{"pageNumber":"2897","pageRowStart":"72400","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184606,"records":[{"id":70024873,"text":"70024873 - 2003 - Mercury Speciation by X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy and Sequential Chemical Extractions: A Comparison of Speciation Methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024873","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury Speciation by X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy and Sequential Chemical Extractions: A Comparison of Speciation Methods","docAbstract":"Determining the chemical speciation of mercury in contaminated mining and industrial environments is essential for predicting its solubility, transport behavior, and potential bioavailability as well as for designing effective remediation strategies. In this study, two techniques for determining Hg speciation-X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and sequential chemical extractions (SCE)-are independently applied to a set of samples with Hg concentrations ranging from 132 to 7539 mg/kg to determine if the two techniques provide comparable Hg speciation results. Generally, the proportions of insoluble HgS (cinnabar, metacinnabar) and HgSe identified by XAFS correlate well with the proportion of Hg removed in the aqua regia extraction demonstrated to remove HgS and HgSe. Statistically significant (> 10%) differences are observed however in samples containing more soluble Hg-containing phases (HgCl2, HgO, Hg3S2O 4). Such differences may be related to matrix, particle size, or crystallinity effects, which could affect the apparent solubility of Hg phases present. In more highly concentrated samples, microscopy techniques can help characterize the Hg-bearing species in complex multiphase natural samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es0341485","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kim, C., Bloom, N., Rytuba, J.J., and Brown, G.E., 2003, Mercury Speciation by X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy and Sequential Chemical Extractions: A Comparison of Speciation Methods: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 37, no. 22, p. 5102-5108, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0341485.","startPage":"5102","endPage":"5108","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207676,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0341485"},{"id":232828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53cde4b0c8380cd6cd04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, C.S.","contributorId":54365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bloom, N.S.","contributorId":59906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloom","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Gordon E. Jr.","contributorId":10166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025791,"text":"70025791 - 2003 - The Impact of Turtle Excluder Devices and Fisheries Closures on Loggerhead and Kemp's Ridley Strandings in the Western Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025791","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Impact of Turtle Excluder Devices and Fisheries Closures on Loggerhead and Kemp's Ridley Strandings in the Western Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"The Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage Network has been monitoring turtle strandings for more than 20 years in the United States. High numbers of strandings in the early to mid-1980s prompted regulations to require turtle excluder devices (TEDs) on shrimping vessels (trawlers). Following year-round TED implementation in 1991, however, stranding levels in the Gulf of Mexico increased. We evaluated the efficacy of TEDs and other management actions (e.g., fisheries closures) on loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) turtle populations by analyzing a long-term, stranding data set from the western Gulf of Mexico. Our analyses suggest that both sea turtle population growth and shrimping activity have contributed to the observed increase in strandings. Compliance with regulations requiring turtle excluder devices was a significant factor in accounting for annual stranding variability: low compliance was correlated with high levels of strandings. Our projections suggest that improved compliance with TED regulations will reduce strandings to levels that, in conjunction with other protective measures, should promote population recoveries for loggerhead and Kemp's ridley turtles. Local, seasonal fisheries closures, concurrent with TED enforcement, could reduce strandings to even lower levels. A seasonal closure adjacent to a recently established Kemp's ridley nesting beach may also reduce mortality of nesting adults and thus promote long-term population persistence by fostering the establishment of a robust secondary nesting site.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02057.x","issn":"08888892","usgsCitation":"Lewison, R., Crowder, L., and Shaver, D., 2003, The Impact of Turtle Excluder Devices and Fisheries Closures on Loggerhead and Kemp's Ridley Strandings in the Western Gulf of Mexico: Conservation Biology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 1089-1097, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02057.x.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1097","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208789,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02057.x"},{"id":234785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba781e4b08c986b3215ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewison, R.L.","contributorId":43543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewison","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowder, L.B.","contributorId":104437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaver, D.J.","contributorId":72989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaver","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024870,"text":"70024870 - 2003 - The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:07:03","indexId":"70024870","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida","docAbstract":"

Shallow injection is the predominant mode of wastewater disposal for most tourist-oriented facilities and some residential communities in the US Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Concern has been expressed that wastewater nutrients may be escaping from the saline groundwater system into canals and surrounding coastal waters and perhaps to the reef tract 10 km offshore, promoting unwanted algal growth and degradation of water quality. We performed a field study of the fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of a Florida Keys residential community (Key Colony Beach, FL) that uses this disposal method, analyzing samples from 21 monitoring wells and two canal sites. The results indicate that wastewater injection at 18–27 m depth into saline groundwater creates a large buoyant plume that flows quickly (within days) upward to a confining layer 6 m below the surface, and then in a fast flow path toward a canal 200 m to the east within a period of weeks to months. Low-salinity groundwaters along the fast flow path have nitrate concentrations that are not significantly reduced from that of the injected wastewaters (ranging from 400 to 600 μmol kg−1). Portions of the low-salinity plume off the main axis of flow have relatively long residence times (>2 months) and have had their nitrate concentrations strongly reduced by a combination of mixing and denitrification. These waters have dissolved N2 concentrations up to 1.6 times air-saturation values with δ15 N[N2]=0.5-5‰, δ15N[NO3-]=16-26‰, and calculated isotope fractionation factors of about −12±4‰, consistent with denitrification as the predominant nitrate reduction reaction. Estimated rates of denitrification of wastewater in the aquifer are of the order of 4 μmol kg-1 N day-1 or 0.008 day-1. The data indicate that denitrification reduces the nitrate load of the injected wastewater substantially, but not completely, before it discharges to nearby canals.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00131-8","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Griggs, E., Kump, L., and Böhlke, J., 2003, The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 58, no. 3, p. 517-539, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00131-8.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"539","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207653,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00131-8"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.991455078125,\n 25.522614647623293\n ],\n [\n -80.035400390625,\n 25.596948323286135\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 25.596948323286135\n ],\n [\n -80.2716064453125,\n 25.54244147012483\n ],\n [\n -80.3814697265625,\n 25.35891851754525\n ],\n [\n -80.70556640625,\n 25.110471486223346\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 24.886436490787712\n ],\n [\n -81.9854736328125,\n 24.701924833689933\n ],\n [\n -82.144775390625,\n 24.716895455859337\n ],\n [\n -82.3590087890625,\n 24.632038149596895\n ],\n [\n -82.3370361328125,\n 24.52213723599524\n ],\n [\n -82.0404052734375,\n 24.427145340082046\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 24.48214938647425\n ],\n [\n -81.10107421874999,\n 24.577099744289427\n ],\n [\n -80.76599121093749,\n 24.716895455859337\n ],\n [\n -80.4034423828125,\n 24.946219074360084\n ],\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 25.140311914680755\n ],\n [\n -79.991455078125,\n 25.522614647623293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babf9e4b08c986b3231bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griggs, E.M.","contributorId":33887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griggs","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kump, L.R.","contributorId":80863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kump","given":"L.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024862,"text":"70024862 - 2003 - Growth and survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro-alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T11:51:06","indexId":"70024862","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1619,"text":"FEMS Microbiology Ecology","onlineIssn":"1574-6941","printIssn":"0168-6496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro-alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta)","docAbstract":"

The macro-alga Cladophora glomerata is found in streams and lakes worldwide. High concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci have been reported in Cladophora along the Lake Michigan shore. The objective of this study was to determine if Cladophora supported growth of these indicator bacteria. Algal leachate readily supported in vitro multiplication of E. coli and enterococci, suggesting that leachates contain necessary growth-promoting substances. Growth was directly related to the concentration of algal leachate. E. coli survived for over 6 months in dried Cladophora stored at 4°C; residual E. coli grew after mat rehydration, reaching a carrying capacity of 8 log CFU g-1 in 48 h. Results of this study also show that the E. coli strains associated with Cladophora are highly related; in most instances they are genetically different from each other, suggesting that the relationship between E. coli and Cladophora may be casual. These findings indicate that Cladophora provides a suitable environment for indicator bacteria to persist for extended periods and to grow under natural conditions.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00214-9","issn":"01686496","usgsCitation":"Byappanahalli, M., Shively, D., Nevers, M., Sadowsky, M., and Whitman, R., 2003, Growth and survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro-alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta): FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 46, no. 2, p. 203-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00214-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"211","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487426,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6496(03)00214-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207918,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00214-9"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2deee4b0c8380cd5c150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byappanahalli, M.N.","contributorId":11384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byappanahalli","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shively, D.A.","contributorId":78123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nevers, M.B.","contributorId":13787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevers","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sadowsky, M.J.","contributorId":19337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadowsky","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitman, R.L.","contributorId":69750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025547,"text":"70025547 - 2003 - Atlantic coast feeding habits of striped bass: A synthesis supporting a coast-wide understanding of trophic biology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70025547","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1659,"text":"Fisheries Management and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atlantic coast feeding habits of striped bass: A synthesis supporting a coast-wide understanding of trophic biology","docAbstract":"The recent increase in the Atlantic coast population of striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), prompted managers to re-evaluate their predatory impact. Published and unpublished diet data for striped bass on the Atlantic Coast of North America were examined for geographical, ontogenetic and seasonal patterns in the diet and to assess diet for this species. Diets of young-of-the-year (YOY) striped bass were similar across the Upper Atlantic (UPATL), Chesapeake and Delaware Bays (CBDEL) and North Carolina (NCARO) areas of the Atlantic coast where either fish or mysid shrimp dominate the diet. For age one and older striped bass, cluster analysis partitioned diets based on predominance of either Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe), characteristic of striped bass from the CBDEL and NCARO regions, or non-menhaden fishes or invertebrates, characteristic of fish from the UPATL, in the diet. The predominance of invertebrates in the diets of striped bass in the UPATL region can be attributed to the absence of several important species groups in Northern waters, particularly sciaenid fishes, and to the sporadic occurrences of Atlantic menhaden to UPATL waters. In all regions, across most seasons and in most size classes of striped bass, the clupeiod fishes; menhaden, anchovies (Anchoa spp.) and river herrings (Alosa spp,) and Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus L., dominated the diets of striped bass above the first year of life.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries Management and Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00373.x","issn":"0969997X","usgsCitation":"Walter, J.F., Overton, A., Ferry, K., and Mather, M.E., 2003, Atlantic coast feeding habits of striped bass: A synthesis supporting a coast-wide understanding of trophic biology: Fisheries Management and Ecology, v. 10, no. 5, p. 349-360, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00373.x.","startPage":"349","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209528,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00373.x"},{"id":236085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eea6e4b0c8380cd49ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, J. F. III","contributorId":107908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Overton, A.S.","contributorId":105897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferry, K.H.","contributorId":70166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferry","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mather, M. E.","contributorId":71708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mather","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025796,"text":"70025796 - 2003 - Liquefaction potential index: Field assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025796","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction potential index: Field assessment","docAbstract":"Cone penetration test (CPT) soundings at historic liquefaction sites in California were used to evaluate the predictive capability of the liquefaction potential index (LPI), which was defined by Iwasaki et al. in 1978. LPI combines depth, thickness, and factor of safety of liquefiable material inferred from a CPT sounding into a single parameter. LPI data from the Monterey Bay region indicate that the probability of surface manifestations of liquefaction is 58 and 93%, respectively, when LPI equals or exceeds 5 and 15. LPI values also generally correlate with surface effects of liquefaction: Decreasing from a median of 12 for soundings in lateral spreads to 0 for soundings where no surface effects were reported. The index is particularly promising for probabilistic liquefaction hazard mapping where it may be a useful parameter for characterizing the liquefaction potential of geologic units.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:4(315)","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Toprak, S., and Holzer, T., 2003, Liquefaction potential index: Field assessment: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 129, no. 4, p. 315-322, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:4(315).","startPage":"315","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208812,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:4(315)"},{"id":234825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47f2e4b0c8380cd67ae2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toprak, S.","contributorId":43937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toprak","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holzer, T.L.","contributorId":35739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70196078,"text":"70196078 - 2003 - Relation between climate variability and stream water quality in the continental United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-08T13:34:17.375512","indexId":"70196078","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1925,"text":"Hydrological Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation between climate variability and stream water quality in the continental United States","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Hydrology","usgsCitation":"Vecchia, A.V., 2003, Relation between climate variability and stream water quality in the continental United States: Hydrological Science and Technology, v. 19, no. 1-4, p. 77-98.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401917,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.aihydrology.org/publications/"},{"id":352609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n 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V.","contributorId":23533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024856,"text":"70024856 - 2003 - Vertical velocity variance in the mixed layer from radar wind profilers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024856","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical velocity variance in the mixed layer from radar wind profilers","docAbstract":"Vertical velocity variance data were derived from remotely sensed mixed layer turbulence measurements at the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE) facility in Butler County, Kansas. These measurements and associated data were provided by a collection of instruments that included two 915 MHz wind profilers, two radio acoustic sounding systems, and two eddy correlation devices. The data from these devices were available through the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE) database operated by Argonne National Laboratory. A signal processing procedure outlined by Angevine et al. was adapted and further built upon to derive vertical velocity variance, w_pm???2, from 915 MHz wind profiler measurements in the mixed layer. The proposed procedure consisted of the application of a height-dependent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) filter, removal of outliers plus and minus two standard deviations about the mean on the spectral width squared, and removal of the effects of beam broadening and vertical shearing of horizontal winds. The scatter associated with w_pm???2 was mainly affected by the choice of SNR filter cutoff values. Several different sets of cutoff values were considered, and the optimal one was selected which reduced the overall scatter on w_pm???2 and yet retained a sufficient number of data points to average. A similarity relationship of w_pm???2 versus height was established for the mixed layer on the basis of the available data. A strong link between the SNR and growth/decay phases of turbulence was identified. Thus, the mid to late afternoon hours, when strong surface heating occurred, were observed to produce the highest quality signals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2003)8:6(301)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Eng, K., Coulter, R., and Brutsaert, W., 2003, Vertical velocity variance in the mixed layer from radar wind profilers: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 8, no. 6, p. 301-307, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2003)8:6(301).","startPage":"301","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207835,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2003)8:6(301)"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc24ae4b08c986b32aa4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eng, K.","contributorId":51063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eng","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coulter, R.L.","contributorId":78913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coulter","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brutsaert, W.","contributorId":103445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brutsaert","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024855,"text":"70024855 - 2003 - Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024855","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing","docAbstract":"Standardization of electrofishing in waters with differing conductivities is critical when monitoring temporal and spatial differences in fish assemblages. We tested a model that can help improve the consistency of electrofishing by allowing control over the amount of power that is transferred to the fish. The primary objective was to verify, under controlled laboratory conditions, whether the model adequately described fish immobilization responses elicited with various electrical settings over a range of water conductivities. We found that the model accurately described empirical observations over conductivities ranging from 12 to 1,030 ??S/cm for DC and various pulsed-DC settings. Because the model requires knowledge of a fish's effective conductivity, an attribute that is likely to vary according to species, size, temperature, and other variables, a second objective was to gather available estimates of the effective conductivity of fish to examine the magnitude of variation and to assess whether in practical applications a standard effective conductivity value for fish may be assumed. We found that applying a standard fish effective conductivity of 115 ??S/cm introduced relatively little error into the estimation of the peak power density required to immobilize fish with electrofishing. However, this standard was derived from few estimates of fish effective conductivity and a limited number of species; more estimates are needed to validate our working standard.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T02-093","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Miranda, L., and Dolan, C., 2003, Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 6, p. 1179-1185, https://doi.org/10.1577/T02-093.","startPage":"1179","endPage":"1185","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207834,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T02-093"}],"volume":"132","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba59fe4b08c986b320b72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dolan, C.R.","contributorId":96870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026004,"text":"70026004 - 2003 - Modelling hydrologic responses in a small forested catchment (Panola Mountain, Georgia, USA): A comparison of the original and a new dynamic TOPMODEL","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026004","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling hydrologic responses in a small forested catchment (Panola Mountain, Georgia, USA): A comparison of the original and a new dynamic TOPMODEL","docAbstract":"Preliminary modelling results for a new version of the rainfall-runoff model TOPMODEL, dynamic TOPMODEL, are compared with those of the original TOPMODEL formulation for predicting streamflow at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia. Dynamic TOPMODEL uses a kinematic wave routing of subsurface flow, which allows for dynamically variable upslope contributing areas, while retaining the concept of hydrological similarity to increase computational efficiency. Model performance in predicting discharge was assessed for the original TOPMODEL and for one landscape unit (LU) and three LU versions of the dynamic TOPMODEL (a bare rock area, hillslope with regolith <1 m, and a riparian zone with regolith ???5 m). All simulations used a 30 min time step for each of three water years. Each 1-LU model underpredicted the peak streamflow, and generally overpredicted recession streamflow during wet periods and underpredicted during dry periods. The difference between predicted recession streamflow generally was less for the dynamic TOPMODEL and smallest for the 3-LU model. Bayesian combination of results for different water years within the GLUE methodology left no behavioural original or 1-LU dynamic models and only 168 (of 96 000 sample parameter sets) for the 3-LU model. The efficiency for the streamflow prediction of the best 3-LU model was 0.83 for an individual year, but the results suggest that further improvements could be made. ?? 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.1128","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., Freer, J., and Beven, K., 2003, Modelling hydrologic responses in a small forested catchment (Panola Mountain, Georgia, USA): A comparison of the original and a new dynamic TOPMODEL: Hydrological Processes, v. 17, no. 2, p. 345-362, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1128.","startPage":"345","endPage":"362","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1128"},{"id":234616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c6be4b0c8380cd6fca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freer, J.","contributorId":61975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beven, K.","contributorId":25320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beven","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026117,"text":"70026117 - 2003 - Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T15:47:09.577405","indexId":"70026117","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands","docAbstract":"

The 1946 Aleutian earthquake stands out among tsunamigenic events because it generated both very high run-up near the earthquake source region and a destructive trans-Pacific tsunami. We obtained new data on the distribution of its tsunami in the near field along south-facing coasts between Unimak Pass on the west and Sanak Island on the east by measuring the height of driftwood and beach materials that were deposited by the tsunami above the extreme storm tide level. Our data indicate that (1) the highest measured run-up, which is at the Scotch Cap lighthouse, was 42 m above tide level or about 37 m above present storm tide elevation; (2) run-up along the rugged coast from Scotch Cap for 12 km northwest to Sennett Point is 12-18 m, and for 30 km east of Scotch Cap to Cape Lutke it is 24-42 m; (3) run-up along the broad lowlands bordering Unimak Bight is 10-20 m, and in-undation is locally more than 2 km; (5) run-up diminishes to 8 m or less at the southeast corner of Unimak Island; (6) no evidence was found for run-up above present storm tides (about 4-5 m above MLLW) on the Ikatan Peninsula or areas along the coast to the west; and (7) run-up above storm tide level in the Sanak Island group is restricted to southwest-facing coasts of Sanak, Long, and Clifford Islands, where it is continuous and locally up to 24 m high. Generation of the tsunami by one or more major earthquake-triggered submarine landslides near the shelf edge south of Unimak Island seems to be the only viable mechanism to account for the data on wave arrival time, run-up heights, and distribution, as well as for unconfirmed anecdotal reports of local postquake increases in water depth and diminished bottom-fisheries productivity. A preliminary hydrodynamic simulation of the local tsunami propagation and run-up using a dipolar model of a possible landslide off Davidson Bank provides an acceptable fit to the characteristics of the distribution of local run-up, with a value at 34 m at the Scotch Cap lighthouse.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020198","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Okal, E., Plafker, G., Synolakis, C., and Borrero, J., 2003, Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1226-1234, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020198.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1226","endPage":"1234","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63f8e4b0c8380cd727ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okal, E.A.","contributorId":35082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okal","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Synolakis, C.E.","contributorId":51510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Synolakis","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borrero, J.C.","contributorId":8656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borrero","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026116,"text":"70026116 - 2003 - Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:31:45","indexId":"70026116","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques are used to calculate the volume of extrusion at Okmok volcano, Alaska by constructing precise digital elevation models (DEMs) that represent volcano topography before and after the 1997 eruption. The posteruption DEM is generated using airborne topographic synthetic aperture radar (TOPSAR) data where a three-dimensional affine transformation is used to account for the misalignments between different DEM patches. The preeruption DEM is produced using repeat-pass European Remote Sensing satellite data; multiple interferograms are combined to reduce errors due to atmospheric variations, and deformation rates are estimated independently and removed from the interferograms used for DEM generation. The extrusive flow volume associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano is 0.154 ?? 0.025 km3. The thickest portion is approximately 50 m, although field measurements of the flow margin's height do not exceed 20 m. The in situ measurements at lava edges are not representative of the total thickness, and precise DEM data are absolutely essential to calculate eruption volume based on lava thickness estimations. This study is an example that demonstrates how InSAR will play a significant role in studying volcanoes in remote areas.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Fielding, E., Patrick, M., and Trautwein, C., 2003, Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1428-1436, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1428","endPage":"1436","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208780,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b26e4b0c8380cd525ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fielding, E.","contributorId":51057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fielding","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patrick, M.R.","contributorId":96059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trautwein, C. M.","contributorId":86748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026115,"text":"70026115 - 2003 - Ostracode-based reconstruction from 23,300 to about 20,250 cal yr BP of climate, and paleohydrology of a groundwater-fed pond near St. Louis, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026115","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ostracode-based reconstruction from 23,300 to about 20,250 cal yr BP of climate, and paleohydrology of a groundwater-fed pond near St. Louis, Missouri","docAbstract":"The water chemistry of a groundwater-fed sinkhole-pond near St. Louis, Missouri, and its associated climate during the last glaciation are reconstructed by comparison with autecological data of modern ostracodes from about 5,500 sites in Canada. A 4.8-m succession of fossiliferous sediment yielded ostracode assemblages that collectively are generally found today in ponds in North America including the species Cyclocypris ampla, C. laevis, Cypridopsis vidua, Candona crogmaniana, C. distincta, and C. ohioensis. Fossils of Picea needles and the ostracode Cyclocypris sharpei imply that best analog sites for the succession are in central to south-central Canada. The pond formed 23,300 ?? 400 cal yr BP when a sinkhole became plugged by a clay bed about 1 m thick. By about 20,250 cal yr BP, the pond had desiccated and was buried by loess. The sediment accumulation rate was about 0.18 cm/yr, and each sample interval (6 cm) represents a time slice of ???33 years. Data from this record provides the first fairly high resolution proxy record of the glacial paleoclimate of the mid-latitude of North America. The analog data indicate the water in the hydrologically-open spring-fed pond was less than 1 m deep. The paleoclimatic reconstructions imply gradually drier conditions and uniform, cool temperatures. The shallow water depth indicates that the temperature reconstruction is robust with mean annual temperatures (MATs) that ranged between 0.8 and 3.9??C, and mean July temperatures that ranged from 16.8 and 18.1??C. Other estimated climatic parameters include mean annual precipitation (MAP; 430 to 840 mm/yr), and moisture balance (P-E; -111 to 298 mm/yr). Compared to values measured today at St. Louis, the MAP was about 400 mm less, MAT about 10??C cooler, and P-E, about the same. These values are consistent with other published reconstructions based on modern analog analysis of fossil beetles and pollen, and paleothermometry based on amino acid racemization. The total dissolved solids (TDS) progressively increased from about 87 to 431 mg/L. Changes in TDS reflect either the balance between the relative inputs of karst groundwater and overland flow, or changes in the duration of water-rock interaction associated with the groundwater. The postulated long-term 900 ?? 200 year cyclicity of growing-season moisture and temperature, attributed to El Nin??o-Southern Oscillation cycles, is not expressed in the reconstructed hydrologic or climatic data. This is attributed, in part, to the mediating effect on temperature by monothermic groundwater input to this flow-through system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1023227205587","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Curry, B., and Delorme, D., 2003, Ostracode-based reconstruction from 23,300 to about 20,250 cal yr BP of climate, and paleohydrology of a groundwater-fed pond near St. Louis, Missouri: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 199-207, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023227205587.","startPage":"199","endPage":"207","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023227205587"},{"id":234733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a715ee4b0c8380cd765a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curry, B.","contributorId":89320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delorme, D.","contributorId":92845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delorme","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026107,"text":"70026107 - 2003 - Isolation and structural proof of the large diamond molecule, cyclohexamantane (C26H30)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026107","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":768,"text":"Angewandte Chemie - International Edition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation and structural proof of the large diamond molecule, cyclohexamantane (C26H30)","docAbstract":"Ace of diamonds: Cyclohexamantane (C26H30), a large diamond-like molecule containing six peri-fused adamantane cages was identified in petroleum and its structure proven by X-ray crystallography (see picture), Never synthesized because of severe mechanistic difficulties, the structure of cyclohexamantane has appeared in theoretical molecular-simulation studies related to diamond; its experimentally determined properties are now discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Angewandte Chemie - International Edition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/anie.200250794","issn":"14337851","usgsCitation":"Dahl, J., Moldowan, J., Peakman, T., Clardy, J., Lobkovsky, E., Olmstead, M., May, P., Davis, T., Steeds, J., Peters, K.E., Pepper, A., Ekuan, A., and Carlson, R., 2003, Isolation and structural proof of the large diamond molecule, cyclohexamantane (C26H30): Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, v. 42, no. 18, p. 2040-2044, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200250794.","startPage":"2040","endPage":"2044","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208698,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200250794"},{"id":234622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f4ae4b0c8380cd64401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dahl, J.E.P.","contributorId":91759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahl","given":"J.E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moldowan, J.M.","contributorId":78527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moldowan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peakman, T.M.","contributorId":100261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peakman","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clardy, J.C.","contributorId":104358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clardy","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lobkovsky, E.","contributorId":19851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lobkovsky","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olmstead, M.M.","contributorId":60924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olmstead","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"May, P.W.","contributorId":93784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Davis, T.J.","contributorId":46843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Steeds, J.W.","contributorId":11899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeds","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Peters, K. E.","contributorId":17295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Pepper, A.","contributorId":81768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pepper","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ekuan, A.","contributorId":10301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ekuan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Carlson, R.M.K.","contributorId":96556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"R.M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70026106,"text":"70026106 - 2003 - Comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems: Implications for the design of coastal marine reserves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T17:00:34.017351","indexId":"70026106","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems: Implications for the design of coastal marine reserves","docAbstract":"

Concepts and theory for the design and application of terrestrial reserves is based on our understanding of environmental, ecological, and evolutionary processes responsible for biological diversity and sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems and how humans have influenced these processes. How well this terrestrial-based theory can be applied toward the design and application of reserves in the coastal marine environment depends, in part, on the degree of similarity between these systems. Several marked differences in ecological and evolutionary processes exist between marine and terrestrial ecosystems as ramifications of fundamental differences in their physical environments (i.e., the relative prevalence of air and water) and contemporary patterns of human impacts. Most notably, the great extent and rate of dispersal of nutrients, materials, holoplanktonic organisms, and reproductive propagules of benthic organisms expand scales of connectivity among near-shore communities and ecosystems. Consequently, the \"openness\" of marine populations, communities, and ecosystems probably has marked influences on their spatial, genetic, and trophic structures and dynamics in ways experienced by only some terrestrial species. Such differences appear to be particularly significant for the kinds of organisms most exploited and targeted for protection in coastal marine ecosystems (fishes and macroinvertebrates). These and other differences imply some unique design criteria and application of reserves in the marine environment. In explaining the implications of these differences for marine reserve design and application, we identify many of the environmental and ecological processes and design criteria necessary for consideration in the development of the analytical approaches developed elsewhere in this Special Issue.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0090:cmatei]2.0.co;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., Neigel, J., Estes, J.A., Andelman, S., Warner, R., and Largier, J., 2003, Comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems: Implications for the design of coastal marine reserves: Ecological Applications, v. 13, no. 1 SUPPL., p. S90-S107, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0090:cmatei]2.0.co;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"S90","endPage":"S107","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0090:cmatei]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387476,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f836e4b0c8380cd4cf48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neigel, J.E.","contributorId":101426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neigel","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andelman, S.","contributorId":96461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andelman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warner, R.R.","contributorId":92201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Largier, J. L.","contributorId":107900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Largier","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026101,"text":"70026101 - 2003 - Longshore sediment transport rates on a microtidal estuarine beach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026101","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Longshore sediment transport rates on a microtidal estuarine beach","docAbstract":"Longshore sediment transport rates were estimated on a microtidal estuarine beach in Great South Bay, N.Y., during two dyed sand tracer experiments using a temporal sampling method. Mean onshore wind speeds of 5.8 and 9.9 m/s resulted in root-mean-square wave heights of 0.07 and 0.08 m and wave angles of 3.0 and 10.1, causing transport rates of 0.468 and 0.972 m3/h. Rates were 3.1 to 6.5 times greater than predicted by existing equations using standard coefficients. Greater rates are attributed to the concentration of sediment transport in the energetic swash zone under plunging breakers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2003)129:1(1)","issn":"0733950X","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, K., Jackson, N., Allen, J., and Sherman, D., 2003, Longshore sediment transport rates on a microtidal estuarine beach: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 129, no. 1, p. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2003)129:1(1).","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208639,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2003)129:1(1)"},{"id":234519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49c6e4b0c8380cd6889d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, K.F.","contributorId":17733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, N.L.","contributorId":104189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J.R.","contributorId":16955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sherman, D.J.","contributorId":14539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026099,"text":"70026099 - 2003 - Biophysical and socio-economic assessments of the coastal zone: The LOICZ approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026099","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Biophysical and socio-economic assessments of the coastal zone: The LOICZ approach","docAbstract":"The Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme focused on quantifying the role of the global coastal zone in the cycling of carbon and nutrients. From 1993 to date, it has developed protocols and tools that allow for site-specific and global assessments of coastal processes and their drivers. Indicators used in coastal assessments include the contribution of population and economic activities to waste load generation, and the resulting coastal system states relative to net production and nitrogen cycling. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Ocean and Coastal Management","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00011-5","issn":"09645691","usgsCitation":"Talaue-McManus, L., Smith, S.V., and Buddemeier, R., 2003, Biophysical and socio-economic assessments of the coastal zone: The LOICZ approach, in Ocean and Coastal Management, v. 46, no. 3-4, p. 323-333, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00011-5.","startPage":"323","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208940,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00011-5"},{"id":235061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f192e4b0c8380cd4acf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talaue-McManus, L.","contributorId":60000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talaue-McManus","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, S. V.","contributorId":89284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025982,"text":"70025982 - 2003 - Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century temperature variability from Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T12:42:09","indexId":"70025982","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century temperature variability from Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"

We present paleoclimate evidence for rapid (< 100 years) shifts of ~2-4oC in Chesapeake Bay (CB) temperature ~2100, 1600, 950, 650, 400 and 150 years before present (years BP) reconstructed from magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) paleothermometry. These include large temperature excursions during the Little Ice Age (~1400-1900 AD) and the Medieval Warm Period (~800-1300 AD) possibly related to changes in the strength of North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC). Evidence is presented for a long period of sustained regional and North Atlantic-wide warmth with low-amplitude temperature variability between ~450 and 1000 AD. In addition to centennial-scale temperature shifts, the existence of numerous temperature maxima between 2200 and 250 years BP (average ~70 years) suggests that multi-decadal processes typical of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are an inherent feature of late Holocene climate. However, late 19th and 20th century temperature extremes in Chesapeake Bay associated with NAO climate variability exceeded those of the prior 2000 years, including the interval 450-1000 AD, by 2-3oC, suggesting anomalous recent behavior of the climate system.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsvier","doi":"10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00161-3","issn":"09218181","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Dwyer, G.S., Kamiya, T., Schwede, S., and Willard, D., 2003, Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century temperature variability from Chesapeake Bay: Global and Planetary Change, v. 36, no. 1-2, p. 17-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00161-3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487507,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/6578","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208817,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00161-3"},{"id":234837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","volume":"36","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a537de4b0c8380cd6caff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, G. S.","contributorId":39951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kamiya, T.","contributorId":19302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamiya","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwede, S.","contributorId":9825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwede","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026093,"text":"70026093 - 2003 - Large-scale phytogeographical patterns in East Asia in relation to latitudinal and climatic gradients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T10:10:21","indexId":"70026093","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale phytogeographical patterns in East Asia in relation to latitudinal and climatic gradients","docAbstract":"Aim: This paper aims at determining how different floristic elements (e.g. cosmopolitan, tropical, and temperate) change with latitude and major climate factors, and how latitude affects the floristic relationships between East Asia and the other parts of the world. Location: East Asia from the Arctic to tropical regions, an area crossing over 50?? of latitudes and covering the eastern part of China, Korea, Japan and the eastern part of Russia. Methods: East Asia is divided into forty-five geographical regions. Based on the similarity of their world-wide distributional patterns, a total of 2808 indigenous genera of seed plants found in East Asia were grouped into fourteen geographical elements, belonging to three major categories (cosmopolitan, tropical and temperate). The 50??-long latitudinal gradient of East Asia was divided into five latitudinal zones, each of c. 10??. Phytogeographical relationships of East Asia to latitude and climatic variables were examined based on the forty-five regional floras. Results: Among all geographical and climatic variables considered, latitude showed the strongest relationship to phytogeographical composition. Tropical genera (with pantropical, amphi-Pacific tropical, palaeotropical, tropical Asia-tropical Australia, tropical Asia-tropical Africa and tropical Asia geographical elements combined) accounted for c. 80% of the total genera at latitude 20??N and for c. 0% at latitude 55-60??N. In contrast, temperate genera (including holarctic, eastern Asia-North America, temperate Eurasia, temperate Asia, Mediterranean, western Asia to central Asia, central Asia and eastern Asia geographical elements) accounted for 15.5% in the southernmost latitude and for 80% at 55-60??N, from where northward the percentage tended to level off. The proportion of cosmopolitan genera increased gradually with latitude from 5% at the southernmost latitude to 21% at 55-60??N, where it levelled off northward. In general, the genera present in a more northerly flora are a subset of the genera present in a more southerly flora. Main conclusions: The large-scale patterns of phytogeography in East Asia are strongly related to latitude, which covaries with several climatic variables such as temperature. Evolutionary processes such as the adaptation of plants to cold climates and current and past land connections are likely responsible for the observed latitudinal patterns.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00807.x","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Qian, H., Song, J., Krestov, P., Guo, Q., Wu, Z., Shen, X., and Guo, X., 2003, Large-scale phytogeographical patterns in East Asia in relation to latitudinal and climatic gradients: Journal of Biogeography, v. 30, no. 1, p. 129-141, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00807.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208881,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00807.x"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a449ce4b0c8380cd66c5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Qian, H.","contributorId":16366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qian","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Song, J.-S.","contributorId":18712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"J.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krestov, P.","contributorId":39730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krestov","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guo, Q.","contributorId":67039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wu, Z.","contributorId":102028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shen, X.","contributorId":32477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shen","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Guo, X.","contributorId":99931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026092,"text":"70026092 - 2003 - Relations between introduced fish and environmental conditions at large geographic scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T09:41:21","indexId":"70026092","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between introduced fish and environmental conditions at large geographic scales","docAbstract":"Data collected from 20 major river basins between 1993 and 1995 as part of the US Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program were analyzed to assess patterns in introduced and native fish species richness and abundance relative to watershed characteristics and stream physicochemistry. Sites (N = 157) were divided into three regions-northeast, southeast, and west- to account for major longitudinal differences in precipitation/runoff and latitudinal limits of glaciation that affect zoogeographic patterns in fish communities. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were the most frequently collected introduced fish species across all river basins combined. Based on the percentage of introduced fish species, the fish communities most altered by the presence of introduced fish occurred in the western and northeastern parts of the US. Native fish species richness was not an indicator of introduced fish species richness for any of the three regions. However, in the west, introduced fish species richness was an indicator of total fish species richness and the abundance of introduced fish was negatively related to native fish species richness. Some relations between introduced fish species and environmental conditions were common between regions. Increased introduced fish species richness was related to increased population density in the northeast and southeast; increased total nitrogen in the northeast and west; and increased total phosphorous and water temperature in the southeast and west. These results suggest that introduced fish species tend to be associated with disturbance at large geographic scales, though specific relations may vary regionally. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00013-X","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., Brown, L., and Short, T., 2003, Relations between introduced fish and environmental conditions at large geographic scales: Ecological Indicators, v. 3, no. 2, p. 81-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00013-X.","startPage":"81","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208880,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00013-X"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a6f8e4b0e8fec6cdc314","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, L. R. 0000-0001-6702-4531","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":66391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Short, T.","contributorId":67268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025817,"text":"70025817 - 2003 - A predictive risk model for electroshock-induced mortality of the endangered Cape Fear shiner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025817","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A predictive risk model for electroshock-induced mortality of the endangered Cape Fear shiner","docAbstract":"We evaluated the effects of a single electroshock on injury and mortality of hatchery-reared Cape Fear shiners Notropis mekistocholas (N = 517), an endangered cyprinid. Groups of 18-22 Cape Fear shiners were exposed to DC, 120-Hz pulsed DC (PDC), or 60-Hz PDC at voltage gradients of 1.1, 1.9, or 2.7 V/cm for 3 s. Mortality occurred only among fish exposed to 120-Hz PDC (25%) and DC (38%) applied at 2.7 V/cm. Because no mortality occurred in Cape Fear shiners exposed to 60-Hz PDC, this waveform was selected for further study of electroshock duration (3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 s) and voltage gradient (0.9, 1.6, or 2.3 V/cm). Most fish electroshocked in the experiments were immobilized (ceased swimming motion). No physical injury was detected by necropsy or radiography in any fish. Electroshock-induced mortality of Cape Fear shiners showed a strong multivariable relationship to voltage gradient, electroshock duration, and fish length. Fish subjected to 60-Hz PDC at 0.9 or 1.6 V/cm for 6 s experienced low mortality (<10%). Our results demonstrate that Cape Fear shiners can be immobilized by 60-Hz PDC electroshock without injury or significant risk of mortality. We propose that electrofishing may be safely used to sample similar small cyprinids, imperiled or otherwise, when electrofishers select an appropriate waveform (DC pulsed at 60-Hz or less) and use it judiciously (minimal exposure at, or below, the immobilization threshold).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M02-009","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Holliman, F., Reynolds, J., and Kwak, T., 2003, A predictive risk model for electroshock-induced mortality of the endangered Cape Fear shiner: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 3, p. 905-912, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-009.","startPage":"905","endPage":"912","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208686,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-009"},{"id":234604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4ebe4b0c8380cd46a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holliman, F.M.","contributorId":86153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holliman","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, J.B.","contributorId":27235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwak, T.J.","contributorId":104236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026046,"text":"70026046 - 2003 - Atmospheric mercury emissions from mine wastes and surrounding geologically enriched terrains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026046","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Atmospheric mercury emissions from mine wastes and surrounding geologically enriched terrains","docAbstract":"Waste rock and ore associated with Hg, precious and base metal mining, and their surrounding host rocks are typically enriched in mercury relative to natural background concentrations (<0.1 ??g Hg g-1). Mercury fluxes to the atmosphere from mineralized areas can range from background rates (0-15 ng m-2 h-1) to tens of thousands of ng m-2 h-1. Mercury enriched substrate constitutes a long-term source of mercury to the global atmospheric mercury pool. Mercury emissions from substrate are influenced by light, temperature, precipitation, and substrate mercury concentration, and occur during the day and night. Light-enhanced emissions are driven by two processes: desorption of elemental mercury accumulated at the soil:air interface, and photo reduction of mercury containing phases. To determine the need for and effectiveness of regulatory controls on short-lived anthropogenic point sources the contribution of mercury from geologic non-point sources to the atmospheric mercury pool needs to be quantified. The atmospheric mercury contribution from small areas of mining disturbance with relatively high mercury concentrations are, in general, less than that from surrounding large areas of low levels of mercury enrichment. In the arid to semi-arid west-ern United States volatilization is the primary means by which mercury is released from enriched sites.","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","language":"English","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Gustin, M., Coolbaugh, M., Engle, M., Fitzgerald, B., Keislar, R., Lindberg, S., Nacht, D., Quashnick, J., Rytuba, J.J., Sladek, C., Zhang, H., and Zehner, R.E., 2003, Atmospheric mercury emissions from mine wastes and surrounding geologically enriched terrains, in Environmental Geology, v. 43, no. 3, p. 339-351.","startPage":"339","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec3e4b0c8380cd49f30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gustin, M.S.","contributorId":101837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustin","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coolbaugh, M.F.","contributorId":55034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coolbaugh","given":"M.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engle, M.A. 0000-0001-5258-7374","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-7374","contributorId":55144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fitzgerald, B.C.","contributorId":36819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keislar, R.E.","contributorId":31643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keislar","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lindberg, S.E.","contributorId":87354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindberg","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nacht, D.M.","contributorId":94561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nacht","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Quashnick, J.","contributorId":81769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quashnick","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rytuba, J. 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Six years after establishment, few consistent differences were found in oak density between sowing acorn methods (seed drill versus broadcast seeding), autumn sowing versus spring sowing, and sowing acorns versus planting oak seedlings. Results indicated that some degree of site preparation is needed to establish oak seedlings but few differences were found between site preparation treatments. These results indicate that no one prescription for oak regeneration fits all potential afforestation projects in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Successful bottomland hardwood afforestation projects will require plans that include specific objectives, site evaluation, and a regeneration prescription prior to sowing the first seed or planting the first seedling.","largerWorkTitle":"Forestry","language":"English","doi":"10.1093/forestry/76.2.169","issn":"0015752X","usgsCitation":"Lockhart, B., Keeland, B., McCoy, J., and Dean, T., 2003, Comparing regeneration techniques for afforesting previously farmed bottomland hardwood sites in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA, in Forestry, v. 76, no. 2, p. 169-180, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.169.","startPage":"169","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487505,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.169","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208758,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.169"},{"id":234729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f838e4b0c8380cd4cf5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockhart, B.R.","contributorId":24143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockhart","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeland, B.","contributorId":45494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCoy, J.","contributorId":16626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, T.J.","contributorId":94469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025013,"text":"70025013 - 2003 - Selection of the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:36:51","indexId":"70025013","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selection of the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites","docAbstract":"

The selection of Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater as the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites took over 2 years, involved broad participation of the science community via four open workshops, and narrowed an initial ∼155 potential sites (80–300 × 30 km) to four finalists based on science and safety. Engineering constraints important to the selection included (1) latitude (10°N–15°S) for maximum solar power, (2) elevation (less than −1.3 km) for sufficient atmosphere to slow the lander, (3) low horizontal winds, shear, and turbulence in the last few kilometers to minimize horizontal velocity, (4) low 10‐m‐scale slopes to reduce airbag spin‐up and bounce, (5) moderate rock abundance to reduce abrasion or strokeout of the airbags, and (6) a radar‐reflective, load‐bearing, and trafficable surface safe for landing and roving that is not dominated by fine‐grained dust. The evaluation of sites utilized existing as well as targeted orbital information acquired from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey. Three of the final four landing sites show strong evidence for surface processes involving water and appear capable of addressing the science objectives of the missions, which are to determine the aqueous, climatic, and geologic history of sites on Mars where conditions may have been favorable to the preservation of evidence of possible prebiotic or biotic processes. The evaluation of science criteria placed Meridiani and Gusev as the highest‐priority sites. The evaluation of the three most critical safety criteria (10‐m‐scale slopes, rocks, and winds) and landing simulation results indicated that Meridiani and Elysium Planitia are the safest sites, followed by Gusev and Isidis Planitia.

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It illuminates earthquake mechanics and hazards of large strike-slip faults. It began with thrusting on the previously unrecognized Susitna Glacier fault, continued with right-slip on the Denali fault, then took a right step and continued with right-slip on the Totschunda fault. There is good correlation between geologically observed and geophysically inferred moment release. The earthquake produced unusually strong distal effects in the rupture propagation direction, including triggered seismicity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1082703","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., Haeussler, P.J., Freymueller, J., Frankel, A., Rubin, C., Craw, P., Ratchkovski, N.A., Anderson, G., Carver, G.A., Crone, A.J., Dawson, T.E., Fletcher, H., Hansen, R., Harp, E.L., Harris, R., Hill, D., Hreinsdottir, S., Jibson, R., Jones, L., Kayen, R., Keefer, D.K., Larsen, C., Moran, S., Personius, S., Plafker, G., Sherrod, B., Sieh, K., Sitar, N., and Wallace, W.K., 2003, The 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska: A large magnitude, slip-partitioned event: Science, v. 300, no. 5622, p. 1113-1118, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082703.","startPage":"1113","endPage":"1118","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208729,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1082703"}],"volume":"300","issue":"5622","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba645e4b08c986b320fe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, J.T.","contributorId":51482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rubin, C.M.","contributorId":99011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Craw, P.","contributorId":33996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craw","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ratchkovski, N. 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