Low abundance materials at the mars pathfinder landing site: An investigation using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques: Icarus, v. 158, no. 1, p. 56-71, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2002.6865.","startPage":"56","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207973,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.2002.6865"},{"id":233303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"158","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a00e4b0c8380cd68a4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, J.F. III","contributorId":97612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrand, W. H.","contributorId":64372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, R.V.","contributorId":6978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024482,"text":"70024482 - 2002 - Methylmercury in flood-control impoundments and natural waters of northwestern Minnesota, 1997-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T10:48:02","indexId":"70024482","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methylmercury in flood-control impoundments and natural waters of northwestern Minnesota, 1997-99","docAbstract":"<p>We studied methylmercury (MeHg) and total mercury (HgT) in impounded and natural surface waters in northwestern Minnesota, in settings ranging from agricultural to undeveloped. In a recently constructed (1995) permanent-pool impoundment, MeHg levels typically increased from inflow to outflow during 1997; this trend broke down from late 1998 to early 1999. MeHg levels in the outflow reached seasonal maxima in mid-summer (maximum of 1.0 ng L<sup>&minus;1</sup> in July 1997) and late-winter (maximum of 6.6 ng L<sup>&minus;1</sup> in February 1999), and are comparable to high levels observed in new hydroelectric reservoirs in Canada. Spring and autumn MeHg levels were typically about 0.1&ndash;0.2 ng L<sup>&minus;1</sup>. Overall, MeHg levels in both the inflow (a ditch that drains peatlands) and outflow were significantly higher than in three nearby reference natural lakes. Eleven older permanent-pool impoundments and six natural lakes in northwestern Minnesota were sampled five times. The impoundments typically had higher MeHg levels (0.071&ndash;8.36 ng L<sup>&minus;1</sup>) than natural lakes. Five of six lakes MeHg levels typical of uncontaminated lakes (0.014&ndash;1.04 ng L<sup>&minus;1</sup>) with highest levels in late winter, whereas a hypereutrophic lake had high levels (0.37&ndash;3.67 ng L<sup>&minus;1</sup>) with highest levels in mid-summer. Seven temporary-pool impoundments were sampled during summer high-flow events. Temporary-pool impoundments that retained water for about 10&ndash;15 days after innundation yielded pronounced increases in MeHg from inflow to outflow, in one case reaching 4.6 ng L<sup>&minus;1</sup>, which was about 2 ng L<sup>&minus;1</sup> greater than the mean inflow concentration during the runoff event.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1015573621474","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Brigham, M.E., Krabbenhoft, D., Olson, M., and DeWild, J., 2002, Methylmercury in flood-control impoundments and natural waters of northwestern Minnesota, 1997-99: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 138, no. 1, p. 61-78, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015573621474.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"78","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207998,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015573621474"},{"id":233338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.06994628906249,\n              48.454708881876854\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.8941650390625,\n              48.454708881876854\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.7403564453125,\n              48.44742209577057\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.4876708984375,\n              48.494767515307295\n            ],\n            [\n           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E.","contributorId":87535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, M.L.","contributorId":21989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeWild, J.F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":56375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"J.F.","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025122,"text":"70025122 - 2002 - Solving Wakulla Springs underwater mysteries. Using GPS to map Florida's underground caverns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025122","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1918,"text":"Hydro International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solving Wakulla Springs underwater mysteries. Using GPS to map Florida's underground caverns","docAbstract":"Located in the Woodville Karst Plain stretching south from Tallahassee to the Gulf of Mexico, Florida's Wakulla Springs is one of the largest and deepest freshwater Springs in the world. It is also a gateway into one of the longest underwater cave system in the United States, a system that remained largely unexplored until recently. Soon, however, thanks to one of the world's most extreme scientific and exploration-related diving projects ever undertaken, visitors to Wakulla Springs State Park will be able to take a virtual tour through the Spring's huge underwater labyrinth. Using such cutting-edge technology as a 3D Digital Wall Mapper (DWM) and the Global Positioning System (GPS), the Wakulla 2 Expedition - with 151 volunteer cave divers, scientists and engineers from all over the world - created the world's first three-dimensional digital map of an underwater cave. Underwater caves are priceless treasures, helping supply fresh water to the region as well as acting as 'time capsules' to the past. Home to creatures found in few other places, areas such as Wakulla face threats of pollution and over-development. Wakulla 2 hopes their 3D interactive 'swim through' will help increase the understanding and preservation of these important areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydro International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"13854569","usgsCitation":"Am, E.B., 2002, Solving Wakulla Springs underwater mysteries. Using GPS to map Florida's underground caverns: Hydro International, v. 6, no. 6, p. 56-59.","startPage":"56","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b925fe4b08c986b319e9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Am, Ende B.","contributorId":6643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Am","given":"Ende","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024476,"text":"70024476 - 2002 - Does bird community structure vary with landscape patchiness? A Chihuahuan Desert perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024476","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does bird community structure vary with landscape patchiness? A Chihuahuan Desert perspective","docAbstract":"During the springs of 1995-1997, we studied birds and landscapes at 70 sites in the Chihuahuan Desert to assess relations between bird community structure and landscape patchiness. Within each of two spatial extents (1-kin and 2-km-radius areas centered on each site), we measured the number of patches of individual land-cover types and the total number of patches of all land-cover types. Mean bird richness, and the mean abundance and probability of occurrence of most bird species were significantly correlated with one or more of these variables. Contrary to evidence from other systems, positive association with landscape patchiness did not increase with the degree to which species were habitat generalists, was not negatively related to body size, and did not differ between neotropical migrants and nonmigrants. For the communities' primary constituent species as a group, the strength of positive and negative associations with patchiness did not differ between landscape extents. Within the 1-km but not the 2-km extent, habitat specialists were more positively and negatively associated with patchiness than were habitat generalists. In general, however, neither habitat breadth, body size, nor migratory status seemed to be responsible for associations with landscape patchiness. Mean richness, and the mean abundance and probability of occurrence of most species were significantly correlated with patchiness within one or both extents, and patchiness of all of the most extensive land-cover types was influential. The simplest explanation for most of the bird-patchiness relations we found is that the associations reflected species-specific habitat needs. Through effects on avian richness, abundance, and occurrence, landscape patchiness affected bird community structure. A more complete understanding of the effects of landscape patchiness on bird community structure is likely to emerge when ecologists study the patchiness of major land-cover types at various spatial extents.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oikos","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980210.x","issn":"00301299","usgsCitation":"Gutzwiller, K., and Barrow, W., 2002, Does bird community structure vary with landscape patchiness? A Chihuahuan Desert perspective: Oikos, v. 98, no. 2, p. 284-298, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980210.x.","startPage":"284","endPage":"298","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207941,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980210.x"},{"id":233262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a038ce4b0c8380cd50521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutzwiller, K.J.","contributorId":78124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutzwiller","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barrow, W.C. Jr. 0000-0003-4671-2823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":11183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"W.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024470,"text":"70024470 - 2002 - The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024470","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate","docAbstract":"Unusual monotonous intermediate ignimbrites consist of phenocryst-rich dacite that occurs as very large volume (> 1000 km3) deposits that lack systematic compositional zonation, comagmatic rhyolite precursors, and underlying plinian beds. They are distinct from countless, usually smaller volume, zoned rhyolite-dacite-andesite deposits that are conventionally believed to have erupted from magma chambers in which thermal and compositional gradients were established because of sidewall crystallization and associated convective fractionation. Despite their great volume, or because of it, monotonous intermediates have received little attention. Documentation of the stratigraphy, composition, and geologic setting of the Lund Tuff - one of four monotonous intermediate tuffs in the middle-Tertiary Great Basin ignimbrite province - provides insight into its unusual origin and, by implication, the origin of other similar monotonous intermediates. The Lund Tuff is a single cooling unit with normal magnetic polarity whose volume likely exceeded 3000 km3. It was emplaced 29.02 ?? 0.04 Ma in and around the coeval White Rock caldera which has an unextended north-south diameter of about 50 km. The tuff is monotonous in that its phenocryst assemblage is virtually uniform throughout the deposit: plagioclase > quartz ??? hornblende > biotite > Fe-Ti oxides ??? sanidine > titanite, zircon, and apatite. However, ratios of phenocrysts vary by as much as an order of magnitude in a manner consistent with progressive crystallization in the pre-eruption chamber. A significant range in whole-rock chemical composition (e.g., 63-71 wt% SiO2) is poorly correlated with phenocryst abundance. These compositional attributes cannot have been caused wholly by winnowing of glass from phenocrysts during eruption, as has been suggested for the monotonous intermediate Fish Canyon Tuff. Pumice fragments are also crystal-rich, and chemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from bulk tuff. We postulate that convective mixing in a sill-like magma chamber precluded development of a zoned chamber with a rhyolitic top or of a zoned pyroclastic deposit. Chemical variations in the Lund Tuff are consistent with equilibrium crystallization of a parental dacitic magma followed by eruptive mixing of compositionally diverse crystals and high-silica rhyolite vitroclasts during evacuation and emplacement. This model contrasts with the more systematic withdrawal from a bottle-shaped chamber in which sidewall crystallization creates a marked vertical compositional gradient and a substantial volume of capping-evolved rhyolite magma. Eruption at exceptionally high discharge rates precluded development of an underlying plinian deposit. The generation of the monotonous intermediate Lund magma and others like it in the middle Tertiary of the western USA reflects an unusually high flux of mantle-derived mafic magma into unusually thick and warm crust above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Maughan, L., Christiansen, E.H., Best, M.G., Grommé, C., Deino, A., and Tingey, D., 2002, The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 113, no. 1-2, p. 129-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6.","startPage":"129","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207882,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6"},{"id":233155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae51e4b08c986b323feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maughan, L.L.","contributorId":72981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, E. H.","contributorId":65077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Best, M. G.","contributorId":57843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grommé, C. S.","contributorId":38558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grommé","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Deino, A.L.","contributorId":61153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deino","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tingey, D.G.","contributorId":102145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tingey","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024463,"text":"70024463 - 2002 - Adaptive inference for distinguishing credible from incredible patterns in nature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:41:00","indexId":"70024463","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive inference for distinguishing credible from incredible patterns in nature","docAbstract":"Strong inference is a powerful and rapid tool that can be used to identify and explain patterns in molecular biology, cell biology, and physiology. It is effective where causes are single and separable and where discrimination between pairwise alternative hypotheses can be determined experimentally by a simple yes or no answer. But causes in ecological systems are multiple and overlapping and are not entirely separable. Frequently, competing hypotheses cannot be distinguished by a single unambiguous test, but only by a suite of tests of different kinds, that produce a body of evidence to support one line of argument and not others. We call this process \"adaptive inference\". Instead of pitting each member of a pair of hypotheses against each other, adaptive inference relies on the exuberant invention of multiple, competing hypotheses, after which carefully structured comparative data are used to explore the logical consequences of each. Herein we present an example that demonstrates the attributes of adaptive inference that have developed out of a 30-year study of the resilience of ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-001-0076-2","usgsCitation":"Holling, C.S., and Allen, C.R., 2002, Adaptive inference for distinguishing credible from incredible patterns in nature: Ecosystems, v. 5, no. 4, p. 319-328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0076-2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"328","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e4e4b0c8380cd476e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holling, Crawford S.","contributorId":20511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holling","given":"Crawford","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025124,"text":"70025124 - 2002 - A review of the multiwell experiment in tight gas sandstones of the Mesaverde Group, Piceance Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025124","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of the multiwell experiment in tight gas sandstones of the Mesaverde Group, Piceance Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Cretaceous Iles and Williams Fork Formations of the Mesaverde Group contain important reservoir and source rocks for basin-centered gas accumulations in the Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado. The sandstones in these formations have very low permeability, so low that successful production of gas requires the presence of fractures. To increase gas production, the natural fracture system of these \"tight gas sandstones\" must be augmented by inducing artificial fractures, while minimizing the amount of formation damage due to introduced fluids. The Multiwell Experiment was undertaken to provide geological characterization, obtain physical property data, and perform stimulation experiments in the Iles and Williams Fork Formations. Three vertical wells and one follow-up slant well were drilled, logged, partially cored, tested for gas production, stimulated in various manners, and tested again. Drawing from published reports and papers, this review paper presents well log, core, and test data from the Multiwell Experiment while emphasizing the geological controls on gas production at the site. Gas production is controlled primarily by a set of regional fractures trending west-northwest. The fractures are vertical, terminating at lithologic boundaries within and at the upper and lower boundaries of sandstone beds. Fractures formed preferentially in sandstones where in situ stress and fracture gradients are lower than in shales and mudstones. The fractures cannot be identified adequately in vertical wellbores; horizontal wells are required. Because present-day maximum horizontal stress is aligned with the regional fractures, artificial fractures induced by pressuring the wellbore form parallel to the regional fractures rather than linking them, with consequent limitations upon enhancement of gas production.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., 2002, A review of the multiwell experiment in tight gas sandstones of the Mesaverde Group, Piceance Basin, Colorado: Mountain Geologist, v. 39, no. 3, p. 53-71.","startPage":"53","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e55ee4b0c8380cd46cf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, P. H.","contributorId":42238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024460,"text":"70024460 - 2002 - A pitfall in shallow shear-wave refraction surveying","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024460","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pitfall in shallow shear-wave refraction surveying","docAbstract":"The shallow shear-wave refraction method works successfully in an area with a series of horizontal layers. However, complex near-surface geology may not fit into the assumption of a series of horizontal layers. That a plane SH-wave undergoes wave-type conversion along an interface in an area of nonhorizontal layers is theoretically inevitable. One real example shows that the shallow shear-wave refraction method provides velocities of a converted wave rather than an SH- wave. Moreover, it is impossible to identify the converted wave by refraction data itself. As most geophysical engineering firms have limited resources, an additional P-wave refraction survey is necessary to verify if velocities calculated from a shear-wave refraction survey are velocities of converted waves. The alternative at this time may be the surface wave method, which can provide reliable S-wave velocities, even in an area of velocity inversion (a higher velocity layer underlain by a lower velocity layer). ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00197-0","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Xia, J., Miller, R., Park, C., Wightman, E., and Nigbor, R., 2002, A pitfall in shallow shear-wave refraction surveying: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 51, no. 1, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00197-0.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207796,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00197-0"},{"id":233012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4dae4b0c8380cd46999","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Park, C.B.","contributorId":21714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wightman, E.","contributorId":75385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wightman","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nigbor, R.","contributorId":48824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nigbor","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024457,"text":"70024457 - 2002 - Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024457","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake","docAbstract":"We used recordings of the M 6.8 Nisqually earthquake and its ML 3.4 aftershock to study site response and basin effects for 35 locations in Seattle, Washington. We determined site amplification from Fourier spectral ratios of the recorded horizontal ground motions, referenced to a soft-rock site. Soft-soil sites (generally National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program [NEHRP] class E) on artificial fill and young alluvium have the largest 1-Hz amplifications (factors of 3-7) for both the mainshock and aftershock. These amplifications are correlated with areas of higher damage from the mainshock to major buildings and liquefaction. There are several indications of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites for the mainshock ground motions, despite relatively modest peak accelerations in the S waves of 15%-22%g. First, the mainshock spectral ratios do not show amplification at 2-8 Hz as do the aftershock spectral ratios. Spectral peaks at frequencies below 2 Hz generally occur at lower frequencies for the mainshock spectral ratios than for the aftershock ratios. At one soft-soil site, there is a clear shift of the resonant frequency to a lower frequency for the mainshock compared with the aftershock. The frequency of this resonance increases in the coda of the mainshock record, indicating that the site response during the weaker motions of the coda is more linear than that of the initial S wave. Three of the soft-soil sites display cusped, one-sided mainshock accelerograms after the S wave. These soft-soil sites also show amplification at 10-20 Hz in the S wave, relative to the rock site, that is not observed for the aftershock. The cusped waveforms and 10-20-Hz amplification are symptomatic of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites. These sites had nearby liquefaction. The largest amplifications for 0.5 Hz occur at soft-soil sites on the southern portion of the Seattle Basin. Stiff-soil sites (NEHRP classes D and C) on Pleistocene-age glacial deposits display similar spectral amplification for the mainshock and aftershock, indicating approximately linear response. The stiff-soil sites generally have moderate amplification (factors of 1.1-2.4) at 0.5 and 1 Hz. Amplifications at 1 and 5 Hz for all sites generally increase with decreasing shear-wave velocity measured in the top 30 m (Vs 30). However, larger amplifications at 0.5 and 1 Hz for sites with similar Vs 30 values are observed for sites in the Seattle Basin, illustrating the amplification from the deeper (>30 m) sediments and the contribution from basin surface waves. Record sections for the mainshock and aftershock show that basin surface waves produce the peak velocities for many of the sites in the Seattle Basin and often dominate the amplitude at 1 Hz and lower frequencies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010254","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Carver, D.L., and Williams, R.A., 2002, Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2090-2109, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010254.","startPage":"2090","endPage":"2109","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207772,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010254"},{"id":232974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a677fe4b0c8380cd7336b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, D. L.","contributorId":55808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024451,"text":"70024451 - 2002 - Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024451","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"The New Almaden mercury mines in California (USA), which collectively represent the largest historic producers of mercury in North America, are a persistent source of mercury contamination to the San Francisco Bay estuary. An estimate based on total mercury concentration (HgTOT) and provisional stream flow data measured at a gauging station in the Guadalupe River during base flow conditions yields a base flow flux of 30 g of mercury for the month of October 2000. In contrast to this base flow estimate, one 2-day rain event in October 2000 resulted in a flux of 22 g of mercury past this site. An estimate of mercury transport from the entire Guadalupe River watershed based on a sediment transport model and our measured suspended particulate HgTOT (0.5-4 ??g g-1) results in a total of 4-30 kg year-1 transported to the southern reach of the estuary. Sediments in the southern reach have lower HgTOT (most ??? 0.4 ??g g-1 dry wt) and monomethyl-mercury (MMHg, c. 1 ng g-1 dry wt) concentrations than those in the Guadalupe River (HgTOT, 0.41-33 ??g g-1 dry wt; MMHg, 1-10 ng g-1 dry wt). Because the most elevated methylmercury concentrations (8-12 ng g-1 dry wt) were found in sediments deposited immediately upstream of hydraulic structures (e.g. diversion dams and weirs) within the river, it is proposed that such physical structures may represent important zones of MMHg production and fluxes to San Francisco Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/1467-787302-024","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Thomas, M., Conaway, C., Steding, D., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Abu-Saba, K.E., and Flegal, A., 2002, Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 2, no. 3, p. 211-217, https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-024.","startPage":"211","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207050,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-024"},{"id":231622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53f4e4b0c8380cd6ce33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, M.A.","contributorId":66877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conaway, C.H.","contributorId":87174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steding, D.J.","contributorId":96044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steding","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, M.","contributorId":28367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abu-Saba, K. E.","contributorId":31154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abu-Saba","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flegal, A.R.","contributorId":64607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025107,"text":"70025107 - 2002 - Regional patterns of pesticide concentrations in surface waters of New York in 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T16:33:35.163485","indexId":"70025107","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional patterns of pesticide concentrations in surface waters of New York in 1997","docAbstract":"<p><span>The predominant mixtures of pesticides found in New York surface waters consist of five principal components. First, herbicides commonly used on corn (atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, cyanazine) and a herbicide degradate (deethylatrazine) were positively correlated to a corn-herbicide component, and watersheds with the highest corn-herbicide component scores were those in which large amounts of row crops are grown. Second, two insecticides (diazinon and carbaryl) and one herbicide (prometon) widely used in urban and residential settings were positively correlated to an urban/residential component. Watersheds with the highest urban/residential component scores were those with large amounts of urban and residential land use. A third component was related to two herbicides (EPTC and cyanazine) used on dry beans and corn, the fourth to an herbicide (simazine) and an insecticide (carbaryl) commonly used in orchards and vineyards, and the fifth to an herbicide (DCPA). Results of this study indicate that this approach can be used to: (1) identify common mixtures of pesticides in surface waters, (2) relate these mixtures to land use and pesticide applications, and (3) indicate regions where these mixtures of pesticides are commonly found.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb00993.x","usgsCitation":"Phillips, P., Eckhardt, D.A., Freehafer, D.A., Wall, G.R., and Ingleston, H.H., 2002, Regional patterns of pesticide concentrations in surface waters of New York in 1997: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 38, no. 3, p. 731-745, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb00993.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"745","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science 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York\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a541e4b0e8fec6cdbdc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. pjphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":149753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eckhardt, David A. daeckhar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhardt","given":"David","email":"daeckhar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":403846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freehafer, Douglas A. dfreehaf@usgs.gov","contributorId":5181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freehafer","given":"Douglas","email":"dfreehaf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wall, Gary R. grwall@usgs.gov","contributorId":915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"Gary","email":"grwall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingleston, H. H.","contributorId":70170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingleston","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024449,"text":"70024449 - 2002 - In‐stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream‐scale transport experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:27:24","indexId":"70024449","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In‐stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream‐scale transport experiment","docAbstract":"<p><span>The variation of concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in stream waters cannot be explained solely on the basis of soil processes in contributing subcatchments. To investigate in‐stream processes that control DOC, we injected DOC‐enriched water into a reach of the Snake River (Summit County, Colorado) that has abundant iron oxyhydroxides coating the streambed. The injected water was obtained from the Suwannee River (Georgia), which is highly enriched in fulvic acid. The fulvic acid from this water is the standard reference for aquatic fulvic acid for the International Humic Substances Society and has been well characterized. During the experimental injection, significant removal of sorbable fulvic acid occurred within the first 141 m of stream reach. We coinjected a conservative tracer (lithium chloride) and analyzed the results with the one‐dimensional transport with inflow and storage (OTIS) stream solute transport model to quantify the physical transport mechanisms. The downstream transport of fulvic acid as indicated by absorbance was then simulated using OTIS with a first‐order kinetic sorption rate constant applied to the sorbable fulvic acid. The “sorbable” fraction of injected fulvic acid was irreversibly sorbed by streambed sediments at rates (kinetic rate constants) of the order of 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>–10</span><sup>−3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. In the injected Suwannee River water, sorbable and nonsorbable fulvic acid had distinct chemical characteristics identified in<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>13</sup><span>C‐NMR spectra. The<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>13</sup><span>C‐NMR spectra indicate that during the experiment, the sorbable “signal” of greater aromaticity and carboxyl content decreased downstream; that is, these components were preferentially removed. This study illustrates that interactions between the water and the reactive surfaces will modify significantly the concentration and composition of DOC observed in streams with abundant chemically reactive surfaces on the streambed and in the hyporheic zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000269","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., Hornberger, G., Bencala, K.E., and Boyer, E.W., 2002, In‐stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream‐scale transport experiment: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 1, p. 6-1-6-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000269.","productDescription":"1005; 12 p.","startPage":"6-1","endPage":"6-12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39cde4b0c8380cd61a4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, George M.","contributorId":63894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"George M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":401323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boyer, Elizabeth W.","contributorId":44659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024447,"text":"70024447 - 2002 - Allocation of extracellular enzymatic activity in relation to litter composition, N deposition, and mass loss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024447","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Allocation of extracellular enzymatic activity in relation to litter composition, N deposition, and mass loss","docAbstract":"Decomposition of plant material is a complex process that requires interaction among a diversity of microorganisms whose presence and activity is subject to regulation by a wide range of environmental factors. Analysis of extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) provides a way to relate the functional organization of microdecomposer communities to environmental variables. In this study, we examined EEA in relation to litter composition and nitrogen deposition. Mesh bags containing senescent leaves of Quercus borealis (red oak), Acer rubrum (red maple) and Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) were placed on forest floor plots in southeastern New York. One-third of the plots were sprayed monthly with distilled water. The other plots were sprayed monthly with NH4NO3 solution at dose rates equivalent to 2 or 8 g N m-2 y-1. Mass loss, litter composition, fungal mass, and the activities of eight enzymes were measured on 13 dates for each litter type. Dogwood was followed for one year, maple for two, oak for three, For each litter type and treatment, enzymatic turnover activities were calculated from regressions of LN (%mass remaining) vs. cumulative activity. The decomposition of dogwood litter was more efficient than that of maple and oak. Maple litter had the lowest fungal mass and required the most enzymatic work to decompose, even though its mass loss rate was twice that of oak. Across litter types, N amendment reduced apparent enzymatic efficiencies and shifted EEA away from N acquisition and toward P acquisition, and away from polyphenol oxidation and toward polysaccharide hydrolysis. The effect of these shifts on decomposition rate varied with litter composition: dogwood was stimulated, oak was inhibited and maple showed mixed effects. The results show that relatively small shifts in the activity of one or two critical enzymes can significantly alter decomposition rates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1016541114786","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Sinsabaugh, R.L., Carreiro, M., and Repert, D., 2002, Allocation of extracellular enzymatic activity in relation to litter composition, N deposition, and mass loss: Biogeochemistry, v. 60, no. 1, p. 1-24, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016541114786.","startPage":"1","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016541114786"},{"id":231618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e96de4b0c8380cd48295","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sinsabaugh, R. L.","contributorId":30784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sinsabaugh","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7164,"text":"Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carreiro, M.M.","contributorId":58049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carreiro","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repert, D.A.","contributorId":78506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repert","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024445,"text":"70024445 - 2002 - U-Pb geochronology of zircon and polygenetic titanite from the Glastonbury Complex, Connecticut, USA: An integrated SEM, EMPA, TIMS, and SHRIMP study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024445","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb geochronology of zircon and polygenetic titanite from the Glastonbury Complex, Connecticut, USA: An integrated SEM, EMPA, TIMS, and SHRIMP study","docAbstract":"U-Pb ages for zircon and titanite from a granodioritic gneiss in the Glastonbury Complex, Connecticut, have been determined using both isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and the sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP). Zircons occur in three morphologic populations: (1) equant to stubby, multifaceted, colorless, (2) prismatic, dark brown, with numerous cracks, and (3) elongate, prismatic, light tan to colorless. Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of the three populations shows simple concentric oscillatory zoning. The zircon TIMS age [weighted average of 207Pb/206Pb ages from Group 3 grains-450.5 ?? 1.6 Ma (MSWD=1.11)] and SHRIMP age [composite of 206Pb/238 U age data from all three groups-448.2 ?? 2.7 Ma (MSWD = 1.3)], are interpreted to suggest a relatively simple crystallization history. Titanite from the granodioritic gneiss occurs as both brown and colorless varieties. Scanning electron microscope backscatter (BSE) images of brown grains show multiple cross-cutting oscillatory zones of variable brightness and dark overgrowths. Colorless grains are unzoned or contain subtle wispy or very faint oscillatory zoning. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) clearly distinguishes the two populations. Brown grains contain relatively high concentrations of Fe2O3, Ce2O3 (up to ~ 1.5 wt.%), Nb2O5, and Zr. Cerium concentration is positively correlated with total REE + Y concentration, which together can exceed 3.5 wt.%. Oscillatory zoning in brown titanite is correlated with variations in REE concentrations. In contrast, colorless titanite (both as discrete grains and overgrowths on brown titanite) contains lower concentrations of Y, REE, Fe2O3, and Zr, but somewhat higher Al2O3 and Nb2O5. Uranium concentrations and Th/U discriminate between brown grains (typically 200-400 ppm U; all analyses but one have Th/U between about 0.8 and 2) and colorless grains (10-60 ppm U; Th/U of 0-0.17). In contrast to the zircon U-Pb age results, SHRIMP U-Pb data from titanite indicate multiple growth episodes. In brown grains, oscillatory zoned cores formed at 443 ?? 6 Ma, whereas white (in BSE) cross-cutting zones are 425 ?? 9 Ma. Colorless grains and overgrowths on brown grains yield an age of 265 ?? 8 Ma (using the Total Pb method) or 265 ?? 5 Ma (using the weighted average of the 206Pb/238U ages). However, EMPA chemical data identify zoning that suggests that this colorless titanite may preserve three growth events. Oscillatory zoned portions of brown titanite grains are igneous in origin; white cross-cutting zones probably formed during a previously unrecognized event that caused partial dissolution of earlier titanite and reprecipitation of a slightly younger generation of brown titanite. Colorless titanite replaced and grew over the magmatic titanite during the Permian Alleghanian orogeny. These isotopic data indicate that titanite, like zircon, can contain multiple age components. Coupling SHRIMP microanalysis with EMPA and SEM results on dated zones as presented in this study is an efficient and effective technique to extract additional chronologic ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00076-1","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Wintsch, R., Fanning, C., and Dorais, M., 2002, U-Pb geochronology of zircon and polygenetic titanite from the Glastonbury Complex, Connecticut, USA: An integrated SEM, EMPA, TIMS, and SHRIMP study: Chemical Geology, v. 188, no. 1-2, p. 125-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00076-1.","startPage":"125","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207103,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00076-1"},{"id":231736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"188","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9cce4b08c986b327df9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wintsch, R. P.","contributorId":104921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wintsch","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[{"id":13366,"text":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fanning, C.M.","contributorId":82434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanning","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dorais, M. J.","contributorId":27209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorais","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024440,"text":"70024440 - 2002 - Ground truth seismic events and location capability at Degelen mountain, Kazakhstan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024440","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground truth seismic events and location capability at Degelen mountain, Kazakhstan","docAbstract":"We utilized nuclear explosions from the Degelen Mountain sub-region of the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS), Kazakhstan, to assess seismic location capability directly. Excellent ground truth information for these events was either known or was estimated from maps of the Degelen Mountain adit complex. Origin times were refined for events for which absolute origin time information was unknown using catalog arrival times, our ground truth location estimates, and a time baseline provided by fixing known origin times during a joint hypocenter determination (JHD). Precise arrival time picks were determined using a waveform cross-correlation process applied to the available digital data. These data were used in a JHD analysis. We found that very accurate locations were possible when high precision, waveform cross-correlation arrival times were combined with JHD. Relocation with our full digital data set resulted in a mean mislocation of 2 km and a mean 95% confidence ellipse (CE) area of 6.6 km2 (90% CE: 5.1 km2), however, only 5 of the 18 computed error ellipses actually covered the associated ground truth location estimate. To test a more realistic nuclear test monitoring scenario, we applied our JHD analysis to a set of seven events (one fixed) using data only from seismic stations within 40?? epicentral distance. Relocation with these data resulted in a mean mislocation of 7.4 km, with four of the 95% error ellipses covering less than 570 km2 (90% CE: 438 km2), and the other two covering 1730 and 8869 km2 (90% CE: 1331 and 6822 km2). Location uncertainties calculated using JHD often underestimated the true error, but a circular region with a radius equal to the mislocation covered less than 1000 km2 for all events having more than three observations. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00034-1","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Trabant, C., Thurber, C., and Leith, W., 2002, Ground truth seismic events and location capability at Degelen mountain, Kazakhstan: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 131, no. 2, p. 155-171, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00034-1.","startPage":"155","endPage":"171","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207069,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00034-1"}],"volume":"131","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2aa1e4b0c8380cd5b327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trabant, C.","contributorId":53122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurber, C.","contributorId":107046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leith, W.","contributorId":90075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leith","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024421,"text":"70024421 - 2002 - Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024421","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2022,"text":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts","docAbstract":"Accurate modelling of groundwater flow and transport with sharp moving fronts often involves high computational cost, when a fixed/uniform mesh is used. In this paper, we investigate the modelling of groundwater problems using a particular adaptive mesh method called the moving mesh partial differential equation approach. With this approach, the mesh is dynamically relocated through a partial differential equation to capture the evolving sharp fronts with a relatively small number of grid points. The mesh movement and physical system modelling are realized by solving the mesh movement and physical partial differential equations alternately. The method is applied to the modelling of a range of groundwater problems, including advection dominated chemical transport and reaction, non-linear infiltration in soil, and the coupling of density dependent flow and transport. Numerical results demonstrate that sharp moving fronts can be accurately and efficiently captured by the moving mesh approach. Also addressed are important implementation strategies, e.g. the construction of the monitor function based on the interpolation error, control of mesh concentration, and two-layer mesh movement. Copyright ?? 2002 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/nme.482","issn":"00295981","usgsCitation":"Huang, W., Zheng, L., and Zhan, X., 2002, Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 54, no. 11, p. 1579-1603, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.482.","startPage":"1579","endPage":"1603","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207033,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.482"},{"id":231579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e5e4b0c8380cd476f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, W.","contributorId":42748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zheng, Lingyun","contributorId":68495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"Lingyun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhan, X.","contributorId":26477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhan","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024414,"text":"70024414 - 2002 - Demographic consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in Arnica montana: A field experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024414","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in Arnica montana: A field experiment","docAbstract":"1. The genetic constitution of populations may significantly affect demography. Founder populations or isolated remnants may show inbreeding depression, while established populations can be strongly adapted to the local environment. Gene exchange between populations can lead to better performance if heterozygosity levels are restored (heterosis), or to reduced performance if coadapted gene complexes are disrupted (outbreeding depression). 2. Five populations of the self-incompatible perennial Arnica montana (Asteraceae) were analysed for the demographic consequences of inbreeding and of intra- and interpopulation outcrossing, using both small and large populations as donors for the latter. We analysed seed production and seed weight and monitored growth, survival and flowering of offspring introduced as seeds and as 4-week-old seedlings in a 4-year field experiment. 3. Reduced seed set after selfing was probably due to the self-incompatibility system rather than to inbreeding depression. There was a significant increase for seed set after interpopulation crosses, which resulted from the alleviation of low mate availability in one of the small populations. 4. Significant inbreeding depression was observed for growth rates of plants introduced as seedlings. We found significant heterosis for flowering probability of plants introduced as seeds, but for plants introduced as seedlings, heterosis for seedling size and flowering probability was only marginally significant. Outbreeding depression was not observed. 5. The results of this study are important for reinforcement measures in small, remnant populations. Significant differences among populations for all measured fitness components suggest that reinforcement is best achieved using material from several populations. 6. The observed higher survival of seedlings as compared with seeds suggests that it is better to plant individuals than to sow. Sowing, however, is easier and cheaper, and was more likely to eliminate poorly adapted genotypes before they contribute to the next generation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00703.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Luijten, S., Kery, M., Oostermeijer, J., and Den, N.H., 2002, Demographic consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in Arnica montana: A field experiment: Journal of Ecology, v. 90, no. 4, p. 593-603, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00703.x.","startPage":"593","endPage":"603","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207269,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00703.x"},{"id":232082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe7fe4b0c8380cd4ed68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luijten, S.H.","contributorId":75301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luijten","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kery, M.","contributorId":46637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oostermeijer, J.G.B.","contributorId":72165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oostermeijer","given":"J.G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Den, Nijs H.J.C.M.","contributorId":48350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Den","given":"Nijs","email":"","middleInitial":"H.J.C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024401,"text":"70024401 - 2002 - Fate and effects of the triazinone herbicide metribuzin in experimental pond mesocosms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024401","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate and effects of the triazinone herbicide metribuzin in experimental pond mesocosms","docAbstract":"Metribuzin is a triazinone herbicide that is widely used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds in soybeans, sugarcane, and numerous other crops. Metribuzin is highly toxic to freshwater macrophytes and algae under laboratory conditions (median plant EC50 = 31 ??g/L; n = 11 species) but has not been studied under controlled outdoor conditions. We conducted a 6-week study to examine the aquatic fate and effects of metribuzin in 0.1-ha outdoor aquatic mesocosms. Mesocosms (n = 2 per treatment) were treated with metribuzin at one of five concentrations: 0, 9, 19, 38, or 75 ??g/L. Concentrations were selected to bracket known laboratory effect concentrations and to reflect calculated edge-of-field concentrations. The dissipation half-life of metribuzin in water was 5 days. Metribuzin had no statistically significant effects on water quality, periphyton biomass, macrophyte biomass, macrophyte species composition, fish survival, or fish growth at treatment levels ranging up to and including 75 ??g/L. Although metribuzin is highly toxic to freshwater macrophytes and algae under laboratory conditions, it poses little risk to nontarget aquatic plants due to the short aqueous dissipation half-life. The findings also demonstrate that current herbicide risk assessment procedures used in the registration process could benefit from empirical assessments of the fate of chemicals under realistic environmental conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00244-002-1208-1","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, J., and Sappington, L., 2002, Fate and effects of the triazinone herbicide metribuzin in experimental pond mesocosms: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 198-202, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-1208-1.","startPage":"198","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207227,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-1208-1"},{"id":232003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f04e4b0c8380cd5370b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sappington, L.C.","contributorId":76907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sappington","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024396,"text":"70024396 - 2002 - Consistency of patterns in concentration‐discharge plots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-06T13:49:42","indexId":"70024396","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consistency of patterns in concentration‐discharge plots","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content n/a main\"><p>Concentration‐discharge (c‐Q) plots have been used to infer how flow components such as event water, soil water, and groundwater mix to produce the observed episodic hydrochemical response of small catchments. Because c‐Q plots are based only on observed streamflow and solute concentration, their interpretation requires assumptions about the relative volume, hydrograph timing, and solute concentration of the streamflow end‐members.<span>&nbsp;</span><span><i>Evans and Davies</i>&nbsp;[1998]</span><span>&nbsp;</span>present a taxonomy of c‐Q loops resulting from three‐component conservative mixing. Their analysis, based on a fixed template of end‐member hydrograph volume, timing, and concentration, suggests a unique relationship between c‐Q loop form and the rank order of end‐member concentrations. Many catchments exhibit variability in component contributions to storm flow in response to antecedent conditions or rainfall characteristics, but the effects of such variation on c‐Q relationships have not been studied systematically. Starting with a “baseline” condition similar to that assumed by<span>&nbsp;</span><span><i>Evans and Davies</i>&nbsp;[1998]</span>, we use a simple computer model to characterize the variability in c‐Q plot patterns resulting from variation in end‐member volume, timing, and solute concentration. Variability in these three factors can result in more than one c‐Q loop shape for a given rank order of end‐member solute concentrations. The number of resulting hysteresis patterns and their relative frequency depends on the rank order of solute concentrations and on their separation in absolute value. In ambiguous cases the c‐Q loop shape is determined by the relative “prominence” of the event water versus soil water components. This “prominence” is broadly defined as a capacity to influence the total streamflow concentration and may result from a combination of end‐member volume, timing, or concentration. The modeling results indicate that plausible hydrological variability in field situations can confound the interpretation of c‐Q plots, even when fundamental end‐member mixing assumptions are satisfied.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000971","usgsCitation":"Chanat, J.G., Rice, K.C., and Hornberger, G., 2002, Consistency of patterns in concentration‐discharge plots: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 8, p. 22-1-22-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000971.","productDescription":"Article 1147; 10 p.","startPage":"22-1","endPage":"22-10","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa00e4b0c8380cd4d880","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chanat, Jeffrey G. 0000-0002-3629-7307 jchanat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3629-7307","contributorId":5062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chanat","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jchanat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornberger, George M.","contributorId":63894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"George M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024388,"text":"70024388 - 2002 - Contaminants in arctic snow collected over northwest Alaskan sea ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024388","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in arctic snow collected over northwest Alaskan sea ice","docAbstract":"Snow cores were collected over sea ice from four northwest Alaskan Arctic estuaries that represented the annual snowfall from the 1995-1996 season. Dissolved trace metals, major cations and anions, total mercury, and organochlorine compounds were determined and compared to concentrations in previous arctic studies. Traces (<4 nanograms per liter, ng L-1) of cis- and trans-chlordane, dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate, dieldrin, endosulfan II, and PCBs were detected in some samples, with endosulfan I consistently present. High chlorpyrifos concentrations (70-80 ng L-1) also were estimated at three sites. The snow was highly enriched in sulfates (69- 394 mg L-1), with high proportions of nonsea salt sulfates at three of five sites (9 of 15 samples), thus indicating possible contamination through long-distance transport and deposition of sulfate-rich atmospheric aerosols. Mercury, cadmium, chromium, molybdenum, and uranium were typically higher in the marine snow (n = 15) in relation to snow from arctic terrestrial studies, whereas cations associated with terrigenous sources, such as aluminum, frequently were lower over the sea ice. One Kasegaluk Lagoon site (Chukchi Sea) had especially high concentrations of total mercury (mean = 214 ng L-1, standard deviation = 5 ng L-1), but no methyl mercury was detected above the method detection limit (0.036 ng L-1) at any of the sites. Elevated concentrations of sulfate, mercury, and certain heavy metals might indicate mechanisms of contaminant loss from the arctic atmosphere over marine water not previously reported over land areas. Scavenging by snow, fog, or riming processes and the high content of deposited halides might facilitate the loss of such contaminants from the atmosphere. Both the mercury and chlorpyrifos concentrations merit further investigation in view of their toxicity to aquatic organisms at low concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1015808008298","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Garbarino, J., Snyder-Conn, E., Leiker, T., and Hoffman, G.L., 2002, Contaminants in arctic snow collected over northwest Alaskan sea ice: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 139, no. 1-4, p. 183-214, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015808008298.","startPage":"183","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207198,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015808008298"},{"id":231930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"139","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa3ce4b0c8380cd4d9ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder-Conn, E.","contributorId":7026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder-Conn","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leiker, T.J.","contributorId":96719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leiker","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, G. L.","contributorId":70713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024362,"text":"70024362 - 2002 - Using chemical, hydrologic, and age dating analysis to delineate redox processes and flow paths in the riparian zone of a glacial outwash aquifer‐stream system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:45:31","indexId":"70024362","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using chemical, hydrologic, and age dating analysis to delineate redox processes and flow paths in the riparian zone of a glacial outwash aquifer‐stream system","docAbstract":"<p><span>A combination of chemical and dissolved gas analyses, chlorofluorocarbon age dating, and hydrologic measurements were used to determine the degree to which biogeochemical processes in a riparian wetland were responsible for removing NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>from groundwaters discharging to the Otter Tail River in west central Minnesota. An analysis of river chemistry and flow data revealed that NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations in the river increased in the lower half of the 8.3 km study reach as the result of groundwater discharge to the river. Groundwater head measurements along a study transect through the riparian wetland revealed a zone of groundwater discharge extending out under the river. On the basis of combined chemical, dissolved gas, age date, and hydrologic results, it was determined that water chemistry under the riparian wetland was controlled largely by upgradient groundwaters that followed flow paths up to 16 m deep and discharged under the wetland, creating a pattern of progressively older, more chemically reduced, low NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>water the farther one progressed from the edge of the wetland toward the river. These findings pose challenges for researchers investigating biogeochemical processes in riparian buffer zones because the progressively older groundwaters entered the aquifer in earlier years when less NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>fertilizer was being used. NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations originally present in the groundwater had also decreased in the upgradient aquifer as a result of denitrification and progressively stronger reducing conditions there. The resulting pattern of decreasing NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations across the riparian zone may be incorrectly interpreted as evidence of denitrification losses there instead of in the upgradient aquifer. Consequently, it is important to understand the hydrogeologic setting and age structure of the groundwaters being sampled in order to avoid misinterpreting biogeochemical processes in riparian zones.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000396","usgsCitation":"Puckett, L., Cowdery, T.K., McMahon, P.B., Tornes, L.H., and Stoner, J.D., 2002, Using chemical, hydrologic, and age dating analysis to delineate redox processes and flow paths in the riparian zone of a glacial outwash aquifer‐stream system: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 8, p. 9-1-9-20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000396.","productDescription":"Article 1134; 20 p.","startPage":"9-1","endPage":"9-20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000396","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc03ce4b08c986b329fe3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puckett, Larry J. lpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":31739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Larry J.","email":"lpuckett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, Timothy K. 0000-0001-9402-6575 cowdery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-6575","contributorId":456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"Timothy","email":"cowdery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tornes, Lan H.","contributorId":70484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tornes","given":"Lan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stoner, Jeffrey D. stoner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"stoner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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