Throughout the western United States, efforts are underway to better understand and preserve migration and movement corridors for mule deer and other big game and to minimize the impacts of development and other land-use change on populations. San Diego County is home to a unique non-migratory subspecies of mule deer, the Southern mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus; herein referred to as “mule deer”). Because it is the only large herbivorous mammal in San Diego, connectivity among mule deer groups is an important indicator of functional connectivity throughout San Diego County urban preserves and has therefore been monitored within central and eastern San Diego County using DNA fingerprinting since 2005. To continue this effort and to assess genetic connectivity in north San Diego County (herein “North County”), we genotyped scat samples from preserves in the area and tissue samples from Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton (MCBCP). We used non-invasive capture/recapture analyses and pedigree analyses for assessing short-term movement and population clustering analyses to assess gene flow in North County. Additionally, we performed similar analyses on the combined San Diego County dataset, which was composed of the North County dataset collected for this study and a previously collected dataset from central and eastern San Diego County. Using recapture data, we found multiple instances of mule deer crossing roads in urban North County preserves, with several of these events occurring in areas where there are underpasses and culverts known to be used by mule deer. Corroborating previous studies in the region and statewide, pedigree and population structure analyses support the presence of two genetic clusters for mule deer in San Diego County—the “Coastal” and “Inland/Mountain” clusters. Low estimates of effective population size, especially in the Coastal cluster, suggest that to further understand potential vulnerabilities of mule deer in this region, it is important to continue to monitor connectivity, in particular, at the boundary between these two clusters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191138","usgsCitation":"Mitelberg, A., Smith, J.G., and Vandergast, A.G., 2019, DNA Fingerprinting of Southern mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus) in north San Diego County, California (2018–19): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1138, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191138.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112707","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437245,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YXWXA9","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Microsatellite Genetic Marker Genotypes from Southern Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus) Sampled in San Diego County, California"},{"id":370869,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1138/ofr20191138.pdf","text":"Report","size":"31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":370868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1138/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -116.05957031249999,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -116.05957031249999,\n 33.25706340236547\n ],\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 33.25706340236547\n ],\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 32.713355353177555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Investments in landscape-scale restoration and fuels management projects can protect publicly managed trusts, enhance public health and safety, and help to preserve the many environmental goods and services enjoyed by the public. These investments can also support jobs and generate business sales activities within nearby local economies. This report investigates how investments made by the Rio Grande Water Fund (RGWF) on wildfire risk reduction and source water protection projects in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado affect local economic activity. To implement these projects, the RGWF spent a total of $855,000 in 2018 on contractors located in the Western States regional economy. Including direct and secondary effects, these expenditures supported an estimated 22 jobs, $1,089,000 in labor income, $1,324,000 in value added, and $1,907,000 in economic output in the 17 Western States economy. The majority (73 percent or $623,000) of these expenditures were made by hiring local businesses operating within a 13-county region in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado that comprises the RGWF project area. Including direct and secondary effects, local expenditures support an estimate 15 jobs, $676,000 in labor income, $791,000 in value added, and $1,120,000 in economic output within the 13-county RGWF project area. These results demonstrate how investments in wildfire risk reduction and source water protection projects can support jobs and livelihoods, small businesses, and rural economies in the Mountain West.
","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy","usgsCitation":"Huber, C., Cullinane Thomas, C., Meldrum, J.R., Meier, R., and Bassett, S., 2019, Economic effects of wildfire risk reduction and source water protection projects in the Rio Grande River Basin in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1108, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191108.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399416,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109581.htm"},{"id":370215,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1108/ofr20191108.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.71 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1108"},{"id":370214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1108/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.6408,\n 34.2403\n ],\n [\n -103.6667,\n 34.2403\n ],\n [\n -103.6667,\n 37.3417\n ],\n [\n -107.6408,\n 37.3417\n ],\n [\n -107.6408,\n 34.2403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118
North American sea ducks generally breed in mid- to northern-latitude regions and nearly all rely upon marine habitats for much of their annual cycle. Most sea duck species remained poorly studied until the 1990s when declines were noted in several species and populations. Subsequent research, much of which was funded by the Sea Duck Joint Venture, began in the late 1990s with an emphasis on defining use areas throughout the annual cycle, migration patterns, and determining if there were distinct populations, within species, across North America. These studies relied largely upon satellite telemetry information to identify winter, breeding, and molting areas of sea ducks. New information from band recovery and genetic markers was added, contributing to hypotheses and initial conclusions about population delineation. Information on population units across North America is critical for identifying appropriate scales for evaluating population status and trends through annual monitoring surveys, harvest assessments, habitat protection and measuring effectiveness of management applications. Previous descriptions of population segments were for single species or smaller groups of similar species. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the general distribution and population segments of 13 species of sea ducks in North America by comparing range maps to long-term band recovery, genetic, and satellite telemetry data to inform population delineation assessments and future research. These comparisons show a high degree of consistency in population patterns for most species across the independent data types. These maps provide a foundation for developing new hypothesis-driven research to address remaining knowledge gaps and questions about population differentiation, annual cycle distribution, habitat use, and harvest assessment.
","largerWorkTitle":"USGS Open File Report","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191142","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Sea Duck Joint Venture Continental Technical Team","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., Flint, P.L., Whalen, M.E., Sonsthagen, S.A., Stiller, J., Patil, V.P., Bowman, T., Boyd, S., Badzinski, S.S., Gilchrist, H.G., Gilliland, S.G., Lepage, C., Loring, P., McAuley, D., McLellan, N.R., Osenkowski, J., Reed, E.T., Roberts, A.J., Robertson, M.O., Rothe, T., Safine, D.E., Silverman, E.D., and Spragens, D., 2019, Visualizing populations of North American Sea Ducks—Maps to guide research and management planning: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1142, 50 p., plus appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191142.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-109661","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437250,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93EF3TH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking Data for Black Scoter (Melanitta americana)"},{"id":370662,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1142/ofr20191142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2019-1142"},{"id":370661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1142/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Russia, United States","otherGeospatial":"North America","contact":"Director,
Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are invasive bivalves that have perturbed aquatic ecosystems within North America since their introduction in the mid-1980s. Control of zebra mussels has largely been restricted to raw water conveyance systems and associated infrastructures because few control products are registered for application in surface waters. The biopesticide Zequanox was registered in 2014 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for controlling dreissenid mussels (zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) in surface waters. Previous Zequanox applications in surface waters have used vertical impermeable-membrane barriers to contain treated water. Studies have indicated that uncontained applications may be successful if Zequanox suspensions of the correct viscosity are applied to facilitate the creation of stratified benthic treatment layer. In this study, Zequanox was applied to replicate 0.30-hectare plots within a small inland lake using a custom-engineered, boat-mounted application system to determine if uncontained Zequanox applications could be used to manage zebra mussel populations and to protect native unionid mussels within zebra mussel infested waters. To determine success, the following specific objectives were investigated during, 30 days after, and/or 1 year after Zequanox exposure: (1) evaluate Zequanox concentrations during exposure; (2) monitor water quality during and after exposure; (3) evaluate the mortality of zebra mussels that were caged within treatment zones during the exposures; (4) evaluate the densities of naturally occurring zebra mussels with treatment zones before and after Zequanox exposure; and (5) evaluate the survival, condition, and dreissenid infestation of native mussels in the treatment zones before and after Zequanox exposure. Zequanox rapidly dissipated from the treated plots, resulting in no appreciable treatment-related mortality of zebra mussels and insignificant impacts to water quality. Zequanox exposure-related impacts to native mussels were not observed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Luoma, J.A., Waller, D.L., Severson, T.J., Barbour, M.T., Wise, J.K., Lord, E.G., Bartsch, L.A., and Bartsch, M.R., Assessment of uncontained Zequanox applications for zebra mussel control in a Midwestern lake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1126, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191126.","productDescription":"viii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-108267","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437255,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90JY18D","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Assessment of uncontained Zequanox applications in a Midwestern lake code"},{"id":437254,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZPKI64","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Assessment of uncontained Zequanox applications in a Midwestern lake data"},{"id":370446,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1126/ofr20191126.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.33 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1126"},{"id":370445,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1126/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Emmet County","otherGeospatial":"Round Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-84.7494,45.7823],[-84.7448,45.7822],[-84.733,45.7866],[-84.7304,45.7866],[-84.7321,45.7226],[-84.7314,45.5492],[-84.7318,45.4624],[-84.7314,45.3774],[-84.7318,45.2878],[-84.9761,45.289],[-84.9765,45.2702],[-84.9868,45.274],[-84.9933,45.2745],[-84.9998,45.2719],[-85.005,45.2715],[-85.0108,45.2734],[-85.0146,45.2789],[-85.0183,45.2858],[-85.0189,45.2904],[-85.0161,45.2967],[-85.023,45.3064],[-85.0407,45.328],[-85.049,45.335],[-85.0976,45.3355],[-85.097,45.367],[-85.0872,45.3665],[-85.0743,45.3663],[-85.0419,45.3628],[-85.0229,45.3694],[-85.0171,45.3708],[-85.0145,45.3712],[-84.9925,45.3686],[-84.9748,45.3749],[-84.9728,45.3757],[-84.9559,45.3783],[-84.9481,45.3809],[-84.9239,45.3898],[-84.9192,45.3939],[-84.9156,45.4075],[-84.9168,45.4126],[-84.9232,45.4181],[-84.9341,45.4224],[-84.9529,45.4249],[-84.9743,45.426],[-84.9808,45.4261],[-84.9859,45.428],[-84.9886,45.4267],[-84.9899,45.4262],[-84.9912,45.4249],[-84.9906,45.4239],[-84.9854,45.4225],[-84.9848,45.422],[-84.9835,45.4202],[-84.9823,45.4179],[-84.999,45.4236],[-85.001,45.424],[-85.0074,45.4264],[-85.0145,45.4292],[-85.0345,45.4326],[-85.0429,45.4368],[-85.0493,45.4397],[-85.0564,45.4457],[-85.0621,45.4499],[-85.0691,45.455],[-85.0767,45.4637],[-85.0844,45.472],[-85.0952,45.4817],[-85.0965,45.4827],[-85.0977,45.4863],[-85.0995,45.4959],[-85.1006,45.5014],[-85.1063,45.5088],[-85.112,45.5189],[-85.1138,45.5253],[-85.1169,45.5322],[-85.1181,45.5396],[-85.1186,45.5446],[-85.1191,45.5501],[-85.1184,45.556],[-85.1188,45.5647],[-85.1194,45.5693],[-85.1199,45.5762],[-85.1192,45.5794],[-85.1046,45.5938],[-85.1,45.5961],[-85.096,45.6002],[-85.0926,45.6038],[-85.088,45.6097],[-85.0773,45.6214],[-85.0765,45.6278],[-85.0679,45.6355],[-85.037,45.6457],[-85.0081,45.6555],[-85.0002,45.6609],[-84.9968,45.6668],[-84.9946,45.6782],[-84.9939,45.6791],[-84.9893,45.6809],[-84.9821,45.6812],[-84.9749,45.6848],[-84.9629,45.6966],[-84.9549,45.7038],[-84.9464,45.7074],[-84.9423,45.7114],[-84.9389,45.7215],[-84.9432,45.7293],[-84.9586,45.7423],[-84.9716,45.7438],[-84.976,45.7489],[-84.9766,45.7521],[-84.9792,45.7535],[-84.9818,45.7526],[-84.9845,45.7512],[-84.9909,45.7541],[-84.9929,45.7545],[-84.9961,45.7546],[-85.002,45.7537],[-85.0066,45.7533],[-85.0144,45.7575],[-85.0143,45.7589],[-85.0104,45.7598],[-85.0078,45.7607],[-84.9915,45.7573],[-84.9576,45.7578],[-84.9406,45.7585],[-84.9308,45.758],[-84.9269,45.757],[-84.9217,45.7556],[-84.9076,45.7472],[-84.9043,45.7467],[-84.9004,45.7466],[-84.8971,45.747],[-84.8912,45.7511],[-84.8898,45.752],[-84.8859,45.7542],[-84.8826,45.7556],[-84.8806,45.7555],[-84.8787,45.7555],[-84.8774,45.7555],[-84.867,45.7522],[-84.8598,45.7512],[-84.8521,45.7488],[-84.8437,45.7464],[-84.8398,45.7454],[-84.8358,45.7458],[-84.8325,45.7481],[-84.8272,45.7508],[-84.8239,45.7521],[-84.8213,45.7525],[-84.8187,45.7511],[-84.8136,45.7469],[-84.8097,45.7464],[-84.8071,45.7455],[-84.8032,45.7463],[-84.7946,45.7495],[-84.7866,45.7557],[-84.7832,45.7617],[-84.7805,45.7676],[-84.7804,45.7689],[-84.7824,45.7699],[-84.7869,45.7699],[-84.7882,45.7704],[-84.7868,45.7731],[-84.7906,45.7778],[-84.7926,45.7792],[-84.7899,45.7823],[-84.7859,45.7855],[-84.7767,45.7877],[-84.7734,45.7876],[-84.7636,45.787],[-84.7494,45.7823]]],[[[-85.0618,45.7644],[-85.0665,45.7627],[-85.0684,45.7627],[-85.0697,45.7631],[-85.071,45.7641],[-85.0716,45.765],[-85.0709,45.7673],[-85.0696,45.7686],[-85.0663,45.7695],[-85.061,45.7713],[-85.0584,45.7704],[-85.0572,45.7694],[-85.0572,45.7685],[-85.0579,45.7676],[-85.0599,45.7658],[-85.0618,45.7644]]],[[[-85.0162,45.7607],[-85.0175,45.7603],[-85.0228,45.7608],[-85.0234,45.7608],[-85.0266,45.7636],[-85.0272,45.7645],[-85.0265,45.7677],[-85.0238,45.7732],[-85.0225,45.7727],[-85.0219,45.7718],[-85.0206,45.7709],[-85.0193,45.7699],[-85.0174,45.7672],[-85.0155,45.7639],[-85.0162,45.7607]]],[[[-85.0371,45.761],[-85.0397,45.7601],[-85.043,45.761],[-85.0436,45.7615],[-85.0436,45.7647],[-85.0429,45.7665],[-85.0389,45.7688],[-85.0357,45.7664],[-85.0344,45.7641],[-85.0371,45.761]]],[[[-85.1667,45.6754],[-85.1693,45.675],[-85.172,45.6755],[-85.1739,45.6773],[-85.1738,45.68],[-85.1692,45.6809],[-85.166,45.6795],[-85.1647,45.6777],[-85.1667,45.6754]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Emmet\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Rd.
La Crosse, WI 54603
This report presents economic principles and applications as they pertain to the U.S. Geological Survey’s U.S. Coal Resources and Reserves Assessment Project. This report compares commercial and governmental applications of economic principles and evaluation techniques. Common practices are described for evaluating the commercial investment potential of coal properties and calculating the government reserve potential of major U.S. coal basins. This report discusses economic principles that are applicable to typical mining feasibility studies as well as those categories and cost items that are often misused.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191082","usgsCitation":"Pierce, P.E., 2019, Economic analysis for U.S. Geological Survey coal basin assessments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1082, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191082.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-090621","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1082/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":370385,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1082/ofr20191082.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1082"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.958984375,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -123.48632812499999,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -124.98046874999999,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -119.267578125,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -115.13671875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -110.830078125,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -107.9296875,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -106.5234375,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n -103.35937499999999,\n 28.536274512989916\n ],\n [\n -102.568359375,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.509904531413927\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 26.509904531413927\n ],\n [\n -95.80078125,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -93.955078125,\n 28.76765910569123\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -88.24218749999999,\n 29.22889003019423\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 26.352497858154024\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 24.926294766395593\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 28.38173504322308\n ],\n [\n -81.03515625,\n 30.977609093348686\n ],\n [\n -79.453125,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -73.65234375,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -69.697265625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -70.57617187499999,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n -68.02734375,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -69.60937499999999,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -74.619140625,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -79.27734374999999,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -122.958984375,\n 49.38237278700955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver, CO 80225-0046
The National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR) is a scalable geospatial hydrography framework built from the High Resolution (1:24,000-scale or better) National Hydrography Dataset (NHD), nationally complete Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD), and ⅓-arc-second (10-meter ground spacing) 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) digital elevation model (DEM) data. The NHDPlus HR brings modeling and assessment to a local neighborhood level while nesting seamlessly into the national context.
NHDPlus HR is modeled after the highly successful NHDPlus version 2 (NHDPlus V2). Like the NHDPlus V2, the NHDPlus HR includes data for a nationally seamless network of stream reaches, elevation-based catchment areas, flow surfaces, and value-added attributes that enhance stream-network navigation, analysis, and data display. Users will find that the NHDPlus HR, however, provides much greater detail. This User’s Guide is intended to provide necessary information and guidance in the use of NHDPlus HR data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., McKay, L.D., Rea, A.H., Bondelid, T.R., Price, C.V., Dewald, T.G., and Johnston, C.M., 2019, User's guide for the national hydrography dataset plus (NHDPlus) high resolution: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1096, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191096.","productDescription":"Report: x, 66 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-091493","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399414,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109509.htm"},{"id":370353,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1096/ofr20191096.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1096"},{"id":369737,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1096/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":369736,"rank":1,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/national-hydrography/nhdplus-high-resolution","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"- NHDPlus High Resolution"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 55.36662484928637\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 56.145549500679074\n ],\n [\n -131.9677734375,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -135.3076171875,\n 59.833775202184206\n ],\n [\n -136.38427734375,\n 59.65664225341022\n ],\n [\n -136.6259765625,\n 59.23217626921806\n ],\n [\n -137.52685546875,\n 58.938673187948304\n ],\n [\n -137.65869140625,\n 59.33318942659219\n ],\n [\n -138.8232421875,\n 60.009970961180386\n ],\n [\n -139.21874999999997,\n 60.108670463036\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 60.403001945865476\n ],\n [\n -139.85595703125,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -140.99853515625,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 69.71810669906763\n ],\n [\n -143.4375,\n 70.17020068549206\n ],\n [\n -145.1953125,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n 70.58341752317065\n ],\n [\n -152.40234375,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n -152.314453125,\n 70.95969716686398\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 70.8734913192635\n ],\n [\n -162.0703125,\n 70.31873847853124\n ],\n [\n -163.916015625,\n 69.06856318696033\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.942606818121\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.26938680456564\n ],\n [\n -163.30078125,\n 66.86108230224609\n ],\n [\n -161.982421875,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.08936427047088\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.6181218846659\n ],\n [\n -165.76171875,\n 66.40795547978848\n ],\n [\n -168.0908203125,\n 65.69447579373418\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 65.14611484756372\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 65.05360170595502\n ],\n [\n -166.3330078125,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -162.861328125,\n 64.39693778132846\n ],\n [\n -160.927734375,\n 64.90491004905083\n ],\n [\n -161.0595703125,\n 64.47279382008166\n ],\n [\n -161.4990234375,\n 64.49172504435471\n ],\n [\n -160.8837890625,\n 63.87939001720202\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 63.470144746565424\n ],\n [\n -162.6416015625,\n 63.64625919492172\n ],\n [\n -163.212890625,\n 63.05495931065107\n ],\n [\n -164.2236328125,\n 63.37183226679281\n ],\n [\n -166.1572265625,\n 61.75233128411639\n ],\n [\n -165.3662109375,\n 60.54377524118842\n ],\n [\n -167.431640625,\n 60.326947742998414\n ],\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 59.866883195210214\n ],\n [\n -165.8935546875,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n -162.68554687499997,\n 59.734253447591364\n ],\n [\n -162.3779296875,\n 60.174306261926034\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 59.46740794183739\n ],\n [\n -162.0263671875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 58.768200159239576\n ],\n [\n -162.20214843749997,\n 58.65408464530598\n ],\n [\n -160.83984375,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 58.6769376725869\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 58.309488840677645\n ],\n [\n -156.88476562499997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 58.516651799363785\n ],\n [\n -157.8076171875,\n 57.61010702068388\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -168.6181640625,\n 53.4357192066942\n ],\n [\n -174.9462890625,\n 52.26815737376817\n ],\n [\n -178.2421875,\n 51.83577752045248\n ],\n [\n -173.1884765625,\n 51.590722643120145\n ],\n [\n -162.5537109375,\n 54.23955053156177\n ],\n [\n -155.302734375,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -151.4794921875,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -146.9970703125,\n 60.08676274626006\n ],\n [\n -145.546875,\n 60.21799073323445\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 59.93300042374631\n ],\n [\n -138.3837890625,\n 58.83649009392136\n ],\n [\n -135.6591796875,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 54.521081495443596\n ],\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -69.2578125,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 42.87596410238256\n ],\n [\n -82.68310546875,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -83.49609375,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 47.96050238891509\n ],\n [\n -90.76904296874999,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 48.37084770238366\n ],\n [\n -92.39501953125,\n 48.23930899024907\n ],\n [\n -92.94433593749999,\n 48.61838518688487\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 48.63290858589535\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 49.23912083246698\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.396675075193976\n ],\n [\n -95.20751953125,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 48.66194284607006\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 48.32703913063476\n ],\n [\n -124.78271484375,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 41.22824901518529\n ],\n [\n -124.73876953125,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.491230287947594\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.297327991404266\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -104.47998046875,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -103.20556640625,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -102.65625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -101.49169921875,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 28.246327971048842\n ],\n [\n -99.60205078124999,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -99.47021484375,\n 27.31321389856826\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.52956523826758\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -97.75634765625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 27.858503954841247\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -88.22021484375,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -87.91259765625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -85.2978515625,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 28.555576049185973\n ],\n [\n -83.21044921875,\n 27.800209937418252\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 25.264568475331583\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 24.56710835257599\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 25.34402602913433\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -80.66162109375,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 34.07086232376631\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -73.58642578125,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -69.63134765625,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -70.3564453125,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -67.2802734375,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -67.0166015625,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 18.771115062337024\n ],\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 19.642587534013032\n ],\n [\n -156.9287109375,\n 21.453068633086783\n ],\n [\n -159.521484375,\n 22.43134015636061\n ],\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 21.983801417384697\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 21.207458730482642\n ],\n [\n -158.291015625,\n 20.92039691397189\n ],\n [\n -156.97265625,\n 19.932041306115536\n ],\n [\n -155.9619140625,\n 18.8543103618898\n ],\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 18.771115062337024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.060546875,\n 18.020527657852337\n ],\n [\n -66.2255859375,\n 17.916022703877665\n ],\n [\n -65.6103515625,\n 17.97873309555617\n ],\n [\n -65.2587890625,\n 18.124970639386515\n ],\n [\n -65.5224609375,\n 18.458768120015126\n ],\n [\n -66.11572265625,\n 18.542116654448996\n ],\n [\n -66.95068359374999,\n 18.60460138845525\n ],\n [\n -67.34619140625,\n 18.542116654448996\n ],\n [\n -67.2802734375,\n 17.99963161491187\n ],\n [\n -67.060546875,\n 18.020527657852337\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
Menlo Park, California
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are among the most impactful herbivores in the eastern United States. Legacy forest effects, those accrued from intense herbivory over time, manifest as low seedling regeneration, high cover of plant species that are infrequently browsed by deer, presence or expansion of nonnative or invasive plant species, few herbaceous species, and diminished capacity for recovery. Interfering vegetation (that is, species that increase in cover and density due to avoidance by deer, such as American beech sprouts, Pennsylvania sedge, and hay-scented fern) increase competition for light and hinder recruitment of trees into the forest canopy.
The lower Hudson Valley in New York has been heavily browsed by white-tailed deer since the early 20th century. The region has some of the lowest tree regeneration rates in New York State as a result of deer browsing and subsequent increases in interfering vegetation. The U.S. Geological Survey and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry studied sites where deer hunting is permitted (case sites) and nearby sites where hunting is currently prohibited (control sites) to assess and identify forest structure and composition differences.
Instead of using deer exclosures, which are time-consuming and expensive to install and maintain, we used a case-control study because such studies are well-suited to effects with long latency and rare outcomes. Case-control studies seek to describe the relation between an outcome of interest (in this study, forest understory recovery from chronic herbivory) and forest condition. We inferred recovery by comparing these characteristics on adjacent sites in the lower Hudson Valley with similar forest communities and land uses but different deer population management histories. Case plots were on lands where deer management has taken place annually for several decades. Control plots were on lands where deer populations have not been consistently managed to lowered abundance. We accounted for differences in forest recovery not attributable to deer by first matching case and control plots along several important environmental gradients (slope, aspect, elevation, moisture, canopy openness). By controlling for these gradients, we looked for associations between measured forest conditions and deer herbivory reduction through population management.
We surveyed more than 200 plots in upland forest types across case and control sites where we assessed forest condition by estimating density (number per unit area) and composition and cover (percent) of important vegetation constituents in ground, shrub, subcanopy, and canopy layers of the forest. We recorded 37 tree species, 22 shrub species, 57 herbaceous species, and 19 species of grasses and sedges in our plot surveys, including a number of nonnative and invasive plants. We also estimated the ages of a number of common canopy trees by counting rings from cores extracted from individual stems.
Effects of more than 100 years of chronic deer browsing manifested in low herbaceous ground cover and little to no tree recruitment (saplings) on lands without deer management. In contrast, sustained deer management resulted in forests with conditions that indicated substantial recovery from chronic herbivory in the ground, shrub, and subcanopy layers. Sites with ongoing deer management exhibited greater ground cover of tree seedlings and herbs and less ground cover of interfering vegetation and nonnative species. The well-developed sub-canopy layer of small trees, saplings, and tall shrubs on sites with deer management indicates a high potential for sapling recruitment to the canopy of the future forest.
Of the 25 subcanopy trees sampled on control sites, most were more than 100 years old, indicating little to no regeneration in areas sampled for more than 100 years. The forest canopy, a relic of land uses of bygone days, requires a source of young trees to replace itself as older trees die. Without an abundant layer of young trees in the subcanopy, a forest cannot be sustained over time. Reduction in deer herbivory promotes forest recovery and could benefit Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks (the control sites for the study), but removal of interfering vegetation may be necessary to mitigate legacy effects where they currently hinder ground layer recovery. To successfully promote a more desirable forest condition that includes elimination of nonnative plant species, promotion of tree recruitment into the forest canopy, and development of diverse and abundant herbaceous cover in ground layer vegetation, future management decisions could include information on herbivory reduction and management of interfering vegetation where necessary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation","usgsCitation":"Kilheffer, C.R., Underwood, H.B., Leopold, D.J., and Guerrieri, R., 2019, Evaluating legacy effects of hyperabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in forested stands of Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1116, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191116.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 35 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111113","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369987,"rank":2,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/3ZFKFS","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"- Data for evaluation of effects of white-tailed deer at Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks, New York"},{"id":370098,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1116/ofr20191116.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1116"},{"id":369982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1116/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Harriman, Bear Mountain State Parks","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-73.9525,41.59],[-73.9526,41.5841],[-73.9578,41.5751],[-73.9685,41.562],[-73.9866,41.5472],[-73.9948,41.5374],[-73.9975,41.526],[-73.9985,41.4788],[-74.0002,41.4543],[-73.9997,41.4498],[-73.9955,41.4475],[-73.9869,41.4451],[-73.9828,41.4401],[-73.9703,41.4222],[-73.9643,41.4135],[-73.9573,41.4016],[-73.9495,41.3947],[-73.9507,41.3916],[-73.9546,41.3834],[-73.9586,41.3699],[-73.9621,41.3472],[-73.9653,41.3432],[-73.9696,41.3391],[-73.9765,41.3338],[-73.9821,41.3279],[-73.9834,41.3248],[-73.9829,41.3212],[-73.971,41.306],[-73.9601,41.2982],[-73.9474,41.2921],[-73.9444,41.2907],[-73.9439,41.288],[-73.9476,41.2853],[-73.9638,41.271],[-73.9694,41.2652],[-73.9726,41.2616],[-73.9732,41.2584],[-73.9739,41.2552],[-73.9722,41.2511],[-73.9668,41.247],[-73.959,41.2378],[-73.9334,41.2057],[-73.9222,41.1888],[-73.9104,41.1705],[-73.8922,41.1417],[-73.8905,41.1321],[-73.892,41.0968],[-73.892,41.0677],[-73.8899,41.0523],[-73.8936,40.9965],[-73.9015,40.9976],[-73.9057,40.9994],[-73.9841,41.0339],[-74.0005,41.0409],[-74.0246,41.0521],[-74.1533,41.1098],[-74.2129,41.1344],[-74.2253,41.1395],[-74.2338,41.1431],[-74.3179,41.1791],[-74.3259,41.1823],[-74.3343,41.1864],[-74.3677,41.2033],[-74.3831,41.2111],[-74.4101,41.2248],[-74.5363,41.284],[-74.605,41.3152],[-74.6492,41.3359],[-74.6955,41.3576],[-74.6913,41.3598],[-74.6901,41.3621],[-74.69,41.3639],[-74.6912,41.3662],[-74.6934,41.3683],[-74.6938,41.3688],[-74.6962,41.3713],[-74.6985,41.373],[-74.7011,41.3753],[-74.7064,41.3803],[-74.7105,41.3842],[-74.7126,41.3866],[-74.7137,41.389],[-74.7154,41.3917],[-74.7175,41.3929],[-74.7205,41.3947],[-74.7247,41.3958],[-74.7278,41.3963],[-74.732,41.3973],[-74.7349,41.3987],[-74.7376,41.4003],[-74.7392,41.4025],[-74.7409,41.4066],[-74.7421,41.4094],[-74.7419,41.4103],[-74.7415,41.4123],[-74.7412,41.4145],[-74.7405,41.4166],[-74.7391,41.4197],[-74.7384,41.4229],[-74.7376,41.4261],[-74.7389,41.4286],[-74.7408,41.4298],[-74.7438,41.4305],[-74.7461,41.4303],[-74.7487,41.4287],[-74.7506,41.4274],[-74.7523,41.4328],[-74.7535,41.4373],[-74.7559,41.4401],[-74.7589,41.4451],[-74.7601,41.4501],[-74.7588,41.4573],[-74.7557,41.4614],[-74.7514,41.4659],[-74.7513,41.4686],[-74.7537,41.4741],[-74.7579,41.4814],[-74.7597,41.4868],[-74.7591,41.4896],[-74.756,41.4923],[-74.7541,41.4945],[-74.5928,41.4989],[-74.4781,41.5031],[-74.4743,41.5085],[-74.4688,41.5139],[-74.4668,41.522],[-74.4599,41.5302],[-74.4488,41.5364],[-74.4469,41.5423],[-74.4338,41.5545],[-74.4276,41.5589],[-74.4201,41.5666],[-74.4084,41.5724],[-74.3985,41.5778],[-74.3941,41.5809],[-74.3867,41.5854],[-74.3749,41.5889],[-74.3675,41.5916],[-74.3583,41.5938],[-74.3521,41.5982],[-74.3404,41.5954],[-74.3187,41.6084],[-74.3156,41.6115],[-74.2989,41.6182],[-74.281,41.6257],[-74.2754,41.6284],[-74.2667,41.6324],[-74.2606,41.6337],[-74.2502,41.6291],[-74.25,41.6059],[-74.2458,41.6036],[-74.1907,41.5913],[-74.187,41.5908],[-74.1858,41.5944],[-74.1282,41.5833],[-74.1325,41.6152],[-74.1246,41.6133],[-74.0983,41.6089],[-74.0886,41.5988],[-74.0677,41.604],[-74.0575,41.5926],[-74.0521,41.5816],[-73.9999,41.5855],[-73.9525,41.59]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Orange\",\"state\":\"NY\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708-4039
In 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey began a cooperative study with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection to characterize the local groundwater-flow system and identify potential sources of seeps on the southern embankment of the Hillview Reservoir in southern Westchester County, New York. The earthen embankment comprises low-permeability glacial clays that were excavated from the site and rest on a veneer of low-permeability glacial deposits that overlie crystalline bedrock. At least two groundwater-flow zones—one shallow and the other deep—overlie the bedrock at the reservoir. As part of the study, slug-test data from 38 screened wells were analyzed to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the sediments in the groundwater-flow zones. Slug-test data were collected from 12 wells at the Hillview Reservoir during August 2007 and from 25 wells at the reservoir and 1 monitoring well south of the reservoir in northern Bronx County in June 2012.
Hydraulic conductivity values at the reservoir ranged from 0.0012 to 2 feet per day. On the southern embankment, hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.0026 to 1 foot per day for wells screened in the shallow saturated zone; 0.0012 to 2 feet per day for wells screened in the deep saturated zone; and 0.021 to 0.27 foot per day for wells screened in the toe of the southern embankment, where the deep and shallow saturated zones coalesce. A hydraulic conductivity of 0.016 foot per day was determined for a well partially screened in the crystalline-bedrock aquifer, which potentially indicates an interconnection of transmissive fractures near the bedrock surface. The results of four slug-out tests are also included in this report to quality assure the hydraulic conductivity estimates from the slug-in test analysis. The results of the four slug-out tests were within 8 percent of slug-in test results, with an average of less than 2 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Noll, M.L., Chu, A., and Capurso, W.D., 2019, Slug-test analysis of selected wells at an earthen dam site in southern Westchester County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1102, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191102.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 14 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-095039","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399415,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109510.htm"},{"id":369616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1102/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":369866,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1102/ofr20191102.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1102"},{"id":369619,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9J404KW","text":"USGS data release","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"Data and analytical type-curve match for selected hydraulic tests in New York State"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Westchester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.87674808502196,\n 40.90551783054535\n ],\n [\n -73.86099815368652,\n 40.90551783054535\n ],\n [\n -73.86099815368652,\n 40.91821491609591\n ],\n [\n -73.87674808502196,\n 40.91821491609591\n ],\n [\n -73.87674808502196,\n 40.90551783054535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2045 Route 112, Building 4
Coram, NY 11727
A 3D geologic framework is presented here as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Crustal Model for the western United States, which will be used to improve seismic hazard assessment. The framework is based on 1:250,000 to 1:1,000,000-scale state geologic maps and depths of multiple subsurface unit boundaries. The geology at or near the Earth’s surface is based on published maps with modifications to remove discontinuities across state borders. Extrapolation of rock type and age in the subsurface is achieved by iterative stripping of units of a given age, nearest neighbor interpolation of the remaining units, and constraints on basement geology. The subsurface depth of the interfaces between units is determined by a range of models with varying quantity and quality of constraints. Bedrock depth is derived primarily from a proxy model with added geophysical constraint in some areas. The depths to the base of Cenozoic and Phanerozoic sedimentary and extrusive volcanic rocks are constrained by geophysical methods in many areas. Elsewhere, a simple method is used to estimate their subsurface depth based on the distance to the edge of the geologic units. The remaining continental units are evenly distributed above, below, and between depending on age. The oceanic crust is treated as a simple four-layer model with the added complexity of subduction beneath the North American plate along the Cascadia subduction zone.
Refinements to this technique may be accomplished in future versions of the model with more specific information including the location of faults to produce discontinuities in geologic structure and additional information obtained from boreholes and geophysical studies. Further improvements to the geologic framework may be made by incorporating information from more local studies, for example, hydrogeologic studies.
Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-966
Denver, CO 80225-0046
A Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States, entered June 7, 1954, established the position of Delaware River Master within the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, the Decree authorizes diversion of water from the Delaware River Basin and requires compensating releases from certain reservoirs, owned by New York City, to be made under the supervision and direction of the River Master. The Decree stipulates that the River Master will furnish reports to the Court, not less frequently than annually. This report is the 57th Annual Report of the River Master of the Delaware River. It covers the 2010 River Master report year, the period from December 1, 2009, to November 30, 2010.
During the report year, precipitation in the upper Delaware River Basin was 49.38 inches or 112 percent of the long-term average. Combined storage in Pepacton, Cannonsville, and Neversink Reservoirs remained high much of the year and did not decline below 80 percent of combined capacity until September 2010. A lower basin drought warning was issued by the Delaware River Basin Commission on September 24, 2010. It automatically ended on October 31, 2010, when the reservoir contents rose above drought levels, due in large part to heavy rainfall during the last week of September. River Master operations during the year were conducted as stipulated by the Decree and the Flexible Flow Management Program.
Diversions from the Delaware River Basin by New York City and New Jersey were in full compliance with the Decree. Reservoir releases were made as directed by the River Master at rates designed to meet the flow objective for the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey, on 81 days during the report year. Interim Excess Release Quantity and conservation releases, designed to relieve thermal stress and protect the fishery and aquatic habitat in the tailwaters of the reservoirs, were made during the report year.
The quality of water in the Delaware Estuary between Trenton, New Jersey, and Reedy Island Jetty, Delaware, was monitored at various locations. Data on water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected continuously by electronic instruments at four sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191093","usgsCitation":"Russell, K.L., Ockerman, D., Krejmas, B.E., Paulachok, G.N., and Mason, R.R., Jr., 2019, Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2009–November 30, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1093, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191093.","productDescription":"x, 128 p.","numberOfPages":"142","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-099205","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369615,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1093/ofr20191093.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1093"},{"id":368735,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1093/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 39.32579941789298\n ],\n [\n -74.608154296875,\n 39.32579941789298\n ],\n [\n -74.608154296875,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 39.32579941789298\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Deputy Delaware River Master
Office of the Delaware River Master
U.S. Geological Survey
120 Route 209 South
Milford, PA 18337
As much as 22 inches of rain fell in Oklahoma in May 2019, resulting in historic flooding along the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas. The flooding along the Arkansas River and its tributaries that began in May continued into June 2019. Peaks of record were measured at 12 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgages on various streams in eastern and northeastern Oklahoma. This report documents the peak streamflows and stages for seven selected streamgages along the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas. Most of the flood peaks occurred from May 26 to June 4, 2019. The historic flooding caused homes to fall into the river as a result of bank erosion, forced some towns to be evacuated, and resulted in the highest flood depths in Tulsa, Oklahoma, since 1986. Along the Arkansas River, peak streamflows were recorded at six of the seven selected USGS streamgages, with the seventh streamgage on the Arkansas River having the second highest peak of record at that site since regulation began.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191129","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Lewis, J.M., and Trevisan, A.R., 2019, Peak streamflow and stages at selected streamgages on the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas, May to June 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1129, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191129.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112483","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369335,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1129/ofr20191129.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.04 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1129"},{"id":369334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1129/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-94.042964,33.019219],[-94.043428,33.551425],[-94.061896,33.549764],[-94.073826,33.555834],[-94.067985,33.560961],[-94.056442,33.560998],[-94.056096,33.567252],[-94.066846,33.568909],[-94.069517,33.574162],[-94.09744,33.573719],[-94.119902,33.566999],[-94.122879,33.553112],[-94.126898,33.550647],[-94.131382,33.552934],[-94.136046,33.571388],[-94.143402,33.565505],[-94.151456,33.568387],[-94.14216,33.58139],[-94.156782,33.575749],[-94.161277,33.579271],[-94.161082,33.587972],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.194465,33.582886],[-94.217198,33.580737],[-94.211329,33.573774],[-94.201106,33.575851],[-94.192483,33.570425],[-94.189884,33.562454],[-94.196395,33.555123],[-94.203594,33.566546],[-94.208078,33.566911],[-94.226392,33.552912],[-94.250197,33.556765],[-94.251108,33.56528],[-94.236836,33.580914],[-94.236363,33.585992],[-94.242777,33.589709],[-94.257801,33.582508],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.290901,33.558872],[-94.290372,33.567905],[-94.280605,33.574908],[-94.287025,33.58241],[-94.301023,33.573022],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.319492,33.548864],[-94.33059,33.552692],[-94.33438,33.562536],[-94.344023,33.567824],[-94.352433,33.562172],[-94.34729,33.552197],[-94.355945,33.54318],[-94.386086,33.544923],[-94.399227,33.559903],[-94.380091,33.568943],[-94.378076,33.577019],[-94.382887,33.583268],[-94.403342,33.568424],[-94.412175,33.568691],[-94.430039,33.591124],[-94.439518,33.594154],[-94.451622,33.591361],[-94.458232,33.59827],[-94.471152,33.601588],[-94.469451,33.607316],[-94.452961,33.616986],[-94.452711,33.622621],[-94.460286,33.624421],[-94.462736,33.63091],[-94.448451,33.634497],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.459198,33.645146],[-94.464186,33.637655],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.528928,33.62184],[-94.529221,33.634437],[-94.533322,33.63766],[-94.552658,33.638246],[-94.552072,33.65348],[-94.572286,33.656995],[-94.569943,33.66637],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.586641,33.678968],[-94.603047,33.671351],[-94.621211,33.681018],[-94.64289,33.668421],[-94.648457,33.673401],[-94.652265,33.690979],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.707858,33.686876],[-94.711043,33.705669],[-94.719006,33.708217],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.737161,33.704713],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.759139,33.729557],[-94.767739,33.73752],[-94.768057,33.753446],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.824753,33.749305],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.849296,33.739585],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.87708,33.75222],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.886226,33.764594],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.917815,33.808704],[-94.924518,33.812792],[-94.944302,33.812138],[-94.949533,33.825708],[-94.964401,33.837021],[-94.968895,33.860916],[-94.988487,33.851],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-95.022325,33.859813],[-95.046568,33.862565],[-95.065492,33.899585],[-95.07126,33.901597],[-95.090441,33.89328],[-95.10077,33.912193],[-95.122365,33.918632],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.1247,33.934675],[-95.161109,33.937598],[-95.184075,33.950353],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.230491,33.960764],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.253095,33.905444],[-95.26385,33.899256],[-95.277846,33.900877],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.287865,33.874946],[-95.333452,33.886286],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.463346,33.872313],[-95.46291,33.885903],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.502304,33.874742],[-95.506085,33.87639],[-95.506234,33.886306],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.533283,33.881162],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.552085,33.888422],[-95.549145,33.90795],[-95.559414,33.930179],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.603657,33.927195],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.665338,33.908132],[-95.684831,33.890232],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.71354,33.885124],[-95.737508,33.895967],[-95.756367,33.892625],[-95.762559,33.874367],[-95.753513,33.856464],[-95.758016,33.85008],[-95.772067,33.843817],[-95.787891,33.856336],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.820596,33.858465],[-95.820784,33.840564],[-95.837516,33.83564],[-95.859469,33.852456],[-95.935198,33.887101],[-95.936631,33.870615],[-95.944284,33.859811],[-95.972156,33.856371],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.996748,33.864403],[-95.997709,33.852182],[-96.019599,33.840566],[-96.0219,33.849114],[-96.029463,33.852402],[-96.037191,33.841245],[-96.048834,33.836468],[-96.100095,33.847971],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.122951,33.839964],[-96.14807,33.837799],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.17589,33.814627],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.17515,33.801951],[-96.162123,33.79614],[-96.169452,33.770131],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.229023,33.748021],[-96.269896,33.768405],[-96.292482,33.766419],[-96.303009,33.750878],[-96.307035,33.719987],[-96.316925,33.698997],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.362198,33.691818],[-96.36959,33.716809],[-96.408469,33.751192],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.448045,33.781031],[-96.459154,33.775232],[-96.500268,33.772583],[-96.515912,33.787795],[-96.516584,33.803168],[-96.526655,33.820891],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.62929,33.845488],[-96.629747,33.850866],[-96.61197,33.869016],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.58536,33.888948],[-96.587934,33.894784],[-96.628294,33.894477],[-96.659896,33.916666],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.680947,33.896204],[-96.684727,33.862905],[-96.699574,33.839049],[-96.712422,33.831633],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.770676,33.829621],[-96.783485,33.863534],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.832157,33.874835],[-96.839778,33.868396],[-96.841592,33.852894],[-96.850593,33.847211],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.88301,33.868019],[-96.895728,33.896414],[-96.902434,33.942018],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.932252,33.955688],[-96.972542,33.935795],[-96.979818,33.941588],[-96.979347,33.95513],[-96.987892,33.954671],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.984939,33.904866],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-97.041245,33.837761],[-97.055416,33.841202],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.092112,33.804097],[-97.095236,33.794136],[-97.085218,33.765512],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.104525,33.722608],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.155066,33.724442],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.190397,33.781153],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.204995,33.81887],[-97.1997,33.827322],[-97.171627,33.835335],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.180845,33.895204],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.226522,33.914642],[-97.244946,33.903092],[-97.249209,33.875101],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.279108,33.864555],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.30749,33.878204],[-97.318243,33.865121],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.348338,33.843876],[-97.368744,33.821471],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.453057,33.828536],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.450954,33.891398],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.486505,33.916994],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.587441,33.902479],[-97.597115,33.917868],[-97.591514,33.9282],[-97.588828,33.951882],[-97.633778,33.981257],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.709684,33.954997],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.732267,33.936691],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.759399,33.91882],[-97.76377,33.914241],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.779683,33.899243],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.801578,33.885138],[-97.805423,33.877167],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.871447,33.849001],[-97.936743,33.879204],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.98454,33.900703],[-97.979985,33.911402],[-97.969873,33.905999],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.953395,33.936445],[-97.971175,33.937129],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.960351,33.951928],[-97.94595,33.988396],[-97.958325,33.990846],[-97.974173,34.006716],[-97.987388,33.999823],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-98.055197,33.995841],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.105482,34.031307],[-98.096177,34.044625],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.119417,34.084474],[-98.099328,34.104295],[-98.089755,34.128211],[-98.109462,34.154111],[-98.123377,34.15454],[-98.130816,34.150532],[-98.154354,34.122734],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.203711,34.117676],[-98.241013,34.133103],[-98.256467,34.129481],[-98.293901,34.13302],[-98.325445,34.151025],[-98.364023,34.157109],[-98.381238,34.149454],[-98.398441,34.128456],[-98.399777,34.099973],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.440092,34.084311],[-98.449034,34.073462],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.504182,34.072371],[-98.5282,34.094961],[-98.572451,34.145091],[-98.599789,34.160571],[-98.616733,34.156418],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.690072,34.133155],[-98.734287,34.135758],[-98.741966,34.12553],[-98.757037,34.124633],[-98.76557,34.136376],[-98.792015,34.143736],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.855585,34.161621],[-98.860125,34.149913],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.874872,34.155657],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.918333,34.181831],[-98.950396,34.21168],[-98.958475,34.213855],[-98.966302,34.201323],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.987294,34.221223],[-99.000761,34.217643],[-99.002916,34.208782],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-99.036273,34.206912],[-99.043471,34.198208],[-99.058084,34.200569],[-99.066465,34.208404],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.108758,34.203401],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.131885,34.207382],[-99.127525,34.213771],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.190146,34.22966],[-99.197153,34.244298],[-99.195605,34.280839],[-99.207561,34.283505],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.213476,34.310672],[-99.209724,34.324935],[-99.213135,34.340369],[-99.232606,34.34238],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.248969,34.375984],[-99.258696,34.372634],[-99.274926,34.384904],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.261321,34.403499],[-99.294648,34.415373],[-99.319606,34.408869],[-99.334037,34.427536],[-99.356713,34.442144],[-99.354837,34.449658],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.396902,34.418688],[-99.391492,34.405631],[-99.397253,34.377871],[-99.40296,34.373481],[-99.420432,34.380464],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.44076,34.374123],[-99.452648,34.388252],[-99.470969,34.396471],[-99.487219,34.397955],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.51428,34.414035],[-99.549242,34.412715],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.58006,34.416653],[-99.585442,34.388914],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.624197,34.373577],[-99.649662,34.379885],[-99.662705,34.37368],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.712682,34.390928],[-99.720259,34.406295],[-99.767234,34.430502],[-99.764882,34.435266],[-99.775743,34.444225],[-99.782986,34.444364],[-99.814313,34.476204],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.853066,34.511593],[-99.887147,34.549047],[-99.915771,34.565975],[-99.923211,34.574552],[-99.954567,34.578195],[-99.971555,34.562179],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-100.000406,36.499702],[-103.002434,36.500397],[-103.002199,37.000104],[-102.75986,37.000019],[-102.698142,36.995149],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-100.115722,37.002206],[-98.219499,36.997824],[-94.61808,36.998135],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-90.152481,36.497952],[-90.159305,36.492446],[-90.155997,36.490385],[-90.15946,36.481343],[-90.142269,36.472138],[-90.152888,36.47093],[-90.155804,36.463555],[-90.14153,36.462993],[-90.137323,36.455411],[-90.133993,36.437906],[-90.144139,36.425806],[-90.13559,36.422897],[-90.138653,36.414547],[-90.131038,36.415069],[-90.109495,36.404073],[-90.080426,36.400763],[-90.064514,36.382085],[-90.066297,36.3593],[-90.077723,36.349484],[-90.075884,36.335184],[-90.081961,36.322097],[-90.069266,36.313152],[-90.06398,36.303038],[-90.0778,36.288349],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.083731,36.272332],[-90.112945,36.266557],[-90.124476,36.244198],[-90.129716,36.243235],[-90.12466,36.235549],[-90.126366,36.229367],[-90.14224,36.227522],[-90.15614,36.213706],[-90.188189,36.20536],[-90.21128,36.183392],[-90.220425,36.184764],[-90.23537,36.159153],[-90.231386,36.147348],[-90.235585,36.139474],[-90.266256,36.120559],[-90.293109,36.114368],[-90.29991,36.098236],[-90.319168,36.089976],[-90.320746,36.071326],[-90.333261,36.067504],[-90.337146,36.047754],[-90.347908,36.041939],[-90.351732,36.025347],[-90.37789,35.995683],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-89.719168,35.985976],[-89.719679,35.970939],[-89.714565,35.963034],[-89.652279,35.921462],[-89.644838,35.904351],[-89.64727,35.89492],[-89.665672,35.883301],[-89.677012,35.88572],[-89.688141,35.896946],[-89.714934,35.906247],[-89.741241,35.906749],[-89.768743,35.886663],[-89.773564,35.871697],[-89.769413,35.861558],[-89.704351,35.835726],[-89.701045,35.828227],[-89.706085,35.81826],[-89.734044,35.806174],[-89.765442,35.811214],[-89.781793,35.805084],[-89.799331,35.788503],[-89.799249,35.775439],[-89.821216,35.756716],[-89.846343,35.755732],[-89.877256,35.741369],[-89.909996,35.759396],[-89.956254,35.733386],[-89.958882,35.723834],[-89.955753,35.690621],[-89.931036,35.660044],[-89.915427,35.652782],[-89.898916,35.650904],[-89.886979,35.653637],[-89.878534,35.66482],[-89.864782,35.670385],[-89.858935,35.66906],[-89.851176,35.657432],[-89.856619,35.634444],[-89.894346,35.615535],[-89.910687,35.617536],[-89.945405,35.601611],[-89.956749,35.590511],[-89.95669,35.581426],[-89.941393,35.556555],[-89.910789,35.547515],[-89.910885,35.541072],[-89.903882,35.534175],[-89.911931,35.51741],[-89.919331,35.51387],[-89.951248,35.521866],[-89.956347,35.525594],[-89.958498,35.541703],[-89.989363,35.560043],[-90.02862,35.555249],[-90.039744,35.548041],[-90.050277,35.515275],[-90.043517,35.492298],[-90.018842,35.464816],[-90.031584,35.427662],[-90.04264,35.421237],[-90.056644,35.403786],[-90.041563,35.39662],[-90.044856,35.392964],[-90.054451,35.38965],[-90.069283,35.408306],[-90.062018,35.41518],[-90.070549,35.423291],[-90.074082,35.433983],[-90.067138,35.464833],[-90.085009,35.478835],[-90.107723,35.476935],[-90.114412,35.472467],[-90.129448,35.441931],[-90.169002,35.421853],[-90.179265,35.385194],[-90.166246,35.374745],[-90.13551,35.376668],[-90.146191,35.399468],[-90.14166,35.408563],[-90.130475,35.413745],[-90.112504,35.410153],[-90.09665,35.395257],[-90.074992,35.384152],[-90.087903,35.36327],[-90.110293,35.342786],[-90.103862,35.332405],[-90.109093,35.304987],[-90.139504,35.298828],[-90.149794,35.303288],[-90.158913,35.300637],[-90.168794,35.279088],[-90.152094,35.255989],[-90.140394,35.252289],[-90.105093,35.254288],[-90.07875,35.227806],[-90.074155,35.21707],[-90.07682,35.208817],[-90.088597,35.212376],[-90.096466,35.194848],[-90.116182,35.198498],[-90.117393,35.18789],[-90.092944,35.157228],[-90.066958,35.151839],[-90.065392,35.137691],[-90.08342,35.12167],[-90.100593,35.116691],[-90.142794,35.135091],[-90.165328,35.125228],[-90.176843,35.112088],[-90.181387,35.091401],[-90.195133,35.061793],[-90.196095,35.0374],[-90.209397,35.026546],[-90.256495,35.034493],[-90.263796,35.039593],[-90.295596,35.040093],[-90.309877,35.00975],[-90.309297,34.995694],[-90.296422,34.976346],[-90.250056,34.951196],[-90.244476,34.937596],[-90.244725,34.921031],[-90.250095,34.90732],[-90.313476,34.871698],[-90.302523,34.856471],[-90.307384,34.846195],[-90.323067,34.846391],[-90.34038,34.860357],[-90.414864,34.831846],[-90.422355,34.833675],[-90.428754,34.8414],[-90.430096,34.871212],[-90.438313,34.884581],[-90.459819,34.891946],[-90.479872,34.883264],[-90.483969,34.877176],[-90.483876,34.861333],[-90.456935,34.823383],[-90.459024,34.81444],[-90.470544,34.805036],[-90.47459,34.7932],[-90.453038,34.753352],[-90.452479,34.739898],[-90.469897,34.72703],[-90.488865,34.723731],[-90.501667,34.724236],[-90.518317,34.73279],[-90.520556,34.753388],[-90.505494,34.764568],[-90.501523,34.774795],[-90.514706,34.801768],[-90.522892,34.802265],[-90.53651,34.798572],[-90.544067,34.791159],[-90.54817,34.78189],[-90.542631,34.764396],[-90.543811,34.749277],[-90.563544,34.738671],[-90.568081,34.724802],[-90.538974,34.698783],[-90.471185,34.699066],[-90.462552,34.687576],[-90.466041,34.674312],[-90.5081,34.636682],[-90.532188,34.627487],[-90.547614,34.631656],[-90.554129,34.640871],[-90.552642,34.659707],[-90.538061,34.673232],[-90.540074,34.684981],[-90.549856,34.695478],[-90.555627,34.697946],[-90.567334,34.693371],[-90.588419,34.670963],[-90.583088,34.64361],[-90.587224,34.615732],[-90.570133,34.587457],[-90.545891,34.563257],[-90.540736,34.548085],[-90.545728,34.53775],[-90.578493,34.516296],[-90.588942,34.491097],[-90.585477,34.461247],[-90.56733,34.440383],[-90.566505,34.429528],[-90.571145,34.420319],[-90.613944,34.390723],[-90.658542,34.375705],[-90.655346,34.371846],[-90.666788,34.35582],[-90.666862,34.348569],[-90.657488,34.322231],[-90.661395,34.315398],[-90.669343,34.31302],[-90.686003,34.315771],[-90.693129,34.32257],[-90.691551,34.338618],[-90.68162,34.35291],[-90.683222,34.368817],[-90.712088,34.363805],[-90.750107,34.367919],[-90.765764,34.362109],[-90.767732,34.346872],[-90.744713,34.324872],[-90.74061,34.313469],[-90.743082,34.302257],[-90.765165,34.280524],[-90.802928,34.282465],[-90.828267,34.27365],[-90.836972,34.250104],[-90.840009,34.223077],[-90.847808,34.20653],[-90.87912,34.21545],[-90.89456,34.22438],[-90.905934,34.243529],[-90.929015,34.244541],[-90.937152,34.23411],[-90.93522,34.21905],[-90.916048,34.196916],[-90.887884,34.18198],[-90.8556,34.18688],[-90.816572,34.183023],[-90.808685,34.175878],[-90.810884,34.155903],[-90.825708,34.142011],[-90.847168,34.136884],[-90.86458,34.140555],[-90.894385,34.160953],[-90.91001,34.165508],[-90.9543,34.138498],[-90.958467,34.125105],[-90.946323,34.109374],[-90.918395,34.093054],[-90.882628,34.096615],[-90.870461,34.082739],[-90.887837,34.055403],[-90.886991,34.035094],[-90.89242,34.02686],[-90.942662,34.01805],[-90.970726,34.02162],[-90.987948,34.019038],[-90.979945,34.000106],[-90.961548,33.979945],[-90.967632,33.963324],[-90.983359,33.960186],[-91.000108,33.966428],[-91.01889,34.003151],[-91.042751,33.986811],[-91.075378,33.983586],[-91.087921,33.975335],[-91.089787,33.966004],[-91.084095,33.956179],[-91.035961,33.943758],[-91.010318,33.929352],[-91.026382,33.90798],[-91.070883,33.866714],[-91.073011,33.857449],[-91.067511,33.840443],[-91.046849,33.815365],[-91.000107,33.799549],[-90.988466,33.78453],[-91.000106,33.769165],[-91.023285,33.762991],[-91.053886,33.778701],[-91.107318,33.770619],[-91.123466,33.782106],[-91.132185,33.78342],[-91.145112,33.76734],[-91.141304,33.760835],[-91.146618,33.732456],[-91.132338,33.714246],[-91.117733,33.705342],[-91.101101,33.705007],[-91.06829,33.716477],[-91.059891,33.714816],[-91.046778,33.706313],[-91.03612,33.689113],[-91.030402,33.687766],[-91.03146,33.678142],[-91.03684,33.671316],[-91.046412,33.668272],[-91.078507,33.658283],[-91.09404,33.658351],[-91.13045,33.674522],[-91.160866,33.707096],[-91.212077,33.698249],[-91.225279,33.687749],[-91.229015,33.677543],[-91.219048,33.661503],[-91.178311,33.651109],[-91.139209,33.625658],[-91.130445,33.606034],[-91.134043,33.594489],[-91.152148,33.582721],[-91.175979,33.582968],[-91.198285,33.572061],[-91.224121,33.567369],[-91.230858,33.561372],[-91.232295,33.552788],[-91.219297,33.532364],[-91.187367,33.510552],[-91.182901,33.502379],[-91.208535,33.468606],[-91.231661,33.4571],[-91.235928,33.440611],[-91.206807,33.433846],[-91.177293,33.443638],[-91.16936,33.452629],[-91.177148,33.48617],[-91.172213,33.496691],[-91.167403,33.498304],[-91.125109,33.472842],[-91.117975,33.453807],[-91.131885,33.430063],[-91.17628,33.416979],[-91.199354,33.418321],[-91.209032,33.403633],[-91.171968,33.38103],[-91.140938,33.380477],[-91.113764,33.393124],[-91.099277,33.408244],[-91.095211,33.417488],[-91.096723,33.437603],[-91.086498,33.451576],[-91.067623,33.455104],[-91.057621,33.445341],[-91.058152,33.428705],[-91.075293,33.405966],[-91.101456,33.38719],[-91.120409,33.363809],[-91.142219,33.348989],[-91.141615,33.299539],[-91.125539,33.280255],[-91.128078,33.268502],[-91.118208,33.262071],[-91.106142,33.241799],[-91.1001,33.238125],[-91.096931,33.241628],[-91.086137,33.273652],[-91.07853,33.283306],[-91.067035,33.28718],[-91.052369,33.285415],[-91.043624,33.274636],[-91.050407,33.251202],[-91.070697,33.227302],[-91.091711,33.220813],[-91.084366,33.180856],[-91.089862,33.139655],[-91.104317,33.131598],[-91.131659,33.129101],[-91.150362,33.130695],[-91.160298,33.141216],[-91.183662,33.141691],[-91.193174,33.136734],[-91.20178,33.125121],[-91.200167,33.10693],[-91.180836,33.098364],[-91.171514,33.087818],[-91.149823,33.081603],[-91.121195,33.059166],[-91.129088,33.033554],[-91.162363,33.019684],[-91.166073,33.004106],[-93.073167,33.017898],[-94.042964,33.019219]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Arkansas\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1505 Ferguson Lane
Austin, Texas 78754–4501
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the only transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, a class of invariably fatal neurodegenerative mammalian diseases associated with a misfolded cellular prion protein found in wild free-ranging animals. Because it has a long incubation period, affected animals in Cervidae (the deer family; referred to as “cervids”) may not show signs of disease for several years. While signs are not specific to CWD, affected cervids (deer, elk, moose, and reindeer) show changes in appearance (such as progressive weight loss) and changes in behavior such as stumbling, tremors, and teeth grinding. CWD can be transmitted by direct contact or through a contaminated environment. The causative prion agent is highly resistant to degradation.
In recent decades, CWD has transitioned from a novel, obscure prion disease of cervids with limited geographical distribution, to a disease that poses substantial ecological, agricultural, and economic risks across large regions of North America. Since its discovery in free-ranging elk and deer populations in the western United States in the 1980s, CWD has been reported in captive or free-ranging cervid populations in 26 States, 3 Canadian Provinces, the Republic of South Korea, Finland, Sweden, and Norway. In addition, the proportion of CWD-infected animals is increasing in many areas where the disease is already established. In some heavily affected areas, total cervid numbers have decreased over time due to CWD, which suggests that these cervid populations may not be sustainable in the long-term.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts wildlife disease surveillance and research to support management of CWD-affected species and their habitats. The scientific information is relevant to governmental agencies that manage wildlife and their habitats including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and other Federal, State, and Tribal agencies as well as conservation partners (non-governmental organizations, businesses, and private landowners). Each project description in this report (1–30) includes the non-USGS collaborators (Federal, State, Tribal agencies, universities) and a USGS point of contact (principal investigator). If there are USGS publications associated with the project, a publication list is provided at the end of each project description.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191109","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, M.C., Carlson, C.M., Cross, P.C., Johnson, C.J., Richards, B.J., Russell, R.E., Samuel, M.D., Sargeant, G.A., Walsh, D.P., and Walter, W.D., 2019, Chronic wasting disease—Research by the U.S. Geological Survey and partners (ver. 2.0, November 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1109, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191109.","productDescription":"viii, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-074357","costCenters":[{"id":189,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382939,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://usgs.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=a8a1a7a97aaa4aa7b50499a755eb854d","text":"Geonarrative: Chronic Wasting Disease Research by the U.S. Geological Survey & Partners"},{"id":369205,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1109/ofr20191109.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1109"},{"id":368674,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1109/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":369204,"rank":2,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1109/versionhist.txt","size":"4.32 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alberta, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Saskatchewan, South Dakota, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -124.67285156250001,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -123.99169921875,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -124.51904296875,\n 40.36328834091583\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 39.06184913429154\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 34.415973384481866\n ],\n [\n -117.46582031249999,\n 32.602361666817515\n ],\n [\n -114.89501953124999,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -114.10400390625,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.5654296875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -114.697265625,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -114.2138671875,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.09423828125,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -108.25927734375,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 31.74685416292141\n ],\n [\n -106.58935546875,\n 31.70947636001935\n ],\n [\n -106.5673828125,\n 32.02670629333614\n ],\n [\n -103.02978515625,\n 31.98944183792288\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -99.99755859375,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 34.65128519895413\n ],\n [\n -99.151611328125,\n 34.22088697429016\n ],\n [\n -98.4979248046875,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -96.34185791015625,\n 33.68549637289138\n ],\n [\n -95.5975341796875,\n 33.929687627576605\n ],\n [\n -95.39978027343749,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -95.152587890625,\n 33.947916898356404\n ],\n [\n -94.49066162109375,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -94.47418212890625,\n 34.00030430441023\n ],\n [\n -94.45770263671875,\n 34.62642791261892\n ],\n [\n -94.493408203125,\n 36.500805317604794\n ],\n [\n -89.659423828125,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 37.55328764595765\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 38.19502155795575\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 38.66835610151506\n ],\n [\n -91.34033203125,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -87.802734375,\n 42.50450285299051\n ],\n [\n -87.91259765625,\n 43.40504748787035\n ],\n [\n -86.72607421875,\n 45.66012730272194\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 45.84410779560204\n ],\n [\n -84.57275390625,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 46.118941506107056\n ],\n [\n -83.49609375,\n 45.93587062119052\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 45.19752230305682\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 43.02071359427862\n ],\n [\n -83.12255859375,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -80.52978515625,\n 42.56926437219384\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -79.07958984375,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -79.12353515625,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 44.134913443750726\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -79.56298828125,\n 47.35371061951363\n ],\n [\n -79.51904296874999,\n 51.590722643120145\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 51.16556659836182\n ],\n [\n -82.19970703125,\n 52.9751081817353\n ],\n [\n -82.177734375,\n 55.05320258537112\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 55.26659815231191\n ],\n [\n -89.07714843749999,\n 56.8129075187002\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 52.855864177853974\n ],\n [\n -95.07568359375,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -96.83349609375,\n 46.9052455464292\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 46.93526088057719\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -101.31591796875,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 60.031929699115615\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 59.987997631212224\n ],\n [\n -120.03662109374999,\n 53.81362579235235\n ],\n [\n -113.9501953125,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n -123.20068359374999,\n 49.05227025601607\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 48.45835188280866\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -75.52001953125,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -75.52001953125,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 38.151837403006766\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 2.0; November 20, 2019","publicComments":"Report was updated to version 2.0 on 11/20/2019","contact":"Associate Director, Ecosystems
U.S. Geological Survey
954 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Identifying sources of sediment to streams in the Sprague River Basin, in south-central Oregon, is important for restoration efforts that are focused on reducing sediment erosion and transport. Reducing sediment loads in these streams also contributes to compliance with the total maximum daily load reduction requirements for total phosphorus in this basin. In the Sprague River Basin, phosphorus occurs in surface waters in both dissolved phase and particulate phase, and particulate phosphorus is readily transported in streams on fine-grained suspended sediments, which eventually deposit in Upper Klamath Lake. The lake has seasonal blooms of cyanobacteria that require phosphorus for growth and degrade water-quality conditions, violating State water-quality standards and creating conditions that are stressful to two endangered suckers that reside in the lake. Identifying sources of sediment to the Sprague River could help inform restoration actions by determining the principal locations in the basin contributing fine sediment to the river. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, conducted a proof-of-concept study to determine if sediment fingerprinting can differentiate sources of bank erosion by source material, basin, river reach, and soil horizon. The sediment fingerprinting approach uses properties of streambank and streambed sediment to differentiate between multiple sediment sources by determining a composite signature, or fingerprint. The composite fingerprint is established by combining fingerprint properties from laboratory results of elemental analysis, stable isotopes, and total carbon and nitrogen. The methods for differentiating sediment samples for this study include grouping bank and bed samples by basin, river reach, and soil horizon, and using non-parametric statistics to determine which fingerprint properties could be used to differentiate the sample groups. Results indicate that fingerprint properties differentiated source material, river reach, and basin, and were more successful at differentiating samples grouped by geographic location (basin and reach) compared to source material. Source material (banks, bed, levees) were differentiated with three fingerprint properties—Antimony (Sb), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn). The basin category (South Fork and main-stem Sprague River) differentiated the South Fork and main stem with stable nitrogen isotopes (δ15N), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and vanadium (V). Specific river reaches within the study area were differentiated with 11 different fingerprint properties. These results can be used for apportionment studies using suspended sediment samples and mixing models to determine sediment source contributions within the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191120","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Schenk, L.N., Harden, T.M., and Kelson, J.K., 2019, Differentiating sediment sources using sediment fingerprinting techniques, in the Sprague River Basin, south-central Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1120, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191120.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 25 p.; 2 Tables; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-106755","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369299,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1120/ofr20191120.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1120"},{"id":369302,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1120/ofr20191120_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1 –","size":"41 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1120 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":" Analytical Results and Site Characteristics"},{"id":369298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1120/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":369300,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1120/ofr20191120_table03.xlsx","text":"Table 3","size":"21 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1120 Table 3"},{"id":369301,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1120/ofr20191120_table05.xlsx","text":"Table 5","size":"28 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1120 Table 5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Sprague River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.947998046875,\n 41.95949009892467\n ],\n [\n -119.21264648437499,\n 41.95949009892467\n ],\n [\n -119.21264648437499,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -122.947998046875,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -122.947998046875,\n 41.95949009892467\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) requested analysis of juvenile Chinook salmon survival in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (henceforth identified as “the Delta”) as part of an effects analysis that will be included in an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) Application. This application is in compliance with the California Endangered Species Act (CESA) and Environmental Impact Report (EIR), which is itself in compliance with California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). DWR is seeking an ITP and preparing CEQA compliance documentation for long-term operation of the State Water Project (SWP). DWR requested assistance from the U.S. Geological Survey to aid in determining the effect of two proposed projects on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations migrating through the Delta. Therefore, in this report we analyzed an 82-year time series of simulated river flows and Delta Cross Channel (DCC) gate operations under three scenarios constructed for the ITP: the proposed project (PP), the second proposed project (PP2b) and the existing (EX) scenarios.
To evaluate the proposed projects (PP and PP2b), we used the STARS model (Survival, Travel time, And Routing Simulation model), a stochastic, individual-based simulation model designed to predict survival of a cohort of fish that experience variable daily river flows during migration through the Delta. The STARS model uses parameter estimates from a Bayesian mark-recapture model that jointly estimates travel time and survival in eight discrete reaches of the Delta and migration routing at two key river junctions.
By applying the STARS model to the three 82-year scenarios, we found that both proposed projects had negative effects on survival, travel time, and routing in November but slightly positive effects in October, December, and May, and in June for only the PP. In November, there was a high probability that survival for PP and PP2b were less than EX and that travel time and routing to the Interior Delta for PP and PP2b were greater than for EX. We found that the magnitude of the difference in survival between scenarios was large in some years. For example, survival under both the PP and PP2b scenarios were 10 percent lower than EX in 25 percent of the water years in November. During this period, inflow to the Delta tended to be lower under the PP and PP2b scenarios, and the DCC gate was open more frequently under the PP and PP2b scenarios relative to the EX scenario. Lower inflow reduces survival, and more frequent operation of the DCC gate 1) increases the proportion of fish entering the Interior Delta, where survival is low, and thus 2) reduces survival in the Sacramento River in reaches downstream of the DCC. In contrast, during October, December, May (both PP and PP2b), and June (PP only), survival was slightly higher, travel times were lower, and routing to the Interior Delta was lower under the PP and PP2b relative to the EX scenario in the same time period, although the magnitude of the increase was relatively small in most years (less than two percent). This difference between scenarios was driven by higher river flows in some years under the PP and PP2b relative to the EX scenario. Overall, the differences in survival, travel time, and routing distance between the three operational scenarios were primarily driven by the timing and magnitude of the annual high river flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Hansen, A.C., Evans, S.D., and Kock, T.J., 2019, Using the STARS Model to evaluate the effects of two proposed projects for the long-term operation of State Water Project Incidental Take Permit Application and CEQA compliance (ver. 2.0, February 2020): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1127, 39 p. plus appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191127.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 31 p.; Appendixes 1-8","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112215","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372670,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/ofr20191127_Appendix7.pdf","text":"Appendix 7","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1127 Appendix 7","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Daily Routing by Year, Existing Conditions Compared to Proposed Project 2b Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":369242,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/ofr20191127_Appendix2.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"1.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1127 Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Daily Travel Time by Year, Existing Conditions Compared to Proposed Project Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":372669,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/ofr20191127_Appendix6.pdf","text":"Appendix 6","size":"1.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1127 Appendix 6","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Daily Travel Time by Year, Existing Conditions Compared to Proposed Project 2b Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":372668,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/ofr20191127_Appendix5.pdf","text":"Appendix 5","size":"1.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1127 Appendix 5","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Daily Survival by Year, Existing Conditions Compared to Proposed Project 2b Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":369244,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/ofr20191127_Appendix4.pdf","text":"Appendix 4","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1127 Appendix 4","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Proportion of Fish Entering the Interior Delta by Year, Existing Conditions Compared to Proposed Project Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":369243,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/ofr20191127_Appendix3.pdf","text":"Appendix 3","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1127 Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Daily Routing by Year, Existing Conditions Compared to Proposed Project Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":369239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":369240,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/ofr20191127.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1127"},{"id":369241,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/ofr20191127_Appendix1.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"1.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1127 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Daily Survival by Year, Existing Conditions Compared to Proposed Project Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":372672,"rank":11,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/versionHist.txt","size":"8 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Version History"},{"id":372671,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1127/ofr20191127_Appendix8.pdf","text":"Appendix 8","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1127 Appendix 8","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Proportion of Fish Entering the Interior Delta by Year, Existing Conditions Compared to Proposed Project 2b Scenarios, 1922–2003"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.9150390625,\n 38.46219172306828\n ],\n [\n -122.1240234375,\n 38.46219172306828\n ],\n [\n -122.1240234375,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -122.9150390625,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -122.9150390625,\n 38.46219172306828\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: November 2019; Version 2.0: February 2020","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115–5016
Understanding the optimal time needed to purge a well while pumping to collect a representative groundwater sample requires an understanding of groundwater flow in wells (in-well flow). Parameters that affect in-well flow include the hydraulic properties of the aquifer, well construction, drawdown from pumping, and pump rate. The time of travel relative to in-well flow is affected by the pump’s intake location. The Purge Analyzer Tool (PAT) incorporates hydraulic calculations to help assess the optimal purge times required to vertically transport groundwater in the well to the pump intake (Harte, 2017). Harte (2017) includes a discussion on the rationale for determining in-well groundwater flow and time of travel and also discusses the limitations inherent in the PAT; an understanding of the limitations is important to ensure proper use.
The PAT calculates flow by use of the Dupuit-Theim equation (Lohman, 1979) that assumes steady-state radial flow and a total inflow from the well opening or screen equal to the pumping rate (eq. 1). A bulk average hydraulic conductivity (Kavg) is derived from this relationship. Once Kavg is calculated, the program calculates incremental (layered) horizontal radial inflow into the well over user defined increments (layers). These defined increments represent the screen or well opening as a fraction of the total inflow. The amount of inflow per layer is proportional to the user-defined layered distribution of hydraulic conductivity (Klayer) because drawdown is assumed to be uniformly distributed in the well. The water budget equation that guides the solution of the PAT (eq. 1) is specified as:
Qp = Qv + QH + Qw (1)
where
QP is pumping rate,
Qv is vertical flow entering the boundary of the mixing zone (Mz) from the summation of layered radial flow (∑Qhl-n) where l-n denotes number of layers,
QH is horizontal radial flow into the mixing zone (Mz), and
Qw is flow from wellbore storage effects.
The in-well flow is computed from the convergence of incremental (layered) radial inflows (Qhl-n) summed to the total vertical flow (QV) entering the adjacent zone to the pump intake (called mixing zone [Mz]) as shown in figure 1. The Qv is transported as one-dimensional piston flow. Within the Mz, it's assumed that flow to the pump is dominated by horizontal radial flow (QH) when the pump is in the open interval of the well. Flow from the wellbore storage (Qw) is computed from the volume of water pumped from the well at the time of the drawdown (s) measurement(s). Aquifer storage effects are unaccounted for but are likely to be problematic when (1) dewatering within the well opening occurs or (2) when the water table is close to the top of the well screen or open interval where additional flow into the upper portion of the well opening may occur. For fully saturated wells tens of feet below the water table, storage effects are likely to be more uniformly distributed across the well screen or open interval (regardless of confined or unconfined conditions). Therefore, radial inflow from storage will be less prominent under pump rates commonly used in groundwater sampling either for volumetric sampling (<3 gallons per minute) or low-flow sampling (<0.5 liters per minute).
A major benefit of the use of the PAT is the understanding of time-varying, vertical integration of captured pump water. The analytical model computes aquifer (formation) capture intervals relative to the open interval of the well. This information is displayed graphically (called aquifer fraction graphs) and can be used to assess the likely formation intervals contributing water to the sample at any time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Harte, P.T., Huffman, B.J., Perina, T., Levine, H., and Rojas-Mickelson, D., 2019, Instructions for running the analytical code PAT (Purge Analyzer Tool) for computation of in-well time of travel of groundwater under pumping conditions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1104, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191104.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 23 p.; Application Site","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-102617","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437282,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93EF0GM","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Purge Analyzer Tool - For computation of in-well time of travel of groundwater under pumping conditions"},{"id":368709,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1104/ofr20191104.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.64 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1104"},{"id":368708,"rank":2,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://code.usgs.gov/ptharte/pat","text":"USGS Official Source Code Archive","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":368706,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1104/coverthb_3.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
In 2016, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and California Department of Water Resources requested a reinitiation of consultation under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act on the coordinated long-term operations of the Central Valley and State Water Projects. This resulted in a Biological Assessment released by USBR in 2019. In its analysis of the Biological Assessment for its Biological Opinion on the proposed action, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) requested assistance from the U.S. Geological Survey to describe the effect of the proposed action on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations migrating through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (henceforth called “the Delta”). Therefore, in this report we analyzed an 82-year time series of simulated river flows and Delta Cross Channel (DCC) gate operations under two scenarios constructed for the Biological Assessment: the proposed-action (PA) scenario and the continuing-operations scenario (COS).
To evaluate the proposed action, we used the STARS model (Survival, Travel time, And Routing Simulation model), a stochastic, individual-based simulation model designed to predict survival of a cohort of fish that experiences variable daily river flows as the fish migrate through the Delta. The STARS model uses parameter estimates from a Bayesian mark-recapture model that jointly estimates travel time and survival in eight discrete reaches of the Delta and migration routing at two key river junctions.
By applying the STARS model to the two 82-year scenarios, we found that the proposed action had negative effects on survival, travel time, and routing in October–December but positive effects in April–June. In October–December, there was a high probability that survival in the PA scenario was less than that in the COS, and that travel time and routing to the Interior Delta for the PA scenario was greater than that for the COS. The magnitude of the difference in survival between scenarios was larger in some years than in others. For example, we quantified that survival under the PA scenario was 10 percent lower than under the COS in 25 percent of the water years from October through December. During this period, inflow to the Delta tended to be lower under the PA scenario, and the DCC gate was open more frequently under the PA scenario than during the COS. Lower inflow reduces survival, and more frequent operation of the DCC gate 1) increases the proportion of fish entering the Interior Delta, where survival is low, and thus 2) reduces survival in the Sacramento River in reaches downstream of the DCC. In contrast, during the period April–June, survival was higher, travel times were lower, and routing to the Interior Delta was lower under the PA scenario relative to the COS, although the magnitude of the increase in survival was relatively small in most years (less than a 3-percent difference in survival). This difference between scenarios was driven by higher river flows in some years under the PA scenario relative to the COS. Overall, the differences in survival, travel time, and routing distance between the two operational scenarios were primarily driven by the timing and magnitude of the annual high river flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191125","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Pope, A.C., and Sridharan, V.K., 2019, Using the STARS model to evaluate the effects of the proposed action for the reinitiation of consultation on the coordinated long-term operation of the Central Valley and State Water Project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1125, 31 p. plus appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191125.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 31 p.; Appendixes 1–4","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-108833","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369157,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1125/ofr20191125_Appendix3.pdf","text":"Appendix 3","size":"1.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1125 Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Daily Routing by Year, Continuing Operations Compared to Proposed Action Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":369158,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1125/ofr20191125_Appendix4.pdf","text":"Appendix 4","size":"1.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1125 Appendix 4","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Proportion of Fish Entering the Interior Delta by Year Continuing Operations Compared to Proposed Action Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":369153,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1125/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":369154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1125/ofr20191125.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1125"},{"id":369155,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1125/ofr20191125_Appendix1.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"1.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1125 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Daily Survival by Year, Continuing Operations Compared to Proposed Action Scenarios, 1922–2003"},{"id":369156,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1125/ofr20191125_Appendix2.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"1.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1125 Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"– Simulated Daily Travel Time by Year, Continuing Operations Compared to Proposed Action Scenarios, 1922–2003"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.684326171875,\n 37.56199695314352\n ],\n [\n -119.59716796875,\n 37.56199695314352\n ],\n [\n -119.59716796875,\n 39.41922073655956\n ],\n [\n -122.684326171875,\n 39.41922073655956\n ],\n [\n -122.684326171875,\n 37.56199695314352\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
The Full Equations Model Graphical Data Inspector (FEQ–GDI) is a menu-driven utility program that enables users to visualize and check the geometric and hydraulic properties of channel cross sections, selected control structures, and stream profiles in the input files for the Full Equations (FEQ) Model and the Full Equations Utilities (FEQUTL) Model. The FEQ Model is a computer program for the simulation of one-dimensional, unsteady flow in open channels and through control structures using the full, dynamic equations of motion. The input to FEQ Model includes the output from the FEQUTL Model, which computes tables relating the hydraulic properties of channel cross sections and control structures to depth, flow, and (or) other specified parameters. FEQ–GDI can be used to help users quickly detect anomalies in the data that may indicate errors in the input files.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the DuPage County Stormwater Management Department","usgsCitation":"Ern, J.L., Ortel, T., Ishii, A.L., and Bera, M., 2019, Full Equations Model Graphical Data Inspector (FEQ–GDI) user guide: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1113, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191113.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111050","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1113/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":369033,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1113/ofr20191113.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1113"}],"contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
The lithologic logs described in this open-file report are from holes augered in the South Carolina Low Country in parts of Charleston, Dorchester, and Colleton Counties from 1998 through 2010. Lithologic units described here include not only surficial Pleistocene units but also subsurface stratigraphic units ranging as far back in age as late Eocene. This region comprises the southernmost and westernmost portions of the area included in the 1:100,000 Charleston region geologic map, which lies east of 80°30′ west and south of 33°15′ north. Logs of the remainder of that map area were published prior to the release of that map. The present report completes the lithologic log record from which the 1:100,000 Charleston region geologic map largely was compiled.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191119","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Carolina Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Weems, R.E., and Lewis, W.C., 2019, Detailed lithologic logs from auger holes in southern Charleston County, southwestern Dorchester County, and eastern Colleton County, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1119, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191119.","productDescription":"iv, 129 p.","numberOfPages":"136","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-105009","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1119/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":369044,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1119/ofr20191119.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1119"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Charleston County, Colleton County, Dorchester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.8758544921875,\n 32.20350534542368\n ],\n [\n -79.8870849609375,\n 32.20350534542368\n ],\n [\n -79.8870849609375,\n 33.02248191961359\n ],\n [\n -80.8758544921875,\n 33.02248191961359\n ],\n [\n -80.8758544921875,\n 32.20350534542368\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center
U.S. Geological Survey
MS 926A National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam Macoma petalum (formerly reported as Macoma balthica), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in south San Francisco Bay, Calif. This report includes the data collected by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists for the period January 2018 to December 2018. These append to long-term datasets extending back to 1974. A major focus of the report is an integrated description of the 2018 data within the context of the longer, multi-decadal dataset. This dataset supports the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.
Significant reductions in silver and copper concentrations in both sediment and M. petalum occurred at the site in the 1980s following the implementation by PARWQCP of advanced wastewater treatment and source control measures. Since the 1990s, concentrations of these elements appear to have stabilized at concentrations somewhat above (silver [Ag]) or near (copper [Cu]) regional background concentrations. Data for other metals, including chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), have been collected since 1994. Over this period, concentrations of these elements have remained relatively constant, aside from seasonal variation that is common to all elements. In 2018, concentrations of silver and copper in M. petalum varied seasonally in response to a combination of site-specific metal exposures and annual growth and reproduction, as reported previously. Seasonal patterns for other elements, including Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, and Se, were generally similar in timing and magnitude as those for Ag and Cu. This record suggests that legacy contamination and regional-scale factors now largely control sedimentary and bioavailable concentrations of silver and copper, as well as other elements of regulatory interest, at the Palo Alto site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191084","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Palo Alto, California","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Thompson, J.K., Parchaso, F., Pearson, S., Stewart, R., Turner, M., Shrader, K.H., Zierdt Smith, E.L., and Luoma, S.N., 2019, Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2018: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1084, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191084.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-109149","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416180,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161118","text":"Open-File Report 2016-1118","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2015"},{"id":416181,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171135","text":"Open-File Report 2017-1135","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2016"},{"id":416182,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181107","text":"Open-File Report 2018-1107","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2017"},{"id":416184,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211079","text":"Open-File Report 2021-1079","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2019"},{"id":368964,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1084/ofr20191084.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-FIle Report 2019-1084"},{"id":368963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1084/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":416185,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231017","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1017","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2020"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14187622070311,\n 37.43179575348695\n ],\n [\n -122.08419799804689,\n 37.43179575348695\n ],\n [\n -122.08419799804689,\n 37.48085213924346\n ],\n [\n -122.14187622070311,\n 37.48085213924346\n ],\n [\n -122.14187622070311,\n 37.43179575348695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Earth System Processes Division
U.S. Geological Survey
411 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Structured decision making is a systematic, transparent process for improving the quality of complex decisions by identifying measurable management objectives and feasible management actions; predicting the potential consequences of management actions relative to the stated objectives; and selecting a course of action that maximizes the total benefit achieved and balances tradeoffs among objectives. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, applied an existing, regional framework for structured decision making to develop a prototype tool for optimizing salt marsh management decisions at the Rhode Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex. Refuge biologists, refuge managers, and research scientists identified multiple potential management actions to improve the ecological integrity of nine salt marsh management units within the refuge complex and estimated the outcomes of each action in terms of performance metrics associated with each management objective. Value functions previously developed at the regional level were used to transform metric scores to a common utility scale, and utilities were summed to produce a single score representing the total management benefit that would be accrued from each potential management action. Constrained optimization was used to identify the set of management actions, one per salt marsh management unit, that would maximize total management benefits at different cost constraints at the refuge scale. Results indicated that, for the objectives and actions considered here, total management benefits may increase consistently up to approximately $150,000, but that further expenditures may yield diminishing return on investment. Management actions in optimal portfolios at total costs less than $150,000 included digging runnels (by hand or machine) on the marsh surface to improve drainage in eight management units, applying sediment to the marsh surface (thin layer deposition) in one management unit, constructing islands for use by tidal marsh obligate birds in two management units, and controlling Phragmites australis in one management unit. The management benefits were derived from expected improvements in the capacity for marsh elevation to keep pace with sea-level rise and increases in numbers of spiders (as an indicator of trophic health) and tidal marsh obligate birds. The prototype presented here provides a framework for decision making at the Rhode Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex that can be updated as new data and information become available. Insights from this process may also be useful to inform future habitat management planning at the refuge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., Lyons, J.E., Nagel, J.L., Adamowicz, S.C., Mikula, T., and Ernst, N.T., 2019, Optimization of salt marsh management at the Rhode Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex through use of structured decision making: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1103, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191103.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-102061","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368643,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1103/ofr20191103.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1103"},{"id":368642,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1103/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Rhode Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.57524108886719,\n 41.3757780692323\n ],\n [\n -71.42074584960938,\n 41.3757780692323\n ],\n [\n -71.42074584960938,\n 41.49674964110098\n ],\n [\n -71.57524108886719,\n 41.49674964110098\n ],\n [\n -71.57524108886719,\n 41.3757780692323\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708-4039
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) manages wetlands and grasslands for wildlife habitat throughout the central North American Prairie Pothole Region (PPR). PPR wetlands, or potholes, are widely recognized as critical habitats for North American migratory waterfowl, waterbirds, and other wildlife. Potholes also provide other ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, flood mitigation, filtration of pollutants, groundwater recharge, nutrient retention, and recreational opportunities. Wetland condition assessments have been completed nationally at coarse scales, but focused, regionwide assessments of the biological condition of potholes managed by the FWS are lacking. Therefore, FWS personnel require information pertaining to the biological condition and status of wetlands on FWS fee-title lands in the PPR to support management, restoration, and acquisition efforts. The biological condition of wetlands typically is reflected by their plant communities, and these communities correspond to past and current management and anthropogenic disturbances; thus, plant communities are a suitable surrogate of wetland condition.
This report describes the study design, selection of sample sites, and field survey methods for a wetland condition assessment for FWS fee-title lands in the PPR of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana. Various spatial databases were gathered (for example, National Wetlands Inventory) to identify and assess potholes on FWS fee-title lands and to facilitate the selection of study sites. A spatially balanced, site-selection process resulted in the inclusion of 125 temporarily and 125 seasonally ponded potholes distributed across the area of interest; the first 100 for each classification were considered the primary study sites, whereas the remaining 25 were considered an oversample to replace those deemed not appropriate for sampling by field crews. Study sites were within native prairie and reseeded grasslands on FWS National Wildlife Refuges and Waterfowl Production Areas and are distributed among the primary physiographic subregions of the PPR: the Glaciated Plains, Missouri Coteau, and Prairie Coteau; a small number of sites also are within the Lake Agassiz Plain and Turtle Mountains. Site assessment protocols, vegetation survey methods, data analyses, and condition categories (for example, poor, good, very good) for the wetland assessment are based on the North Dakota Rapid Assessment Method and an Index of Plant Community Integrity developed for potholes. Results of the wetland condition assessment will aid FWS staff in assessing past and current management and help to identify priority areas for future management and acquisition.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191118","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and in collaboration with North Dakota State University","usgsCitation":"Tangen, B.A., Bansal, S., Fern, R.R., DeKeyser, E.S., Hargiss, C.L.M., Mushet, D.M., and Dixon, C.S., 2019, Study design and methods for a wetland condition assessment on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fee-title lands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana, USA: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1118, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191118.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 24 p.; Appendix Figure 3.1","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111056","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368679,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1118/ofr20191118.pdf","text":"Report","size":"973 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1118"},{"id":368680,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1118/ofr20191118_appendix_fig_3.1.pdf","text":"Appendix figure 3.1","size":"176 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1118 Appendix Figure 1.3","linkHelpText":"– North Dakota Wetland Rapid Assessment Form"},{"id":368678,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1118/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Pothole region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.1630859375,\n 48.60385760823255\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -96.9873046875,\n 49.35375571830993\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 49.35375571830993\n ],\n [\n -106.5234375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -106.6552734375,\n 48.63290858589535\n ],\n [\n -105.380859375,\n 47.69497434186282\n ],\n [\n -105.29296874999999,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -104.32617187499999,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -102.48046875,\n 42.90816007196054\n ],\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -97.1630859375,\n 48.60385760823255\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
Policy makers, individuals from government agencies, and natural resource managers face increasing demands to manage coastal areas in a way that meets economic, social, and ecological needs as sea levels rise. Scientific knowledge of how coastal processes drive beach and barrier island changes and how those changes affect habitat use can support decision makers as they balance sometimes conflicting human and ecological needs. However, uncertainties in the knowledge of the cumulative results of coastal processes make it challenging to forecast specific changes for a particular location and time. The U.S. Geological Survey is developing tools for identifying and forecasting barrier island characteristics as well as suitable coastal habitats for species of concern (such as piping plovers, Charadrius melodus) given ongoing sea-level rise. As part of this effort, we use three Bayesian networks to calculate probabilities of shoreline change rates, changes in barrier island biogeomorphic characteristics, and piping plover habitat availability, which together forecast the effects of different sea-level-rise rates and storm regimes. This report details the methodology used to derive geospatial biogeomorphic datasets that are used as inputs for two of these Bayesian networks, which forecast barrier island geomorphology and piping plover habitat availability at sites along the U.S. Atlantic coast (Maine to North Carolina). Further information about the project, including specific study sites, can be found at https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/beach-dependent-shorebirds/.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191071","usgsCitation":"Zeigler, S.L., Sturdivant, E.J., and Gutierrez, B.T., 2019, Evaluating barrier island characteristics and piping plover (Charadrius melodus) habitat availability along the U.S. Atlantic coast—Geospatial approaches and methodology (ver. 1.1, October 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1071, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191071.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 34 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-095609","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437293,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V7F6UX","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Barrier island geomorphology and shorebird habitat metrics: 16 sites on the U.S. Atlantic Coast, 2013-2014"},{"id":365872,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1071/ofr20191071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.60 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1071"},{"id":365871,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1071/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":368509,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1071/versionhist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"5.73 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":365873,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P944FPA4","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Barrier Island Geomorphology and Shorebird Habitat Metrics—Four Sites in New York, New Jersey, and Virginia, 2010–2014"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Mid-Atlantic Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.4228515625,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -70.9716796875,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -71.015625,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -72.333984375,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -74.70703125,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -76.1572265625,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -76.025390625,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -74.7509765625,\n 38.58252615935333\n ],\n [\n -74.091796875,\n 39.50404070558415\n ],\n [\n -72.4658203125,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -69.697265625,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 41.80407814427234\n ],\n [\n -70.57617187499999,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -69.4775390625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -68.115234375,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -68.4228515625,\n 44.84029065139799\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: October 23, 2019; Version 1.0: July 25, 2019","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Water-withdrawal, water-use, and water-return information have been collected and compiled for each county in Georgia every 5 years since 1980 using data obtained from various Federal, State, and private agencies, as well as additional online sources. For 2015, water use, water withdrawal, and water returns were estimated for each county, water-planning region, major river basin, and principal aquifer in Georgia. Offstream water use in 2015 is estimated for the categories of domestic, commercial, industrial processing, mining, irrigation (subdivided into crop and golf course irrigation), livestock, aquaculture, and thermoelectric power cooling.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 10.2 million people in Georgia needed water resources to meet their personal, commercial, and recreational needs in 2015. Public water suppliers provided water to about 85 percent of the population of Georgia. Estimated total water withdrawals from both surface-water and groundwater sources were about 3,384 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) in 2015, which is a 27-percent reduction from 2010, a 48.1-percent reduction from 2000, and a 49.7-percent reduction from 1980. In 2015, surface-water withdrawals were greatest for thermoelectric power cooling (839.8 Mgal/d), and groundwater withdrawals were greatest for irrigating crops (547.9 Mgal/d). Water needs in northern Georgia are typically met by withdrawing a larger percentage of water from surface-water than groundwater sources; conversely, counties in southern Georgia withdraw more water from groundwater sources. About 1,571 Mgal/d of water were returned to Georgia streams and lakes in 2015, which represents about 46 percent of the total water withdrawn from all sources in 2015.
Water users in the Apalachicola River Basin, in 2015, withdrew the highest percentage of water (35 percent) and returned the highest percentage of water to surface-water bodies (almost 40 percent) compared to other major river basins in Georgia. Withdrawals in the Apalachicola River Basin are primarily extracted by public-supply systems (43 percent) and irrigation (34 percent). The aquifer from which 68 percent of statewide groundwater withdrawals were extracted was the Floridan aquifer system, and the majority of the water was used for irrigation (57 percent).
Historically, statewide water use in Georgia was highest in 1980 (6,735 Mgal/d), decreased to 5,353 Mgal/d in 1990, peaked at 6,531 Mgal/d in 2000, and has been declining since that time. The reduction in water use between 2000 and 2015 came primarily from surface-water withdrawals (90 percent of total reduction) and thermoelectric power cooling use (78 percent of total reduction). Water use for livestock and aquaculture increased between 1985 and 2015, and this increase correlates with the growth of agriculture in Georgia during that period. The driving forces behind the observed water-use changes include (1) shifts in population numbers and locations, (2) five periods of major drought, (3) water conservation efforts and education programs initiated by State and local governments and water utilities, and (4) changing water needs for thermoelectric power cooling, industry, and agricultural activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191086","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division","usgsCitation":"Painter, J.A., 2019, Estimated use of water in Georgia for 2015 and water-use trends, 1985–2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1086, 216 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191086.","productDescription":"vi, 216 p.","numberOfPages":"226","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-096369","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437300,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V2F373","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Georgia Water Use Mapper"},{"id":368396,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1086/ofr20191086.pdf","text":"Report","size":"27.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1086"},{"id":367811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1086/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367813,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9T6P5SM","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Georgia water-use information by county and water-use trends by water-planning region"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Georgia ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.810477,34.987607],[-83.619985,34.986592],[-83.620185,34.992091],[-83.108714,35.000768],[-83.1046,34.992783],[-83.106991,34.98272],[-83.120387,34.968406],[-83.12114,34.958966],[-83.127035,34.953778],[-83.120502,34.941262],[-83.122585,34.938062],[-83.12807,34.938113],[-83.140621,34.924915],[-83.153253,34.926342],[-83.160937,34.918269],[-83.168524,34.91788],[-83.186541,34.899534],[-83.203351,34.893717],[-83.201183,34.884653],[-83.205627,34.880142],[-83.213323,34.882796],[-83.220099,34.878124],[-83.23751,34.877057],[-83.238419,34.869771],[-83.245602,34.865522],[-83.255718,34.845592],[-83.267656,34.845289],[-83.268159,34.821393],[-83.275656,34.816862],[-83.289914,34.824477],[-83.294292,34.814725],[-83.301368,34.814154],[-83.301182,34.804008],[-83.313782,34.799911],[-83.323866,34.789712],[-83.320062,34.759616],[-83.348829,34.737194],[-83.353238,34.728648],[-83.349411,34.697575],[-83.339029,34.683807],[-83.321463,34.677543],[-83.316401,34.669316],[-83.304641,34.669561],[-83.292883,34.654196],[-83.27796,34.644853],[-83.255281,34.637696],[-83.240669,34.624507],[-83.243381,34.617997],[-83.23178,34.611297],[-83.169994,34.605444],[-83.170278,34.592398],[-83.154577,34.588198],[-83.152577,34.578299],[-83.122901,34.560129],[-83.103987,34.540166],[-83.103176,34.533406],[-83.084855,34.530967],[-83.078113,34.524837],[-83.086861,34.517798],[-83.069451,34.502131],[-83.054463,34.50289],[-83.034712,34.483495],[-83.002924,34.472132],[-82.99509,34.472483],[-82.992671,34.479072],[-82.979568,34.482702],[-82.960668,34.482002],[-82.954667,34.477302],[-82.940867,34.486102],[-82.922866,34.481402],[-82.902665,34.485902],[-82.876864,34.475303],[-82.873831,34.471508],[-82.876464,34.465803],[-82.862156,34.458748],[-82.855762,34.443977],[-82.835004,34.366069],[-82.795223,34.34096],[-82.780308,34.296701],[-82.746656,34.266407],[-82.74192,34.210063],[-82.732761,34.195338],[-82.730824,34.175906],[-82.717507,34.150504],[-82.70414,34.141007],[-82.67732,34.131657],[-82.659077,34.103544],[-82.641553,34.092212],[-82.64398,34.072237],[-82.635991,34.064941],[-82.626963,34.063457],[-82.609655,34.039917],[-82.596155,34.030517],[-82.589245,34.000118],[-82.57554,33.992049],[-82.579576,33.979761],[-82.569864,33.970684],[-82.556835,33.945353],[-82.543128,33.940949],[-82.526741,33.943765],[-82.51295,33.936969],[-82.492929,33.909754],[-82.455105,33.88165],[-82.422803,33.863754],[-82.403881,33.865477],[-82.371775,33.843813],[-82.32448,33.820033],[-82.300213,33.800627],[-82.298286,33.783518],[-82.285804,33.780058],[-82.247472,33.752591],[-82.239098,33.730872],[-82.234576,33.700216],[-82.200718,33.66464],[-82.196583,33.630582],[-82.186154,33.62088],[-82.174351,33.613117],[-82.158331,33.60971],[-82.142872,33.594278],[-82.12908,33.589925],[-82.116545,33.596485],[-82.10624,33.595637],[-82.096352,33.58407],[-82.046335,33.56383],[-82.033023,33.546454],[-82.001338,33.520135],[-81.985938,33.486536],[-81.926336,33.462937],[-81.913356,33.437418],[-81.926789,33.426576],[-81.919217,33.413126],[-81.9373,33.401259],[-81.925737,33.37114],[-81.930634,33.368165],[-81.939637,33.37254],[-81.946337,33.37064],[-81.944737,33.364041],[-81.934837,33.356041],[-81.939737,33.344941],[-81.917973,33.34159],[-81.919137,33.334442],[-81.909285,33.324181],[-81.898187,33.329664],[-81.884137,33.310443],[-81.875836,33.307443],[-81.870436,33.312943],[-81.847296,33.306783],[-81.849636,33.299544],[-81.861536,33.297944],[-81.863236,33.288844],[-81.838257,33.272975],[-81.838337,33.269098],[-81.847336,33.266345],[-81.852136,33.247544],[-81.827936,33.228746],[-81.811736,33.223847],[-81.805236,33.211447],[-81.784535,33.208147],[-81.778935,33.209847],[-81.778435,33.221847],[-81.768935,33.217447],[-81.758235,33.200248],[-81.760635,33.189248],[-81.772435,33.181249],[-81.763135,33.159449],[-81.743835,33.14145],[-81.704634,33.116451],[-81.683533,33.112651],[-81.646433,33.094552],[-81.614298,33.094661],[-81.609476,33.089862],[-81.610078,33.082883],[-81.600211,33.083966],[-81.600091,33.073497],[-81.583804,33.067021],[-81.57288,33.05418],[-81.562066,33.055568],[-81.558336,33.046183],[-81.54251,33.045254],[-81.540081,33.040613],[-81.513231,33.028546],[-81.492253,33.009342],[-81.494736,32.978998],[-81.499471,32.96478],[-81.506449,32.962423],[-81.508436,32.955765],[-81.499446,32.944988],[-81.502427,32.935353],[-81.483198,32.921802],[-81.479184,32.905638],[-81.464069,32.897814],[-81.479445,32.881082],[-81.45392,32.874074],[-81.453949,32.849761],[-81.444866,32.850967],[-81.426475,32.840773],[-81.417984,32.818196],[-81.423772,32.810514],[-81.428313,32.78311],[-81.421128,32.778039],[-81.426481,32.770291],[-81.417606,32.762684],[-81.410845,32.741694],[-81.418542,32.732586],[-81.421194,32.711978],[-81.427517,32.701896],[-81.4131,32.692648],[-81.41075,32.694772],[-81.401256,32.680156],[-81.405273,32.656517],[-81.393818,32.653491],[-81.403582,32.643398],[-81.407271,32.631737],[-81.413411,32.637368],[-81.41866,32.629392],[-81.389338,32.595436],[-81.380999,32.589652],[-81.369757,32.591231],[-81.366964,32.577059],[-81.328753,32.561228],[-81.29676,32.562648],[-81.281324,32.556464],[-81.275213,32.545202],[-81.277131,32.535417],[-81.252882,32.51833],[-81.237095,32.517314],[-81.234023,32.513778],[-81.238281,32.505988],[-81.233585,32.498488],[-81.200029,32.467985],[-81.186829,32.464086],[-81.203046,32.448844],[-81.201595,32.44136],[-81.207246,32.437542],[-81.20513,32.423788],[-81.177231,32.39169],[-81.181072,32.380398],[-81.169332,32.369436],[-81.170858,32.362722],[-81.155136,32.34717],[-81.144032,32.351093],[-81.133632,32.341293],[-81.135733,32.324594],[-81.122933,32.307295],[-81.121433,32.284496],[-81.145834,32.263397],[-81.155995,32.241478],[-81.136727,32.213669],[-81.128283,32.208634],[-81.118234,32.189201],[-81.119361,32.177142],[-81.129634,32.165602],[-81.123134,32.162902],[-81.120034,32.153303],[-81.117234,32.117605],[-81.113334,32.113205],[-81.093386,32.11123],[-81.066906,32.090351],[-81.050234,32.085308],[-81.032674,32.08545],[-81.011961,32.100176],[-81.002297,32.100048],[-80.983133,32.079609],[-80.954482,32.068622],[-80.922794,32.039151],[-80.885517,32.0346],[-80.859111,32.023693],[-80.852276,32.026676],[-80.84313,32.024226],[-80.840549,32.011306],[-80.848441,31.988279],[-80.862814,31.969346],[-80.897687,31.949065],[-80.911207,31.943769],[-80.929101,31.944964],[-80.930279,31.956705],[-80.948491,31.95723],[-80.972392,31.94127],[-80.975714,31.923602],[-80.968494,31.915822],[-80.934508,31.90918],[-80.99269,31.857641],[-81.000317,31.856744],[-81.014478,31.867474],[-81.041548,31.876198],[-81.065255,31.877095],[-81.05907,31.850106],[-81.076178,31.836132],[-81.075812,31.829031],[-81.057181,31.822687],[-81.039808,31.823],[-81.036873,31.812721],[-81.077057,31.761256],[-81.097402,31.753126],[-81.130634,31.722692],[-81.138448,31.720934],[-81.192784,31.733245],[-81.203572,31.719448],[-81.186303,31.701509],[-81.161084,31.691401],[-81.151888,31.698411],[-81.139394,31.699917],[-81.131137,31.695774],[-81.136408,31.674832],[-81.131728,31.654484],[-81.133493,31.623348],[-81.160364,31.570436],[-81.173079,31.555908],[-81.178822,31.55553],[-81.186114,31.568032],[-81.204315,31.568183],[-81.214536,31.557601],[-81.240699,31.552313],[-81.254218,31.55594],[-81.260076,31.54828],[-81.263905,31.532579],[-81.258809,31.52906],[-81.217948,31.527284],[-81.199518,31.537596],[-81.181592,31.527697],[-81.177254,31.517074],[-81.189643,31.503588],[-81.204883,31.473124],[-81.246911,31.422784],[-81.278798,31.367214],[-81.282923,31.326491],[-81.268027,31.324218],[-81.25482,31.315452],[-81.274688,31.289454],[-81.276862,31.254734],[-81.289136,31.225487],[-81.288403,31.211065],[-81.293359,31.206332],[-81.314183,31.207938],[-81.339028,31.186918],[-81.35488,31.167204],[-81.360791,31.155903],[-81.359349,31.149166],[-81.368241,31.136534],[-81.399677,31.134113],[-81.403732,31.107115],[-81.401267,31.072781],[-81.420474,31.016703],[-81.432475,31.012991],[-81.434923,31.017804],[-81.451444,31.015515],[-81.469298,30.996028],[-81.490586,30.984952],[-81.493651,30.977528],[-81.486966,30.969602],[-81.475789,30.965976],[-81.466814,30.97091],[-81.453568,30.965573],[-81.447388,30.956732],[-81.426929,30.956615],[-81.420108,30.974076],[-81.408484,30.977718],[-81.403409,30.957914],[-81.405153,30.908203],[-81.428577,30.836336],[-81.446927,30.81039],[-81.460061,30.769912],[-81.45947,30.741979],[-81.444124,30.709714],[-81.472597,30.713312],[-81.487332,30.726081],[-81.528278,30.723359],[-81.540923,30.713343],[-81.561706,30.715597],[-81.571419,30.721636],[-81.601206,30.728141],[-81.607667,30.721924],[-81.617663,30.722046],[-81.625098,30.733017],[-81.646137,30.727591],[-81.65177,30.732284],[-81.651723,30.740235],[-81.662173,30.746521],[-81.672824,30.738935],[-81.688925,30.741434],[-81.692815,30.7471],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.732227,30.749634],[-81.747572,30.766455],[-81.763372,30.77382],[-81.779171,30.768062],[-81.792769,30.784432],[-81.806652,30.789683],[-81.840375,30.786384],[-81.852626,30.794439],[-81.868608,30.792754],[-81.89572,30.821098],[-81.910926,30.815889],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.962175,30.818001],[-81.962534,30.796526],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.988605,30.780056],[-82.007865,30.792937],[-82.022866,30.787991],[-82.024035,30.783156],[-82.011597,30.763122],[-82.017917,30.755263],[-82.038967,30.749262],[-82.043795,30.729641],[-82.036426,30.706585],[-82.050432,30.676266],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.042271,30.649452],[-82.039941,30.637144],[-82.028499,30.621829],[-82.027338,30.606726],[-82.016503,30.602484],[-82.012109,30.593773],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.018361,30.531184],[-82.01477,30.513009],[-82.017779,30.475081],[-82.037209,30.434518],[-82.034005,30.422357],[-82.04199,30.403266],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.047917,30.363265],[-82.060034,30.360328],[-82.094687,30.360781],[-82.104834,30.368319],[-82.161757,30.357851],[-82.170054,30.358929],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.203975,30.444507],[-82.207708,30.460503],[-82.200938,30.474438],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.226933,30.510281],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.231916,30.55627],[-82.214385,30.566958],[-83.499876,30.645671],[-84.86346,30.711506],[-84.896122,30.750591],[-84.914322,30.753591],[-84.920123,30.76599],[-84.917423,30.77589],[-84.928323,30.79309],[-84.927923,30.80279],[-84.936042,30.820671],[-84.928335,30.844263],[-84.935256,30.854328],[-84.935413,30.882481],[-84.966726,30.917287],[-84.971026,30.928187],[-84.983127,30.934786],[-84.979627,30.954686],[-84.982527,30.965586],[-85.005931,30.97704],[-84.999428,31.013843],[-85.009409,31.032378],[-85.011392,31.053546],[-85.028573,31.074583],[-85.026068,31.08418],[-85.029736,31.096163],[-85.035615,31.108192],[-85.054677,31.120818],[-85.064028,31.142495],[-85.076628,31.156927],[-85.100207,31.16549],[-85.098426,31.17777],[-85.106503,31.185305],[-85.106963,31.202693],[-85.09977,31.209751],[-85.096763,31.225651],[-85.111711,31.258022],[-85.114548,31.276302],[-85.110309,31.281733],[-85.099107,31.284165],[-85.089774,31.295026],[-85.084152,31.328313],[-85.088983,31.334292],[-85.085918,31.353146],[-85.09099,31.354428],[-85.092487,31.362881],[-85.078641,31.39636],[-85.079978,31.410472],[-85.074762,31.424879],[-85.06697,31.428594],[-85.071621,31.468384],[-85.045642,31.516813],[-85.047196,31.528671],[-85.041305,31.540987],[-85.05796,31.57084],[-85.055976,31.605178],[-85.060418,31.611271],[-85.057473,31.618624],[-85.082829,31.637967],[-85.083545,31.656071],[-85.092429,31.659966],[-85.12553,31.694965],[-85.12653,31.716764],[-85.11913,31.730964],[-85.129231,31.758663],[-85.12523,31.767063],[-85.140431,31.779663],[-85.132231,31.795162],[-85.131331,31.817562],[-85.141831,31.839261],[-85.138331,31.844161],[-85.140131,31.858761],[-85.128831,31.87636],[-85.132931,31.89306],[-85.114031,31.89336],[-85.10803,31.90516],[-85.112731,31.909859],[-85.07893,31.940159],[-85.08683,31.957758],[-85.067829,31.967358],[-85.07093,31.981658],[-85.068098,31.991857],[-85.064544,32.002489],[-85.053815,32.013502],[-85.05883,32.046656],[-85.055491,32.072657],[-85.047063,32.090433],[-85.06206,32.132486],[-85.045593,32.143758],[-85.011267,32.180493],[-84.966828,32.193952],[-84.966346,32.208034],[-84.957057,32.21671],[-84.925427,32.221551],[-84.912488,32.247463],[-84.890894,32.261504],[-84.9338,32.29826],[-85.001874,32.322015],[-85.007103,32.328362],[-85.004582,32.345196],[-84.983466,32.363186],[-84.976767,32.392648],[-84.981098,32.402833],[-84.979431,32.412244],[-84.96343,32.422544],[-84.967031,32.435343],[-84.971831,32.442843],[-84.995331,32.453243],[-84.998231,32.469842],[-84.994831,32.486042],[-85.0071,32.523868],[-85.015805,32.528428],[-85.022509,32.542923],[-85.067535,32.579546],[-85.076399,32.594665],[-85.08224,32.616264],[-85.088319,32.623032],[-85.087294,32.634407],[-85.098259,32.642708],[-85.089736,32.655635],[-85.093536,32.669734],[-85.114737,32.685634],[-85.122738,32.715727],[-85.1202,32.737647],[-85.138101,32.753836],[-85.133275,32.780609],[-85.167939,32.811612],[-85.168342,32.828516],[-85.159309,32.841382],[-85.160792,32.848466],[-85.177127,32.853895],[-85.1844,32.861317],[-85.42947,34.125096],[-85.561416,34.750079],[-85.605165,34.984678],[-84.810477,34.987607]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Georgia\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1770 Corporate Drive
Suite 500
Norcross, GA 30093
Hurricane Matthew, the strongest Atlantic hurricane of the 2016 hurricane season, made land-fall south of McClellanville, S.C., around 1500 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on October 8, 2016. Hurricane Matthew affected the States of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina along the U.S. Atlantic coastline. Numerous barrier islands were breached, and the erosion of beaches and dunes occurred along most of the South Atlantic coast. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) fore-casted potential coastal-change effects—including dune erosion and overwash that can threaten coastal resources and infrastructure—to assist with pre-storm management decisions. Following the storm, oblique aerial photography was collected, and lidar topographic survey missions were flown. These two datasets were used to document the changes that resulted from the storm and to validate coastal change forecasts. Comparisons of pre- and post-storm photographs were used to characterize the nature, extent, and spatial variability of hurricane-induced coastal changes. Analyses of pre- and post-storm lidar eleva-tions were used to quantify magnitudes of change in shoreline positions, dune elevations, and beach volumes. Erosion was observed along the coast from Florida to North Carolina; however, the coastal response exhibited extensive spatial variability, as would be expected over such a large region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191095","usgsCitation":"Birchler, J.J., Doran, K.S., Long, J.W., and Stockdon, H.F., 2019, Hurricane Matthew—Predictions, observations, and an analysis of coastal change: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1095, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191095.","productDescription":"x, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-103132","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437304,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BW6CG6","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Storm-Induced Overwash Extent"},{"id":368353,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1095/ofr20191095.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1095"},{"id":368024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1095/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-82.821585,27.964443],[-82.829801,27.968469],[-82.823063,28.044758],[-82.836326,28.073193],[-82.826125,28.083793],[-82.813435,28.03716],[-82.821585,27.964443]]],[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.562917,24.692912],[-81.535323,24.67954],[-81.490962,24.710105],[-81.459043,24.707355],[-81.451267,24.747464],[-81.432032,24.722908],[-81.421595,24.737641],[-81.431009,24.751761],[-81.392947,24.743371],[-81.36041,24.708788],[-81.319282,24.701238],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.395096,24.621062],[-81.414187,24.647167],[-81.470411,24.641985],[-81.49858,24.66498],[-81.511165,24.625135],[-81.602998,24.586444],[-81.685278,24.558739],[-81.810333,24.544701],[-81.814446,24.56358],[-81.794057,24.586],[-81.687017,24.592534],[-81.637087,24.621408],[-81.614529,24.650584],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-82.15068,24.576331],[-82.143075,24.593395],[-82.125268,24.597426],[-82.099417,24.572522],[-82.116787,24.549144],[-82.159439,24.548212],[-82.164426,24.563375],[-82.15068,24.576331]]],[[[-80.909954,24.781154],[-80.912042,24.76505],[-80.938543,24.767535],[-81.015933,24.719881],[-81.032447,24.727323],[-81.064554,24.715453],[-81.078716,24.696557],[-81.108041,24.688592],[-81.124094,24.704873],[-81.041797,24.742965],[-81.02217,24.733091],[-80.909954,24.781154]]],[[[-81.317673,24.75729],[-81.305468,24.756612],[-81.288259,24.720881],[-81.302984,24.714199],[-81.357417,24.756834],[-81.324637,24.76721],[-81.317673,24.75729]]],[[[-80.788263,24.824218],[-80.796053,24.81194],[-80.846191,24.802968],[-80.79278,24.843918],[-80.780564,24.84052],[-80.788263,24.824218]]],[[[-80.729275,24.865361],[-80.691762,24.885759],[-80.766966,24.836158],[-80.729275,24.865361]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-84.713747,29.74139],[-84.776954,29.692191],[-84.957779,29.612635],[-85.051033,29.586928],[-85.09519,29.62249],[-85.023501,29.597073],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.114268,29.688658],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.097218,29.633004],[-85.124913,29.628433],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.246535,26.706435],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.088423,26.455182],[-82.062551,26.470131],[-82.015607,26.454858],[-82.082915,26.422059],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.205523,26.566536],[-82.268007,26.682791],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.351399,25.190615],[-80.349855,25.168825],[-80.377084,25.130487],[-80.47387,25.060253],[-80.494781,25.023019],[-80.565831,24.958155],[-80.611693,24.93842],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.621658,24.944265],[-80.558785,24.971505],[-80.545971,25.01477],[-80.509136,25.028317],[-80.460652,25.078904],[-80.494715,25.102269],[-80.47748,25.107407],[-80.450399,25.088751],[-80.433575,25.106317],[-80.447659,25.147729],[-80.41326,25.137053],[-80.395467,25.150694],[-80.391909,25.19221],[-80.3498,25.210595],[-80.337345,25.231353],[-80.336159,25.261601],[-80.368186,25.282359],[-80.328746,25.28651],[-80.292567,25.314385],[-80.256982,25.361239],[-80.246307,25.398603],[-80.21428,25.416988],[-80.179288,25.518999],[-80.173951,25.482821],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-81.444124,30.709714],[-81.42742,30.69802],[-81.443099,30.600938],[-81.434064,30.522569],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.410809,30.482039],[-81.385505,30.273841],[-81.308978,29.96944],[-81.270442,29.883106],[-81.240924,29.739218],[-80.966176,29.14796],[-80.709725,28.756692],[-80.574868,28.585166],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.587813,28.410856],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.604214,28.257733],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.383695,27.740045],[-80.253665,27.37979],[-80.16147,27.192814],[-80.159554,27.163325],[-80.093909,27.018587],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.038863,26.569347],[-80.108995,26.088372],[-80.122056,25.817913],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.176916,25.685062],[-80.164461,25.721833],[-80.172765,25.737847],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.240376,25.724206],[-80.267065,25.651849],[-80.301464,25.613299],[-80.302057,25.567632],[-80.339421,25.499427],[-80.320442,25.437153],[-80.32578,25.39801],[-80.306801,25.384369],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.335269,25.338701],[-80.374116,25.31735],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-80.495341,25.199463],[-80.569124,25.190117],[-80.669236,25.137837],[-80.777499,25.135047],[-80.858167,25.176576],[-80.899459,25.162337],[-80.900559,25.139755],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.133567,25.156295],[-81.171978,25.223648],[-81.170953,25.244898],[-81.148103,25.332793],[-81.12141,25.33875],[-81.117265,25.354953],[-81.128492,25.380511],[-81.150508,25.387255],[-81.168652,25.463848],[-81.208201,25.504937],[-81.203175,25.53416],[-81.225557,25.55847],[-81.253951,25.638181],[-81.290328,25.687506],[-81.346078,25.721473],[-81.343984,25.747668],[-81.361875,25.772715],[-81.340406,25.786631],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.417536,25.864954],[-81.458487,25.868929],[-81.473992,25.888411],[-81.508979,25.884037],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.577363,25.889206],[-81.654493,25.893579],[-81.6848,25.847205],[-81.727086,25.907207],[-81.749724,25.960463],[-81.747834,25.994273],[-81.801663,26.088227],[-81.833142,26.294518],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-81.91171,26.427158],[-81.964212,26.457957],[-81.969509,26.476505],[-82.008961,26.484052],[-82.00908,26.505203],[-82.024604,26.512677],[-82.06715,26.513252],[-82.07175,26.492554],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.137869,26.637441],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.173516,26.701836],[-82.139019,26.702986],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.055076,26.802452],[-82.059101,26.876621],[-82.090723,26.888694],[-82.093023,26.906518],[-82.090148,26.923191],[-82.061976,26.931241],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.107972,26.957688],[-82.137294,26.926066],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.17869,26.772555],[-82.221812,26.77198],[-82.232193,26.78288],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.289086,26.827784],[-82.445718,27.060634],[-82.539719,27.254326],[-82.691821,27.437218],[-82.714521,27.500415],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.708121,27.523514],[-82.710621,27.501715],[-82.690421,27.496415],[-82.674621,27.519614],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.613003,27.582837],[-82.570607,27.608882],[-82.514265,27.705588],[-82.477638,27.723004],[-82.482305,27.742649],[-82.434635,27.764355],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.402615,27.882602],[-82.413915,27.901401],[-82.451591,27.907506],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.489817,27.9196],[-82.488057,27.863566],[-82.471624,27.847342],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.511193,27.828015],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.552918,27.862702],[-82.529918,27.877501],[-82.542818,27.890601],[-82.531318,27.9039],[-82.533718,27.932999],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.62959,27.998474],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.684793,27.971824],[-82.724122,27.948098],[-82.720122,27.936399],[-82.685121,27.916299],[-82.628063,27.910397],[-82.63212,27.8911],[-82.61002,27.873501],[-82.567919,27.883701],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.598443,27.857582],[-82.586519,27.816703],[-82.622723,27.779868],[-82.63362,27.710607],[-82.718822,27.692007],[-82.721622,27.663908],[-82.698091,27.638858],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.746223,27.731306],[-82.828561,27.822254],[-82.849126,27.8632],[-82.840882,27.937162],[-82.824875,27.960201],[-82.838484,27.909111],[-82.805462,27.960201],[-82.782724,28.055894],[-82.781324,28.127591],[-82.790724,28.15249],[-82.808474,28.154803],[-82.805097,28.172181],[-82.762643,28.219013],[-82.764103,28.244345],[-82.732792,28.291933],[-82.706322,28.401325],[-82.678743,28.433456],[-82.665055,28.484434],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.674665,28.647588],[-82.668889,28.694302],[-82.712373,28.720921],[-82.698281,28.75701],[-82.730245,28.850155],[-82.688864,28.905609],[-82.735754,28.973709],[-82.737872,28.995703],[-82.764055,28.999707],[-82.753513,29.026496],[-82.759704,29.054192],[-82.783328,29.064619],[-82.780558,29.07358],[-82.816925,29.076215],[-82.823659,29.098902],[-82.799117,29.110647],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-82.987162,29.180094],[-83.019071,29.141324],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.068249,29.153135],[-83.065242,29.184489],[-83.087839,29.21642],[-83.077265,29.255331],[-83.166091,29.28888],[-83.175518,29.34469],[-83.218075,29.420492],[-83.294747,29.437923],[-83.311546,29.475666],[-83.33113,29.475594],[-83.400252,29.517242],[-83.39948,29.612956],[-83.412278,29.666922],[-83.455356,29.676444],[-83.547172,29.732223],[-83.584716,29.77608],[-83.585899,29.811754],[-83.618568,29.842336],[-83.63798,29.886073],[-83.686423,29.923735],[-83.93151,30.039068],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.06299,30.101378],[-84.167881,30.071422],[-84.19853,30.087937],[-84.237014,30.08556],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.272511,30.092358],[-84.277168,30.060263],[-84.315344,30.069492],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.361962,29.987739],[-84.343041,29.9751],[-84.333746,29.923721],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-84.423834,29.902996],[-84.451705,29.929085],[-84.511996,29.916574],[-84.603303,29.876117],[-84.669728,29.82891],[-84.692053,29.829059],[-84.755595,29.78854],[-84.868271,29.742454],[-84.888031,29.722406],[-84.901781,29.735723],[-84.877111,29.772888],[-84.90413,29.786279],[-84.993264,29.714961],[-85.121473,29.715854],[-85.259719,29.681296],[-85.319215,29.681494],[-85.343619,29.672004],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.397871,29.740498],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.392469,29.870914],[-85.405907,29.80193],[-85.37796,29.709621],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.31139,29.697557],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-85.509148,29.971466],[-85.588242,30.055543],[-85.69681,30.09689],[-85.775405,30.15629],[-85.9226,30.238024],[-86.222561,30.343585],[-86.412076,30.380346],[-86.632953,30.396299],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-87.206254,30.320943],[-87.295422,30.323503],[-87.518324,30.280435],[-87.452378,30.300201],[-87.450078,30.3111],[-87.50278,30.307301],[-87.502572,30.327405],[-87.459978,30.3363],[-87.431778,30.403198],[-87.366591,30.436648],[-87.425078,30.465596],[-87.447305,30.512629],[-87.397308,30.608728],[-87.396177,30.650454],[-87.406561,30.674019],[-87.532607,30.743489],[-87.545044,30.778666],[-87.600486,30.820627],[-87.634938,30.865886],[-87.592055,30.951492],[-87.599172,30.995722],[-87.571281,30.99787],[-85.002368,31.000682],[-85.035615,31.108192],[-85.076628,31.156927],[-85.100207,31.16549],[-85.107516,31.186451],[-85.096763,31.225651],[-85.112762,31.280037],[-85.089774,31.295026],[-85.092487,31.362881],[-85.06697,31.428594],[-85.071621,31.468384],[-85.041305,31.540987],[-85.05796,31.57084],[-85.057527,31.616883],[-85.12233,31.691265],[-85.12563,31.764463],[-85.140431,31.779663],[-85.131331,31.817562],[-85.140731,31.857461],[-85.133731,31.88956],[-85.114031,31.89336],[-85.112731,31.909859],[-85.07893,31.940159],[-85.08683,31.957758],[-85.067829,31.967358],[-85.055075,32.010714],[-85.047063,32.090433],[-85.06206,32.132486],[-85.008531,32.181903],[-84.966828,32.193952],[-84.958985,32.215571],[-84.930127,32.219051],[-84.892315,32.258189],[-84.9338,32.29826],[-85.007103,32.328362],[-84.978727,32.376212],[-84.967031,32.435343],[-84.993531,32.450743],[-85.0071,32.523868],[-85.076399,32.594665],[-85.098259,32.642708],[-85.093536,32.669734],[-85.112637,32.683434],[-85.119733,32.736091],[-85.138101,32.753836],[-85.133275,32.780609],[-85.167939,32.811612],[-85.160133,32.8455],[-85.1844,32.861317],[-85.605165,34.984678],[-84.321869,34.988408],[-84.29024,35.225572],[-84.223718,35.269078],[-84.178516,35.240679],[-84.097508,35.247382],[-84.055712,35.268182],[-84.02141,35.301383],[-84.03501,35.311983],[-84.038081,35.348363],[-84.007586,35.371661],[-84.020633,35.409843],[-83.957821,35.464211],[-83.911773,35.476028],[-83.880074,35.518745],[-83.82559,35.523829],[-83.756917,35.563604],[-83.645481,35.565825],[-83.608889,35.579451],[-83.582,35.562684],[-83.498335,35.562981],[-83.447137,35.608664],[-83.396626,35.62272],[-83.35156,35.659858],[-83.302279,35.656064],[-83.25561,35.696061],[-83.251247,35.719916],[-83.18837,35.729798],[-83.161537,35.763363],[-83.120183,35.766234],[-83.078732,35.789472],[-82.98397,35.77801],[-82.901301,35.872593],[-82.911936,35.921618],[-82.898506,35.9451],[-82.852554,35.949089],[-82.82257,35.922531],[-82.804997,35.927168],[-82.774905,35.971978],[-82.785558,35.977795],[-82.777283,35.998811],[-82.637165,36.065805],[-82.594873,36.029598],[-82.615062,36.000306],[-82.604239,35.987319],[-82.610889,35.967409],[-82.557874,35.953901],[-82.464558,36.006508],[-82.409458,36.083409],[-82.355157,36.115609],[-82.289455,36.13571],[-82.247521,36.130865],[-82.211251,36.159012],[-82.178861,36.143296],[-82.147948,36.149516],[-82.130646,36.106417],[-82.080303,36.105728],[-82.054142,36.126821],[-82.02874,36.124322],[-81.908137,36.302013],[-81.800812,36.358073],[-81.762371,36.338856],[-81.707438,36.335171],[-81.739648,36.401599],[-81.717939,36.428762],[-81.71489,36.45722],[-81.695311,36.467912],[-81.708262,36.532113],[-81.680137,36.585518],[-80.122183,36.542646],[-75.867044,36.550754],[-75.773329,36.231529],[-75.71831,36.113674],[-75.569794,35.863301],[-75.536428,35.780118],[-75.619151,35.889415],[-75.620114,35.925288],[-75.648899,35.965758],[-75.678909,35.993925],[-75.723662,36.003139],[-75.75572,36.153922],[-75.783676,36.215949],[-75.811588,36.244014],[-75.814483,36.285344],[-75.845284,36.305614],[-75.831595,36.346418],[-75.85147,36.379456],[-75.85147,36.415785],[-75.888325,36.441583],[-75.899908,36.482124],[-76.019261,36.503506],[-76.031949,36.482496],[-76.012337,36.447462],[-75.962285,36.41724],[-75.923601,36.425788],[-75.923331,36.361863],[-75.882154,36.284674],[-75.86052,36.280607],[-75.864154,36.235522],[-75.800378,36.112728],[-75.793974,36.07171],[-75.836084,36.092616],[-75.867792,36.127262],[-75.863914,36.159226],[-75.910658,36.212157],[-75.922344,36.244122],[-75.959382,36.255651],[-75.945372,36.222468],[-75.956027,36.198065],[-75.904999,36.164188],[-76.016984,36.186367],[-76.132005,36.287773],[-76.184702,36.298166],[-76.188717,36.281242],[-76.149486,36.263902],[-76.115851,36.214219],[-76.080106,36.19944],[-76.064224,36.143775],[-76.178946,36.123424],[-76.254064,36.18419],[-76.27699,36.184952],[-76.191715,36.107197],[-76.216599,36.095409],[-76.373571,36.138208],[-76.3935,36.163251],[-76.447812,36.192514],[-76.456061,36.183577],[-76.375892,36.12042],[-76.298733,36.1012],[-76.323478,36.084879],[-76.410878,36.078034],[-76.458789,36.028016],[-76.514335,36.00564],[-76.575936,36.006167],[-76.615423,36.037757],[-76.676484,36.043612],[-76.721445,36.147838],[-76.719401,36.199441],[-76.675462,36.266882],[-76.69091,36.276846],[-76.744436,36.212725],[-76.7521,36.147328],[-76.679657,35.991951],[-76.697558,35.951937],[-76.667547,35.933509],[-76.528551,35.944039],[-76.398242,35.984317],[-76.36521,35.944697],[-76.340327,35.94325],[-76.272408,35.972734],[-76.176585,35.993267],[-76.062071,35.993004],[-76.024162,35.970891],[-76.014353,35.920746],[-76.063203,35.853433],[-76.036393,35.690344],[-76.04015,35.65131],[-76.013808,35.669103],[-75.9869,35.768194],[-75.97783,35.897181],[-75.927286,35.93193],[-75.947293,35.959835],[-75.879374,35.978789],[-75.80935,35.959308],[-75.782498,35.935615],[-75.727216,35.822703],[-75.739357,35.770994],[-75.71294,35.69849],[-75.741605,35.672073],[-75.729802,35.628795],[-75.778138,35.592262],[-75.775328,35.579335],[-75.837154,35.570904],[-75.859636,35.586641],[-75.895045,35.573152],[-75.916403,35.538305],[-75.950126,35.530998],[-75.961929,35.496713],[-75.995652,35.475355],[-76.020945,35.410719],[-76.059726,35.410157],[-76.069281,35.370813],[-76.132793,35.349455],[-76.149655,35.326411],[-76.235087,35.350017],[-76.408199,35.350017],[-76.436301,35.37812],[-76.455411,35.383741],[-76.485762,35.371375],[-76.540292,35.410657],[-76.586349,35.508957],[-76.476706,35.511707],[-76.456427,35.550546],[-76.467763,35.555818],[-76.48358,35.538172],[-76.55679,35.528892],[-76.600441,35.538516],[-76.634468,35.510332],[-76.601472,35.460838],[-76.580187,35.387113],[-76.710083,35.427155],[-76.759234,35.418906],[-76.942022,35.473529],[-77.023912,35.514802],[-77.02626,35.495108],[-76.967214,35.438296],[-76.891938,35.433649],[-76.664027,35.345696],[-76.500375,35.321915],[-76.482389,35.314046],[-76.467776,35.276951],[-76.494755,35.212877],[-76.536346,35.174657],[-76.546463,35.122948],[-76.60042,35.067867],[-76.801426,34.964369],[-76.982904,35.060607],[-76.989778,35.045484],[-76.977404,35.004926],[-76.89354,34.957495],[-76.762931,34.920374],[-76.635072,34.989116],[-76.502623,35.007166],[-76.468796,35.075345],[-76.435762,35.057941],[-76.425461,35.001464],[-76.398466,34.9766],[-76.326361,34.976245],[-76.364367,35.031301],[-76.288354,35.005726],[-76.296524,34.976245],[-76.275567,34.960971],[-76.277698,34.940014],[-76.33382,34.882116],[-76.411609,34.841268],[-76.463016,34.785076],[-76.524712,34.681964],[-76.586236,34.698805],[-76.582421,34.767757],[-76.604796,34.787482],[-76.620606,34.784389],[-76.616567,34.714059],[-76.673619,34.71491],[-76.523303,34.652271],[-76.383827,34.807906],[-76.069906,35.075701],[-76.035933,35.058987],[-76.386804,34.784579],[-76.494068,34.66197],[-76.535946,34.588577],[-76.555196,34.615993],[-76.549343,34.645585],[-76.676312,34.693151],[-76.817453,34.693722],[-76.990262,34.669623],[-77.209161,34.605032],[-77.556943,34.417218],[-77.740136,34.272546],[-77.829209,34.162618],[-77.970606,33.844517],[-78.006765,33.858704],[-78.018689,33.888289],[-78.095429,33.906031],[-78.276147,33.912364],[-78.383964,33.901946],[-78.584841,33.844282],[-78.772737,33.768511],[-78.938076,33.639826],[-79.084588,33.483669],[-79.147496,33.378243],[-79.180318,33.254141],[-79.172394,33.206577],[-79.18787,33.173712],[-79.24609,33.124865],[-79.329909,33.089986],[-79.359961,33.006672],[-79.403712,33.003903],[-79.423447,33.015085],[-79.483499,33.001265],[-79.506923,33.032813],[-79.522449,33.03535],[-79.55756,33.021269],[-79.617611,32.952726],[-79.606194,32.925953],[-79.574951,32.934526],[-79.576006,32.906235],[-79.695141,32.850398],[-79.726389,32.805996],[-79.84035,32.756816],[-79.866742,32.757422],[-79.884961,32.684402],[-79.975248,32.639537],[-79.999374,32.611851],[-80.121368,32.590523],[-80.148406,32.578479],[-80.171764,32.546118],[-80.20523,32.555547],[-80.332438,32.478104],[-80.363956,32.496098],[-80.413487,32.470672],[-80.423454,32.497989],[-80.472068,32.496964],[-80.480156,32.447048],[-80.429941,32.401782],[-80.455192,32.326458],[-80.545688,32.282076],[-80.658634,32.248638],[-80.669166,32.216783],[-80.721463,32.160427],[-80.812503,32.109746],[-80.858735,32.099581],[-80.905378,32.051943],[-80.84313,32.024226],[-80.841913,32.002643],[-80.862814,31.969346],[-80.911207,31.943769],[-80.948491,31.95723],[-80.972392,31.94127],[-80.968494,31.915822],[-80.934508,31.90918],[-80.99269,31.857641],[-81.065255,31.877095],[-81.05907,31.850106],[-81.075812,31.829031],[-81.039808,31.823],[-81.036873,31.812721],[-81.068116,31.768735],[-81.130634,31.722692],[-81.192784,31.733245],[-81.203572,31.719448],[-81.161084,31.691401],[-81.131137,31.695774],[-81.133493,31.623348],[-81.173079,31.555908],[-81.204315,31.568183],[-81.260076,31.54828],[-81.258809,31.52906],[-81.199518,31.537596],[-81.17831,31.52241],[-81.278798,31.367214],[-81.282923,31.326491],[-81.25482,31.315452],[-81.274688,31.289454],[-81.288403,31.211065],[-81.314183,31.207938],[-81.339028,31.186918],[-81.368241,31.136534],[-81.399677,31.134113],[-81.401267,31.072781],[-81.420474,31.016703],[-81.451444,31.015515],[-81.493651,30.977528],[-81.426929,30.956615],[-81.408484,30.977718],[-81.403409,30.957914],[-81.405153,30.908203],[-81.460061,30.769912],[-81.444124,30.709714]]],[[[-75.753765,35.199612],[-75.681916,35.232913],[-75.640934,35.233862],[-75.59796,35.266704],[-75.535741,35.272856],[-75.529393,35.288272],[-75.47861,35.553069],[-75.48133,35.622896],[-75.533512,35.773577],[-75.522232,35.774178],[-75.496086,35.728515],[-75.458659,35.596597],[-75.486771,35.391652],[-75.52592,35.233839],[-75.610101,35.227514],[-75.769705,35.180359],[-75.944725,35.105091],[-76.013145,35.061855],[-75.98395,35.120042],[-75.9547,35.1196],[-75.753765,35.199612]]],[[[-75.675245,35.929024],[-75.62767,35.883149],[-75.616833,35.856331],[-75.620454,35.809253],[-75.675054,35.830204],[-75.660086,35.83861],[-75.663356,35.869835],[-75.727251,35.93362],[-75.675245,35.929024]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Florida\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701