The Bi-State Distinct Population Segment (Bi-State DPS) of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereinafter “sage-grouse”) represents a genetically distinct and geographically isolated population that straddles the border between Nevada and California. The primary threat to these sage-grouse populations is the expansion of single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) into sagebrush ecosystems, which fragments and reduces population connectivity and survival. Other important threats include low water availability during brood-rearing, particularly during drought, and increased predation by common ravens (Corvus corax), a generalist predator often associated with anthropogenic resource subsidies. Although the Bi-State DPS occurs at high elevations relative to sage-grouse range-wide, changes in historical wildfire cycles and the conversion of native shrubs to invasive annual grasslands still threaten these populations. The Bi-State DPS has undergone multiple federal status assessments and associated litigation. For example, in October of 2013, the Bi-State DPS was proposed for listing as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), then withdrawn in April 2015. The withdrawal decision was challenged, and in May 2018, a Federal district court ordered the withdrawal decision to be vacated, and USFWS was required to re-open the October 2013 listing evaluation.
In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), with State and Federal collaborators, embarked on a multipronged analysis to provide current and best available science regarding population status of sage-grouse within the Bi-State DPS. Using data from a long-term monitoring program, we carried out four analytical study objectives, and here, we provide preliminary results of these analyses. First, we used integrated population modeling (IPM) to predict annual population abundance and annual finite rate of population change for the Bi-State DPS, as a whole, and for each subpopulation between 1995 and 2018. Because sage-grouse exhibit population cycles (periodic increases and decreases in abundance across approximately 6- to 10-year wavelengths), we estimated trends across three nested temporal scales that represent one (11 years), two (18 years), and three (24 years) complete population cycles. These estimates of relatively long-term averaged population change account for temporal (that is, interannual) variation. Our model predicted population abundance for the Bi-State DPS during 2018 at 3,305 individuals (2,247–4,683), with the majority occupying Bodie Hills and Long Valley. The model also predicted cyclic dynamics in abundance through time with evidence of 24-year population growth and slight trends of decline over the past 18 years. Specifically, across the Bi-State DPS as a whole, we estimated annual average at 0.99, 0.99, and 1.02 over the one, two, and three population cycles, which equated to a 10.5 percent, 16.6 percent decrease, and 60.0 percent increase in abundance over the 11-, 18-, and 24-year cycles. Estimated abundance in 2018 had not reached numbers lower than those predicted during 1995. However, we found spatial variation in population trends across the three cycles. Bodie Hills subpopulation comprised the greatest (1,521) and exhibited average annual greater than 1.0 across all periods resulting in average annual increases of 7 percent. This relatively large subpopulation has grown 5 times larger than what was predicted in 1995 while experiencing cyclical dynamics within that period.
Conversely, other smaller subpopulations within the Bi-State DPS exhibited average annual equal to or less than 1.0 resulting in estimated 10-year risks of extirpation ranging from 2.0 to 76.1 percent. In general, evidence of decline among smaller subpopulations was greatest for the most recent period (2008–18) compared to a period that encompassed three full population cycles (24-year). This difference coincides with an intense period of drought that began in 2012.
For comparative purposes as part of this first objective, we conducted a similar analysis for populations of sage-grouse within Nevada and California but outside the Bi-State DPS. We developed a region-wide and distance-weighted IPM using lek count from Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW) and California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) databases and with telemetry data collected by USGS across 12 sage-grouse subpopulations. Our models predicted similar patterns in population cycling outside the Bi-State DPS but with much stronger evidence of long-term declines across 24 years. Specifically, median averaged across each year of the 11-, 18-, and 24-year periods resulted in average annual values of 0.94, 0.97, and 0.99, respectively. These values equate to 41.0 percent, 38.5 percent, and 21.3 percent declines over the corresponding periods.
Second, we used lek count data in a state-space modeling framework to compare trends in population abundance across different spatial scales (that is, leks versus Bi-State DPS). This hierarchical framework allowed us to disentangle declines associated with climate conditions as opposed to other local level factors that might signal the need for management intervention. Specifically, we identified 7 leks that were both declining and recently decoupled from larger spatial scale trends, typically governed by climatic conditions (referred to as soft or hard signals). The goal of this analysis was to provide an early warning system that might have implications for conservation actions at local scales.
Third, we developed phenological (spring, summer–fall, and winter) and reproductive life stage (nesting, early brood-rearing, and late-brood rearing) based resource selection functions using various environmental covariates. We report rankings of variable importance for each season and life stage, developed maps of habitat selection indices (HSI), binned categories representing low, moderate, and high classes of quality (where any category greater than or equal to low indicated selected habitat) for each phenological season and life stage, and produced composite maps by selected phenological and reproductive stage to estimate annual habitat.
Fourth, we used for each lek within the Bi-State DPS to carry out a spatial analysis that quantified substantial changes in the distribution of occupied habitat across long- (24-year) and short- (11-year) term periods. Owing to differences among available datasets, the long-term analysis primarily reflected spatial shifts among subpopulations comprising the majority of the Bi-State DPS (that is, Bodie Hills and Long Valley) while the short-term analysis also quantified changes among subpopulations along the periphery. Over long and short-term periods, the overall distribution of occupied habitat (as measured by 99 percent utilization distributions intersecting any quantified habitat) was reduced by 20,573 ha and 55,492 ha, respectively. Occupied core areas (as measured by 50 percent utilization distributions intersecting any quantified habitat) over long-term periods were solely located in Bodie Hills and Long Valley. Although nearly all subpopulations experienced contractions in occupied overall and core distribution, Bodie Hills experienced spatial expansion that occurred with concomitant spatial contraction at Long Valley over both periods. Subpopulations at the northern (Pine Nuts), central (Sagehen) and southern (White-Mountains) extents of the Bi-State DPS also experienced spatial contraction over the short-term period. These findings, coupled with those of population trends, indicate long-term patterns in redistribution of sage-grouse from Long Valley and peripheral subpopulations to Bodie Hills. That is, sage-grouse subpopulations at the periphery are declining while the largest population at the core is increasing, which could have meaningful impacts on overall metapopulation persistence. We provide evidence for loss of occupied habitat (reduced distribution) given local extirpation of subpopulations.
Fifth, we calculated percentages of selected phenological, life stage, and annual habitat that each subpopulation contributed to the Bi-State DPS. We then intersected these maps with a composite estimate of occupied habitat from the fourth objective and calculated percentages of selected habitat likely occupied by sage-grouse that each subpopulation contributed to the Bi-State DPS. These values provide evidence for loss of occupied habitat and subsequent reductions in spatial distribution given reductions in abundance and, in some cases, extirpation of leks within subpopulations.
Lastly, we carried out an initial in-depth analysis of selection for irrigated pastures and wet meadows during the brood-rearing stage for the Long Valley subpopulation. We chose this subpopulation because it represents a population core, representing 26.5 percent of total sage-grouse within the Bi-State DPS, and has exhibited long-term declines in abundance and distribution. This subpopulation is highly sensitive to precipitation and other factors that influence water availability. Models predicted higher use of the interior portions of irrigated pastures and wet meadows during late brood-rearing period, which represented a potentially risky use of habitat that was exacerbated during periods of low moisture (for example, drought, reduced water delivery, or both). Sage-grouse typically used edges of riparian areas and pastures, largely because the interior of these mesic areas consisted of considerably less overhead concealment cover (for example, shrubs) that likely resulted in a higher risk of mortality. We found that a lack of water delivery to pastures in the form of overwinter precipitation or diversion ditches increased the movements of sage-grouse to the interior of pastures. Although further investigation of water delivery impacts on chick survival are warrented, our initial findings regarding resource selection may explain recent declines in population growth at Long Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Nevada Department of Wildlife, and the U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Coates, P.S., Ricca, M.A., Prochazka, B.G., O’Neil, S,T., Severson, J.P., Mathews, S.R., Espinosa, S., Gardner, S., Lisius, S., and Delehanty, D.J., 2020, Population and habitat analyses for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the bi-state distinct population segment—2018 update: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1149, 122 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191149.","productDescription":"x, 122 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-113768","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371329,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1149/ofr20191149.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1149"},{"id":371330,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1149/ofr20191149_hirez.pdf","text":"Report — High resolution graphics","size":"82.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1149 Hi Rez"},{"id":371328,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1149/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.234375,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 38.436379603\n ],\n [\n -119.72900390625001,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -118.85009765625,\n 36.90597988519294\n ],\n [\n -117.83935546874999,\n 36.12900165569652\n ],\n [\n -117.586669921875,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 35.862343734896484\n ],\n [\n -116.806640625,\n 36.075742215627\n ],\n [\n -115.224609375,\n 35.79108281624994\n ],\n [\n -115.587158203125,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -117.23510742187501,\n 38.62545397209084\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 38.90813299596705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Multiple aquifer tests were conducted in Lovelock, Nevada, to determine hydraulic conductivity and storage properties to be used with the numerical groundwater flow model of the lower Humboldt River Basin while accounting for the influence of surface features with a modeling component. The numerical model will ultimately provide the Nevada Division of Water Resources (NDWR) with information regarding the impacts of groundwater pumping on the Humboldt River, allowing the Nevada State Engineer to make informed decisions in the conjunctive management of the State’s groundwater and surface water resources. Seven slug tests, one single-well pumping test, and two multi-well pumping tests were conducted to evaluate properties of shallow Lahontan clays and silts; shallow fluvial deposits; and coarser, water-bearing deposits of the younger alluvium. Aquifer tests were conducted between March 2017 and April 2018. Results indicate aquifers in the Lovelock Valley have transmissivity ranging between 0.0001 and 95,000 feet squared per day (ft2/day). The results of these tests provide constraints on hydraulic properties for a numerical groundwater flow model being developed for a capture study in the lower Humboldt River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Nadler, C., 2020, Analysis of aquifer framework and hydraulic properties of Lovelock Valley, Lovelock, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1133, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191133.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 48 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098941","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399425,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109593.htm"},{"id":371146,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1133/ofr20191133.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":371147,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LIL7PZ","linkHelpText":"Supplemental data for analysis of aquifer framework and hydraulic properties of Lovelock Valley, Lovelock, NV"},{"id":371145,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1133/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Humboldt River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.597412109375,\n 39.14710270770074\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 39.14710270770074\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 41.91045347666418\n ],\n [\n -118.597412109375,\n 41.91045347666418\n ],\n [\n -118.597412109375,\n 39.14710270770074\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 95819
This geologic map of the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands is a compilation of information from the literature, integrated to provide a seamless geologic map of the region. The geology shown on sheet 1 covers Cuba, the island of Hispaniola, which includes Haiti and the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. and British Virgin Islands. A second more detailed sheet shows the geology of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The map units shown here are integrated across the islands of the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands.
The Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands, although they appear to reflect the character of a magmatic arc, actually represent multiple, distinct geologic features. Only in Cuba are there unquestioned Jurassic-age, and perhaps older, rocks present. On the islands of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and Puerto Rico, metamorphic assemblages contain rocks that may be of Jurassic age. Ophiolite assemblages that may include rocks of Jurassic age are present in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico. Metamorphic rocks of Cretaceous age are more widespread, present in Cuba, Hispaniola, and the U.S. and British Virgin Islands. Cretaceous plutonic rocks are present in Cuba and Puerto Rico, as well as in the Dominican Republic (in the Cordillera Central and in the eastern part of the country). Gabbro and trondhjemite of inferred Early Cretaceous age are present in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Cretaceous volcanic rocks are widespread in Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands; they are of variable age and do not appear to reflect a single arc system. Cretaceous volcanic rocks are also found in Jamaica, in inliers on the eastern part of the island. Eocene volcanic rocks are prominent in southern Cuba, Haiti, eastern Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Volcanic rocks possibly as young as early Miocene are present in the southern Dominican Republic; the youngest volcanic rocks in the region are the Low Layton Lavas of Jamaica of late Miocene age and alkali basalt of Quaternary age on Hispaniola.
Carbonate rocks are an important component of the sedimentary section in the Greater Antilles, which is as old as Jurassic in Cuba and as young as Holocene in many areas. In Cuba, Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks tend to be dominantly carbonates; volcanic clasts and debris are not present until the Late Cretaceous in Cuba, as well as in Jamaica and Puerto Rico. In contrast, Early Cretaceous volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks are common in the Virgin Islands. Olistostrome deposits are commonly described in latest Cretaceous and Eocene rocks; in the Paleocene and the early Eocene, these deposits are commonly associated with mélange units. Volcanic debris and tuff are common in sedimentary rocks of Paleocene and Eocene age, typically associated with carbonate rocks. Sedimentary rocks that postdate the Eocene either are dominantly carbonates or are mixed clastic and carbonate rocks in which the clastic component reflects erosion of earlier units, including older carbonate rocks. Rocks that contain lignite, which are only present in Cuba and on Hispaniola, generally are of Miocene age.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191036","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., Orris, G., and Gray, F., 2019, Preliminary geologic map of the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1036, pamphlet 50 p., 2 sheets, scales 1:2,500,000 and 1:300,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191036.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 50 p.; 2 Sheets: 51.00 x 34.00 inches and 46.10 x 24.93 inches; 2 Tables; Spatial Data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098596","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399410,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109592.htm"},{"id":399409,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109591.htm"},{"id":371178,"rank":7,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1036/ofr20191036_spatialdata.zip","text":"OFR 2019-1036 spatial data","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2019-1036 Spatial Data"},{"id":371177,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1036/ofr20191036_table2.xlsx","text":"Table 2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1036 Table 2 XLSX"},{"id":371176,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1036/ofr20191036_table2.pdf","text":"Table 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1036 Table 2 PDF"},{"id":371173,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1036/ofr20191036_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1036"},{"id":371175,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1036/ofr20191036_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1036 Sheet 2"},{"id":371174,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1036/ofr20191036_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1036 Sheet 1"},{"id":371172,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1036/coverthb2.jpg"}],"scale":"2500000","country":"Cuba, Dominican Republic, Great Britain, Haiti, Jamaica, United States","otherGeospatial":"Greater Antilles, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.517578125,\n 23.725011735951796\n ],\n [\n -85.4296875,\n 22.105998799750566\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 20.138470312451155\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 15.623036831528264\n ],\n [\n -69.169921875,\n 15.792253570362446\n ],\n [\n -61.435546875,\n 16.46769474828897\n ],\n [\n -60.64453125000001,\n 17.895114303749143\n ],\n [\n -61.52343749999999,\n 21.04349121680354\n ],\n [\n -72.50976562499999,\n 22.187404991398775\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -85.517578125,\n 23.725011735951796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Dr.
Anchorage, AK 99508
Dos Palmas Preserve is a Colorado Desert oasis and wetland in Riverside County, California, located near the base of the Orocopia Mountains and northeast of the Salton Sea. The original source of water for the oasis was artesian springs that developed at the base of the Orocopia Mountains, but more abundant water supplies were later provided to Dos Palmas Preserve when the Coachella Canal was built and water seeped from unlined parts of the canal. As a result of this abundant water supply in a desert setting, Dos Palmas Preserve, managed by the Bureau of Land Management, is now a wildlife preserve that became home to multiple plants, fowl, insects, rodents, reptiles, and bats, including some endangered and threatened species. More recently, sections of the Coachella Canal have been lined, resulting in a reduction of water seepage and threatening the sustainability of parts of Dos Palmas Preserve. Faults usually act as barriers to groundwater flow and Dos Palmas Preserve is only a few kilometers from the active trace of the San Andreas Fault, where splays of the fault trend through the area. Additionally, numerous closely spaced faults that have been mapped at the surface northwest of Dos Palmas Preserve are believed to extend southward into the Dos Palmas Preserve, where they are covered by alluvium. Thus, evaluation of the subsurface lithology and structure is needed to determine how the current allocation of water from the Coachella Canal affects various parts of Dos Palmas Preserve.
To better understand the distribution of the shallow lithology, faulting, and groundwater in Dos Palmas Preserve, the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the Bureau of Land Management, conducted a seismic survey across the northern part of Dos Palmas Preserve. The seismic survey was designed to “map” the upper part of the aquifer system and to more precisely locate faults that may affect groundwater flow in Dos Palmas Preserve. In this report, we present seismic velocity and reflection images of the shallow subsurface and relate those images to interpretative structures and stratigraphy that may affect groundwater at Dos Palmas Preserve.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191130","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Goldman, M.R., Chan, J.H., Sickler, R.R., Rymer, M.J., and Criley, C.J., 2020, Seismic evaluation of shallow-depth structure, faulting, and groundwater variations across the Dos Palmas Preserve, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1130, 21 p., https://doi.org/ 10.3133/ofr20191130.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 21 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101151","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399421,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109590.htm"},{"id":371135,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WQJ5EH","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"2015 high resolution seismic acquisition at Dos Palmas Preserve, Mecca, California"},{"id":371134,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1130/ofr20191130.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1130"},{"id":371133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1130/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County","otherGeospatial":"Dos Palmas Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.0925,\n 33.2881\n ],\n [\n -115.4408,\n 33.2881\n ],\n [\n -115.4408,\n 33.6419\n ],\n [\n -116.0925,\n 33.6419\n ],\n [\n -116.0925,\n 33.2881\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information, Menlo Park, Calif.
Office—Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Repeated sampling and grain-size analysis of surficial sediments along the sandy shorelines of Louisiana is necessary to characterize coastal-zone sediment properties and evaluate sediment transport patterns within the nearshore environments. In 2008, and again in 2015 and 2016, sediment grab samples were collected along the shorelines of the western Chenier plain, the Isles Dernieres (Raccoon, Whiskey, Trinity and East Islands), the Lafourche delta (Timbalier Islands, Caminada Headland, and Grand Isle), the modern delta (Grand Terre Islands from Chaland Headland to Sandy Point), and the Chandeleur Islands (from Curlew Island to Hewes Point). The samples were collected as part of the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) Barrier Island Comprehensive Monitoring (BICM) Program in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (USGS–SPCMSC) and the University of New Orleans Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Studies (UNO–PIES). Physical properties of the samples (sediment grain size and sorting) were measured and provided in data reports to CPRA. Additional samples collected by the USGS from around Breton Island in 2014 and 2015 supplemented the 2015–2016 BICM data to complete the coastwide dataset. This report compares the results of the 2008 and 2015–2016 sedimentologic analyses and documents changes in composition (percent sand) and mean sediment grain size between the two time periods. At most sample sites, differences in mean grain size varied by less than ±0.25 Φ. The largest changes occurred at sites located near tidal inlets or along rapidly eroding shorelines.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191132","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of New Orleans and Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority","usgsCitation":"Bosse, S.T., Flocks, J.G., Bernier, J.C., Georgiou, I.Y., Kulp, M.A., and Brown, M., 2019, Louisiana Coastal Zone sediment characterization; comparison of sediment grain sizes for samples collected in 2008 and 2015–2016 from the western Chenier plain to the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana—Louisiana Barrier Island Comprehensive Monitoring (BICM) Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1132, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191132.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-107806","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1132/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":371102,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1132/ofr20191132.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1132"},{"id":399424,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109589.htm"},{"id":399423,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109588.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.8333,\n 29.6667\n ],\n [\n -93,\n 29.6667\n ],\n [\n -93,\n 29.7889\n ],\n [\n -93.8333,\n 29.7889\n ],\n [\n -93.8333,\n 29.6667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) provided technical support to the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology) in their assessment of the role groundwater plays in contributing pollutant loading to the Green-Duwamish River near Seattle, Washington. Ecology is developing watershed hydrology models of the Green-Duwamish watershed, and need to assign realistic contaminant concentrations to the various Hydrologic Response Units represented in their models. The USGS compiled existing groundwater quality data in the Green-Duwamish watershed, and this report summarizes results and interpretation of the dataset, including identifying data gaps and needs for further research and monitoring. The sources of existing data were the USGS’s National Water Information System, Ecology’s Environmental Information Management System, and a compilation of several studies by Leidos, a scientific research company. The water-quality parameters of interest included polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclors and congeners, phthalates, carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs), arsenic, copper, and zinc. Results were grouped into the four subwatersheds delineated in Ecology’s hydrology models: Duwamish, Lower Green, Soos, and Upper Green. Results from the Duwamish subwatershed were further sub-divided by the USGS into the Lower Duwamish, containing land adjacent to the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund site, and the Upper Duwamish, containing the remaining area of the Duwamish subwatershed. Groundwater quality data in the Lower Duwamish were treated separately because there is known contamination in this area. The availability of water quality data varied by subwatershed as follows: phthalate data was only available within the Duwamish, PCB data was available within the Duwamish and Lower Green, cPAH data was available within the Duwamish, Lower Green, and Soos, and data for arsenic, copper, and zinc were available within all four subwatersheds. More than 99 percent of the available data was within the Duwamish subwatershed, identifying a need for additional monitoring of groundwater quality in the other subwatersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191131","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Senter, C.A., Conn, K.E., Black, R.W., Welch, W.B., and Fasser, E.T., 2020, Assessment of existing groundwater quality data in the Green-Duwamish watershed, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1131, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191131.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111911","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1131/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":371095,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1131/ofr20191131.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1131"},{"id":399422,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109587.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Green-Duwamish watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.26684570312499,\n 47.59505101193038\n ],\n [\n -122.420654296875,\n 47.60245929546312\n ],\n [\n -122.43713378906249,\n 47.51349065484327\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 47.32393057095941\n ],\n [\n -122.420654296875,\n 47.18597932702905\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 47.010225655683485\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 46.912750956378915\n ],\n [\n -122.2283935546875,\n 46.781254534638606\n ],\n [\n -122.0855712890625,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -121.59667968749999,\n 46.32417161725691\n ],\n [\n -121.39892578125,\n 46.32796494040746\n ],\n [\n -121.30004882812499,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -121.168212890625,\n 46.78501604269254\n ],\n [\n -121.36596679687499,\n 46.991494313050424\n ],\n [\n -121.95922851562501,\n 47.4355191531953\n ],\n [\n -122.26684570312499,\n 47.59505101193038\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
The Atlantic Coastal Plain, the southeasternmost physiographic province in the United States, is underlain by strata that regionally dip gently eastward and gradually thicken toward the Atlantic Ocean basin. These strata, ranging in age from Middle Jurassic to Holocene, accumulated along the eastern margin of North America after the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea during the Early Jurassic. In the east-central United States north of Florida, Cape Hatteras is the point of land that most closely approaches the eastern edge of the Atlantic Continental Shelf of the United States. In 1946, Esso (now part of ExxonMobil) drilled a deep oil exploration well to basement rock near the Cape Hatteras lighthouse. No oil or gas was found there, or in any of the other test wells that were drilled within the onshore North Carolina Coastal Plain. Recent work indicates that the top of the oil window lies at 9,000 feet near the base of the Cape Hatteras Esso #1 test well. Therefore, any mature petroleum source rocks that may be present in the North Carolina Coastal Plain are only likely to be found east of the present coastline.
Although the Cape Hatteras test well did not produce oil or gas, it did produce a wealth of stratigraphic information about the outer portion of the onshore Atlantic Continental Shelf. Advances in global stratigraphic correlation, in tandem with our analyses of calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) from the Cape Hatteras test-well spot samples have produced significant advances beyond earlier interpretations of this well and other deep test wells inshore of Cape Hatteras. These results, when coupled with work done offshore of Cape Hatteras, have allowed us to create a more detailed cross section of the North Carolina Coastal Plain and adjacent continental shelf than previously possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191145","usgsCitation":"Weems, R.E., Self-Trail, J.M., and Edwards L.E., 2019, Cross section of the North Carolina coastal plain from Enfield through Cape Hatteras: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1145, 2 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191145.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 40.00 x 37.00 inches and 35.00 x 37.00 inches","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-102465","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399432,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109585.htm"},{"id":370654,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1145/ofr20191145_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1145"},{"id":371011,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1145/ofr20191145_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1145"},{"id":370630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1145/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.6513671875,\n 34.63320791137959\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 34.63320791137959\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -77.6513671875,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -77.6513671875,\n 34.63320791137959\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center
U.S. Geological Survey
926A National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The Community for Data Integration (CDI) is a community of practice whose purpose is to build the U.S. Geological Survey knowledge base in data integration. This annual report describes the various presentations, activities, and outcomes of the CDI monthly forums, working groups, trainings, and other CDI-sponsored events in fiscal year 2018. The report also describes the objectives of the 10 CDI-funded projects for the year. The CDI had a topical theme for fiscal year 2018—Risk assessment and hazards vulnerability in support of integrated predictive science capacity. This report describes how the community coordinated its activities around this theme.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191123","usgsCitation":"Hsu, L., and Colasuonno, L., 2019, Community for Data Integration 2018 annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1123, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191123.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-106299","costCenters":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370860,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1123/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":370861,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1123/ofr20191123.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1123"}],"contact":"Director, Science Analytics and Synthesis
U.S. Geological Survey
National Center, MS 108
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Predation and habitat degradation by non-native species are principal terrestrial threats to the federally endangered Hawaiian Petrel (ʻuaʻu, Pterodroma sandwichensis) and Hawaiian Goose (nēnē, Branta sandvicensis) within Haleakalā National Park (HALE), Maui, Hawaiʻi. Since 1981, HALE has maintained a network of live traps to control invasive mammalian predators and protect these endangered birds. To evaluate trapping efficiency in HALE, we evaluated four types of trap outcomes for the years 2000–14: Bait Lost (62 percent), No Event (23 percent), Trap Triggered (10 percent), and Predator Event (Rat Caught, Cat Caught, or Mongoose Caught; 4 percent). We used a multinomial logistic regression model to explore trends in the probabilities of broad outcomes (No Event, Other Event [Bait Lost or Trap Triggered], or Predator Event [Rat Caught, Cat Caught, or Mongoose Caught]). Temporal variations in the probabilities of No Event, Other Event, or Predator Event were best explained by ʻuaʻu season (off-season, pre-laying, incubation, or nestling), month, year, and seasonal rainfall with greater probabilities of Predator Event during the ʻuaʻu nestling period (July–October). The probability of Predator Event or Other Event decreased with increased rainfall. Spatial analysis showed that percent vegetative cover and vegetation type best explained variations in the probabilities of trapping outcomes with the probability of Predator Event being greatest in developed and tree covered areas. The proportion of trapping events that resulted in Rat Caught was at least 20 times greater than the proportions of events resulting in Cat or Mongoose Caught throughout the 15-year management period. Temporal analysis showed that season, year, and maximum temperature best explained variations in probabilities of Predator Event; the probability of Rat Caught was greatest during the ʻuaʻu pre-laying and incubation periods (February–June), was greater during periods of warmer maximum temperatures, and overall, increased over the 15-year management period. The probability of Mongoose Caught was greatest during the ʻuaʻu offseason (November–January), decreased through time (2000–14), and decreased with increasing weekly maximum temperatures. Trends in Cat Caught were hard to detect because of small sample sizes, though slight trends indicated cat captures were most frequent during the ʻuaʻu off season and less frequent through time (2000–14). The probability of a Cat Caught event was also negatively correlated with weekly temperatures. Spatial analysis showed elevation best explained variations in probabilities of capture for rats, cats, and mongoose. Overall, predator catches were fewer at higher elevations, and of predators caught at higher elevations, the clear majority were rats. Our results are being used by HALE Endangered Wildlife Management staff to evaluate existing methods for predator control and efficacy of existing trap-based control strategies intended to protect ʻuaʻu and nēnē.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Haleakalā National Park","usgsCitation":"Kelsey, E.C., Adams, J., Czapanskiy, M.F., Felis, J.J., Yee, J.L., Kaholoaa R.L., and Bailey, C.N., 2019, Trends in mammalian predator control trapping events intended to protect ground-nesting, endangered birds at Haleakalā National Park, Hawaiʻi: 2000–14: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1122, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191122.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 28 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-104150","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370049,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P98RJ12I","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Trap records used to analyze trends in mammalian predator control trapping events intended to protect ground-nesting, endangered birds at Haleakalā National Park, Hawai'i (2000 - 2014)"},{"id":370036,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1122/ofr20191122.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1122"},{"id":370035,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1122/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Haleakalā National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.275743,20.586349 ], [ -156.275743,20.795098 ], [ -156.020951,20.795098 ], [ -156.020951,20.586349 ], [ -156.275743,20.586349 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Director,
Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Director,
Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
The abandoned hydraulic mine pit at Malakoff Diggins near Grass Valley, California, can produce large volumes of eroded sediment transportable by storm runoff. Sediment-laden water discharged from the pit is a major source of heavy metals to Humbug Creek and the South Yuba River. To develop a comprehensive sediment budget for the Malakoff Diggins mine pit and identify sources of sediment and metals within the pit that can become entrained as suspended sediment in runoff discharged from the pit, the U.S. Geological Survey, working in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources, the California Department of Parks and Recreation, and the Nevada Irrigation District, used terrestrial laser scanning technology to quantify eroded volumes and erosion rates of sedimentary units exposed in the pit walls. The results for eroded volumes and rates reported here are part one of a three-part study.
High-resolution terrestrial laser scanning surveys were repeated annually from 2014 through 2017, including before and after dry and wet winters, measuring centimeter-scale topographic changes to quantify the volume of sediment eroded from outcrops at Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park, located on the western slope of the northern Sierra Nevada about 17 kilometers northeast of Grass Valley, California. Terrestrial laser scanning enabled construction of three-dimensional maps of the complex outcrop surfaces, which could not be mapped non-destructively or in sufficient detail with traditional surveying techniques. Eroded volumes from discrete sedimentary units were calculated at four study sites (numbered 1, 2, 4, and 5) throughout the mine pit for the December 2014 to August 2017 period.
Eroded volumes at the four study sites during the 32-month study ranged from 288 plus or minus (±) 13 cubic meters (m3) of sediment at site 1 to 8,517±145 m3 at site 4. Annual erosion rates at the four study sites ranged from 0.06±0.01 cubic meters per square meter per year (m3/m2/yr) at site 4 to 0.14±0.01 m3/m2/yr at site 2. The total eroded volume documented with terrestrial laser scanning at all four study sites from December 2014 to August 2017 was 12,934±334 m3 of sediment, and the average annual erosion rate for the four study sites was 0.10±0.04 m3/m2/yr.
Horizontal erosional-change maps indicate that a variety of erosional processes were responsible for the eroded sediment volume. These included areally broad and smaller-scale processes such as persistent dry ravel, periodic sheet wash, and frost heave and more localized and larger-scale processes such as coalescing fluvial incision, rotational landslides, and translational block-fall failures.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191124","collaboration":"In cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources, the California Department of Parks and Recreation, and the Nevada Irrigation District","usgsCitation":"Howle, J.F., Alpers, C.N., Ward, A.J., Bond, S., and Curtis, J.A., 2019, Quantifying erosion rates by using terrestrial laser scanning at Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park, Nevada County, California, 2014–17: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1124, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191124.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 39 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-087722","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399420,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109574.htm"},{"id":370127,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1124/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":370129,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9H3VNSN","linkHelpText":"Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data from Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park, Nevada County, California, 2014–17"},{"id":370128,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1124/ofr20191124.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1124"},{"id":370856,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95RLMEI","linkHelpText":"Geochemical, Mineralogical, and Grain-Size Data for In Situ Solid Materials and Suspended Sediment at Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park, Nevada County, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Nevada County","otherGeospatial":"Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-120.0032,39.448],[-120.0034,39.4331],[-120.0036,39.4181],[-120.0037,39.4049],[-120.0039,39.3909],[-120.0042,39.3741],[-120.0047,39.3451],[-120.005,39.3297],[-120.0047,39.3161],[-120.0124,39.3161],[-120.1867,39.3166],[-120.346,39.3165],[-120.3978,39.3166],[-120.5423,39.3155],[-120.6362,39.3151],[-120.6457,39.315],[-120.654,39.3104],[-120.6623,39.3103],[-120.6724,39.3098],[-120.6819,39.3065],[-120.6937,39.3023],[-120.7049,39.2977],[-120.709,39.2945],[-120.7161,39.2913],[-120.7262,39.2884],[-120.7309,39.2866],[-120.7356,39.2829],[-120.7456,39.2765],[-120.7526,39.2696],[-120.7572,39.265],[-120.7626,39.2636],[-120.7655,39.2599],[-120.7713,39.2558],[-120.7784,39.2539],[-120.7843,39.2484],[-120.7907,39.2429],[-120.796,39.2397],[-120.8019,39.2351],[-120.8095,39.2323],[-120.8202,39.2281],[-120.8249,39.2258],[-120.8278,39.2235],[-120.8401,39.2152],[-120.8531,39.2105],[-120.8582,39.195],[-120.8622,39.1905],[-120.8668,39.1832],[-120.884,39.1784],[-120.8875,39.177],[-120.8958,39.1756],[-120.9041,39.1759],[-120.9081,39.17],[-120.9075,39.1659],[-120.9134,39.165],[-120.9169,39.164],[-120.9234,39.1626],[-120.9263,39.1562],[-120.9286,39.1562],[-120.9363,39.1556],[-120.9368,39.1493],[-120.9479,39.1423],[-120.9508,39.1373],[-120.9672,39.1272],[-120.9747,39.1171],[-120.9829,39.1093],[-120.9882,39.111],[-120.9879,39.0947],[-120.9935,39.0788],[-120.9975,39.0724],[-120.9974,39.0674],[-120.9992,39.0656],[-121.0044,39.0614],[-121.0073,39.0569],[-121.0089,39.0519],[-121.0142,39.0468],[-121.0195,39.0449],[-121.0212,39.0404],[-121.0282,39.0376],[-121.0298,39.0312],[-121.0309,39.0249],[-121.0367,39.0193],[-121.0402,39.0148],[-121.0537,39.011],[-121.0578,39.0096],[-121.0649,39.0063],[-121.0696,39.0053],[-121.0755,39.0062],[-121.0803,39.0093],[-121.0899,39.0137],[-121.0987,39.0109],[-121.1054,39.0171],[-121.1101,39.0184],[-121.1184,39.0192],[-121.1204,39.0264],[-121.1252,39.0314],[-121.133,39.0353],[-121.1395,39.0353],[-121.1442,39.0311],[-121.1472,39.0324],[-121.1541,39.0255],[-121.1612,39.0245],[-121.1682,39.0195],[-121.1717,39.0185],[-121.1771,39.0189],[-121.1876,39.0124],[-121.1942,39.0155],[-121.2031,39.0158],[-121.2095,39.0117],[-121.2213,39.0124],[-121.2262,39.0191],[-121.2323,39.0236],[-121.2441,39.022],[-121.2513,39.0247],[-121.2644,39.0295],[-121.268,39.0308],[-121.2788,39.0365],[-121.2791,39.1938],[-121.2794,39.2287],[-121.2735,39.2324],[-121.2706,39.2356],[-121.2696,39.2416],[-121.2673,39.2439],[-121.2663,39.2534],[-121.2592,39.2548],[-121.2575,39.2589],[-121.2582,39.263],[-121.2655,39.2706],[-121.2561,39.2762],[-121.2473,39.2795],[-121.2409,39.2846],[-121.226,39.2816],[-121.2183,39.2831],[-121.2155,39.2917],[-121.2079,39.2964],[-121.2015,39.3019],[-121.1991,39.3024],[-121.2047,39.3118],[-121.203,39.3182],[-121.1978,39.3214],[-121.1979,39.3291],[-121.1902,39.3297],[-121.1849,39.3307],[-121.1821,39.338],[-121.1785,39.3389],[-121.175,39.339],[-121.1714,39.339],[-121.1678,39.3386],[-121.1654,39.3368],[-121.1636,39.3337],[-121.16,39.3328],[-121.1576,39.3347],[-121.1571,39.3378],[-121.1566,39.3428],[-121.1555,39.3478],[-121.1532,39.3497],[-121.1473,39.3498],[-121.1449,39.3493],[-121.1437,39.3507],[-121.145,39.3534],[-121.1445,39.3575],[-121.138,39.3617],[-121.1363,39.3667],[-121.1334,39.3699],[-121.127,39.375],[-121.1271,39.379],[-121.1057,39.3798],[-121.1027,39.3816],[-121.0986,39.3835],[-121.0945,39.3876],[-121.0892,39.3881],[-121.0862,39.3891],[-121.0845,39.3927],[-121.081,39.3946],[-121.0709,39.3938],[-121.0631,39.3921],[-121.0584,39.3949],[-121.053,39.3959],[-121.0483,39.3955],[-121.0465,39.3941],[-121.0458,39.3919],[-121.044,39.3901],[-121.0404,39.3897],[-121.0375,39.3906],[-121.034,39.3956],[-121.031,39.3961],[-121.0286,39.3953],[-121.0256,39.3917],[-121.0226,39.3908],[-121.0197,39.3949],[-121.0132,39.3977],[-121.0079,39.4005],[-121.0151,39.4054],[-121.0056,39.4064],[-120.9962,39.4124],[-120.9897,39.4116],[-120.9849,39.4112],[-120.9784,39.4163],[-120.9737,39.419],[-120.9588,39.4156],[-120.9517,39.4166],[-120.9464,39.4207],[-120.9415,39.4167],[-120.9297,39.4186],[-120.9255,39.421],[-120.9148,39.4215],[-120.9095,39.4261],[-120.9018,39.4235],[-120.8828,39.4291],[-120.8733,39.4288],[-120.8644,39.4321],[-120.8543,39.4349],[-120.843,39.4359],[-120.8383,39.4391],[-120.8335,39.4347],[-120.8263,39.4352],[-120.8174,39.438],[-120.8121,39.4372],[-120.8032,39.4391],[-120.7925,39.4419],[-120.7837,39.4479],[-120.7706,39.4507],[-120.7594,39.4549],[-120.7523,39.4573],[-120.7458,39.46],[-120.7428,39.4619],[-120.7411,39.4683],[-120.728,39.4697],[-120.7227,39.4743],[-120.721,39.4762],[-120.7157,39.4798],[-120.7134,39.483],[-120.714,39.488],[-120.7052,39.4967],[-120.7005,39.5008],[-120.6881,39.5087],[-120.6793,39.5142],[-120.6722,39.5179],[-120.6645,39.5216],[-120.6585,39.5221],[-120.6526,39.5231],[-120.6472,39.5227],[-120.6389,39.5227],[-120.6341,39.5232],[-120.6305,39.5196],[-120.6251,39.5192],[-120.5798,39.521],[-120.566,39.5152],[-120.5582,39.5116],[-120.5528,39.5085],[-120.5472,39.4954],[-120.5394,39.49],[-120.5345,39.4842],[-120.5326,39.4756],[-120.5331,39.4643],[-120.5265,39.4598],[-120.5186,39.4558],[-120.5079,39.4527],[-120.5061,39.45],[-120.506,39.4473],[-120.4578,39.4472],[-120.3071,39.4478],[-120.2874,39.4484],[-120.2749,39.448],[-120.1825,39.4485],[-120.1653,39.4482],[-120.1593,39.4482],[-120.1438,39.4483],[-120.1087,39.4485],[-120.0962,39.4485],[-120.0866,39.4486],[-120.0694,39.4487],[-120.0664,39.4482],[-120.0562,39.4482],[-120.0479,39.4483],[-120.0312,39.4484],[-120.0032,39.448]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nevada\",\"state\":\"CA\"}}]}","contact":"Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
In keeping with our national mission, the USGS in Alaska provides timely and objective scientific information to help the Nation address issues and solve problems in five major topical areas (listed alphabetically):
The USGS in Alaska engages about 400 scientists and support staff working in three major science centers, Cooperative Research Units, and USGS centers outside Alaska, with a combined annual science budget of about $60 million. In just the last 5 years, the USGS in Alaska has produced scientific benefits resulting from more than 1,000 publications and about 250 technical reports. Publications relevant to Alaska can be conveniently searched by keyword through the USGS Publications Warehouse at https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/search?q=Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191141","usgsCitation":"Williams, D.M., and Powers, E.M., eds., 2019, U.S. Geological Survey — Department of the Interior Region 11, Alaska—2019 annual science report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1141, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191141.","productDescription":"xi, 79 p.","numberOfPages":"79","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111992","costCenters":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399429,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109573.htm"},{"id":370887,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1141/ofr20191141.pdf","text":"Report","size":"31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1141"},{"id":370886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1141/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-141.0007667541504,69.64681951728146],[-141.064453125,69.80172356231073],[-141.767578125,69.96043926902489],[-142.734375,70.1478274118401],[-143.26171875,70.25945200030638],[-144.99755859375,70.1925497583889],[-146.14013671875,70.21487465331137],[-147.43652343749997,70.32613725493573],[-148.40332031249997,70.51024068514326],[-149.47998046875,70.63448406630856],[-149.85351562499997,70.63448406630856],[-150.64453125,70.59802116106809],[-151.611328125,70.61261423801925],[-151.8310546875,70.7724429742589],[-152.02880859375,70.90226826757711],[-152.666015625,71.0098110139634],[-153.52294921875,71.05979781529196],[-154.31396484375,70.95969716686398],[-154.70947265625,71.20191973293133],[-155.41259765625,71.3219146980122],[-156.46728515625,71.45515260247822],[-157.10449218749997,71.34301347171373],[-157.58789062499997,71.21607526596131],[-157.91748046875,70.99550574822297],[-158.62060546875,70.9883492241249],[-159.30175781249997,70.98119010476937],[-159.98291015625,70.94535555009823],[-160.51025390625,70.73622993891799],[-160.90576171875,70.58341752317065],[-161.5869140625,70.45150843439349],[-161.78466796875,70.45885925640687],[-162.5537109375,70.34092679475283],[-163.05908203125,70.09552886456429],[-163.388671875,69.81689109911446],[-163.564453125,69.51914693717981],[-164.02587890625,69.15474044269264],[-164.90478515625,69.03714171275197],[-165.69580078124997,68.97416358340674],[-166.26708984375,69.01354605132325],[-166.376953125,68.80004113882613],[-166.66259765624997,68.5443150407769],[-167.1240234375,68.39918004344189],[-166.61865234375,68.17155518732503],[-166.5087890625,67.99110834539984],[-165.87158203125,67.8672645403614],[-164.61914062499997,67.47492238478702],[-164.24560546874997,67.23806155909902],[-164.091796875,67.02458758377148],[-163.10302734375,66.87834504307976],[-163.05908203125,66.73990169639414],[-162.66357421875,66.58321725728175],[-162.333984375,66.48697584176404],[-162.3779296875,66.34632215978135],[-163.2568359375,66.31103501145373],[-163.19091796875,66.55700652350038],[-163.76220703124997,66.73990169639414],[-164.46533203125,66.69647781801481],[-165.30029296875,66.55700652350038],[-166.1572265625,66.41674787052298],[-166.9482421875,66.24916310923315],[-167.3876953125,66.01801815922045],[-168.42041015625,65.56754970214311],[-168.02490234375,65.33017791526855],[-167.45361328125,65.18303007291382],[-166.9921875,64.86760781632728],[-166.7724609375,64.49172504435471],[-165.69580078124997,64.24459476798195],[-164.59716796875,64.29229248039543],[-164.13574218749997,64.26368374017731],[-163.49853515625,64.18724867664994],[-162.5537109375,64.27322328178595],[-161.82861328124997,64.24459476798195],[-161.52099609375,63.93737246791484],[-163.125,63.68524808030715],[-163.93798828125,63.41119772365924],[-164.5751953125,63.32254947641308],[-165.41015625,63.15435519659187],[-165.78369140625,62.75472592723178],[-166.26708984375,62.42090322195164],[-166.5966796875,62.155240711732425],[-166.48681640625,61.616843178481375],[-166.2451171875,61.23853141060282],[-165.849609375,60.8663124746226],[-166.5966796875,60.56537850464181],[-167.34375,60.468050120874615],[-167.80517578125,60.20707506634915],[-167.8271484375,60.09771842541544],[-167.89306640624997,59.93300042374631],[-167.03613281249997,59.712097173322924],[-166.640625,59.61221219518693],[-165.95947265624997,59.60109549032134],[-165.47607421874997,59.74532608213611],[-165.10253906249997,59.95501026206206],[-164.794921875,59.987997631212224],[-164.72900390624997,59.7563950493563],[-164.46533203125,59.54545678424146],[-163.8720703125,59.54545678424146],[-163.14697265625,59.60109549032134],[-162.26806640625,59.62332522313024],[-162.20214843749997,59.17592824927136],[-162.35595703125,58.81374171570782],[-162.57568359375,58.6769376725869],[-162.09228515625,58.39019698411526],[-161.455078125,58.39019698411526],[-160.68603515625,58.44773280389084],[-160.1806640625,58.516651799363785],[-159.71923828125,58.58543569119917],[-159.43359375,58.47072082411973],[-159.08203125,58.33256713195789],[-158.55468749999997,58.286395482881034],[-158.44482421874997,58.619777025081675],[-157.60986328125,58.52812515905843],[-158.00537109375,58.00809779306888],[-158.48876953125,57.468589192089354],[-159.49951171875,56.84897198026975],[-161.0595703125,56.389583525613055],[-164.9267578125,54.97761367069628],[-165.9814453125,54.470037612805754],[-168.55224609375,53.73571574532637],[-173.232421875,52.92215137976296],[-175.62744140624997,52.3755991766591],[-177.86865234375,52.13348804077147],[-178.9453125,50.98609893339354],[-178.00048828125,51.440312757160115],[-176.8359375,51.467696956223364],[-175.36376953125,51.7406361640977],[-171.826171875,52.119998657638156],[-167.62939453124997,52.9883372533954],[-166.728515625,53.186287573913305],[-165.9375,53.553362785528094],[-165.30029296875,53.76170183021049],[-164.3115234375,54.149567212540525],[-163.89404296875,54.29088164657006],[-163.3447265625,54.18815548107151],[-162.26806640625,54.07228265560388],[-162.09228515625,54.3549556895541],[-161.89453125,54.7246201949245],[-161.0595703125,54.80068486732233],[-160.400390625,54.67383096593114],[-159.19189453125,54.61025498157912],[-159.14794921875,55.07836723201515],[-158.79638671875,55.429013452407396],[-157.58789062499997,55.825973254619015],[-155.7421875,55.541064956111036],[-154.62158203125,56.01066647040695],[-153.47900390625,56.43820369358165],[-151.45751953125,57.397624055000456],[-151.4794921875,58.07787626787517],[-151.45751953125,58.75680543225761],[-149.74365234374997,59.38917842312835],[-148.51318359375,59.63443457494949],[-146.689453125,59.355596110016315],[-144.51416015625,59.75086102411168],[-144.3109130859375,59.87239799228177],[-143.8330078125,59.968758992382334],[-143.0694580078125,60.031929699115615],[-141.5533447265625,59.842055288480076],[-140.9051513671875,59.68160832698723],[-140.020751953125,59.478568831926395],[-139.1693115234375,59.234986238722],[-138.82873535156247,59.09138238455909],[-138.3233642578125,58.96983560365735],[-138.1146240234375,58.862064179600374],[-138.076171875,58.722598828043374],[-136.9775390625,58.19387126497797],[-136.56005859375,57.7862326105289],[-135.966796875,57.33838126552897],[-136.03271484375,57.052681978717494],[-135.81298828125,56.92099675839107],[-134.571533203125,55.8845546603819],[-134.2034912109375,55.56592203025787],[-133.8958740234375,55.263468250921285],[-133.7530517578125,55.06264118216743],[-133.6102294921875,54.64523407607479],[-133.2421875,54.635697306063854],[-130.6171417236328,54.70637513489091],[-130.62950134277344,54.72422365048395],[-130.62606811523438,54.73651472417763],[-130.65765380859375,54.762274228176494],[-130.62950134277344,54.78247406031503],[-130.5663299560547,54.79237225560392],[-130.49697875976562,54.82877675365454],[-130.42282104492188,54.87423625974835],[-130.34591674804688,54.91569803760518],[-130.27244567871094,54.97288463122321],[-130.18661499023438,55.062247951730015],[-130.18043518066406,55.091729515360875],[-130.15090942382812,55.12393783348962],[-130.14747619628906,55.14160209881279],[-130.10284423828125,55.19219635238084],[-129.97169494628906,55.28146181651345],[-129.97581481933594,55.30022902025666],[-130.02044677734375,55.33890835596374],[-130.0396728515625,55.45043679812318],[-130.0884246826172,55.496749338303694],[-130.12825012207028,55.58144971869657],[-130.10971069335938,55.68223010941079],[-130.14816284179688,55.71473455012689],[-130.15296936035156,55.7649857705176],[-130.12550354003906,55.80475427021683],[-130.0843048095703,55.82134464477078],[-130.00465393066406,55.90573012454021],[-130.00465393066406,55.9130425993163],[-130.0190734863281,55.912657766599715],[-130.00259399414062,56.00605986001467],[-130.10421752929688,56.12297419573329],[-130.24635314941406,56.09693875609652],[-130.3479766845703,56.12794955397159],[-130.42556762695312,56.14134155069025],[-130.4674530029297,56.24373146827144],[-130.55740356445312,56.249454174583384],[-130.5677032470703,56.25479459547735],[-130.62400817871094,56.2685236855868],[-130.78262329101562,56.36715174252849],[-131.08612060546875,56.40668363558357],[-131.16989135742188,56.44883107459549],[-131.473388671875,56.551913918713375],[-131.58119201660156,56.61204220477141],[-131.8352508544922,56.59843662755775],[-131.85997009277344,56.702620872371355],[-131.89979553222656,56.75347577609789],[-131.87232971191406,56.805765643008264],[-132.12432861328122,56.87374615531272],[-132.0467376708984,57.04521234171931],[-132.3687744140625,57.09149987857074],[-132.2472381591797,57.211056900559335],[-132.3680877685547,57.347273783306676],[-132.55210876464844,57.49516565182901],[-132.65853881835938,57.61562391374733],[-132.75466918945312,57.69680911844304],[-132.8693389892578,57.83853792318956],[-133.06983947753906,58.00082136594698],[-133.17283630371094,58.15404059343076],[-133.34518432617188,58.27628739957773],[-133.45985412597656,58.38731772556939],[-133.37608337402344,58.430481925680034],[-133.70567321777344,58.611194853078764],[-133.83956909179685,58.730440812979516],[-134.25979614257812,58.861354043320055],[-134.3360137939453,58.92414471817596],[-134.3140411376953,58.962755708753306],[-134.4060516357422,58.978683427688686],[-134.38133239746094,59.03878841190553],[-134.44656372070312,59.08820785301446],[-134.48501586914062,59.13121539881386],[-134.56329345703125,59.130510792073984],[-134.67933654785156,59.191757369765085],[-134.70130920410156,59.24973478117606],[-134.95742797851562,59.279914277804906],[-135.02883911132812,59.34649517787861],[-134.9897003173828,59.3877798237848],[-135.10093688964844,59.42622028594434],[-135.07827758789062,59.45275367774563],[-135.0274658203125,59.47473269180728],[-135.03021240234375,59.564245132658975],[-135.11810302734372,59.62367244601488],[-135.15586853027344,59.625061301654334],[-135.2190399169922,59.6632323288228],[-135.23345947265625,59.69650975428769],[-135.252685546875,59.69789559656873],[-135.36048889160156,59.73598378851403],[-135.4779052734375,59.79821644465919],[-135.94894409179688,59.6632323288228],[-136.1927032470703,59.63998787256213],[-136.34788513183594,59.60109549032134],[-136.25038146972656,59.56633207991906],[-136.24076843261716,59.55972296971678],[-136.24076843261716,59.52387204745182],[-136.3066864013672,59.46461714320982],[-136.36642456054688,59.4496126517294],[-136.47628784179688,59.46566371970234],[-136.46804809570312,59.28552611855346],[-136.49620056152344,59.27465233689575],[-136.4900207519531,59.26096748461385],[-136.5840911865234,59.166075318301345],[-136.8285369873047,59.16009179641602],[-136.8793487548828,59.13544273484683],[-137.28240966796875,59.0009698708429],[-137.449951171875,58.908900972391415],[-137.52548217773438,58.906418795609426],[-137.5000762939453,58.985760051467075],[-137.54127502441406,59.10478272378236],[-137.60787963867188,59.24376590151355],[-138.62617492675778,59.76746035005358],[-138.66600036621094,59.80961318716828],[-138.6797332763672,59.84481485969105],[-138.70582580566406,59.90650046741583],[-139.05258178710938,59.994179105518434],[-139.19952392578125,60.08950200748712],[-139.0711212158203,60.3187885497516],[-139.07386779785156,60.35243208301854],[-139.69253540039062,60.33544473468298],[-139.97955322265625,60.181818669034776],[-140.4595184326172,60.30858669066228],[-140.5199432373047,60.22003701633967],[-141.00128173828125,60.3058656567224],[-141.0007667541504,69.64681951728146]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-173.07586669921875,60.72157115165579],[-173.155517578125,60.69469537287745],[-173.15277099609375,60.64356945377967],[-173.08135986328125,60.61123754937553],[-173.04016113281247,60.58157148491742],[-173.08135986328125,60.53972302275651],[-173.089599609375,60.511343283202464],[-173.05938720703125,60.4788788301667],[-172.98248291015625,60.468050120874615],[-172.94677734374997,60.43689744859958],[-172.8424072265625,60.403001945865476],[-172.78472900390625,60.373144671593685],[-172.7105712890625,60.329667021005825],[-172.6611328125,60.3187885497516],[-172.5897216796875,60.309266913738156],[-172.49908447265625,60.31606836555203],[-172.4139404296875,60.3187885497516],[-172.35076904296875,60.3187885497516],[-172.30682373046872,60.29021531318375],[-172.2381591796875,60.29021531318375],[-172.17498779296875,60.30518536282736],[-172.2381591796875,60.333745513303114],[-172.34527587890625,60.378575303227215],[-172.364501953125,60.40164539086417],[-172.43041992187497,60.40571488624096],[-172.4798583984375,60.39757538658664],[-172.57598876953125,60.41249624776229],[-172.6556396484375,60.43689744859958],[-172.77374267578122,60.4788788301667],[-172.83416748046875,60.50052541051131],[-172.89459228515625,60.550527811064846],[-172.8863525390625,60.588316165776824],[-172.91656494140625,60.62606036274505],[-172.98797607421875,60.658377412327326],[-173.01544189453125,60.69469537287745],[-173.07586669921875,60.72157115165579]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-171.650390625,63.809167882566385],[-171.793212890625,63.82128765261384],[-171.80419921875,63.73147780336167],[-171.8426513671875,63.65601144183318],[-171.8865966796875,63.54365806976644],[-171.859130859375,63.42594585479083],[-171.7877197265625,63.34966546248425],[-171.62841796875,63.32501562217765],[-171.474609375,63.28306240110864],[-171.353759765625,63.29540792564745],[-171.2548828125,63.33980806067484],[-171.1395263671875,63.38413977217118],[-171.002197265625,63.389061297647125],[-170.760498046875,63.34966546248425],[-170.57373046875,63.32501562217765],[-170.41992187499997,63.27812271092345],[-170.343017578125,63.1989725264735],[-170.3594970703125,63.156835740093236],[-170.2496337890625,63.156835740093236],[-170.145263671875,63.156835740093236],[-170.0408935546875,63.14194929585152],[-169.9090576171875,63.087300267152735],[-169.8321533203125,63.03753005973634],[-169.7991943359375,62.990169510232555],[-169.8101806640625,62.95522304515911],[-169.74975585937497,62.922735326966595],[-169.617919921875,62.91523303947614],[-169.54650878906247,62.9502272814474],[-169.4915771484375,62.97270150065472],[-169.508056640625,62.99765260346662],[-169.4970703125,63.04251090966805],[-169.43664550781247,63.08978654472616],[-169.34326171874997,63.11712157280328],[-169.178466796875,63.13946747896222],[-169.1070556640625,63.14443090047572],[-168.958740234375,63.104699747121074],[-168.760986328125,63.112153479825004],[-168.67309570312497,63.203925767041305],[-168.662109375,63.26576978358972],[-168.7115478515625,63.3348780927218],[-168.92578125,63.366907787681754],[-169.07958984374997,63.366907787681754],[-169.25537109375,63.37183226679281],[-169.420166015625,63.376755901872734],[-169.5245361328125,63.389061297647125],[-169.6124267578125,63.43331707559086],[-169.705810546875,63.46278300222105],[-169.8211669921875,63.46523712749102],[-169.947509765625,63.48976680530999],[-170.0079345703125,63.59011870211632],[-170.0958251953125,63.658448979940175],[-170.2386474609375,63.704722429433225],[-170.4638671875,63.73390885572919],[-170.5902099609375,63.721751503619956],[-170.7659912109375,63.6779417467744],[-171.2164306640625,63.648697570849286],[-171.474609375,63.6779417467744],[-171.54052734375,63.75334975181205],[-171.650390625,63.809167882566385]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-170.40618896484375,57.022794415389725],[-170.3155517578125,57.043718234032625],[-170.22216796875,57.119841130872615],[-170.1947021484375,57.14518072479997],[-170.11505126953125,57.18985535714817],[-170.08209228515625,57.227042992549855],[-170.07110595703125,57.271618718194446],[-170.189208984375,57.23893512461504],[-170.2386474609375,57.22852971878346],[-170.32928466796875,57.22852971878346],[-170.3704833984375,57.22406936030381],[-170.49407958984375,57.20473490715757],[-170.41992187499997,57.12878649751151],[-170.364990234375,57.11387635258491],[-170.42266845703125,57.06910989239133],[-170.46112060546875,57.033257797376066],[-170.40618896484375,57.022794415389725]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-169.8321533203125,56.62904228542147],[-169.8211669921875,56.60486209416893],[-169.7991943359375,56.586716786451156],[-169.71405029296875,56.565536245992064],[-169.71405029296875,56.551913918713375],[-169.63165283203125,56.51707901932375],[-169.56024169921875,56.515563731608296],[-169.5025634765625,56.553427752820355],[-169.43115234375,56.58369172128337],[-169.43664550781247,56.626020608371924],[-169.56024169921875,56.63055303322322],[-169.6783447265625,56.62450967912138],[-169.8321533203125,56.62904228542147]]]}}]}","contact":"Director,
Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
Beach erosion is a persistent problem along most open-ocean shores of the United States. Along the Arctic coast of Alaska, coastal erosion is widespread and threatens communities, defense and energy-related infrastructure, and coastal habitat. As coastal populations continue to expand and infrastructure and habitat are increasingly threatened by erosion, there is increased demand for accurate information regarding past and present trends and rates of shoreline movement.
Shoreline change was evaluated by comparing three to four historical shoreline positions derived from 1950s-era topographic surveys and black and white aerial photography, 1980s-era color-infrared Alaska High-Altitude Aerial Photography, 2003 natural color aerial photography, and 2010s-era natural color aerial photography. Long-term (1950s–2010s) and short-term (1980s–2010s) shoreline change rates were calculated using linear-regression and end-point methods, respectively, at transects spaced approximately every 50 meters along both the mainland and barrier island coasts.
Shoreline change rates calculated on more than 24,000 individual transects indicate that between 1948 and 2016 the northern coast of Alaska between Icy Cape and Cape Prince of Wales was slightly erosional, with 68 percent of the total transects showing shoreline retreat over the long term and 63 percent over the short term. However, only 9 percent of the total transects showed shoreline retreat greater than 1 meter per year (m/yr) over the long and short term, respectively. Mean rates of shoreline change of −0.2±0.1 and −0.2±0.3 m/yr, were calculated for the long and short term, respectively. Many rates measured were near the limit of our shoreline change uncertainty estimates. Erosion and accretion rates on individual transects ranged from −8.3 to +9.6 m/yr over the long term and −16.0 to +20.0 m/yr over the short-term analysis periods. The highest rates of erosion and accretion were associated with the formation and migration of inlets along barrier island coasts. The highest erosional rates of change were measured in the southern part of the study area between Sullivan Lake and Cape Prince of Wales. The highest accretional rates of change were measured in the northern part of the study area on the open-ocean coast of barrier islands fronting Kasegaluk Lagoon.
Open-ocean exposed shorelines compose 85 percent of all transects and 70 percent were erosional over the long term. Sheltered mainland-lagoon shorelines compose 15 percent of all transects in the study area and 58 percent were erosional over the long term. Although mean shoreline change rates were quite low along all coasts, exposed shorelines retreated at twice the rate (−0.2±0.1 m/yr) of sheltered shorelines (−0.1±0.1 m/yr). Barrier shoreline transects (includes barrier islands, spits, and beaches) compose 49 percent of the total transects and 56 percent of all exposed shoreline transects. Mean shoreline change rates on exposed barrier shorelines were only slightly greater than exposed mainland shorelines (−0.3±0.1 and −0.2±0.1 m/yr, respectively). Mean shoreline change rates on sheltered barrier shorelines were similar to sheltered mainland shorelines (−0.1±0.3 m/yr).
In contrast to the majority of the Nation’s shorelines, for all but three months of the year (July–September), the north coast of Alaska has historically been protected by landfast sea ice from processes such as waves, winds, and currents that typically drive coastal change on beaches in more temperate regions of the world. Projected and observed increases in periods of sea-ice-free conditions, as sea ice melts earlier and forms later in the year, particularly in the autumn, when large storms are more common in the Arctic, suggest that Arctic coasts will be more vulnerable to storm surge and wave energy, potentially resulting in accelerated shoreline erosion and terrestrial habitat loss in the future. Increases in air and sea water temperatures may also increase erosion of the ice-rich, coastal permafrost bluffs present along much of Alaska’s Arctic coast. More frequent shoreline change data collection and analysis in this rapidly changing environment should be considered in order to evaluate shoreline change trends in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191146","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, A.E., Snyder, A.G., and Richmond, B.M., 2019, National assessment of shoreline change — Historical shoreline change along the north coast of Alaska, Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1146, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191146.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 52 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111408","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399433,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109572.htm"},{"id":370888,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1146/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":370889,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1146/ofr20191146.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1146"},{"id":370890,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9H1S1PV","linkHelpText":"National assessment of shoreline change—A GIS compilation of updated vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the north coast of Alaska, Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.1194,\n 65.5739\n ],\n [\n -160.9839,\n 65.5739\n ],\n [\n -160.9839,\n 70.3322\n ],\n [\n -168.1194,\n 70.3322\n ],\n [\n -168.1194,\n 65.5739\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Throughout the western United States, efforts are underway to better understand and preserve migration and movement corridors for mule deer and other big game and to minimize the impacts of development and other land-use change on populations. San Diego County is home to a unique non-migratory subspecies of mule deer, the Southern mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus; herein referred to as “mule deer”). Because it is the only large herbivorous mammal in San Diego, connectivity among mule deer groups is an important indicator of functional connectivity throughout San Diego County urban preserves and has therefore been monitored within central and eastern San Diego County using DNA fingerprinting since 2005. To continue this effort and to assess genetic connectivity in north San Diego County (herein “North County”), we genotyped scat samples from preserves in the area and tissue samples from Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton (MCBCP). We used non-invasive capture/recapture analyses and pedigree analyses for assessing short-term movement and population clustering analyses to assess gene flow in North County. Additionally, we performed similar analyses on the combined San Diego County dataset, which was composed of the North County dataset collected for this study and a previously collected dataset from central and eastern San Diego County. Using recapture data, we found multiple instances of mule deer crossing roads in urban North County preserves, with several of these events occurring in areas where there are underpasses and culverts known to be used by mule deer. Corroborating previous studies in the region and statewide, pedigree and population structure analyses support the presence of two genetic clusters for mule deer in San Diego County—the “Coastal” and “Inland/Mountain” clusters. Low estimates of effective population size, especially in the Coastal cluster, suggest that to further understand potential vulnerabilities of mule deer in this region, it is important to continue to monitor connectivity, in particular, at the boundary between these two clusters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191138","usgsCitation":"Mitelberg, A., Smith, J.G., and Vandergast, A.G., 2019, DNA Fingerprinting of Southern mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus) in north San Diego County, California (2018–19): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1138, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191138.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112707","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437245,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YXWXA9","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Microsatellite Genetic Marker Genotypes from Southern Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus) Sampled in San Diego County, California"},{"id":370869,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1138/ofr20191138.pdf","text":"Report","size":"31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":370868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1138/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -116.05957031249999,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -116.05957031249999,\n 33.25706340236547\n ],\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 33.25706340236547\n ],\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 32.713355353177555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Investments in landscape-scale restoration and fuels management projects can protect publicly managed trusts, enhance public health and safety, and help to preserve the many environmental goods and services enjoyed by the public. These investments can also support jobs and generate business sales activities within nearby local economies. This report investigates how investments made by the Rio Grande Water Fund (RGWF) on wildfire risk reduction and source water protection projects in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado affect local economic activity. To implement these projects, the RGWF spent a total of $855,000 in 2018 on contractors located in the Western States regional economy. Including direct and secondary effects, these expenditures supported an estimated 22 jobs, $1,089,000 in labor income, $1,324,000 in value added, and $1,907,000 in economic output in the 17 Western States economy. The majority (73 percent or $623,000) of these expenditures were made by hiring local businesses operating within a 13-county region in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado that comprises the RGWF project area. Including direct and secondary effects, local expenditures support an estimate 15 jobs, $676,000 in labor income, $791,000 in value added, and $1,120,000 in economic output within the 13-county RGWF project area. These results demonstrate how investments in wildfire risk reduction and source water protection projects can support jobs and livelihoods, small businesses, and rural economies in the Mountain West.
","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy","usgsCitation":"Huber, C., Cullinane Thomas, C., Meldrum, J.R., Meier, R., and Bassett, S., 2019, Economic effects of wildfire risk reduction and source water protection projects in the Rio Grande River Basin in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1108, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191108.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399416,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109581.htm"},{"id":370215,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1108/ofr20191108.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.71 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1108"},{"id":370214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1108/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.6408,\n 34.2403\n ],\n [\n -103.6667,\n 34.2403\n ],\n [\n -103.6667,\n 37.3417\n ],\n [\n -107.6408,\n 37.3417\n ],\n [\n -107.6408,\n 34.2403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118
North American sea ducks generally breed in mid- to northern-latitude regions and nearly all rely upon marine habitats for much of their annual cycle. Most sea duck species remained poorly studied until the 1990s when declines were noted in several species and populations. Subsequent research, much of which was funded by the Sea Duck Joint Venture, began in the late 1990s with an emphasis on defining use areas throughout the annual cycle, migration patterns, and determining if there were distinct populations, within species, across North America. These studies relied largely upon satellite telemetry information to identify winter, breeding, and molting areas of sea ducks. New information from band recovery and genetic markers was added, contributing to hypotheses and initial conclusions about population delineation. Information on population units across North America is critical for identifying appropriate scales for evaluating population status and trends through annual monitoring surveys, harvest assessments, habitat protection and measuring effectiveness of management applications. Previous descriptions of population segments were for single species or smaller groups of similar species. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the general distribution and population segments of 13 species of sea ducks in North America by comparing range maps to long-term band recovery, genetic, and satellite telemetry data to inform population delineation assessments and future research. These comparisons show a high degree of consistency in population patterns for most species across the independent data types. These maps provide a foundation for developing new hypothesis-driven research to address remaining knowledge gaps and questions about population differentiation, annual cycle distribution, habitat use, and harvest assessment.
","largerWorkTitle":"USGS Open File Report","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191142","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Sea Duck Joint Venture Continental Technical Team","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., Flint, P.L., Whalen, M.E., Sonsthagen, S.A., Stiller, J., Patil, V.P., Bowman, T., Boyd, S., Badzinski, S.S., Gilchrist, H.G., Gilliland, S.G., Lepage, C., Loring, P., McAuley, D., McLellan, N.R., Osenkowski, J., Reed, E.T., Roberts, A.J., Robertson, M.O., Rothe, T., Safine, D.E., Silverman, E.D., and Spragens, D., 2019, Visualizing populations of North American Sea Ducks—Maps to guide research and management planning: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1142, 50 p., plus appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191142.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-109661","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437250,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93EF3TH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking Data for Black Scoter (Melanitta americana)"},{"id":370662,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1142/ofr20191142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2019-1142"},{"id":370661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1142/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Russia, United States","otherGeospatial":"North America","contact":"Director,
Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are invasive bivalves that have perturbed aquatic ecosystems within North America since their introduction in the mid-1980s. Control of zebra mussels has largely been restricted to raw water conveyance systems and associated infrastructures because few control products are registered for application in surface waters. The biopesticide Zequanox was registered in 2014 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for controlling dreissenid mussels (zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) in surface waters. Previous Zequanox applications in surface waters have used vertical impermeable-membrane barriers to contain treated water. Studies have indicated that uncontained applications may be successful if Zequanox suspensions of the correct viscosity are applied to facilitate the creation of stratified benthic treatment layer. In this study, Zequanox was applied to replicate 0.30-hectare plots within a small inland lake using a custom-engineered, boat-mounted application system to determine if uncontained Zequanox applications could be used to manage zebra mussel populations and to protect native unionid mussels within zebra mussel infested waters. To determine success, the following specific objectives were investigated during, 30 days after, and/or 1 year after Zequanox exposure: (1) evaluate Zequanox concentrations during exposure; (2) monitor water quality during and after exposure; (3) evaluate the mortality of zebra mussels that were caged within treatment zones during the exposures; (4) evaluate the densities of naturally occurring zebra mussels with treatment zones before and after Zequanox exposure; and (5) evaluate the survival, condition, and dreissenid infestation of native mussels in the treatment zones before and after Zequanox exposure. Zequanox rapidly dissipated from the treated plots, resulting in no appreciable treatment-related mortality of zebra mussels and insignificant impacts to water quality. Zequanox exposure-related impacts to native mussels were not observed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Luoma, J.A., Waller, D.L., Severson, T.J., Barbour, M.T., Wise, J.K., Lord, E.G., Bartsch, L.A., and Bartsch, M.R., Assessment of uncontained Zequanox applications for zebra mussel control in a Midwestern lake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1126, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191126.","productDescription":"viii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-108267","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437255,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90JY18D","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Assessment of uncontained Zequanox applications in a Midwestern lake code"},{"id":437254,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZPKI64","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Assessment of uncontained Zequanox applications in a Midwestern lake data"},{"id":370446,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1126/ofr20191126.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.33 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1126"},{"id":370445,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1126/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Emmet County","otherGeospatial":"Round Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-84.7494,45.7823],[-84.7448,45.7822],[-84.733,45.7866],[-84.7304,45.7866],[-84.7321,45.7226],[-84.7314,45.5492],[-84.7318,45.4624],[-84.7314,45.3774],[-84.7318,45.2878],[-84.9761,45.289],[-84.9765,45.2702],[-84.9868,45.274],[-84.9933,45.2745],[-84.9998,45.2719],[-85.005,45.2715],[-85.0108,45.2734],[-85.0146,45.2789],[-85.0183,45.2858],[-85.0189,45.2904],[-85.0161,45.2967],[-85.023,45.3064],[-85.0407,45.328],[-85.049,45.335],[-85.0976,45.3355],[-85.097,45.367],[-85.0872,45.3665],[-85.0743,45.3663],[-85.0419,45.3628],[-85.0229,45.3694],[-85.0171,45.3708],[-85.0145,45.3712],[-84.9925,45.3686],[-84.9748,45.3749],[-84.9728,45.3757],[-84.9559,45.3783],[-84.9481,45.3809],[-84.9239,45.3898],[-84.9192,45.3939],[-84.9156,45.4075],[-84.9168,45.4126],[-84.9232,45.4181],[-84.9341,45.4224],[-84.9529,45.4249],[-84.9743,45.426],[-84.9808,45.4261],[-84.9859,45.428],[-84.9886,45.4267],[-84.9899,45.4262],[-84.9912,45.4249],[-84.9906,45.4239],[-84.9854,45.4225],[-84.9848,45.422],[-84.9835,45.4202],[-84.9823,45.4179],[-84.999,45.4236],[-85.001,45.424],[-85.0074,45.4264],[-85.0145,45.4292],[-85.0345,45.4326],[-85.0429,45.4368],[-85.0493,45.4397],[-85.0564,45.4457],[-85.0621,45.4499],[-85.0691,45.455],[-85.0767,45.4637],[-85.0844,45.472],[-85.0952,45.4817],[-85.0965,45.4827],[-85.0977,45.4863],[-85.0995,45.4959],[-85.1006,45.5014],[-85.1063,45.5088],[-85.112,45.5189],[-85.1138,45.5253],[-85.1169,45.5322],[-85.1181,45.5396],[-85.1186,45.5446],[-85.1191,45.5501],[-85.1184,45.556],[-85.1188,45.5647],[-85.1194,45.5693],[-85.1199,45.5762],[-85.1192,45.5794],[-85.1046,45.5938],[-85.1,45.5961],[-85.096,45.6002],[-85.0926,45.6038],[-85.088,45.6097],[-85.0773,45.6214],[-85.0765,45.6278],[-85.0679,45.6355],[-85.037,45.6457],[-85.0081,45.6555],[-85.0002,45.6609],[-84.9968,45.6668],[-84.9946,45.6782],[-84.9939,45.6791],[-84.9893,45.6809],[-84.9821,45.6812],[-84.9749,45.6848],[-84.9629,45.6966],[-84.9549,45.7038],[-84.9464,45.7074],[-84.9423,45.7114],[-84.9389,45.7215],[-84.9432,45.7293],[-84.9586,45.7423],[-84.9716,45.7438],[-84.976,45.7489],[-84.9766,45.7521],[-84.9792,45.7535],[-84.9818,45.7526],[-84.9845,45.7512],[-84.9909,45.7541],[-84.9929,45.7545],[-84.9961,45.7546],[-85.002,45.7537],[-85.0066,45.7533],[-85.0144,45.7575],[-85.0143,45.7589],[-85.0104,45.7598],[-85.0078,45.7607],[-84.9915,45.7573],[-84.9576,45.7578],[-84.9406,45.7585],[-84.9308,45.758],[-84.9269,45.757],[-84.9217,45.7556],[-84.9076,45.7472],[-84.9043,45.7467],[-84.9004,45.7466],[-84.8971,45.747],[-84.8912,45.7511],[-84.8898,45.752],[-84.8859,45.7542],[-84.8826,45.7556],[-84.8806,45.7555],[-84.8787,45.7555],[-84.8774,45.7555],[-84.867,45.7522],[-84.8598,45.7512],[-84.8521,45.7488],[-84.8437,45.7464],[-84.8398,45.7454],[-84.8358,45.7458],[-84.8325,45.7481],[-84.8272,45.7508],[-84.8239,45.7521],[-84.8213,45.7525],[-84.8187,45.7511],[-84.8136,45.7469],[-84.8097,45.7464],[-84.8071,45.7455],[-84.8032,45.7463],[-84.7946,45.7495],[-84.7866,45.7557],[-84.7832,45.7617],[-84.7805,45.7676],[-84.7804,45.7689],[-84.7824,45.7699],[-84.7869,45.7699],[-84.7882,45.7704],[-84.7868,45.7731],[-84.7906,45.7778],[-84.7926,45.7792],[-84.7899,45.7823],[-84.7859,45.7855],[-84.7767,45.7877],[-84.7734,45.7876],[-84.7636,45.787],[-84.7494,45.7823]]],[[[-85.0618,45.7644],[-85.0665,45.7627],[-85.0684,45.7627],[-85.0697,45.7631],[-85.071,45.7641],[-85.0716,45.765],[-85.0709,45.7673],[-85.0696,45.7686],[-85.0663,45.7695],[-85.061,45.7713],[-85.0584,45.7704],[-85.0572,45.7694],[-85.0572,45.7685],[-85.0579,45.7676],[-85.0599,45.7658],[-85.0618,45.7644]]],[[[-85.0162,45.7607],[-85.0175,45.7603],[-85.0228,45.7608],[-85.0234,45.7608],[-85.0266,45.7636],[-85.0272,45.7645],[-85.0265,45.7677],[-85.0238,45.7732],[-85.0225,45.7727],[-85.0219,45.7718],[-85.0206,45.7709],[-85.0193,45.7699],[-85.0174,45.7672],[-85.0155,45.7639],[-85.0162,45.7607]]],[[[-85.0371,45.761],[-85.0397,45.7601],[-85.043,45.761],[-85.0436,45.7615],[-85.0436,45.7647],[-85.0429,45.7665],[-85.0389,45.7688],[-85.0357,45.7664],[-85.0344,45.7641],[-85.0371,45.761]]],[[[-85.1667,45.6754],[-85.1693,45.675],[-85.172,45.6755],[-85.1739,45.6773],[-85.1738,45.68],[-85.1692,45.6809],[-85.166,45.6795],[-85.1647,45.6777],[-85.1667,45.6754]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Emmet\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Rd.
La Crosse, WI 54603
This report presents economic principles and applications as they pertain to the U.S. Geological Survey’s U.S. Coal Resources and Reserves Assessment Project. This report compares commercial and governmental applications of economic principles and evaluation techniques. Common practices are described for evaluating the commercial investment potential of coal properties and calculating the government reserve potential of major U.S. coal basins. This report discusses economic principles that are applicable to typical mining feasibility studies as well as those categories and cost items that are often misused.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191082","usgsCitation":"Pierce, P.E., 2019, Economic analysis for U.S. Geological Survey coal basin assessments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1082, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191082.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-090621","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1082/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":370385,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1082/ofr20191082.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1082"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.958984375,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -123.48632812499999,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -124.98046874999999,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -119.267578125,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -115.13671875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -110.830078125,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -107.9296875,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -106.5234375,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n -103.35937499999999,\n 28.536274512989916\n ],\n [\n -102.568359375,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.509904531413927\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 26.509904531413927\n ],\n [\n -95.80078125,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -93.955078125,\n 28.76765910569123\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -88.24218749999999,\n 29.22889003019423\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 26.352497858154024\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 24.926294766395593\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 28.38173504322308\n ],\n [\n -81.03515625,\n 30.977609093348686\n ],\n [\n -79.453125,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -73.65234375,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -69.697265625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -70.57617187499999,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n -68.02734375,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -69.60937499999999,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -74.619140625,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -79.27734374999999,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -122.958984375,\n 49.38237278700955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver, CO 80225-0046
The National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR) is a scalable geospatial hydrography framework built from the High Resolution (1:24,000-scale or better) National Hydrography Dataset (NHD), nationally complete Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD), and ⅓-arc-second (10-meter ground spacing) 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) digital elevation model (DEM) data. The NHDPlus HR brings modeling and assessment to a local neighborhood level while nesting seamlessly into the national context.
NHDPlus HR is modeled after the highly successful NHDPlus version 2 (NHDPlus V2). Like the NHDPlus V2, the NHDPlus HR includes data for a nationally seamless network of stream reaches, elevation-based catchment areas, flow surfaces, and value-added attributes that enhance stream-network navigation, analysis, and data display. Users will find that the NHDPlus HR, however, provides much greater detail. This User’s Guide is intended to provide necessary information and guidance in the use of NHDPlus HR data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., McKay, L.D., Rea, A.H., Bondelid, T.R., Price, C.V., Dewald, T.G., and Johnston, C.M., 2019, User's guide for the national hydrography dataset plus (NHDPlus) high resolution: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1096, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191096.","productDescription":"Report: x, 66 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-091493","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399414,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109509.htm"},{"id":370353,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1096/ofr20191096.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1096"},{"id":369737,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1096/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":369736,"rank":1,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/national-hydrography/nhdplus-high-resolution","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"- NHDPlus High Resolution"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 55.36662484928637\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 56.145549500679074\n ],\n [\n -131.9677734375,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -135.3076171875,\n 59.833775202184206\n ],\n [\n -136.38427734375,\n 59.65664225341022\n ],\n [\n -136.6259765625,\n 59.23217626921806\n ],\n [\n -137.52685546875,\n 58.938673187948304\n ],\n [\n -137.65869140625,\n 59.33318942659219\n ],\n [\n -138.8232421875,\n 60.009970961180386\n ],\n [\n -139.21874999999997,\n 60.108670463036\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 60.403001945865476\n ],\n [\n -139.85595703125,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -140.99853515625,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 69.71810669906763\n ],\n [\n -143.4375,\n 70.17020068549206\n ],\n [\n -145.1953125,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n 70.58341752317065\n ],\n [\n -152.40234375,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n -152.314453125,\n 70.95969716686398\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 70.8734913192635\n ],\n [\n -162.0703125,\n 70.31873847853124\n ],\n [\n -163.916015625,\n 69.06856318696033\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.942606818121\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.26938680456564\n ],\n [\n -163.30078125,\n 66.86108230224609\n ],\n [\n -161.982421875,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.08936427047088\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.6181218846659\n ],\n [\n -165.76171875,\n 66.40795547978848\n ],\n [\n -168.0908203125,\n 65.69447579373418\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 65.14611484756372\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 65.05360170595502\n ],\n [\n -166.3330078125,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -162.861328125,\n 64.39693778132846\n ],\n [\n -160.927734375,\n 64.90491004905083\n ],\n [\n -161.0595703125,\n 64.47279382008166\n ],\n [\n -161.4990234375,\n 64.49172504435471\n ],\n [\n -160.8837890625,\n 63.87939001720202\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 63.470144746565424\n ],\n [\n -162.6416015625,\n 63.64625919492172\n ],\n [\n -163.212890625,\n 63.05495931065107\n ],\n [\n -164.2236328125,\n 63.37183226679281\n ],\n [\n -166.1572265625,\n 61.75233128411639\n ],\n [\n -165.3662109375,\n 60.54377524118842\n ],\n [\n -167.431640625,\n 60.326947742998414\n ],\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 59.866883195210214\n ],\n [\n -165.8935546875,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n -162.68554687499997,\n 59.734253447591364\n ],\n [\n -162.3779296875,\n 60.174306261926034\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 59.46740794183739\n ],\n [\n -162.0263671875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 58.768200159239576\n ],\n [\n -162.20214843749997,\n 58.65408464530598\n ],\n [\n -160.83984375,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 58.6769376725869\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 58.309488840677645\n ],\n [\n -156.88476562499997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 58.516651799363785\n ],\n [\n -157.8076171875,\n 57.61010702068388\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -168.6181640625,\n 53.4357192066942\n ],\n [\n -174.9462890625,\n 52.26815737376817\n ],\n [\n -178.2421875,\n 51.83577752045248\n ],\n [\n -173.1884765625,\n 51.590722643120145\n ],\n [\n -162.5537109375,\n 54.23955053156177\n ],\n [\n -155.302734375,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -151.4794921875,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -146.9970703125,\n 60.08676274626006\n ],\n [\n -145.546875,\n 60.21799073323445\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 59.93300042374631\n ],\n [\n -138.3837890625,\n 58.83649009392136\n ],\n [\n -135.6591796875,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 54.521081495443596\n ],\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -69.2578125,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 42.87596410238256\n ],\n [\n -82.68310546875,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -83.49609375,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 47.96050238891509\n ],\n [\n -90.76904296874999,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 48.37084770238366\n ],\n [\n -92.39501953125,\n 48.23930899024907\n ],\n [\n -92.94433593749999,\n 48.61838518688487\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 48.63290858589535\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 49.23912083246698\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.396675075193976\n ],\n [\n -95.20751953125,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 48.66194284607006\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 48.32703913063476\n ],\n [\n -124.78271484375,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 41.22824901518529\n ],\n [\n -124.73876953125,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.491230287947594\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.297327991404266\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -104.47998046875,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -103.20556640625,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -102.65625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -101.49169921875,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 28.246327971048842\n ],\n [\n -99.60205078124999,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -99.47021484375,\n 27.31321389856826\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.52956523826758\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -97.75634765625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 27.858503954841247\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -88.22021484375,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -87.91259765625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -85.2978515625,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 28.555576049185973\n ],\n [\n -83.21044921875,\n 27.800209937418252\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 25.264568475331583\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 24.56710835257599\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 25.34402602913433\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -80.66162109375,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 34.07086232376631\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -73.58642578125,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -69.63134765625,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -70.3564453125,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -67.2802734375,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -67.0166015625,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 18.771115062337024\n ],\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 19.642587534013032\n ],\n [\n -156.9287109375,\n 21.453068633086783\n ],\n [\n -159.521484375,\n 22.43134015636061\n ],\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 21.983801417384697\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 21.207458730482642\n ],\n [\n -158.291015625,\n 20.92039691397189\n ],\n [\n -156.97265625,\n 19.932041306115536\n ],\n [\n -155.9619140625,\n 18.8543103618898\n ],\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 18.771115062337024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.060546875,\n 18.020527657852337\n ],\n [\n -66.2255859375,\n 17.916022703877665\n ],\n [\n -65.6103515625,\n 17.97873309555617\n ],\n [\n -65.2587890625,\n 18.124970639386515\n ],\n [\n -65.5224609375,\n 18.458768120015126\n ],\n [\n -66.11572265625,\n 18.542116654448996\n ],\n [\n -66.95068359374999,\n 18.60460138845525\n ],\n [\n -67.34619140625,\n 18.542116654448996\n ],\n [\n -67.2802734375,\n 17.99963161491187\n ],\n [\n -67.060546875,\n 18.020527657852337\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
Menlo Park, California
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are among the most impactful herbivores in the eastern United States. Legacy forest effects, those accrued from intense herbivory over time, manifest as low seedling regeneration, high cover of plant species that are infrequently browsed by deer, presence or expansion of nonnative or invasive plant species, few herbaceous species, and diminished capacity for recovery. Interfering vegetation (that is, species that increase in cover and density due to avoidance by deer, such as American beech sprouts, Pennsylvania sedge, and hay-scented fern) increase competition for light and hinder recruitment of trees into the forest canopy.
The lower Hudson Valley in New York has been heavily browsed by white-tailed deer since the early 20th century. The region has some of the lowest tree regeneration rates in New York State as a result of deer browsing and subsequent increases in interfering vegetation. The U.S. Geological Survey and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry studied sites where deer hunting is permitted (case sites) and nearby sites where hunting is currently prohibited (control sites) to assess and identify forest structure and composition differences.
Instead of using deer exclosures, which are time-consuming and expensive to install and maintain, we used a case-control study because such studies are well-suited to effects with long latency and rare outcomes. Case-control studies seek to describe the relation between an outcome of interest (in this study, forest understory recovery from chronic herbivory) and forest condition. We inferred recovery by comparing these characteristics on adjacent sites in the lower Hudson Valley with similar forest communities and land uses but different deer population management histories. Case plots were on lands where deer management has taken place annually for several decades. Control plots were on lands where deer populations have not been consistently managed to lowered abundance. We accounted for differences in forest recovery not attributable to deer by first matching case and control plots along several important environmental gradients (slope, aspect, elevation, moisture, canopy openness). By controlling for these gradients, we looked for associations between measured forest conditions and deer herbivory reduction through population management.
We surveyed more than 200 plots in upland forest types across case and control sites where we assessed forest condition by estimating density (number per unit area) and composition and cover (percent) of important vegetation constituents in ground, shrub, subcanopy, and canopy layers of the forest. We recorded 37 tree species, 22 shrub species, 57 herbaceous species, and 19 species of grasses and sedges in our plot surveys, including a number of nonnative and invasive plants. We also estimated the ages of a number of common canopy trees by counting rings from cores extracted from individual stems.
Effects of more than 100 years of chronic deer browsing manifested in low herbaceous ground cover and little to no tree recruitment (saplings) on lands without deer management. In contrast, sustained deer management resulted in forests with conditions that indicated substantial recovery from chronic herbivory in the ground, shrub, and subcanopy layers. Sites with ongoing deer management exhibited greater ground cover of tree seedlings and herbs and less ground cover of interfering vegetation and nonnative species. The well-developed sub-canopy layer of small trees, saplings, and tall shrubs on sites with deer management indicates a high potential for sapling recruitment to the canopy of the future forest.
Of the 25 subcanopy trees sampled on control sites, most were more than 100 years old, indicating little to no regeneration in areas sampled for more than 100 years. The forest canopy, a relic of land uses of bygone days, requires a source of young trees to replace itself as older trees die. Without an abundant layer of young trees in the subcanopy, a forest cannot be sustained over time. Reduction in deer herbivory promotes forest recovery and could benefit Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks (the control sites for the study), but removal of interfering vegetation may be necessary to mitigate legacy effects where they currently hinder ground layer recovery. To successfully promote a more desirable forest condition that includes elimination of nonnative plant species, promotion of tree recruitment into the forest canopy, and development of diverse and abundant herbaceous cover in ground layer vegetation, future management decisions could include information on herbivory reduction and management of interfering vegetation where necessary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation","usgsCitation":"Kilheffer, C.R., Underwood, H.B., Leopold, D.J., and Guerrieri, R., 2019, Evaluating legacy effects of hyperabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in forested stands of Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1116, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191116.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 35 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111113","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369987,"rank":2,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/3ZFKFS","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"- Data for evaluation of effects of white-tailed deer at Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks, New York"},{"id":370098,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1116/ofr20191116.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1116"},{"id":369982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1116/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Harriman, Bear Mountain State Parks","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-73.9525,41.59],[-73.9526,41.5841],[-73.9578,41.5751],[-73.9685,41.562],[-73.9866,41.5472],[-73.9948,41.5374],[-73.9975,41.526],[-73.9985,41.4788],[-74.0002,41.4543],[-73.9997,41.4498],[-73.9955,41.4475],[-73.9869,41.4451],[-73.9828,41.4401],[-73.9703,41.4222],[-73.9643,41.4135],[-73.9573,41.4016],[-73.9495,41.3947],[-73.9507,41.3916],[-73.9546,41.3834],[-73.9586,41.3699],[-73.9621,41.3472],[-73.9653,41.3432],[-73.9696,41.3391],[-73.9765,41.3338],[-73.9821,41.3279],[-73.9834,41.3248],[-73.9829,41.3212],[-73.971,41.306],[-73.9601,41.2982],[-73.9474,41.2921],[-73.9444,41.2907],[-73.9439,41.288],[-73.9476,41.2853],[-73.9638,41.271],[-73.9694,41.2652],[-73.9726,41.2616],[-73.9732,41.2584],[-73.9739,41.2552],[-73.9722,41.2511],[-73.9668,41.247],[-73.959,41.2378],[-73.9334,41.2057],[-73.9222,41.1888],[-73.9104,41.1705],[-73.8922,41.1417],[-73.8905,41.1321],[-73.892,41.0968],[-73.892,41.0677],[-73.8899,41.0523],[-73.8936,40.9965],[-73.9015,40.9976],[-73.9057,40.9994],[-73.9841,41.0339],[-74.0005,41.0409],[-74.0246,41.0521],[-74.1533,41.1098],[-74.2129,41.1344],[-74.2253,41.1395],[-74.2338,41.1431],[-74.3179,41.1791],[-74.3259,41.1823],[-74.3343,41.1864],[-74.3677,41.2033],[-74.3831,41.2111],[-74.4101,41.2248],[-74.5363,41.284],[-74.605,41.3152],[-74.6492,41.3359],[-74.6955,41.3576],[-74.6913,41.3598],[-74.6901,41.3621],[-74.69,41.3639],[-74.6912,41.3662],[-74.6934,41.3683],[-74.6938,41.3688],[-74.6962,41.3713],[-74.6985,41.373],[-74.7011,41.3753],[-74.7064,41.3803],[-74.7105,41.3842],[-74.7126,41.3866],[-74.7137,41.389],[-74.7154,41.3917],[-74.7175,41.3929],[-74.7205,41.3947],[-74.7247,41.3958],[-74.7278,41.3963],[-74.732,41.3973],[-74.7349,41.3987],[-74.7376,41.4003],[-74.7392,41.4025],[-74.7409,41.4066],[-74.7421,41.4094],[-74.7419,41.4103],[-74.7415,41.4123],[-74.7412,41.4145],[-74.7405,41.4166],[-74.7391,41.4197],[-74.7384,41.4229],[-74.7376,41.4261],[-74.7389,41.4286],[-74.7408,41.4298],[-74.7438,41.4305],[-74.7461,41.4303],[-74.7487,41.4287],[-74.7506,41.4274],[-74.7523,41.4328],[-74.7535,41.4373],[-74.7559,41.4401],[-74.7589,41.4451],[-74.7601,41.4501],[-74.7588,41.4573],[-74.7557,41.4614],[-74.7514,41.4659],[-74.7513,41.4686],[-74.7537,41.4741],[-74.7579,41.4814],[-74.7597,41.4868],[-74.7591,41.4896],[-74.756,41.4923],[-74.7541,41.4945],[-74.5928,41.4989],[-74.4781,41.5031],[-74.4743,41.5085],[-74.4688,41.5139],[-74.4668,41.522],[-74.4599,41.5302],[-74.4488,41.5364],[-74.4469,41.5423],[-74.4338,41.5545],[-74.4276,41.5589],[-74.4201,41.5666],[-74.4084,41.5724],[-74.3985,41.5778],[-74.3941,41.5809],[-74.3867,41.5854],[-74.3749,41.5889],[-74.3675,41.5916],[-74.3583,41.5938],[-74.3521,41.5982],[-74.3404,41.5954],[-74.3187,41.6084],[-74.3156,41.6115],[-74.2989,41.6182],[-74.281,41.6257],[-74.2754,41.6284],[-74.2667,41.6324],[-74.2606,41.6337],[-74.2502,41.6291],[-74.25,41.6059],[-74.2458,41.6036],[-74.1907,41.5913],[-74.187,41.5908],[-74.1858,41.5944],[-74.1282,41.5833],[-74.1325,41.6152],[-74.1246,41.6133],[-74.0983,41.6089],[-74.0886,41.5988],[-74.0677,41.604],[-74.0575,41.5926],[-74.0521,41.5816],[-73.9999,41.5855],[-73.9525,41.59]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Orange\",\"state\":\"NY\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708-4039
In 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey began a cooperative study with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection to characterize the local groundwater-flow system and identify potential sources of seeps on the southern embankment of the Hillview Reservoir in southern Westchester County, New York. The earthen embankment comprises low-permeability glacial clays that were excavated from the site and rest on a veneer of low-permeability glacial deposits that overlie crystalline bedrock. At least two groundwater-flow zones—one shallow and the other deep—overlie the bedrock at the reservoir. As part of the study, slug-test data from 38 screened wells were analyzed to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the sediments in the groundwater-flow zones. Slug-test data were collected from 12 wells at the Hillview Reservoir during August 2007 and from 25 wells at the reservoir and 1 monitoring well south of the reservoir in northern Bronx County in June 2012.
Hydraulic conductivity values at the reservoir ranged from 0.0012 to 2 feet per day. On the southern embankment, hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.0026 to 1 foot per day for wells screened in the shallow saturated zone; 0.0012 to 2 feet per day for wells screened in the deep saturated zone; and 0.021 to 0.27 foot per day for wells screened in the toe of the southern embankment, where the deep and shallow saturated zones coalesce. A hydraulic conductivity of 0.016 foot per day was determined for a well partially screened in the crystalline-bedrock aquifer, which potentially indicates an interconnection of transmissive fractures near the bedrock surface. The results of four slug-out tests are also included in this report to quality assure the hydraulic conductivity estimates from the slug-in test analysis. The results of the four slug-out tests were within 8 percent of slug-in test results, with an average of less than 2 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Noll, M.L., Chu, A., and Capurso, W.D., 2019, Slug-test analysis of selected wells at an earthen dam site in southern Westchester County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1102, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191102.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 14 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-095039","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399415,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109510.htm"},{"id":369616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1102/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":369866,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1102/ofr20191102.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1102"},{"id":369619,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9J404KW","text":"USGS data release","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"Data and analytical type-curve match for selected hydraulic tests in New York State"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Westchester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.87674808502196,\n 40.90551783054535\n ],\n [\n -73.86099815368652,\n 40.90551783054535\n ],\n [\n -73.86099815368652,\n 40.91821491609591\n ],\n [\n -73.87674808502196,\n 40.91821491609591\n ],\n [\n -73.87674808502196,\n 40.90551783054535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2045 Route 112, Building 4
Coram, NY 11727
A 3D geologic framework is presented here as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Crustal Model for the western United States, which will be used to improve seismic hazard assessment. The framework is based on 1:250,000 to 1:1,000,000-scale state geologic maps and depths of multiple subsurface unit boundaries. The geology at or near the Earth’s surface is based on published maps with modifications to remove discontinuities across state borders. Extrapolation of rock type and age in the subsurface is achieved by iterative stripping of units of a given age, nearest neighbor interpolation of the remaining units, and constraints on basement geology. The subsurface depth of the interfaces between units is determined by a range of models with varying quantity and quality of constraints. Bedrock depth is derived primarily from a proxy model with added geophysical constraint in some areas. The depths to the base of Cenozoic and Phanerozoic sedimentary and extrusive volcanic rocks are constrained by geophysical methods in many areas. Elsewhere, a simple method is used to estimate their subsurface depth based on the distance to the edge of the geologic units. The remaining continental units are evenly distributed above, below, and between depending on age. The oceanic crust is treated as a simple four-layer model with the added complexity of subduction beneath the North American plate along the Cascadia subduction zone.
Refinements to this technique may be accomplished in future versions of the model with more specific information including the location of faults to produce discontinuities in geologic structure and additional information obtained from boreholes and geophysical studies. Further improvements to the geologic framework may be made by incorporating information from more local studies, for example, hydrogeologic studies.
Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-966
Denver, CO 80225-0046
A Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States, entered June 7, 1954, established the position of Delaware River Master within the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, the Decree authorizes diversion of water from the Delaware River Basin and requires compensating releases from certain reservoirs, owned by New York City, to be made under the supervision and direction of the River Master. The Decree stipulates that the River Master will furnish reports to the Court, not less frequently than annually. This report is the 57th Annual Report of the River Master of the Delaware River. It covers the 2010 River Master report year, the period from December 1, 2009, to November 30, 2010.
During the report year, precipitation in the upper Delaware River Basin was 49.38 inches or 112 percent of the long-term average. Combined storage in Pepacton, Cannonsville, and Neversink Reservoirs remained high much of the year and did not decline below 80 percent of combined capacity until September 2010. A lower basin drought warning was issued by the Delaware River Basin Commission on September 24, 2010. It automatically ended on October 31, 2010, when the reservoir contents rose above drought levels, due in large part to heavy rainfall during the last week of September. River Master operations during the year were conducted as stipulated by the Decree and the Flexible Flow Management Program.
Diversions from the Delaware River Basin by New York City and New Jersey were in full compliance with the Decree. Reservoir releases were made as directed by the River Master at rates designed to meet the flow objective for the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey, on 81 days during the report year. Interim Excess Release Quantity and conservation releases, designed to relieve thermal stress and protect the fishery and aquatic habitat in the tailwaters of the reservoirs, were made during the report year.
The quality of water in the Delaware Estuary between Trenton, New Jersey, and Reedy Island Jetty, Delaware, was monitored at various locations. Data on water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected continuously by electronic instruments at four sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191093","usgsCitation":"Russell, K.L., Ockerman, D., Krejmas, B.E., Paulachok, G.N., and Mason, R.R., Jr., 2019, Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2009–November 30, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1093, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191093.","productDescription":"x, 128 p.","numberOfPages":"142","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-099205","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369615,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1093/ofr20191093.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1093"},{"id":368735,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1093/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 39.32579941789298\n ],\n [\n -74.608154296875,\n 39.32579941789298\n ],\n [\n -74.608154296875,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 39.32579941789298\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Deputy Delaware River Master
Office of the Delaware River Master
U.S. Geological Survey
120 Route 209 South
Milford, PA 18337
As much as 22 inches of rain fell in Oklahoma in May 2019, resulting in historic flooding along the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas. The flooding along the Arkansas River and its tributaries that began in May continued into June 2019. Peaks of record were measured at 12 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgages on various streams in eastern and northeastern Oklahoma. This report documents the peak streamflows and stages for seven selected streamgages along the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas. Most of the flood peaks occurred from May 26 to June 4, 2019. The historic flooding caused homes to fall into the river as a result of bank erosion, forced some towns to be evacuated, and resulted in the highest flood depths in Tulsa, Oklahoma, since 1986. Along the Arkansas River, peak streamflows were recorded at six of the seven selected USGS streamgages, with the seventh streamgage on the Arkansas River having the second highest peak of record at that site since regulation began.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191129","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Lewis, J.M., and Trevisan, A.R., 2019, Peak streamflow and stages at selected streamgages on the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas, May to June 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1129, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191129.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112483","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369335,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1129/ofr20191129.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.04 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1129"},{"id":369334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1129/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-94.042964,33.019219],[-94.043428,33.551425],[-94.061896,33.549764],[-94.073826,33.555834],[-94.067985,33.560961],[-94.056442,33.560998],[-94.056096,33.567252],[-94.066846,33.568909],[-94.069517,33.574162],[-94.09744,33.573719],[-94.119902,33.566999],[-94.122879,33.553112],[-94.126898,33.550647],[-94.131382,33.552934],[-94.136046,33.571388],[-94.143402,33.565505],[-94.151456,33.568387],[-94.14216,33.58139],[-94.156782,33.575749],[-94.161277,33.579271],[-94.161082,33.587972],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.194465,33.582886],[-94.217198,33.580737],[-94.211329,33.573774],[-94.201106,33.575851],[-94.192483,33.570425],[-94.189884,33.562454],[-94.196395,33.555123],[-94.203594,33.566546],[-94.208078,33.566911],[-94.226392,33.552912],[-94.250197,33.556765],[-94.251108,33.56528],[-94.236836,33.580914],[-94.236363,33.585992],[-94.242777,33.589709],[-94.257801,33.582508],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.290901,33.558872],[-94.290372,33.567905],[-94.280605,33.574908],[-94.287025,33.58241],[-94.301023,33.573022],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.319492,33.548864],[-94.33059,33.552692],[-94.33438,33.562536],[-94.344023,33.567824],[-94.352433,33.562172],[-94.34729,33.552197],[-94.355945,33.54318],[-94.386086,33.544923],[-94.399227,33.559903],[-94.380091,33.568943],[-94.378076,33.577019],[-94.382887,33.583268],[-94.403342,33.568424],[-94.412175,33.568691],[-94.430039,33.591124],[-94.439518,33.594154],[-94.451622,33.591361],[-94.458232,33.59827],[-94.471152,33.601588],[-94.469451,33.607316],[-94.452961,33.616986],[-94.452711,33.622621],[-94.460286,33.624421],[-94.462736,33.63091],[-94.448451,33.634497],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.459198,33.645146],[-94.464186,33.637655],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.528928,33.62184],[-94.529221,33.634437],[-94.533322,33.63766],[-94.552658,33.638246],[-94.552072,33.65348],[-94.572286,33.656995],[-94.569943,33.66637],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.586641,33.678968],[-94.603047,33.671351],[-94.621211,33.681018],[-94.64289,33.668421],[-94.648457,33.673401],[-94.652265,33.690979],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.707858,33.686876],[-94.711043,33.705669],[-94.719006,33.708217],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.737161,33.704713],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.759139,33.729557],[-94.767739,33.73752],[-94.768057,33.753446],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.824753,33.749305],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.849296,33.739585],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.87708,33.75222],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.886226,33.764594],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.917815,33.808704],[-94.924518,33.812792],[-94.944302,33.812138],[-94.949533,33.825708],[-94.964401,33.837021],[-94.968895,33.860916],[-94.988487,33.851],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-95.022325,33.859813],[-95.046568,33.862565],[-95.065492,33.899585],[-95.07126,33.901597],[-95.090441,33.89328],[-95.10077,33.912193],[-95.122365,33.918632],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.1247,33.934675],[-95.161109,33.937598],[-95.184075,33.950353],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.230491,33.960764],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.253095,33.905444],[-95.26385,33.899256],[-95.277846,33.900877],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.287865,33.874946],[-95.333452,33.886286],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.463346,33.872313],[-95.46291,33.885903],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.502304,33.874742],[-95.506085,33.87639],[-95.506234,33.886306],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.533283,33.881162],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.552085,33.888422],[-95.549145,33.90795],[-95.559414,33.930179],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.603657,33.927195],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.665338,33.908132],[-95.684831,33.890232],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.71354,33.885124],[-95.737508,33.895967],[-95.756367,33.892625],[-95.762559,33.874367],[-95.753513,33.856464],[-95.758016,33.85008],[-95.772067,33.843817],[-95.787891,33.856336],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.820596,33.858465],[-95.820784,33.840564],[-95.837516,33.83564],[-95.859469,33.852456],[-95.935198,33.887101],[-95.936631,33.870615],[-95.944284,33.859811],[-95.972156,33.856371],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.996748,33.864403],[-95.997709,33.852182],[-96.019599,33.840566],[-96.0219,33.849114],[-96.029463,33.852402],[-96.037191,33.841245],[-96.048834,33.836468],[-96.100095,33.847971],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.122951,33.839964],[-96.14807,33.837799],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.17589,33.814627],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.17515,33.801951],[-96.162123,33.79614],[-96.169452,33.770131],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.229023,33.748021],[-96.269896,33.768405],[-96.292482,33.766419],[-96.303009,33.750878],[-96.307035,33.719987],[-96.316925,33.698997],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.362198,33.691818],[-96.36959,33.716809],[-96.408469,33.751192],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.448045,33.781031],[-96.459154,33.775232],[-96.500268,33.772583],[-96.515912,33.787795],[-96.516584,33.803168],[-96.526655,33.820891],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.62929,33.845488],[-96.629747,33.850866],[-96.61197,33.869016],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.58536,33.888948],[-96.587934,33.894784],[-96.628294,33.894477],[-96.659896,33.916666],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.680947,33.896204],[-96.684727,33.862905],[-96.699574,33.839049],[-96.712422,33.831633],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.770676,33.829621],[-96.783485,33.863534],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.832157,33.874835],[-96.839778,33.868396],[-96.841592,33.852894],[-96.850593,33.847211],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.88301,33.868019],[-96.895728,33.896414],[-96.902434,33.942018],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.932252,33.955688],[-96.972542,33.935795],[-96.979818,33.941588],[-96.979347,33.95513],[-96.987892,33.954671],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.984939,33.904866],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-97.041245,33.837761],[-97.055416,33.841202],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.092112,33.804097],[-97.095236,33.794136],[-97.085218,33.765512],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.104525,33.722608],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.155066,33.724442],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.190397,33.781153],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.204995,33.81887],[-97.1997,33.827322],[-97.171627,33.835335],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.180845,33.895204],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.226522,33.914642],[-97.244946,33.903092],[-97.249209,33.875101],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.279108,33.864555],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.30749,33.878204],[-97.318243,33.865121],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.348338,33.843876],[-97.368744,33.821471],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.453057,33.828536],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.450954,33.891398],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.486505,33.916994],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.587441,33.902479],[-97.597115,33.917868],[-97.591514,33.9282],[-97.588828,33.951882],[-97.633778,33.981257],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.709684,33.954997],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.732267,33.936691],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.759399,33.91882],[-97.76377,33.914241],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.779683,33.899243],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.801578,33.885138],[-97.805423,33.877167],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.871447,33.849001],[-97.936743,33.879204],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.98454,33.900703],[-97.979985,33.911402],[-97.969873,33.905999],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.953395,33.936445],[-97.971175,33.937129],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.960351,33.951928],[-97.94595,33.988396],[-97.958325,33.990846],[-97.974173,34.006716],[-97.987388,33.999823],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-98.055197,33.995841],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.105482,34.031307],[-98.096177,34.044625],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.119417,34.084474],[-98.099328,34.104295],[-98.089755,34.128211],[-98.109462,34.154111],[-98.123377,34.15454],[-98.130816,34.150532],[-98.154354,34.122734],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.203711,34.117676],[-98.241013,34.133103],[-98.256467,34.129481],[-98.293901,34.13302],[-98.325445,34.151025],[-98.364023,34.157109],[-98.381238,34.149454],[-98.398441,34.128456],[-98.399777,34.099973],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.440092,34.084311],[-98.449034,34.073462],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.504182,34.072371],[-98.5282,34.094961],[-98.572451,34.145091],[-98.599789,34.160571],[-98.616733,34.156418],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.690072,34.133155],[-98.734287,34.135758],[-98.741966,34.12553],[-98.757037,34.124633],[-98.76557,34.136376],[-98.792015,34.143736],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.855585,34.161621],[-98.860125,34.149913],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.874872,34.155657],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.918333,34.181831],[-98.950396,34.21168],[-98.958475,34.213855],[-98.966302,34.201323],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.987294,34.221223],[-99.000761,34.217643],[-99.002916,34.208782],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-99.036273,34.206912],[-99.043471,34.198208],[-99.058084,34.200569],[-99.066465,34.208404],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.108758,34.203401],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.131885,34.207382],[-99.127525,34.213771],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.190146,34.22966],[-99.197153,34.244298],[-99.195605,34.280839],[-99.207561,34.283505],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.213476,34.310672],[-99.209724,34.324935],[-99.213135,34.340369],[-99.232606,34.34238],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.248969,34.375984],[-99.258696,34.372634],[-99.274926,34.384904],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.261321,34.403499],[-99.294648,34.415373],[-99.319606,34.408869],[-99.334037,34.427536],[-99.356713,34.442144],[-99.354837,34.449658],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.396902,34.418688],[-99.391492,34.405631],[-99.397253,34.377871],[-99.40296,34.373481],[-99.420432,34.380464],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.44076,34.374123],[-99.452648,34.388252],[-99.470969,34.396471],[-99.487219,34.397955],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.51428,34.414035],[-99.549242,34.412715],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.58006,34.416653],[-99.585442,34.388914],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.624197,34.373577],[-99.649662,34.379885],[-99.662705,34.37368],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.712682,34.390928],[-99.720259,34.406295],[-99.767234,34.430502],[-99.764882,34.435266],[-99.775743,34.444225],[-99.782986,34.444364],[-99.814313,34.476204],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.853066,34.511593],[-99.887147,34.549047],[-99.915771,34.565975],[-99.923211,34.574552],[-99.954567,34.578195],[-99.971555,34.562179],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-100.000406,36.499702],[-103.002434,36.500397],[-103.002199,37.000104],[-102.75986,37.000019],[-102.698142,36.995149],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-100.115722,37.002206],[-98.219499,36.997824],[-94.61808,36.998135],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-90.152481,36.497952],[-90.159305,36.492446],[-90.155997,36.490385],[-90.15946,36.481343],[-90.142269,36.472138],[-90.152888,36.47093],[-90.155804,36.463555],[-90.14153,36.462993],[-90.137323,36.455411],[-90.133993,36.437906],[-90.144139,36.425806],[-90.13559,36.422897],[-90.138653,36.414547],[-90.131038,36.415069],[-90.109495,36.404073],[-90.080426,36.400763],[-90.064514,36.382085],[-90.066297,36.3593],[-90.077723,36.349484],[-90.075884,36.335184],[-90.081961,36.322097],[-90.069266,36.313152],[-90.06398,36.303038],[-90.0778,36.288349],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.083731,36.272332],[-90.112945,36.266557],[-90.124476,36.244198],[-90.129716,36.243235],[-90.12466,36.235549],[-90.126366,36.229367],[-90.14224,36.227522],[-90.15614,36.213706],[-90.188189,36.20536],[-90.21128,36.183392],[-90.220425,36.184764],[-90.23537,36.159153],[-90.231386,36.147348],[-90.235585,36.139474],[-90.266256,36.120559],[-90.293109,36.114368],[-90.29991,36.098236],[-90.319168,36.089976],[-90.320746,36.071326],[-90.333261,36.067504],[-90.337146,36.047754],[-90.347908,36.041939],[-90.351732,36.025347],[-90.37789,35.995683],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-89.719168,35.985976],[-89.719679,35.970939],[-89.714565,35.963034],[-89.652279,35.921462],[-89.644838,35.904351],[-89.64727,35.89492],[-89.665672,35.883301],[-89.677012,35.88572],[-89.688141,35.896946],[-89.714934,35.906247],[-89.741241,35.906749],[-89.768743,35.886663],[-89.773564,35.871697],[-89.769413,35.861558],[-89.704351,35.835726],[-89.701045,35.828227],[-89.706085,35.81826],[-89.734044,35.806174],[-89.765442,35.811214],[-89.781793,35.805084],[-89.799331,35.788503],[-89.799249,35.775439],[-89.821216,35.756716],[-89.846343,35.755732],[-89.877256,35.741369],[-89.909996,35.759396],[-89.956254,35.733386],[-89.958882,35.723834],[-89.955753,35.690621],[-89.931036,35.660044],[-89.915427,35.652782],[-89.898916,35.650904],[-89.886979,35.653637],[-89.878534,35.66482],[-89.864782,35.670385],[-89.858935,35.66906],[-89.851176,35.657432],[-89.856619,35.634444],[-89.894346,35.615535],[-89.910687,35.617536],[-89.945405,35.601611],[-89.956749,35.590511],[-89.95669,35.581426],[-89.941393,35.556555],[-89.910789,35.547515],[-89.910885,35.541072],[-89.903882,35.534175],[-89.911931,35.51741],[-89.919331,35.51387],[-89.951248,35.521866],[-89.956347,35.525594],[-89.958498,35.541703],[-89.989363,35.560043],[-90.02862,35.555249],[-90.039744,35.548041],[-90.050277,35.515275],[-90.043517,35.492298],[-90.018842,35.464816],[-90.031584,35.427662],[-90.04264,35.421237],[-90.056644,35.403786],[-90.041563,35.39662],[-90.044856,35.392964],[-90.054451,35.38965],[-90.069283,35.408306],[-90.062018,35.41518],[-90.070549,35.423291],[-90.074082,35.433983],[-90.067138,35.464833],[-90.085009,35.478835],[-90.107723,35.476935],[-90.114412,35.472467],[-90.129448,35.441931],[-90.169002,35.421853],[-90.179265,35.385194],[-90.166246,35.374745],[-90.13551,35.376668],[-90.146191,35.399468],[-90.14166,35.408563],[-90.130475,35.413745],[-90.112504,35.410153],[-90.09665,35.395257],[-90.074992,35.384152],[-90.087903,35.36327],[-90.110293,35.342786],[-90.103862,35.332405],[-90.109093,35.304987],[-90.139504,35.298828],[-90.149794,35.303288],[-90.158913,35.300637],[-90.168794,35.279088],[-90.152094,35.255989],[-90.140394,35.252289],[-90.105093,35.254288],[-90.07875,35.227806],[-90.074155,35.21707],[-90.07682,35.208817],[-90.088597,35.212376],[-90.096466,35.194848],[-90.116182,35.198498],[-90.117393,35.18789],[-90.092944,35.157228],[-90.066958,35.151839],[-90.065392,35.137691],[-90.08342,35.12167],[-90.100593,35.116691],[-90.142794,35.135091],[-90.165328,35.125228],[-90.176843,35.112088],[-90.181387,35.091401],[-90.195133,35.061793],[-90.196095,35.0374],[-90.209397,35.026546],[-90.256495,35.034493],[-90.263796,35.039593],[-90.295596,35.040093],[-90.309877,35.00975],[-90.309297,34.995694],[-90.296422,34.976346],[-90.250056,34.951196],[-90.244476,34.937596],[-90.244725,34.921031],[-90.250095,34.90732],[-90.313476,34.871698],[-90.302523,34.856471],[-90.307384,34.846195],[-90.323067,34.846391],[-90.34038,34.860357],[-90.414864,34.831846],[-90.422355,34.833675],[-90.428754,34.8414],[-90.430096,34.871212],[-90.438313,34.884581],[-90.459819,34.891946],[-90.479872,34.883264],[-90.483969,34.877176],[-90.483876,34.861333],[-90.456935,34.823383],[-90.459024,34.81444],[-90.470544,34.805036],[-90.47459,34.7932],[-90.453038,34.753352],[-90.452479,34.739898],[-90.469897,34.72703],[-90.488865,34.723731],[-90.501667,34.724236],[-90.518317,34.73279],[-90.520556,34.753388],[-90.505494,34.764568],[-90.501523,34.774795],[-90.514706,34.801768],[-90.522892,34.802265],[-90.53651,34.798572],[-90.544067,34.791159],[-90.54817,34.78189],[-90.542631,34.764396],[-90.543811,34.749277],[-90.563544,34.738671],[-90.568081,34.724802],[-90.538974,34.698783],[-90.471185,34.699066],[-90.462552,34.687576],[-90.466041,34.674312],[-90.5081,34.636682],[-90.532188,34.627487],[-90.547614,34.631656],[-90.554129,34.640871],[-90.552642,34.659707],[-90.538061,34.673232],[-90.540074,34.684981],[-90.549856,34.695478],[-90.555627,34.697946],[-90.567334,34.693371],[-90.588419,34.670963],[-90.583088,34.64361],[-90.587224,34.615732],[-90.570133,34.587457],[-90.545891,34.563257],[-90.540736,34.548085],[-90.545728,34.53775],[-90.578493,34.516296],[-90.588942,34.491097],[-90.585477,34.461247],[-90.56733,34.440383],[-90.566505,34.429528],[-90.571145,34.420319],[-90.613944,34.390723],[-90.658542,34.375705],[-90.655346,34.371846],[-90.666788,34.35582],[-90.666862,34.348569],[-90.657488,34.322231],[-90.661395,34.315398],[-90.669343,34.31302],[-90.686003,34.315771],[-90.693129,34.32257],[-90.691551,34.338618],[-90.68162,34.35291],[-90.683222,34.368817],[-90.712088,34.363805],[-90.750107,34.367919],[-90.765764,34.362109],[-90.767732,34.346872],[-90.744713,34.324872],[-90.74061,34.313469],[-90.743082,34.302257],[-90.765165,34.280524],[-90.802928,34.282465],[-90.828267,34.27365],[-90.836972,34.250104],[-90.840009,34.223077],[-90.847808,34.20653],[-90.87912,34.21545],[-90.89456,34.22438],[-90.905934,34.243529],[-90.929015,34.244541],[-90.937152,34.23411],[-90.93522,34.21905],[-90.916048,34.196916],[-90.887884,34.18198],[-90.8556,34.18688],[-90.816572,34.183023],[-90.808685,34.175878],[-90.810884,34.155903],[-90.825708,34.142011],[-90.847168,34.136884],[-90.86458,34.140555],[-90.894385,34.160953],[-90.91001,34.165508],[-90.9543,34.138498],[-90.958467,34.125105],[-90.946323,34.109374],[-90.918395,34.093054],[-90.882628,34.096615],[-90.870461,34.082739],[-90.887837,34.055403],[-90.886991,34.035094],[-90.89242,34.02686],[-90.942662,34.01805],[-90.970726,34.02162],[-90.987948,34.019038],[-90.979945,34.000106],[-90.961548,33.979945],[-90.967632,33.963324],[-90.983359,33.960186],[-91.000108,33.966428],[-91.01889,34.003151],[-91.042751,33.986811],[-91.075378,33.983586],[-91.087921,33.975335],[-91.089787,33.966004],[-91.084095,33.956179],[-91.035961,33.943758],[-91.010318,33.929352],[-91.026382,33.90798],[-91.070883,33.866714],[-91.073011,33.857449],[-91.067511,33.840443],[-91.046849,33.815365],[-91.000107,33.799549],[-90.988466,33.78453],[-91.000106,33.769165],[-91.023285,33.762991],[-91.053886,33.778701],[-91.107318,33.770619],[-91.123466,33.782106],[-91.132185,33.78342],[-91.145112,33.76734],[-91.141304,33.760835],[-91.146618,33.732456],[-91.132338,33.714246],[-91.117733,33.705342],[-91.101101,33.705007],[-91.06829,33.716477],[-91.059891,33.714816],[-91.046778,33.706313],[-91.03612,33.689113],[-91.030402,33.687766],[-91.03146,33.678142],[-91.03684,33.671316],[-91.046412,33.668272],[-91.078507,33.658283],[-91.09404,33.658351],[-91.13045,33.674522],[-91.160866,33.707096],[-91.212077,33.698249],[-91.225279,33.687749],[-91.229015,33.677543],[-91.219048,33.661503],[-91.178311,33.651109],[-91.139209,33.625658],[-91.130445,33.606034],[-91.134043,33.594489],[-91.152148,33.582721],[-91.175979,33.582968],[-91.198285,33.572061],[-91.224121,33.567369],[-91.230858,33.561372],[-91.232295,33.552788],[-91.219297,33.532364],[-91.187367,33.510552],[-91.182901,33.502379],[-91.208535,33.468606],[-91.231661,33.4571],[-91.235928,33.440611],[-91.206807,33.433846],[-91.177293,33.443638],[-91.16936,33.452629],[-91.177148,33.48617],[-91.172213,33.496691],[-91.167403,33.498304],[-91.125109,33.472842],[-91.117975,33.453807],[-91.131885,33.430063],[-91.17628,33.416979],[-91.199354,33.418321],[-91.209032,33.403633],[-91.171968,33.38103],[-91.140938,33.380477],[-91.113764,33.393124],[-91.099277,33.408244],[-91.095211,33.417488],[-91.096723,33.437603],[-91.086498,33.451576],[-91.067623,33.455104],[-91.057621,33.445341],[-91.058152,33.428705],[-91.075293,33.405966],[-91.101456,33.38719],[-91.120409,33.363809],[-91.142219,33.348989],[-91.141615,33.299539],[-91.125539,33.280255],[-91.128078,33.268502],[-91.118208,33.262071],[-91.106142,33.241799],[-91.1001,33.238125],[-91.096931,33.241628],[-91.086137,33.273652],[-91.07853,33.283306],[-91.067035,33.28718],[-91.052369,33.285415],[-91.043624,33.274636],[-91.050407,33.251202],[-91.070697,33.227302],[-91.091711,33.220813],[-91.084366,33.180856],[-91.089862,33.139655],[-91.104317,33.131598],[-91.131659,33.129101],[-91.150362,33.130695],[-91.160298,33.141216],[-91.183662,33.141691],[-91.193174,33.136734],[-91.20178,33.125121],[-91.200167,33.10693],[-91.180836,33.098364],[-91.171514,33.087818],[-91.149823,33.081603],[-91.121195,33.059166],[-91.129088,33.033554],[-91.162363,33.019684],[-91.166073,33.004106],[-93.073167,33.017898],[-94.042964,33.019219]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Arkansas\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1505 Ferguson Lane
Austin, Texas 78754–4501