Between October 1998 and September 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program evaluated the water-quality conditions of Chester Creek, a stream draining forest and urban settings in Anchorage, Alaska. Data collection included water, streambed sediments, lakebed sediments, and aquatic organisms samples from urban sites along the stream. Urban land use ranged from less than 1 percent of the basin above the furthest upstream site to 46 percent above the most downstream site. Findings suggest that water quality of Chester Creek declines in the downstream direction and as urbanization in the watershed increases. Water samples were collected monthly and during storms at a site near the stream's mouth (Chester Creek at Arctic Boulevard) and analyzed for major ions and nutrients. Water samples collected during water year 1999 were analyzed for selected pesticides and volatile organic compounds. Concentrations of fecal-indicator bacteria were determined monthly during calendar year 2000. During winter, spring, and summer, four water samples were collected at a site upstream of urban development (South Branch of South Fork Chester Creek at Tank Trail) and five from an intermediate site (South Branch of South Fork Chester Creek at Boniface Parkway). Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate in water increased in the downstream direction. Nitrate concentrations were similar at the three sites and all were less than the drinking-water standard. About one-quarter of the samples from the Arctic Boulevard site had concentrations of phosphorus that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guideline for preventing nuisance plant growth. Water samples collected at the Arctic Boulevard site contained concentrations of the insecticide carbaryl that exceeded the guideline for protecting aquatic life. Every water sample revealed a low concentration of volatile organic compounds, including benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, methyl tert-butyl ether, and chloroform. No water samples contained volatile organic compounds concentrations that exceeded any USEPA drinking-water standard or guideline. Fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations in water from the Arctic Boulevard site commonly exceeded Federal and State guidelines for water-contact recreation. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in streambed sediments increased in the downstream direction. Some concentrations of arsenic, chromium, lead, and zinc in sediments were at levels that can adversely affect aquatic organisms. Analysis of sediment chemistry in successive lakebed-sediment layers from Westchester Lagoon near the stream's mouth provided a record of water-quality trends since about 1970. Concentrations of lead have decreased from peak levels in the mid-1970s, most likely because of removing lead from gasoline and lower lead content in other products. However, concen-trations in recently-deposited lakebed sediments are still about 10 times greater than measured in streambed sediments at the upstream Tank Trail site. Zinc concentrations in lakebed sediments also increased in the early 1970s to levels that exceeded guidelines to protect aquatic life and have remained at elevated but variable levels. Pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and phenanthrene in lakebed sediments also have varied in concentrations and have exceeded protection guidelines for aquatic life since the 1970s. Concentrations of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), or their by-products generally were highest in lakebed sediments deposited in the 1970s. More recent sediments have concentrations that vary widely and do not show distinct temporal trends. Tissue samples of whole slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), a non-migratory species of fish, showed con-centrations of trace elements and organic contaminants. Of the constituents analyzed, only selenium concentra-tions showed levels of potential concern for
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/sir20065229","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., and Ourso, R.T., 2006, Water-Quality Conditions of Chester Creek, Anchorage, Alaska, 1998-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5229, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065229.","productDescription":"32 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1998-10-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8740,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5229/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd19a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, Roy L.","contributorId":86813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ourso, Robert T. 0000-0002-5952-8681 rtourso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5952-8681","contributorId":203207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ourso","given":"Robert","email":"rtourso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79240,"text":"ofr20061286 - 2006 - Application of municipal biosolids to dry-land wheat fields - A monitoring program near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA). A presentation for an international conference: \"The Future of Agriculture: Science, Stewardship, and Sustainability\", August 7-9, 2006, Sacramento, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:34:22.987429","indexId":"ofr20061286","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1286","title":"Application of municipal biosolids to dry-land wheat fields - A monitoring program near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA). A presentation for an international conference: \"The Future of Agriculture: Science, Stewardship, and Sustainability\", August 7-9, 2006, Sacramento, CA","docAbstract":"Since late 1993, Metro Wastewater Reclamation District of Denver (Metro District), a large wastewater treatment plant in Denver, Colorado, has applied Grade I, Class B biosolids to about 52,000 acres of non-irrigated farmland and rangeland near Deer Trail, Colorado. In cooperation with the Metro District in 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began monitoring ground water at part of this site. In 1999, the USGS began a more comprehensive study of the entire site to address stakeholder concerns about the chemical effects of biosolids applications. This more comprehensive monitoring program has recently been extended through 2010. Monitoring components of the more comprehensive study included biosolids collected at the wastewater treatment plant, soil, crops, dust, alluvial and bedrock ground water, and stream bed sediment. Streams at the site are dry most of the year, so samples of stream bed sediment deposited after rain were used to indicate surface-water effects. This presentation will only address biosolids, soil, and crops. More information about these and the other monitoring components are presented in the literature (e.g., Yager and others, 2004a, b, c, d) and at the USGS Web site for the Deer Trail area studies at http://co.water.usgs.gov/projects/CO406/CO406.html. Priority parameters identified by the stakeholders for all monitoring components, included the total concentrations of nine trace elements (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc), plutonium isotopes, and gross alpha and beta activity, regulated by Colorado for biosolids to be used as an agricultural soil amendment. Nitrogen and chromium also were priority parameters for ground water and sediment components.\r\n\r\nIn general, the objective of each component of the study was to determine whether concentrations of priority parameters (1) were higher than regulatory limits, (2) were increasing with time, or (3) were significantly higher in biosolids-applied areas than in a similar farmed area where biosolids were not applied. Where sufficient samples could be collected, statistical methods were used to evaluate effects. Rigorous quality assurance was included in all aspects of the study. The roles of hydrology and geology also were considered in the design, data collection, and interpretation phases of the study.\r\n\r\nStudy results indicate that the chemistry of the biosolids from the Denver plant was consistent during 1999-2005, and total concentrations of regulated trace elements were consistently lower than the regulatory limits. Plutonium isotopes were not detected in the biosolids. Leach tests using deionized water to simulate natural precipitation indicate arsenic, molybdenum, and nickel were the most soluble priority parameters in the biosolids.\r\n\r\nStudy results show no significant difference in concentrations of priority parameters between biosolids-applied soils and unamended soils where no biosolids were applied. However, biosolids were applied only twice during 1999-2003. The next soil sampling is not scheduled until 2010. To date concentrations of most of the priority parameters were not much greater in the biosolids than in natural soil from the sites. Therefore, many more biosolids applications would need to occur before biosolids effects on the soil priority constituents can be quantified. Leach tests using deionized water to simulate precipitation indicate that molybdenum and selenium were the priority parameters that were most soluble in both biosolids-applied soil and natural or unamended soil.\r\n\r\nStudy results do not indicate significant differences in concentrations of priority parameters between crops grown in biosolids-applied areas and crops grown where no biosolids were applied. However, crops were grown only twice during 1999-2003, so only two crop samples could be collected. The wheat-grain elemental data collected during 1999-2003 for both biosolids-applied areas and unamended areas are similar","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061286","usgsCitation":"Crock, J.G., Smith, D., and Yager, T., 2006, Application of municipal biosolids to dry-land wheat fields - A monitoring program near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA). A presentation for an international conference: \"The Future of Agriculture: Science, Stewardship, and Sustainability\", August 7-9, 2006, Sacramento, CA (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1286, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061286.","productDescription":"65 p.","numberOfPages":"65","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-08-07","temporalEnd":"2006-08-09","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":8700,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1286/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a90f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crock, James G. jcrock@usgs.gov","contributorId":200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"James","email":"jcrock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yager, Tracy J.B.","contributorId":10861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Tracy J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79183,"text":"sir20065084 - 2006 - Comparison of ground-water quality in samples from selected shallow and deep wells in the central Oklahoma aquifer, 2003-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:20","indexId":"sir20065084","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5084","title":"Comparison of ground-water quality in samples from selected shallow and deep wells in the central Oklahoma aquifer, 2003-2005","docAbstract":"The aquifer units of the Central Oklahoma aquifer underlie about 2,890 square miles of central Oklahoma and are used extensively to supply water for municipal, domestic, industrial, and agricultural needs. The Central Oklahoma aquifer also is commonly referred to as the Garber-Wellington aquifer because the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation yield the greatest quantities of usable water for domestic and high-capacity wells.\r\n\r\nThe major water-quality concerns for the Central Oklahoma aquifer described by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program (1987 to 1992) were elevated concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in shallow water and the occurrence of arsenic, chromium, and selenium in parts of the aquifer. The quality of water from deep public-water supply wells in the Central Oklahoma aquifer is monitored by the State of Oklahoma. The chemical quality of water from shallow domestic wells is not monitored, and, therefore, there is a concern that well owners may be unknowingly ingesting water with nitrate nitrogen, arsenic, chromium, selenium, and other chemical constituents at concentrations that are considered harmful. As a result of this concern, the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Geological Survey collaborated on a study to sample water during June 2003 through August 2005 from 23 shallow wells (less than 200 feet in depth) and 28 deep wells (200 feet or greater in depth) completed in the bedrock aquifer units of the Central Oklahoma aquifer. The objectives of the study were to describe the chemical quality of water from shallow and deep wells and to determine if the differences in constituent concentrations are statistically significant.\r\n\r\nWater from shallow wells had significantly higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, and nitrate nitrogen than water from deep wells. There were no significant differences between concentrations of dissolved solids, sodium, and fluoride in water from shallow and deep wells. Water from 9 shallow wells had nitrate nitrogen concentrations greater than 2 milligrams per liter, suggesting nitrogen sources at land surface have had an effect on water from these wells. Water from three shallow wells (13 percent) exceeded the nitrate nitrogen maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter in drinking water.\r\n\r\nWater from shallow wells had significantly lower concentrations of arsenic, chromium, iron, and selenium than water from deep wells, whereas, concentrations of barium, copper, manganese, and zinc were similar. Water-quality data indicate that arsenic frequently occurs in shallow ground water from the Central Oklahoma aquifer, but at low concentrations (<10 micrograms per liter). The occurrence of chromium and selenium in water from shallow wells was infrequent and at low concentrations in this study.\r\n\r\nIt does not appear that the quality of water from a shallow well can be predicted based on the quality of water from a nearby deep well. The results show that in general terms, shallow ground water has significantly higher concentrations of most major ions and significantly lower concentrations of arsenic, chromium, and selenium than water from deep wells.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065084","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., 2006, Comparison of ground-water quality in samples from selected shallow and deep wells in the central Oklahoma aquifer, 2003-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5084, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065084.","productDescription":"60 p.","numberOfPages":"60","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8639,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5084/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae296","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, Carol 0000-0001-6652-4542 cjbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-4542","contributorId":2489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Carol","email":"cjbecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79147,"text":"sim2877 - 2006 - Geologic map of the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T21:18:07.347263","indexId":"sim2877","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2877","title":"Geologic map of the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, the largest national park within the U.S. National Park Service system, extends from the northern Pacific Ocean to beyond the eastern Alaska Range into interior Alaska. It features impressively spectacular scenery such as high and craggy mountains, active and ancient volcanoes, expansive ice fields, immense tidewater glaciers, and a myriad of alpine glaciers. The park also includes the famous Kennecott Mine, a world-class copper deposit that was mined from 1911 to 1938, and remnant ghost town, which is now a National Historic Landmark. \r\n\r\nGeologic investigations encompassing Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve began in 1796, with Dmitriv Tarkhanov, a Russian mining engineer, who unsuccessfully ventured up the Copper River in search of rumored copper. Lieutenant H.T. Allen (1897) of the U.S. Army made a successful epic summer journey with a limited military crew up the Copper River in 1885, across the Alaska Range, and down the Tanana and Yukon Rivers. Allen?s crew was supported by a prospector named John Bremner and local Eyak and Ahtna native guides whose tribes controlled access into the Copper River basin. Allen witnessed the Ahtnas? many uses of the native copper. His stories about the copper prompted prospectors to return to this area in search of the rich copper ore in the years following his journey. The region boasts a rich mining and exploration history prior to becoming a park in 1980. Several U.S. Geological Survey geologists have conducted reconnaissance surveys in the area since Allen?s explorations. This map is the result of their work and is enhanced by more detailed investigations, which began in the late 1950s and are still continuing. For a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the geology of the park and a history of the geologic investigations in the area, we recommend U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1616, ?A Geologic Guide to Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska,? an exceptionally well illustrated and informative book by Gary R. Winkler, 2000. \r\n\r\nGeologically, the park consists of a collage of seven tectonostratigraphic terranes that formed south in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and rafted northward on oceanic plates, eventually accreting to Alaska and the North American continent. Each terrane features a distinct stratigraphy and is separated from neighboring terranes by major strike-slip or thrust faults.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2877","isbn":"1411305043","usgsCitation":"2006, Geologic map of the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2877, Report: 15 p.; 1 Plate: 62 x 43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2877.","productDescription":"Report: 15 p.; 1 Plate: 62 x 43 inches","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8774,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2877/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":8775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":21,"text":"Referenced Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1616/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8773,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2877/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110684,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78283.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78283"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.85,\n 59.4814\n ],\n [\n -138.9,\n 59.4814\n ],\n [\n -138.9,\n 62.8147\n ],\n [\n -145.85,\n 62.8147\n ],\n [\n -145.85,\n 59.4814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83fd","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Richter, Donald H.","contributorId":61021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697592,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Preller, Cindi C.","contributorId":55898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preller","given":"Cindi","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697593,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Labay, Keith A. 0000-0002-6763-3190 klabay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-3190","contributorId":2097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labay","given":"Keith A.","email":"klabay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697594,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shew, Nora B. 0000-0003-0025-7220 nshew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-7220","contributorId":3382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shew","given":"Nora","email":"nshew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697595,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79148,"text":"sir20055272 - 2006 - A tectonic model for the spatial occurrence of porphyry copper and polymetallic vein deposits - applications to Central Europe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:19","indexId":"sir20055272","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5272","title":"A tectonic model for the spatial occurrence of porphyry copper and polymetallic vein deposits - applications to Central Europe","docAbstract":"A structural-tectonic model, which was developed to assess the occurrence of undiscovered porphyry copper deposits and associated polymetallic vein systems for the Matra Mountains, Hungary, has been expanded here and applied to other parts of central Europe. The model explains how granitoid stocks are emplaced and hydrothermal fluids flow within local strain features (duplexes) within strike-slip fault systems that develop in continental crust above subducting plates. Areas of extension that lack shear at the corners and along the edges of the fault duplexes are structural traps for the granitoid stocks associated with porphyry copper deposits. By contrast, polymetallic vein deposits are emplaced where shear and extension are prevalent in the interior of the duplexes. This model was applied to the Late Cretaceous-age porphyry copper and polymetallic vein deposits in the Banat-Timok-Srednogorie region of Romania-Serbia-Bulgaria and the middle Miocene-age deposits in Romania and Slovakia. In the first area, porphyry copper deposits are most commonly located at the corners, and occasionally along the edges, of strike-slip fault duplexes, and the few polymetallic vein deposits identified are located at interior sites of the duplexes. In the second area, the model accounts for the preferred sites of porphyry copper and polymetallic vein deposits in the Apuseni Mountains (Romania) and central Slovakian volcanic field (Slovakia).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055272","isbn":"141130960X","usgsCitation":"Drew, L.J., 2006, A tectonic model for the spatial occurrence of porphyry copper and polymetallic vein deposits - applications to Central Europe: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5272, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055272.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5272.jpg"},{"id":8712,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5272/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5bb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, Lawrence J. ldrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":2635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Lawrence","email":"ldrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":77632,"text":"ofr20061223 - 2006 - Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"ofr20061223","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1223","title":"Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006","docAbstract":"Storm runoff water-quality samples were collected as part of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Stormwater Monitoring Program. This program is designed to assess the effects of highway runoff and urban runoff on Halawa Stream. For this program, rainfall data were collected at two stations, continuous discharge data at one station, continuous streamflow data at two stations, and water-quality data at five stations, which include the continuous discharge and streamflow stations. This report summarizes rainfall, discharge, streamflow, and water-quality data collected between July 1, 2005 and June 30, 2006.\r\n\r\nA total of 23 samples was collected over five storms during July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006. The goal was to collect grab samples nearly simultaneously at all five stations, and flow-weighted time-composite samples at the three stations equipped with automatic samplers; however, all five storms were partially sampled owing to lack of flow at the time of sampling at some sites, or because some samples collected by the automatic sampler did not represent water from the storm.\r\n\r\nSamples were analyzed for total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, and selected trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc). Additionally, grab samples were analyzed for oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons, fecal coliform, and biological oxygen demand. Quality-assurance/quality-control samples were also collected during storms and during routine maintenance to verify analytical procedures and check the effectiveness of equipment-cleaning procedures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061223","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Presley, T.K., Jamison, M.T., and Young-Smith, S.T., 2006, Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1223, vi, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061223.","productDescription":"vi, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"33","temporalStart":"2005-07-01","temporalEnd":"2006-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8384,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1223/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.8,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.8,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685055","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presley, Todd K. 0000-0001-5851-0634 tkpresle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5851-0634","contributorId":2671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presley","given":"Todd","email":"tkpresle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jamison, Marcael T. J.","contributorId":6817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Marcael","email":"","middleInitial":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young-Smith, Stacie T. M.","contributorId":89988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young-Smith","given":"Stacie","email":"","middleInitial":"T. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":77388,"text":"sir20065085 - 2006 - Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of the abandoned Valzinco (lead-zinc) and Mitchell (gold) mine sites prior to reclamation, Spotsylvania County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:37:50","indexId":"sir20065085","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5085","title":"Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of the abandoned Valzinco (lead-zinc) and Mitchell (gold) mine sites prior to reclamation, Spotsylvania County, Virginia","docAbstract":"The Virginia gold-pyrite belt, part of the central Virginia volcanic-plutonic belt, hosts numerous abandoned metal mines. The belt extends from about 50 km south of Washington, D.C., for approximately 175 km to the southwest into central Virginia. The rocks that comprise the belt include metamorphosed volcanic and clastic (noncarbonate) sedimentary rocks that were originally deposited during the Ordovician). Deposits that were mined can be classified into three broad categories:\r\n\r\n 1. volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits,\r\n 2. low-sulfide quartz-gold vein deposits,\r\n 3. gold placer deposits, which result from weathering of the vein deposits\r\n\r\nThe massive sulfide deposits were historically mined for iron and pyrite (sulfur), zinc, lead, and copper but also yielded byproduct gold and silver. The most intensely mineralized and mined section of the belt is southwest of Fredericksburg, in the Mineral district of Louisa and Spotsylvania counties. The Valzinco Piatak lead-zinc mine and the Mitchell gold prospect are abandoned sites in Spotsylvania County. As a result of environmental impacts associated with historic mining, both sites were prioritized for reclamation under the Virginia Orphaned Land Program administered by the Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy (VDMME).\r\n\r\nThis report summarizes geochemical data for all solid sample media, along with mineralogical data, and results of weathering experiments on Valzinco tailings and field experiments on sediment accumulation in Knights Branch. These data provide a framework for evaluating water-rock interactionsand geoenvironmental signatures of long-abandoned mines developed in massive sulfide deposits and low-sulfide gold-quartz vein deposits in the humid temperate ecosystem domain in the eastern United States.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065085","usgsCitation":"Hammarstrom, J.M., Johnson, A.N., Seal, R., Meier, A.L., Briggs, P.L., and Piatak, N., 2006, Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of the abandoned Valzinco (lead-zinc) and Mitchell (gold) mine sites prior to reclamation, Spotsylvania County, Virginia (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5085, vii, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065085.","productDescription":"vii, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8367,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5085/appendix.xls"},{"id":8368,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5085/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Adam N.","contributorId":105356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meier, Allen L.","contributorId":14384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briggs, Paul L.","contributorId":65559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M.","contributorId":23621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":77086,"text":"sir20065022 - 2006 - The Laramide Mesa formation and the Ojo de Agua caldera, southeast of the Cananea copper mining district, Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:19","indexId":"sir20065022","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5022","title":"The Laramide Mesa formation and the Ojo de Agua caldera, southeast of the Cananea copper mining district, Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"The Mesa Formation extends from Cananea, Mexico, southeast to the Sonora River and is the main host rock of Laramide porphyry copper deposits in the Cananea District and at the Alacran porphyry prospect to the east. The Mesa consists of two members-a lower andesite and an upper dacite. The lowest part of the dacite member is a crystal tuff about 100 m thick. This tuff is the outfall of a caldera centered near the village of Ojo de Agua, dated by 40Ar/39Ar at 65.8 Ma ?0.4. The Ojo de Agua Caldera is about 9 km in diameter and is filled by a light gray biotite dacite tuff with abundant flattened pumice fragments. The volume of the caldera is estimated to be 24 km3.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065022","usgsCitation":"Cox, D.P., Miller, R.J., and Woodbourne, K.L., 2006, The Laramide Mesa formation and the Ojo de Agua caldera, southeast of the Cananea copper mining district, Sonora, Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5022, iii, 7p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065022.","productDescription":"iii, 7p.","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8331,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5022/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bfd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, Dennis P. dcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":2766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dennis","email":"dcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Robert J. rjmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":2516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"rjmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodbourne, Keith L.","contributorId":56326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodbourne","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":76901,"text":"ofr20061161 - 2006 - Ground-Water Quality in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, New York, 2004-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"ofr20061161","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1161","title":"Ground-Water Quality in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, New York, 2004-05","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 20 production wells and 13 private residential wells throughout the upper Susquehanna River Basin (upstream from the Pennsylvania border) during the fall of 2004 and the spring of 2005 and analyzed to describe the chemical quality of ground water in the upper basin. Wells were selected to represent areas of greatest ground-water use and highest vulnerability to contamination, and to provide a representative sampling from the entire (4,516 square-mile) upper basin. Samples were analyzed for physical properties, nutrients, inorganic constituents, metals, radionuclides, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and bacteria.\r\n\r\nThe cations that were detected in the highest concentrations were calcium, magnesium, and sodium; the anions that were detected in the greatest concentrations were bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. The predominant nutrient was nitrate, the concentrations of which were greater in samples from sand and gravel aquifers than in samples from bedrock. The metals barium, boron, cobalt, copper, and nickel were detected in every sample; the metals with the highest concentrations were barium, boron, iron, manganese, strontium, and lithium. The pesticide compounds detected most frequently were atrazine, deethylatrazine, alachlor ESA, and two degradation products of metolachlor (metolachlor ESA and metolachlor OA); the compounds detected in highest concentration were metolachlor ESA and OA. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 11 samples, and concentrations of 3 of these compounds exceeded 1 microgram per liter (?g/L). Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a gasollline additive, was not detected in any sample.\r\n\r\nSeveral analytes were found in concentrations that exceeded Federal and New York State water-quality standards, which are typically identical. Chloride concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) of 250 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in two samples, and sulfate concentrations exceeded the SMCL of 250 mg/L in one sample. Sodium concentrations exceeded the USEPA Drinking Water Advisory of 60 mg/L in six samples. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L in one sample and approached this limit (at 9.84 mg/L) in another sample. Barium concentrations exceeded the MCL of 2,000 ?g/L in one sample. Iron concentrations exceeded the SMCL of 300 ?g/L in five samples, and manganese concentrations exceeded the SMCL of 50 ?g/L in 14 samples. Arsenic was detected in seven samples, and the MCL for arsenic (10 ?g/L) was exceeded in two samples. Radon-222 exceeded the proposed MCL of 300 picocuries per liter in 24 samples. Any detection of total coliform or fecal coliform bacteria is considered a violation of New York State health regulations; in this study, total coliform was detected in six samples and fecal coliform was detected in one sample, but Escherichia coli (E. coli) was not detected in any sample.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Hetcher-Aguila, K.K., and Eckhardt, D., 2006, Ground-Water Quality in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, New York, 2004-05: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1161, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061161.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10676,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1161/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77,41.75 ], [ -77,43.25 ], [ -74.25,43.25 ], [ -74.25,41.75 ], [ -77,41.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6887d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hetcher-Aguila, Kari K.","contributorId":92753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hetcher-Aguila","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eckhardt, David A.V.","contributorId":80233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhardt","given":"David A.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76854,"text":"ofr20061152 - 2006 - Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T20:31:32.028557","indexId":"ofr20061152","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1152","title":"Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2005","docAbstract":"Trace elements in sediment and the clam Macoma petalum (formerly reported as Macoma balthica (Cohen and Carlton 1995)), clam reproductive activity and benthic, macroinvertebrate community structure are reported for a mudflat one kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay. This report includes data collected for the period January to December 2005, and extends a critical long-term biogeochemical record dating back to 1974. These data serve as the basis for the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.
Metal concentrations in both sediments and clam tissue during 2005 were consistent with results observed since 1990. Copper and zinc concentrations in sediment and bivalve tissue displayed a continued decrease over the last decade. In 2005, Cu concentrations were at or below the effects range-low (ERL) concentration (34 µg/g) for the entire year, the first time this has been observed. Also, zinc concentrations never exceeded the ERL (150 µg/g). Yearly average concentrations of copper, zinc and silver in Macoma petalum for 2005 were some of the lowest recorded since monitoring for metals began in 1975. The concentrations of mercury and selenium in sediments, during April and January 2004, respectively, were the highest values observed for these elements during this study. Later in 2005, concentrations decreased to historic levels. The increase in mercury and selenium in 2004 was not a permanent trend and concentrations of these elements in sediments and clams at Palo Alto remain similar to concentrations observed elsewhere in the San Francisco Bay.
Analyses of the benthic-community structure of a mudflat in South San Francisco Bay over a 31-year period show that changes in the community have occurred concurrent with with reduced concentrations of metals in the sediment and in the tissues of the biosentinal clam Macoma petalum from the same area. Analysis of the reproductive activity of M. petalum shows increases in reproductive activity concurrent with the decline in metal concentrations in the tissues of this organism. Reproductive activity is presently stable with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring of most years. The community has shifted from being dominated by several opportunistic species to a community where the species are more similar in abundance, a pattern that suggests a more stable community that is subjected to less stress. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals. Heteromastus filiformis, a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying their eggs on or in the sediment has shown a concurrent increase in dominance. These changes in species dominance reflect a change in the community from one dominated by surface dwelling, brooding species to one with species with varying life history characteristics. For the first time since its invasion in 1986, the non-indigenous filter-feeding bivalve Corbula (Potamocorbula) amurensis has shown up in small but persistent numbers in the benthic community.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061152","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Parcheso, F., Thompson, J.K., Luoma, S.N., Lorenzi, A.H., Moon, E., Shouse, M.K., Hornberger, M.I., and Dyke, J., 2006, Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1152, viii, 120 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061152.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p.","numberOfPages":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8029,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388972,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76876.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Palo Alto Regional Quality Control Plant, south San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.1092,\n 37.4508\n ],\n [\n -122.0928,\n 37.4508\n ],\n [\n -122.0928,\n 37.4644\n ],\n [\n -122.1092,\n 37.4644\n ],\n [\n -122.1092,\n 37.4508\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - 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Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lorenzi, Allison H.","contributorId":63484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenzi","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moon, Edward","contributorId":60309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shouse, Michelle K. mkshouse@usgs.gov","contributorId":5407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shouse","given":"Michelle","email":"mkshouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dyke, Jessica jldyke@usgs.gov","contributorId":1035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyke","given":"Jessica","email":"jldyke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":76752,"text":"fs20063072 - 2006 - Copper-silver deposits of the Revett Formation, Montana and Idaho: Origin and resource potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T20:10:33.908688","indexId":"fs20063072","displayToPublicDate":"2006-05-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3072","title":"Copper-silver deposits of the Revett Formation, Montana and Idaho: Origin and resource potential","docAbstract":"The Revett Formation of northern Idaho and western Montana contains major stratabound copper-silver deposits near Troy, Rock Creek, and Rock Lake, Montana. To help the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) meet its goal of integrating geoscience information into the land-planning process, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists recently completed a compilation of regional stratigraphy and mineralogy of the Revett Formation and a mineral resource assessment of Revett-type copper-silver deposits. The USGS assessment indicates that a large area of USFS-administered land in northwestern Montana and northern Idaho may contain significant undiscovered Revett-type copper-silver deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20063072","usgsCitation":"Frost, T.P., and Zientek, M.L., 2006, Copper-silver deposits of the Revett Formation, Montana and Idaho: Origin and resource potential (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3072, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063072.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297959,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20063072.gif"},{"id":286170,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3072/downloads/fs2006-3072.pdf","text":"Report","size":"469 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":410566,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76599.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":297958,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3072/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Revett Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.3667,\n 47.35\n ],\n [\n -116.3667,\n 48.3833\n ],\n [\n -115.1167,\n 48.3833\n ],\n [\n -115.1167,\n 47.35\n ],\n [\n -116.3667,\n 47.35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frost, Thomas P. 0000-0001-8348-8432 tfrost@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8348-8432","contributorId":203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"Thomas","email":"tfrost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zientek, Michael L. 0000-0002-8522-9626 mzientek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9626","contributorId":2420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"Michael","email":"mzientek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76727,"text":"ofr20061135 - 2006 - Mineral facilities of Africa and the Middle East","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:00","indexId":"ofr20061135","displayToPublicDate":"2006-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1135","title":"Mineral facilities of Africa and the Middle East","docAbstract":"This map displays over 1,500 mineral facilities in Africa and the Middle East. The mineral facilities include mines, plants, mills, or refineries of aluminum, cement, coal, copper, diamond, gold, iron and steel, nickel, platinum-group metals, salt, and silver, among others. The data used in this poster were compiled from multiple sources, including the 2004 USGS Minerals Yearbook (Africa and Middle East volume), Minerals Statistics and Information from the USGS Web site (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/), and data collected by USGS minerals information country specialists. Data reflect the most recent published table of industry structure for each country. Other sources include statistical publications of individual countries, annual reports and press releases of operating companies, and trade journals. Due to the sensitivity of some energy commodity data, the quality of these data should be evaluated on a country-by-country basis. Additional information and explanation is available from the country specialists. See Table 1 for general information about each mineral facility site including country, location and facility name, facility type, latitude, longitude, mineral commodity, mining method, main operating company, status, capacity, and units.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061135","usgsCitation":"Eros, J., and Candelario-Quintana, L., 2006, Mineral facilities of Africa and the Middle East (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1135, 1 map sheet, 61 x 46 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061135.","productDescription":"1 map sheet, 61 x 46 in.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7796,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1135/table1.xls"},{"id":7797,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":14,"text":"Image"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1135/2006-1135.ai"},{"id":7798,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":14,"text":"Image"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1135/2006-1135.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":7795,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1135/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"11000000","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635a44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eros, J.M.","contributorId":55098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eros","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Candelario-Quintana, Luissette","contributorId":39077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Candelario-Quintana","given":"Luissette","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76717,"text":"sir20065006 - 2006 - Quantification of mass loading to Strawberry Creek near the Gilt Edge mine, Lawrence County, South Dakota, June 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T11:14:36","indexId":"sir20065006","displayToPublicDate":"2006-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5006","title":"Quantification of mass loading to Strawberry Creek near the Gilt Edge mine, Lawrence County, South Dakota, June 2003","docAbstract":"Although remedial actions have taken place at the Gilt Edge mine in the Black Hills of South Dakota, questions remain about a possible hydrologic connection along shear zones between some of the pit lakes at the mine site and Strawberry Creek. Spatially detailed chemical sampling of stream and inflow sites occurred during low-flow conditions in June 2003 as part of a mass-loading study by the U.S. Geological Survey to investigate the possible connection of shear zones to the stream. Stream discharge was calculated by tracer dilution; discharge increased by 25.3 liters per second along the study reach, with 9.73 liters per second coming from three tributaries and the remaining increase coming from small springs and dispersed, subsurface inflow. Chemical differences among inflow samples were distinguished by cluster analysis and indicated that inflows ranged from those unaffected by interaction with mine wastes to those that could have been affected by drainage from pit lakes. Mass loading to the stream from several inflows resulted in distinct chemical changes in stream water along the study reach. Mass loading of the mine-related metals, including cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc, principally occurred from the discharge from the Gilt Edge mine, and those metals were substantially attenuated downstream. Secondary loadings of metals occurred in the vicinity of the Oro Fino shaft and from two more inflows about 200 m downstream from there. These are both locations where shear zones intersect the stream and may indicate loading associatedwith these zones. Loading downstream from the Oro Fino shaft had a unique chemical character, high in base-metal concentrations, that could indicate an association with water in the pit lakes. The loading from these downstream sources, however, is small in comparison to that from the initial mine discharge and does not appear to have a substantial impact on Strawberry Creek.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/sir20065006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., Walton-Day, K., and Williamson, J., 2006, Quantification of mass loading to Strawberry Creek near the Gilt Edge mine, Lawrence County, South Dakota, June 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5006, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065006.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"51","temporalStart":"2003-06-01","temporalEnd":"2003-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7779,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Lawrence County","otherGeospatial":"Gilt Edge mine, Strawberry Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.6863899230957,\n 44.305178455794234\n ],\n [\n -103.6863899230957,\n 44.34263451728076\n ],\n [\n -103.60055923461914,\n 44.34263451728076\n ],\n [\n -103.60055923461914,\n 44.305178455794234\n ],\n [\n -103.6863899230957,\n 44.305178455794234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a86e4b07f02db64dc17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":68339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williamson, Joyce E. jewillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":1964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Joyce E.","email":"jewillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":287698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":76558,"text":"ofr20061025 - 2006 - Drivers of U.S. mineral demand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:14","indexId":"ofr20061025","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1025","title":"Drivers of U.S. mineral demand","docAbstract":"Introduction: The word 'demand' has different meanings for different people. To some, it means their 'wants and needs,' to others it is what they consume. Yet, when considering economics, demand refers to the specific amounts of goods or services that individuals will purchase at various prices. Demand is measured over a given time period. It is determined by a number of factors including income, tastes, and the price of complementary and substitute goods. In this paper, the term consumption is used fairly synonymously with the term demand. Most mineral commodities, like iron ore, copper, zinc, and gravel, are intermediate goods, which means that they are used in the production of other goods, called final goods. Demand for intermediate goods is called derived demand because such demand is derived from the demand for final goods.\r\n\r\nWhen demand increases for a commodity, generally the price rises. With everything else held constant, this increases the profits for those who provide this commodity. Normally, this would increase profits of existing producers and attract new producers to the market. When demand for a commodity decreases, generally the price falls. Normally, this would cause profits to fall and, as a consequence, the least efficient firms may be forced from the industry.\r\n\r\nDemand changes for specific materials as final goods or production techniques are reengineered while maintaining or improving product performance, for example, the use of aluminum in the place of copper in long distance electrical transmission lines or plastic replacing steel in automobile bumpers. Substitution contributes to efficient material usage by utilizing cheaper or technically superior materials. In this way, it may also alleviate materials scarcity. If a material becomes relatively scarce (and thus more expensive), a more abundant (and less expensive) material generally replaces it (Wagner and others, 2003, p. 91).\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061025","usgsCitation":"Sznopek, J.L., 2006, Drivers of U.S. mineral demand (Online only, Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1025, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061025.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7491,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1025/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only, Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633bb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sznopek, John L.","contributorId":23936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sznopek","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70143009,"text":"70143009 - 2006 - Predicting toxic effects of copper on aquatic biota in mineralized areas by using the Biotic Ligand Model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-16T13:09:28","indexId":"70143009","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-26T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Predicting toxic effects of copper on aquatic biota in mineralized areas by using the Biotic Ligand Model","docAbstract":"The chemical speciation of metals influences their biological effects. The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) is a computational approach to predict chemical speciation and acute toxicological effects of metals on aquatic biota. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency incorporated the BLM into their regulatory water-quality criteria for copper. Results from three different laboratory copper toxicity tests were compared with BLM predictions for simulated test-waters. This was done to evaluate the ability of the BLM to accurately predict the effects of hardness and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron on aquatic toxicity. In addition, we evaluated whether the BLM and the three toxicity tests provide consistent results. Comparison of BLM predictions with two types of Ceriodaphnia dubia toxicity tests shows that there is fairly good agreement between predicted LC50 values computed by the BLM and LC50 values determined from the two toxicity tests. Specifically, the effect of increasing calcium concentration (and hardness) on copper toxicity appears to be minimal. Also, there is fairly good agreement between the BLM and the two toxicity tests for test solutions containing elevated DOC, for which the LC50 is 3-to-5 times greater (less toxic) than the LC50 for the lower-DOC test water. This illustrates the protective effects of DOC on copper toxicity and demonstrates the ability of the BLM to predict these protective effects. In contrast, for test solutions with added iron there is a decrease in LC50 values (increase in toxicity) in results from the two C. dubia toxicity tests, and the agreement between BLM LC50 predictions and results from these toxicity tests is poor. The inability of the BLM to account for competitive iron binding to DOC or DOC fractionation may be a significant shortcoming of the BLM for predicting site- specific water-quality criteria in streams affected by iron-rich acidic drainage in mined and mineralized areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","conferenceDate":"03/26/2006","conferenceLocation":"St. Louis, MO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Lexington, KY","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.S., Ranville, J., Adams, M., Choate, L.M., Church, S.E., Fey, D.L., Wanty, R.B., and Crock, J.G., 2006, Predicting toxic effects of copper on aquatic biota in mineralized areas by using the Biotic Ligand Model, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, St. Louis, MO, 03/26/2006, p. 2055-2077.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"2055","endPage":"2077","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":298567,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5507fec8e4b02e76d757c15b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ranville, James F.","contributorId":31797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, M.","contributorId":81176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choate, LaDonna M. 0000-0002-0229-7210 lchoate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-7210","contributorId":1176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"LaDonna","email":"lchoate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, Stan E. schurch@usgs.gov","contributorId":803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Stan","email":"schurch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Crock, James G. jcrock@usgs.gov","contributorId":200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"James","email":"jcrock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":542430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70140091,"text":"70140091 - 2006 - Impacts on water quality and biota from natural acid rock drainage in Colorado's Lake Creek watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-14T13:49:16","indexId":"70140091","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-16T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Impacts on water quality and biota from natural acid rock drainage in Colorado's Lake Creek watershed","docAbstract":"Colorado's Lake Creek watershed hosts natural acid rock drainage that significantly impacts surface water, streambed sediment, and aquatic life. The source of the ARD is a group of iron-rich springs that emerge from intensely hydrothermally altered, unexploited, low-grade porphyry copper mineralization in the Grizzly Peak Caldera. Source water chemistry includes pH of 2.5 and dissolved metal concentrations of up to 277 mg/L aluminum, 498 mg/L iron, and 10 mg/L copper. From the hydrothermally altered area downstream for 27 kilometers to Twin Lakes Reservoir, metal concentrations in streambed sediment are elevated and the watershed experiences locally severe adverse impacts to aquatic life due to the acidic, metal-laden water. The water and sediment quality of Twin Lakes Reservoir is sufficiently improved that the reservoir supports a trout fishery, and remnants of upstream ARD are negligible.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","conferenceDate":"March 26, 2006","conferenceLocation":"St. Louis, MO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Lexington, KY","usgsCitation":"Bird, D., Sares, M.A., Policky, G.A., Schmidt, T., and Church, S.E., 2006, Impacts on water quality and biota from natural acid rock drainage in Colorado's Lake Creek watershed, in Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, St. Louis, MO, March 26, 2006, p. 158-126.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"158","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 36.99377838872517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bd1e4b08de9379b34f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, D.A.","contributorId":53989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sares, Matthew A.","contributorId":139021,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sares","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Policky, Greg A.","contributorId":139022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Policky","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Travis S. 0000-0003-1400-0637 tschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-0637","contributorId":1300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Travis S.","email":"tschmidt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, Stan E. schurch@usgs.gov","contributorId":803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Stan","email":"schurch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030596,"text":"70030596 - 2006 - Stand and landscape level effects of a major outbreak of spruce beetles on forest vegetation in the Copper River Basin, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030596","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stand and landscape level effects of a major outbreak of spruce beetles on forest vegetation in the Copper River Basin, Alaska","docAbstract":"From 1989 to 2003, a widespread outbreak of spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis) in the Copper River Basin, Alaska, infested over 275,000 ha of forests in the region. During 1997 and 1998, we measured forest vegetation structure and composition on one hundred and thirty-six 20-m ?? 20-m plots to assess both the immediate stand and landscape level effects of the spruce beetle infestation. A photo-interpreted vegetation and infestation map was produced using color-infrared aerial photography at a scale of 1:40,000. We used linear regression to quantify the effects of the outbreak on forest structure and composition. White spruce (Picea glauca) canopy cover and basal area of medium-to-large trees [???15 cm diameter-at-breast height (1.3 m, dbh)] were reduced linearly as the number of trees attacked by spruce beetles increased. Black spruce (Picea mariana) and small diameter white spruce (<15 cm dbh) were infrequently attacked and killed by spruce beetles. This selective attack of mature white spruce reduced structural complexity of stands to earlier stages of succession and caused mixed tree species stands to lose their white spruce and become more homogeneous in overstory composition. Using the resulting regressions, we developed a transition matrix to describe changes in vegetation types under varying levels of spruce beetle infestations, and applied the model to the vegetation map. Prior to the outbreak, our study area was composed primarily of stands of mixed white and black spruce (29% of area) and pure white spruce (25%). However, the selective attack on white spruce caused many of these stands to transition to black spruce dominated stands (73% increase in area) or shrublands (26% increase in area). The post-infestation landscape was thereby composed of more even distributions of shrubland and white, black, and mixed spruce communities (17-22% of study area). Changes in the cover and composition of understory vegetation were less evident in this study. However, stands with the highest mortality due to spruce beetles had the lowest densities of white spruce seedlings suggesting a longer forest regeneration time without an increase in seedling germination, growth, or survival. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.040","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.L., Wesser, S., Markon, C., and Winterberger, K., 2006, Stand and landscape level effects of a major outbreak of spruce beetles on forest vegetation in the Copper River Basin, Alaska: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 227, no. 3 SPEC. ISS., p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.040.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211905,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.040"},{"id":239282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"227","issue":"3 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96a3e4b08c986b31b614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. L.","contributorId":49295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wesser, S.","contributorId":67779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesser","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markon, C. J.","contributorId":66729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winterberger, K.C.","contributorId":32051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterberger","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028154,"text":"70028154 - 2006 - Intensity of quartz cathodoluminescence and trace-element content in quartz from the porphyry copper deposit at Butte, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028154","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intensity of quartz cathodoluminescence and trace-element content in quartz from the porphyry copper deposit at Butte, Montana","docAbstract":"Textures of hydrothermal quartz revealed by cathodoluminescence using a scanning electron microscope (SEM-CL) reflect the physical and chemical environment of quartz formation. Variations in intensity of SEM-CL can be used to distinguish among quartz from superimposed mineralization events in a single vein. In this study, we present a technique to quantify the cathodoluminescent intensity of quartz within individual and among multiple samples to relate luminescence intensity to specific mineralizing events. This technique has been applied to plutonic quartz and three generations of hydrothermal veins at the porphyry copper deposit in Butte, Montana. Analyzed veins include early quartz-molybdenite veins with potassic alteration, pyrite-quartz veins with sericitic alteration, and Main Stage veins with intense sericitic alteration. CL intensity of quartz is diagnostic of each mineralizing event and can be used to fingerprint quartz and its fluid inclusions, isotopes, trace elements, etc., from specific mineralizing episodes. Furthermore, CL intensity increases proportional to temperature of quartz formation, such that plutonic quartz from the Butte quartz monzonite (BQM) that crystallized at temperatures near 750 ??C luminesces with the highest intensity, whereas quartz that precipitated at ???250 ??C in Main Stage veins luminesces with the least intensity. Trace-element analyses via electron microprobe and laser ablation-ICP-MS indicate that plutonic quartz and each generation of hydrothermal quartz from Butte is dominated by characteristic trace amounts of Al, P, Ti, and Fe. Thus, in addition to CL intensity, each generation of quartz can be distinguished based on its unique trace-element content. Aluminum is generally the most abundant element in all generations of quartz, typically between 50 and 200 ppm, but low-temperature, Main Stage quartz containing 400 to 3600 ppm Al is enriched by an order of magnitude relative to all other quartz generations. Phosphorous is present in abundances between 25 and 75 ppm, and P concentrations in quartz show little variation among quartz generations. Iron is the least abundant of these elements in most quartz types and is slightly enriched in CL-dark quartz in pyrite-quartz veins with sericitic alteration. Titanium is directly correlated with both temperature of quartz precipitation, and intensity of quartz luminescence, such that BQM quartz contains hundreds of ppm Ti, whereas Main Stage quartz contains less than 10 ppm Ti. Our results suggest that Ti concentration in quartz is controlled by temperature of quartz precipitation and that increased Ti concentrations in quartz may be responsible for increased CL intensities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2138/am.2006.1984","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Rusk, B., Reed, M., Dilles, J., and Kent, A., 2006, Intensity of quartz cathodoluminescence and trace-element content in quartz from the porphyry copper deposit at Butte, Montana: American Mineralogist, v. 91, no. 8-9, p. 1300-1312, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2006.1984.","startPage":"1300","endPage":"1312","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210178,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2006.1984"}],"volume":"91","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c9ae4b0c8380cd62ea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rusk, B.G.","contributorId":48667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rusk","given":"B.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, M.H.","contributorId":91606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dilles, J.H.","contributorId":25310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dilles","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kent, A.J.R.","contributorId":76123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"A.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79168,"text":"sir20065151 - 2006 - Water quality of the Crescent River basin, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 2003-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:17:03","indexId":"sir20065151","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5151","title":"Water quality of the Crescent River basin, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 2003-2004","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service conducted a water-quality investigation of the Crescent River Basin in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve from May 2003 through September 2004. The Crescent River Basin was studied because it has a productive sockeye salmon run that is important to the Cook Inlet commercial fishing industry. Water-quality, biology, and limnology characteristics were assessed. Glacier-fed streams that flow into Crescent Lake transport suspended sediment that is trapped by the lake. Suspended sediment concentrations from the Lake Fork Crescent River (the outlet stream of Crescent Lake) were less than 10 milligrams per liter, indicating a high trapping efficiency of Crescent Lake. The North Fork Crescent River transports suspended sediment throughout its course and provides most of the suspended sediment to the main stem of the Crescent River downstream from the confluence of the Lake Fork Crescent River. Three locations on Crescent Lake were profiled during the summer of 2004. Turbidity profiles indicate sediment plumes within the water column at various times during the summer. Turbidity values are higher in June, reflecting the glacier-fed runoff into the lake. Lower values of turbidity in August and September indicate a decrease of suspended sediment entering Crescent Lake. The water type throughout the Crescent River Basin is calcium bicarbonate. Concentrations of nutrients, major ions, and dissolved organic carbon are low. Alkalinity concentrations are generally less than 20 milligrams per liter, indicating a low buffering capacity of these waters. Streambed sediments collected from three surface sites analyzed for trace elements indicated that copper concentrations at all sites were above proposed guidelines. However, copper concentrations are due to the local geology, not anthropogenic factors. Zooplankton samples from Crescent Lake indicated the main taxa are Cyclops sp., a Copepod, and within that taxa were a relatively small number of ovigerous (egg-bearing) individuals. Cyclops sp. are one of the primary food sources for rearing sockeye salmon juveniles and were most prevalent in the July sampling. Qualitative-Multi-Habitat algae samples were collected from two surface-water sites. A total of 59 taxa were found and were comprised of 4 phyla: Rhodophyta (red algae), Cyanophyta (blue-green algae), Chlorophyta (green algae), and Chrysophyta (diatoms). Twenty-two algal taxa were collected from the upper site, North Fork Crescent River, whereas twice as many taxa were collected from the downstream site, Crescent River near the mouth.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/sir20065151","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., and Ourso, R.T., 2006, Water quality of the Crescent River basin, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 2003-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5151, v, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065151.","productDescription":"v, 40 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"0","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8623,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5151/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.15167236328125,\n 59.80616004020659\n ],\n [\n -155.15167236328125,\n 60.50187784207829\n ],\n [\n -153.402099609375,\n 60.50187784207829\n ],\n [\n -153.402099609375,\n 59.80616004020659\n ],\n [\n -155.15167236328125,\n 59.80616004020659\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ourso, Robert T. 0000-0002-5952-8681 rtourso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5952-8681","contributorId":203207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ourso","given":"Robert","email":"rtourso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030289,"text":"70030289 - 2006 - Geology and reconnaissance stable isotope study of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system, South Gobi, Mongolia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030289","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and reconnaissance stable isotope study of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system, South Gobi, Mongolia","docAbstract":"The Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system in the South Gobi desert, Mongolia, comprises five deposits that extend over 6 km in a north-northeast-oriented zone. They occur in a middle to late Paleozoic are terrane and are related to Late Devonian quartz monzodiorite intrusions. The Hugo Dummett deposits are the northernmost and deepest, with up to 1,000 m of premineral sedimentary and volcanic cover rock remaining. They are the largest deposits discovered to date and characterized by high-grade copper (>2.5% Cu) and gold (0.5-2 g/t) mineralization associated with intense quartz veining and several phases of quartz monzodiorite intruded into basaltic volcanic host rocks. Sulfide minerals in these deposits are zoned outward from a bornite-dominated core to chalcopyrite, upward to pyrite ?? enargite and covellite at shallower depth. The latter high-sulfidation-state sulfides are hosted by advanced argillic alteration mineral associations. This alteration is restricted mainly to dacitic ash-flow tuff that overlies the basaltic volcanic rock and includes ubiquitous quartz and pyrophyllite, kaolinite, plus late dickite veins, as well as K alunite, Al phosphate-sulfate minerals, zunyite, diaspore, topaz, corundum, and andalusite. A reconnaissance oxygen-hydrogen and sulfur isotope study was undertaken to investigate the origin of several characteristic alteration minerals in the Oyu Tolgoi system, with particular emphasis on the Hugo Dummett deposits. Based on the isotopic composition of O, H, and S (??18O(SO4) = 8.8-20.1???, ??D = -73 to -43???, ??34S = 9.8-17.9???), the alunite formed from condensation of magmatic vapor that ascended to the upper parts of the porphyry hydrothermal system, without involvement of significant amounts of meteoric water. The isotopic data indicate that pyrophyllite (??18O = 6.5-10.9???, ??D = -90 to -106???) formed from a magmatic fluid with a component of meteoric water. Muscovite associated with quartz monzodiorite intrusions occurs in the core of the Hugo Dummett deposits, and isotopic data (??18O = 3.0-9.0???, ??D = -101 to -116%o) show it formed from a magmatic fluid with water similar in composition to that which formed the pyrophyllite. Mg chlorite (??18O = 5.5???, ??D = -126???) is a widespread mineral retrograde after hydrothermal biotite and may have formed from fluids similar to those related to the muscovite during cooling of the porphyry system. By contrast, paragenetically later and postmineralization alteration fluid, which produced dickite (??18O = -4.1 to +3.3???, ??D = -130 to -140???), shows clear evidence for mixing with substantial amounts of meteoric water. Relatively low ??D values (-140???) for this meteoric water component may indicate that its source was at high elevations. The geologic structure, nature of alteration, styles of mineralization, and stable isotope data indicate that the Oyu Tolgoi deposits constitute a typical porphyry system formed in an island-arc setting. The outward zonation of sulfide minerals for the Hugo Dummett deposits, from a bornite-dominated core to chalcopyrite and pyrite-enargite, can be interpreted to be related to a cooling magmatic hydrothermal system which transgressed outward over enclosing advanced argillic alteration. This resulted in some unusual alteration and sulfide parageneses, such as topaz, or pyrite, enargite, and tennantite, entrained by high-grade bornite. ?? 2006 by Economic Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.101.3.503","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Khashgerel, B., Rye, R.O., Hedenquist, J., and Kavalieris, I., 2006, Geology and reconnaissance stable isotope study of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system, South Gobi, Mongolia: Economic Geology, v. 101, no. 3, p. 503-522, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.3.503.","startPage":"503","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212035,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.3.503"},{"id":239439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a242de4b0c8380cd57e72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Khashgerel, B.-E.","contributorId":33918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khashgerel","given":"B.-E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hedenquist, J.W.","contributorId":88093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedenquist","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kavalieris, I.","contributorId":9458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kavalieris","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030241,"text":"70030241 - 2006 - Beyond the obvious limits of ore deposits: The use of mineralogical, geochemical, and biological features for the remote detection of mineralization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030241","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beyond the obvious limits of ore deposits: The use of mineralogical, geochemical, and biological features for the remote detection of mineralization","docAbstract":"Far field features of ore deposits include mineralogical, geochemical, or biological attributes that can be recognized beyond the obvious limits of the deposits. They can be primary, if formed in association with mineralization or alteration processes, or secondary, if formed from the interaction of ore deposits with the hydrosphere and biosphere. This paper examines a variety of far field features of different ore deposit types and considers novel applications to exploration and discovery. Primary far field features include mineral and rock chemistry, isotopic or element halos, fluid pathways and thermal anomalies in host-rock sequences. Examples include the use of apatite chemistry to distinguish intrusive rocks permissive for iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) and porphyry deposits; resistate mineral (e.g., rutile, tourmaline) chemistry in exploration for volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), orogenic gold, and porphyry deposits; and pyrite chemistry to vector toward sedimentary exhalative (sedex) deposits. Distinctive whole-rock geochemical signatures also can be recognized as a far field feature of porphyry deposits. For example, unique Sr/Y ratios in whole-rock samples, used to distinguish barren versus fertile magmas for Cu mineralization, result from the differentiation of oxidized hydrous melts. Anomalous concentrations of halogen elements (Cl, Br, and I) have been found for distances of up to 200 m away from some mineralized centers. Variations in isotopic composition between ore-bearing and barren intrusions and/or systematic vertical and lateral zonation in sulfur, carbon, or oxygen isotope values have been documented for some deposit types. Owing to the thermal aureole that extends beyond the area of mineralization for some deposits, detection of paleothermal effects through methods such as conodont alteration indices, vitrinite or bitumen reflectance, illite crystallinity, and apatite or zircon thermochronology studies also can be valuable, particularly for deposits with a low-temperature thermal history. A number of newly investigated secondary far field features include the development of reduced columns by electrochemical processes in transported overburden, geochemical dispersion related to the expulsion of groundwater from tectonic and seismic compression, dispersion of vapor above ore deposits, and geochemical dispersion related to biological processes. Redox gradients have been found between underlying reduced and overlying oxidized environments associated with sulfide bodies, which result in mass transfer through electro-chemical dispersion. Recent studies have characterized the pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and self potential (SP) in overburden overlying sulfide-hosted gold and VMS deposits. Lateral migration of metals in groundwater is well understood from normal groundwater flow, but the processes responsible for vertical mass transfer of groundwater and its dissolved components have been recognized only recently. One process, termed cyclical dilatancy pumping, expels groundwater during and after earthquake events, which can cause the redistribution of metals around deposits in some environments. Soil gases are of interest owing to their high degree of mobility through the vadose zone in transported overburden. Numerous soil gas species (CO2, O2, Hg, Rn, He, sulfur compounds, and light hydrocarbons) have been measured and interpreted as diagnostic of some buried mineral deposits, and some evidence suggests a possible link between vapor dispersion and metal enrichment in soil. Geochemical enrichment in plant material and soils through successive growth-death cycles is well established, but the important role of microorganisms is now increasingly evident. Microorganisms significantly enhance the kinetics of sulfide oxidation and influence the distribution of metals around ore deposits. The presence of metal-resistant bacteria and enhanced concentrations of sulfate-reducing bacteria in exotic overburd","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.101.4.729","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kelley, D.L., Kelley, K., Coker, W., Caughlin, B., and Doherty, M., 2006, Beyond the obvious limits of ore deposits: The use of mineralogical, geochemical, and biological features for the remote detection of mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 101, no. 4, p. 729-752, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.4.729.","startPage":"729","endPage":"752","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211772,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.4.729"},{"id":239124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0d2e4b0c8380cd4a928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, D. L.","contributorId":40976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coker, W.B.","contributorId":90109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coker","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caughlin, B.","contributorId":20152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughlin","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doherty, M.E.","contributorId":20153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030379,"text":"70030379 - 2006 - The influence of fall-spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on growth and production of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030379","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of fall-spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on growth and production of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"This study examined the influence of fall-spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the density, growth rate, body condition, and survival to outmigration of juvenile coho salmon on the Copper River Delta, Alaska, USA. During the fall of 1999 and 2000, fish rearing in beaver ponds that received spawning salmon were compared with fish from ponds that did not receive spawners and also with fish from ponds that were artificially enriched with salmon carcasses and eggs. The response to spawning salmon was variable. In some ponds, fall-spawning salmon increased growth rates and improved the condition of juvenile coho salmon. The enrichment with salmon carcasses and eggs significantly increased growth rates of fish in nonspawning ponds. However, there was little evidence that the short-term growth benefits observed in the fall led to greater overwinter growth or survival to outmigration when compared with fish from the nonspawning ponds. One potential reason for this result may be that nutrients from spawning salmon are widely distributed across the delta because of hydrologic connectivity and hyporheic flows. The relationship among spawning salmon, overwinter growth, and smolt production on the Copper River Delta does not appear to be limited entirely to a simple positive feedback loop. ?? 2006 NRC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f05-268","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Lang, D., Reeves, G., Hall, J., and Wipfli, M., 2006, The influence of fall-spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on growth and production of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 63, no. 4, p. 917-930, https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-268.","startPage":"917","endPage":"930","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211831,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-268"}],"volume":"63","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad20e4b08c986b3239c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lang, D.W.","contributorId":80078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reeves, G.H.","contributorId":37287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, J.D.","contributorId":67112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wipfli, M.S.","contributorId":51963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033635,"text":"70033635 - 2006 - Containing arsenic-enriched groundwater tracing lead isotopic compositions of common arsenical pesticides in a coastal Maine watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T12:23:03","indexId":"70033635","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Containing arsenic-enriched groundwater tracing lead isotopic compositions of common arsenical pesticides in a coastal Maine watershed","docAbstract":"Arsenical pesticides and herbicides were extensively used on apple, blueberry, and potato crops in New England during the first half of the twentieth century. Lead arsenate was the most heavily used arsenical pesticide until it was officially banned. Lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, and sodium arsenate have similar Pb isotope compositions: 208Pb207Pb = 2.3839-2.4722, and 206Pb207Pb = 1.1035-1.2010. Other arsenical pesticides such as copper acetoarsenite (Paris green), methyl arsonic acid and methane arsonic acid, as well as arsanilic acid are widely variable in isotope composition. Although a complete understanding of the effects of historical use of arsenical pesticides is not available, initial studies indicate that arsenic and lead concentrations in stream sediments in New England are higher in agricultural areas that intensely used arsenical pesticides than in other areas. The Pb isotope compositions of pesticides partially overlap values of stream sediments from areas with the most extensive agricultural use. The lingering effects of arsenical pesticide use were tested in a detailed geochemical and isotopic study of soil profiles from a watershed containing arsenic-enriched ground water in coastal Maine. Acid-leach compositions of the soils represent lead adsorbed to mineral surfaces or held in soluble minerals (Fe- and Mn-hydroxides, carbonate, and some micaceous minerals), whereas residue compositions likely reflect bedrock compositions. The soil profiles contain labile Pb (acid-leach) showing a moderate range in 206Pb 207Pb (1.1870-1.2069), and 208Pb207Pb (2.4519-2.4876). Isotope values vary as a function of depth: the lowest Pb isotope ratios (e.g.,208Pb206Pb) representing labile lead are in the uppermost soil horizons. Lead contents decrease with depth in the soil profiles. Arsenic contents show no clear trend with depth. A multi-component mixing scheme that included lead from the local parent rock (Penobscot Formation), lead derived from combustion of fossil fuels, and possibly lead from other anthropogenic sources (e.g., pesticides), could account for Pb isotope variations in the soil profiles. In agricultural regions, our preliminary data show that the extensive use of arsenical pesticides and herbicides can be a significant anthropogenic source of arsenic and lead to stream sediments and soils.
","largerWorkTitle":"Association for Environmental Health and Sciences - 21st Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water ","conferenceTitle":"21st Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water 2005","conferenceDate":"17 October 2005 through 20 October 2005","conferenceLocation":"Amherst, MA","language":"English","isbn":"9781604239522","usgsCitation":"Ayuso, R.A., Foley, N.K., Robinson, G.R., Colvin, A., Lipfert, G., and Reeve, A., 2006, Containing arsenic-enriched groundwater tracing lead isotopic compositions of common arsenical pesticides in a coastal Maine watershed, in Association for Environmental Health and Sciences - 21st Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water , v. 11, Amherst, MA, 17 October 2005 through 20 October 2005, p. 64-92.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"64","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.69775390625,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -66.7529296875,\n 44.86365630540611\n ],\n [\n -70.697021484375,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -67.69775390625,\n 45.72152152227954\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa2de4b0c8380cd4d986","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":441783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":441781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Glipin R. Jr.","contributorId":59336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Glipin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Colvin, A.S.","contributorId":11426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvin","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lipfert, G.","contributorId":53135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipfert","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reeve, A.S.","contributorId":64446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeve","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}