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Pre-1994 measurements were incorporated on the map to provide control in areas where more recent data were not available. Because little ground-water development has occurred in the areas where pre-1994 water levels were used, levels are assumed to be the same in 1994 and 1995 as they were when the measurement was made.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96336","usgsCitation":"Wood, C.R., Wettstein, W.C., Aichele, S., Joyce, J., and Schneider, F.M., 1996, Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in the crystalline and metasedimentary rocks in Birmingham, Newlin, Pennsbury, and Pocopson Townships and parts of East Marlborough and Kennett Townships, Chester County, Pennsylvania, June 1994 through November 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-336, 1 Plate: 35.44 × 27.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96336.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.44 × 27.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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,{"id":32011,"text":"ofr96395 - 1996 - Mean annual runoff, precipitation, and evapotranspiration in the glaciated northeastern United States, 1951-80","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T22:18:38.477433","indexId":"ofr96395","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-395","title":"Mean annual runoff, precipitation, and evapotranspiration in the glaciated northeastern United States, 1951-80","docAbstract":"<p>Two maps, compiled at 1:1 million scale, depict mean annual runoff, precipitation, and evapotranspiration in the part of the United States east of Cleveland, Ohio and north of the southern limit of glaciation. The maps are mutually consistent in that runoff equals precipitation minus evapotranspiration everywhere. The runoff map is based on records of streamflow from 503 watersheds in the United States and southernmost Canada, adjusted to/1951-80 and supplemented by records of precipitation at 483 stations. Precipitation at each station was partitioned into point estimates of runoff and evapotranspiration, which were constrained such that the evapotranspiration estimates varied smoothly across the region and decreased with increasing latitude and altitude, and the runoff estimates were consistent with measured runoff from nearby watersheds. A point estimate of runoff was allowed to equal mean runoff in a nearby watershed, or to be somewhat higher (or lower) if a compensating departure from mean watershed runoff could be inferred in distant parts of the watershed on the basis of altitude or regional trends. Then,precipitation contours were drawn to parallel runoff contours but differ from them by the magnitude of nearby estimates of evapotranspiration. These maps may slightly underrepresent mean precipitation and evapotranspiration in areas of high relief, because most precipitation stations in such areas are in valleys. Map accuracy is evaluated.</p>\n<p>The maps and text are designed to be printed as 34x53 inch plates; they may not be legible if printed in their entirety at appreciably smaller scales. The Arc/Info coverages from which these maps were prepared are available at the <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getgislist\">Water Resources National Spatial Data Infrastructure Node</a>: <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ofr96395_eva\">ofr96395_eva</a>, <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ofr96395_pre\">ofr96395_pre</a>, and <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ofr96395_run\">ofr96395_run</a> (evapotranspiration, precipitation, and runoff).</p>\n<p>Descriptors: *Annual Runoff, *Areal precipitation, *Runoff, *Evapotranspiration Precipitation, Rainfall, New York, New England, Northeast</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96395","usgsCitation":"Randall, A.D., 1996, Mean annual runoff, precipitation, and evapotranspiration in the glaciated northeastern United States, 1951-80: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-395, 2 Plates: 39.72 x 26.18 inches and 39.56 x 26.28 inches; Additional Report Pieces: HTML Documents, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96395.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 39.72 x 26.18 inches and 39.56 x 26.28 inches; Additional Report Pieces: HTML Documents","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":326210,"rank":5,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ofr96395_pre.xml","text":"Mean Annual Precipitation","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 1996-395"},{"id":326209,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ofr96395_eva","text":"Mean Annual Evapotranspiration","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 1996-395"},{"id":323471,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0395/ofr19960395_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2 - Mean Annual Precipitation and Evapotranspiration","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1996-395"},{"id":411094,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18620.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":326211,"rank":6,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ofr96395_run","text":"Mean Annual Runoff","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 1996-395"},{"id":323470,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0395/ofr19960395_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1 - Mean Annual Runoff","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1996-395"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.88704344844734,\n              44.72451380650341\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.769625005774,\n              45.847535577581226\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.95151824526359,\n              47.33891192541063\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.27284446740163,\n              47.38896849977937\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.54129238353978,\n              45.42854076380854\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.16519815840661,\n              45.003283268342074\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.87769692747639,\n              45.01043758351153\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.916240562106,\n              43.60414605003166\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.98857966521695,\n              43.52967522940537\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.00692556125968,\n              42.73326672870621\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8035108127643,\n              41.46464262280543\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.01096874023264,\n              39.28459674336264\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.21349772715276,\n              39.142401735418645\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.45647664633981,\n              41.17397797707059\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.85870393647696,\n              44.59984971585524\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.83946989103018,\n              44.752544097895395\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.88704344844734,\n              44.72451380650341\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, New York Water Science Center<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br>425 Jordan Rd<br> Troy, NY 12180<br> (518) 285-5602 <br> <a href=\"http://ny.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://ny.water.usgs.gov/\">http://ny.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60415c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Randall, Allan D. arandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Allan","email":"arandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70221639,"text":"70221639 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic data and aquifer interconnection in a multi-aquifer system in coastal plain sediments near Millhaven, Screven County, Georgia, 1991-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T21:06:55.175475","indexId":"70221639","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T16:06:23","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5595,"text":"Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"99","title":"Hydrogeologic data and aquifer interconnection in a multi-aquifer system in coastal plain sediments near Millhaven, Screven County, Georgia, 1991-1995","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Georgia Geologic Survey","usgsCitation":"Clarke, J.S., Falls, W.F., Edwards, L.E., Frederiksen, N.O., Bybell, L.M., Gibson, T.G., Gohn, G., and Farley, F.R., 1996, Hydrogeologic data and aquifer interconnection in a multi-aquifer system in coastal plain sediments near Millhaven, Screven County, Georgia, 1991-1995: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 99, vi, 43 p.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":386759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/outreach/publications/georgia-geologic-survey-information-circulars"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Screven County","city":"Millhaven","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n     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F.","contributorId":260648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Falls","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frederiksen, Norman O.","contributorId":50880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gibson, Thomas G.","contributorId":25180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gohn, Gregory 0000-0003-2000-479X ggohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-479X","contributorId":219822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Gregory","email":"ggohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Farley, Fleming R.","contributorId":7010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farley","given":"Fleming","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70218184,"text":"70218184 - 1996 - Tertiary igneous rocks and Laramide structure and stratigraphy of the Spanish Peaks Region, South-Central Colorado: Road log and descriptions from Walsenburg to La Veta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-18T15:18:09.079852","indexId":"70218184","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T09:09:11","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":128,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"96-04-28","title":"Tertiary igneous rocks and Laramide structure and stratigraphy of the Spanish Peaks Region, South-Central Colorado: Road log and descriptions from Walsenburg to La Veta","docAbstract":"<p>The Spanish Peaks are located in the western part of the Raton basin in south-central Colorado, southwest of Walsenburg. The two peaks, West Spanish Peak (WSP, 13,626 feet) and East Spanish Peak (ESP, 12,683 feet), are located on the upland part of the far western edge of the Great Plains physiographic region. East of Spanish Peaks, a deeply dissected plateau extends into the Great Plains.</p><p>The Raton basin, an asymmetric structure of Laramide age, underlies and surrounds the Spanish Peaks. The basin extends north from Ute Park, New Mexico, to Huerfano Park, Colorado. The juncture of steeply dipping western and gently dipping eastern limbs of the Raton basin forms the basin axis, known locally as the La Veta syncline. The La Veta syncline extends north-northwest into Huerfano Park, between the Sangre de Cristo and Wet Mountains.</p><p>These features and others such as the Laramide orogeny, igneous rocks, and an overview of petrology are discussed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado Geogralogical Survey","usgsCitation":"Penn, B.S., and Lindsay, D., 1996, Tertiary igneous rocks and Laramide structure and stratigraphy of the Spanish Peaks Region, South-Central Colorado: Road log and descriptions from Walsenburg to La Veta: Open-File Report 96-04-28, 21 p.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383312,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":383311,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/publications/tertiary-igneous-rocks-laramide-structure-stratigraphy-spanish-peaks-colorado/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Raton basin, Spanish Peaks","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.11032104492188,\n              37.09681225368691\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.51156616210938,\n              37.09681225368691\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.51156616210938,\n              37.621845878167704\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.11032104492188,\n              37.621845878167704\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.11032104492188,\n              37.09681225368691\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Penn, Brian S.","contributorId":251709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penn","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindsay, D. A.","contributorId":108137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsay","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70188080,"text":"70188080 - 1996 - Hematology and clinical chemistry of sea otters vaptured in Prince William Sound, Alaska following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:38:04","indexId":"70188080","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Hematology and clinical chemistry of sea otters vaptured in Prince William Sound, Alaska following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill","docAbstract":"<p>Hematologic and serum chemical analyses were performed on sea otter blood samples collected from 31 adult males, 63 adult females, and 42 pups captured in western Prince William Sound (oiled area), and 12 adult males, 40 adult females, and 15 pups captured in eastern Prince William Sound (unoiled area) in 1989 and 1990. Hematologic differences between eastern and western adult males were minimal. Both hematocrits and hemoglobins were higher in western than eastern otters but the biological significance of this is equivocal. Western males had higher absolute eosinophil counts, suggesting possible systemic hypersensitivity reactions. Western males had higher serum protein and serum globulin levels than eastern males, suggesting greater antigenic stimulation (more inflammatory and/or infectious conditions). There were no differences in hematologic parameters between eastern and western female otters. Some chemistry changes were present, but the degree of difference was small. Total protein and serum globulin levels were slightly higher in western females, a finding also seen in adult males. Mean levels of liver enzymes for western females were somewhat higher than for the eastern otters, suggesting the possibility of subclinical liver disease. As a group, western pup hematocrits, hemoglobins, and red cell counts were significantly lower than those of eastern pups. From a biological perspective, these reductions were minimal but supported by individual animal data. The red cell data suggest a mild anemia in western pups; however, the degree of anemia was minimal, so that biological significance was equivocal. Other hematologic and clinical chemical differences between eastern and western pups were not striking and were also of equivocal biological significance. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"<i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Rebar, A., Ballachey, B.E., Bruden, D., and Kloecker, K.A., 1996, Hematology and clinical chemistry of sea otters vaptured in Prince William Sound, Alaska following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill, v, 7 p.","productDescription":"v, 7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341897,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -148.9141845703125,\n              59.883424842958966\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.4974365234375,\n              59.883424842958966\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.4974365234375,\n              61.31508836322822\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.9141845703125,\n              61.31508836322822\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.9141845703125,\n              59.883424842958966\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"592e84cce4b092b266f10dfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rebar, A.H.","contributorId":40150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebar","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bruden, D.L.","contributorId":192463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruden","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kloecker, Kimberly A. 0000-0002-2461-968X kkloecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2461-968X","contributorId":3442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kloecker","given":"Kimberly","email":"kkloecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70197374,"text":"70197374 - 1996 - U.S. East Coast EEZ: Part II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-31T10:27:07","indexId":"70197374","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"U.S. East Coast EEZ: Part II","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology of the United States' Sea Floor: The View from GLORIA","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","usgsCitation":"Robb, J.M., Dillon, W.P., O’Leary, D.W., and Popenoe, P., 1996, U.S. East Coast EEZ: Part II, chap. <i>of</i> Geology of the United States' Sea Floor: The View from GLORIA, p. 43-45.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354620,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b159a1ae4b092d9651e224d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":73272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Leary, Dennis W","contributorId":201996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Leary","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[{"id":12545,"text":"USGS retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":736905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Popenoe, P.","contributorId":105434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70203623,"text":"70203623 - 1996 - Plant succession and greentree reservoir management: Implications for management and restoration of bottomland hardwood wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-29T08:32:20","indexId":"70203623","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T09:17:04","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plant succession and greentree reservoir management: Implications for management and restoration of bottomland hardwood wetlands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Bottomland hardwood forests are distributed along rivers and streams throughout the central and eastern United States, with the greatest concentration in the Southeast. Past and projected losses of bottomland hardwoods and degradation of remaining stands suggest that habitat management and/or restoration strategies that target multiple species and multiple uses will be necessary to maintain, enhance, and restore flora and fauna within bottomland hardwood wetlands. A greentree reservoir is a current management strategy that entails manipulating water regimes to provide habitat for wintering waterfowl. We conducted a literature review and synthesis to determine the potential impacts of greentree reservoir management on plant succession within bottomland hardwood wetlands. Greentree reservoirs can impact vegetation establishment through several processes. Despite shortcomings of greentree reservoirs, designs similar to them could be very beneficial in restoring bottomland hardwood plant and animal communities from degraded forests provided water-level control and maintenance are substantially improved. Emulation of natural hydrologic regimes, including natural variability, could produce diverse bottomland hardwood plant communities and provide habitat for a variety of wildlife species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03161340","usgsCitation":"King, S.L., and Allen, J., 1996, Plant succession and greentree reservoir management: Implications for management and restoration of bottomland hardwood wetlands: Wetlands, v. 16, no. 4, p. 503-511, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161340.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, James A. 0000-0001-6459-5734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6459-5734","contributorId":108095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28372,"text":"wri954201 - 1996 - Availability and quality of water from drift aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake counties, northwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:11:07","indexId":"wri954201","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4201","title":"Availability and quality of water from drift aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake counties, northwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Sand and gravel aquifers present within glacial deposits are important sources of water in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake Counties in northwestern Minnesota. Saturated thicknesses of the unconfined aquifers range from 0 to 30 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivities range from 2.5 to 600 feet per day. Transmissivity of the unconfined aquifers ranges from 33 to greater than 3,910 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields for 6 wells with specific-capacity data range from 12 to 123 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>Saturated thicknesses of shallow confined aquifers (depth to top of the aquifer less than 100 feet below land surface) range from 0 to 150 feet. Thicknesses of intermediate, deep, and basal confined aquifers (depths to top of the aquifer from 100 to 199 feet, from 200 to 299 feet, and 300 feet or more below land surface, respectively) range from 0 to more than 126 feet. Transmissivity of the confined aquifers ranges from 2 to greater than 210,000 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields range from 3 to about 2,000 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>Recharge to ground water is predominantly from precipitation that percolates downward to the saturated zone. Recharge to unconfined aquifers in the study area ranged from 4.5 to 12.0 inches per year during 1991 and 1992, based on hydrograph analysis. Model simulations done for this study indicate that recharge rates from 8 to 9 inches per year to unconfined aquifers produce the best matches between model-simulated and measured water levels in wells.</p>\n<p>Discharge from ground water occurs by seepage to streams, lakes and wetlands, ground-water evapotranspiration, and withdrawals through wells. In 1990, total ground-water withdrawals in the study area were 6.0 million gallons per day. All of the withdrawals were from drift aquifers.</p>\n<p>Numerical models of ground-water flow were constructed to represent two beach-ridge aquifer systems under steady-state conditions. Beach-ridge aquifer systems were simulated in Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake County. Simulated recharge from the infiltration of precipitation accounts for most of the sources of water to the beach-ridge aquifer systems and simulated evapotranspiration accounts for all of the discharge other than ground-water withdrawals. The numerical-model simulations indicate that upward movement of water from underlying confined aquifers to overlying unconfined aquifers is an important component of ground-water flow within the beach-ridge aquifer systems. Simulated long-term, steady-state yields from the unconfined aquifers are generally less than 50 gallons per minute, due to the generally low saturated thickness of the aquifers and the relatively low hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer material.</p>\n<p>Water from all the drift aquifers in the study area is very hard (more than 180 milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate). The predominant ions in water from the unconfined and shallow confined aquifers were generally calcium and bicarbonate. Water from the intermediate confined aquifers includes a variety of water types, including calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulfate, mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride type waters. Waters from the deep confined aquifers are predominantly calcium bicarbonate, mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride type waters.</p>\n<p>Mean concentrations of calcium and magnesium generally decreased with depth below land surface. Mean concentrations of sodium and sulfate generally increased with depth. Mean chloride concentrations were greatest for the shallow and deep confined aquifers and least for the unconfined and intermediate confined aquifers.</p>\n<p>The concentration and percentage (as percent of total cations) of sodium, and concentration of dissolved solids tend to increase from east to west along regional flow paths. Concentrations and percentages (as percent of total anions) of chloride tend to be greater in the western part of the study area than in the eastern part. These trends are probably due to longer residence time of the water in the flow system, and upward leakage of water from the underlying Cretaceous and Paleozoic strata.</p>\n<p>Waters from the drift aquifers underlying most of the study area generally are suitable for domestic consumption, crop irrigation, and most other uses. Water from 20 wells screened in unconfined and confined aquifers exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended limits for dissolved solids concentrations. Chemical analyses of waters from the unconfined and confined aquifers generally indicated a potentially low sodium hazard and a medium to high salinity hazard for irrigation.</p>\n<p>Water samples analyzed for nitrate had nitrate concentrations below the reporting limit (0.05 milligrams per liter) in 10 out of 23 wells. Two samples had nitrate concentrations greater than 10 milligrams per liter. Pesticide concentrations in water samples from 17 wells screened in unconfined and shallow confined aquifers were below or only slightly above laboratory reporting limits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954201","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Northwest Minnesota Ground-Water Study Steering Committee","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1996, Availability and quality of water from drift aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake counties, northwestern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4201, x, 144 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954201.","productDescription":"x, 144 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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,{"id":25826,"text":"wri964098 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T21:53:18.888967","indexId":"wri964098","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4098","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","docAbstract":"<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin is diverse in ways that can control the areal distribution and flow of water and the distribution and concentration of constituents that affect water quality. A review of the environmental setting of the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program is intended to put water quality in perspective with the geology, soils, climate, hydrology, ecology and historical uses of the land and provides a basis for the sampling design of the study.</p>\n<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit encompasses about 47,000 square miles and includes all of the basin upstream from Lake Pepin. The climate of the study unit is subhumid continental with cold dry winters and warm, moist summers. Average annual precipitation ranges from 22 inches in the western part of the study unit to 32 inches in the east. Annual runoff ranges from less than 2 inches in the west to 14 inches in the northeast.</p>\n<p>The physiography of the study unit includes the Superior Upland and the Central Lowland Provinces. The Wisconsin Driftless Area and the Dissected Till Plains are unique physiographic sections of the Central Lowland Province. Hydrogeologic units in glacial deposits include surficial and buried sand and gravel aquifers and confining units. Bedrock aquifers and confining units are part of a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks that can be divided into major aquifers separated by confining units.</p>\n<p>The population of the study unit was about 3,640,000 as of 1990 and increased 16 percent between 1970 and 1990. Seventy-five percent of the population lives in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. An average of 413 million gallons of water per day was used 59 percent from ground water and 41 percent from surface water. Land use and land cover in the study unit consists of forested, agricultural, and urban areas. About 63 percent of the land area is agricultural.</p>\n<p>The quality of water in streams and ground water are affected by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The quality of water is generally satisfactory for most domestic, public, industrial, and irrigation uses. Most water is of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type.</p>\n<p>The initial six-year phase of the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment, lasting from 1994 to 1999, focuses on data collection and analysis in a 19,500 square-mile area in Minnesota and Wisconsin that includes the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The study design focuses on factors that have an influence on or a potential influence on the water quality in that area. The most significant contaminants include nutrients, pesticides, synthetic-organic compounds, and trace metals.</p>\n<p>Environmental stratification consists of dividing the study unit into subareas with homogeneous characteristics to assess natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality. The assessment of water quality in streams and in aquifers is based on the sampling design that compares water quality within homogeneous subareas defined by subbasins or aquifer boundaries. The study unit is stratified at four levels for the surface-water component: glacial deposit composition, surficial geology, general land use and land cover, and secondary land use. Ground-water studies emphasize shallow ground water where quality is most likely influenced by overlying land use and land cover. Stratification for ground-water sampling is superimposed on the distribution of shallow aquifers. For each aquifer and surface-water basin this stratification forms the basis for the proposed sampling design used in the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964098","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Andrews, W., Fallon, J.D., Fong, A.L., Goldstein, R.M., Hanson, P.E., Kroening, S., and Lee, K.E., 1996, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4098, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964098.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410743,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48457.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54575,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4098/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.3238525390625, 46.145588688591964 ], [ -91.40625, 46.10370875598026 ], [ -91.4501953125, 46.0998999106273 ], [ -91.5655517578125, 46.027481852486645 ], [ -91.56005859375, 45.96260622242165 ], [ -91.614990234375, 45.90147732739488 ], [ -91.7083740234375, 45.82497145796607 ], [ -91.7962646484375, 45.744526980468436 ], [ 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e694f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hanson, P. E.","contributorId":58683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lee, K. E.","contributorId":100014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":28335,"text":"wri954188 - 1996 - Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri954188","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4188","title":"Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","docAbstract":"Ground-water resources are the only source of water in most of \r\nthe San Juan structural basin and are mainly used for municipal, \r\nindustrial, domestic, and stock purposes. Industrial use increased \r\ndramatically during the late 1970's and early 1980's because of \r\nincreased exploration and development of uranium and coal resources.\r\n\r\n     The San Juan structural basin is a northwest-trending, \r\nasymmetric structural depression at the eastern edge of the Colorado \r\nPlateau. The basin contains as much as 14,000 feet of sedimentary \r\nrocks overlying a Precambrian basement complex. The sedimentary \r\nrocks dip basinward from the basin margins toward the troughlike \r\nstructural center, or deepest part of the basin. Rocks of Triassic \r\nage were selected as the lower boundary for the study. The basin is \r\nwell defined by structural boundaries in many places with structural \r\nrelief of as much as 20,000 feet reported. Faulting is prevalent in \r\nparts of the basin with displacement of several thousand feet along \r\nmajor faults.\r\n\r\n     The regional aquifers in the basin generally are coincident with \r\nthe geologic units that have been mapped. Data on the hydrologic \r\nproperties of the regional aquifers are minimal. Most data were \r\ncollected on those aquifers associated with uranium and coal \r\nresource production. These data are summarized in table format in \r\nthe report. The regional flow system throughout most of the basin \r\nhas been affected by the production of oil or gas and subsequent \r\ndisposal of produced brine. To date more than 26,000 oil- or gas-\r\ntest holes have been drilled in the basin, the majority penetrating \r\nno deeper than the bottom of the Cretaceous rocks. \r\n\r\n     The general water chemistry of the regional aquifers is based on \r\navailable data. The depositional environments are the major factor \r\ncontrolling the quality of water in the units. The dominant ions are \r\ngenerally sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate. A detailed geochemical \r\nstudy of three sandstone aquifers--Morrison, Dakota, and Gallup--was \r\nundertaken in the northwestern part of the study area. Results of \r\nthis study indicate that water chemistry changed in individual wells \r\nover short periods of time, not expected in a regional flow system.  \r\nThe chemistry of the water is affected by mixing of recharge, ion \r\nfiltrate, or very dilute ancient water, and by leakage of saline \r\nwater.\r\n\r\n     The entire system of ground-water flow and its controlling \r\nfactors has been defined as the conceptual model. A steady-state, \r\nthree-dimensional ground-water flow model was constructed to \r\nsimulate modern predevelopment flow in the post-Jurassic rocks of \r\nthe regional flow system. In the ground-water flow model, 14 \r\ngeologic units or combinations of geologic units were considered to \r\nbe regional aquifers, and 5 geologic units or combinations of \r\ngeologic units were considered to be regional confining units. The \r\nmodel simulated flow in 12 layers (hydrostratigraphic units) and \r\nused harmonic-mean vertical leakance to indirectly simulate aquifer \r\nconnection across 3 other hydrostratigraphic confining units in \r\naddition to coupling the 12 units.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S.G.S., Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954188","usgsCitation":"Levings, G.W., Kernodle, J.M., and Thorn, C.R., 1996, Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4188, v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954188.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57146,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levings, G. W.","contributorId":12485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levings","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorn, C. R.","contributorId":100879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24565,"text":"ofr96335 - 1996 - Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska, 1950 to 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr96335","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-335","title":"Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska, 1950 to 1995","docAbstract":"Reports written by U.S. Geological Survey members between 1950 through 1995 on the water resources of Alaska are listed. Location maps are given for six geographic areas: Arctic Slope, West, Southwest, East-central, Southcentral, and Southeast. Numbers on location maps refer to the bibliographic citations. Reports are also cited for the following categories: Statewide and Topical, Glaciers, and Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96335","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Snyder, E., 1996, Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska, 1950 to 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-335, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96335.","productDescription":"48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53613,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63be55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, E.F.","contributorId":18787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26501,"text":"wri944020 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in Maryland and Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T08:39:11","indexId":"wri944020","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4020","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in Maryland and Delaware","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrologic information on the variability of streamflow during low-flow periods is needed for the effective management of surface-water resources in Maryland and Delaware. Low-flow characteristics derived from streamflow under natural conditions are presented for 94 continuousrecord gaging stations in Maryland, Delaware, and surrounding States, and for 131 low-flow partial-record gaging stations in Maryland and Delaware. Methods are developed to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged stream sites for average 7-, 14-, and 30-consecutive-day lowflow discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 10, and 20 years. The methods are applicable to unregulated streams in Maryland and Delaware for watersheds having drainage areas ranging from 2.0 to 875 square miles.</p><p>Maryland and Delaware are divided into four regions on the basis of physiography and the results of regression analyses. The regions are the Eastern Shore region in Maryland and Delaware, the eastern-Piedmont region in Maryland, the western region in Maryland, and the southern region in Maryland. Equations are developed from regression analyses to estimate lowflow characteristics at ungaged sites on ungaged streams for the Eastern Shore region, the easternPiedmont region, and the western region. A generalized least-squares multiple-regression technique is used to develop the estimation equations that relate average 7-, 14-, and 30- consecutive-day low-flow discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 10, and 20 years to physical and climatological features of drainage basins in the study area. Adjustments are necessary to low-flow discharges estimated from the equation for the western region because of the effects of carbonate rocks on low flows. The adjustment method is based on analysis of the residuals of regional estimation equations and the percentage of the basin underlain by carbonate rocks. An equation is developed on the basis of a distance-weighted average of low-flow discharges at gaging stations to estimate low flow characteristics at ungaged sites on ungaged streams for the southern region. Estimates of the accuracy of low-flow characteristics determined from all regional equations are provided. </p><p>Two methods are presented for estimating low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites on gaged streams. One method combines low-flow characteristics determined from gaging station data with results from the regional regression equation at the gaging station and at the ungaged site to estimate the low-flow characteristics either upstream or downstream from the gaging station. The other method estimates low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites between gaging stations using a graphical solution. Estimates of accuracy of the low-flow characteristics determined by these methods also are provided. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Geological Survey and the Maryland Water Resources Administration with the partial support of the Delaware Geological Survey and the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, D.H., and Hayes, D., 1996, Low-flow characteristics of streams in Maryland and Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4020, Report: iv, 113 p.; 10 Plates: 20.51 x 40.38 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944020.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 113 p.; 10 Plates: 20.51 x 40.38 inches or 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,{"id":24273,"text":"ofr95684 - 1996 - Digital representation of the Washington state geologic map: a contribution to the Interior Columbia River Basin Ecosystem Management Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr95684","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-684","title":"Digital representation of the Washington state geologic map: a contribution to the Interior Columbia River Basin Ecosystem Management Project","docAbstract":"This report describes the digital representation of the Washington state geologic map (Hunting and others, 1961). This report contains an explantion of why the data were prepared, a description of the digital data, and information on obtaining the digital files. This report is one in a series of digital maps, data files, and reports generated by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide geologic process and mineral resource information to the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP). The various digital maps and data files are being used in a geographic information system (GIS)-based ecosystem assessment including an analysis of diverse questions relating to past, present, and future conditions within the general area of the Columbia River Basin east of the Cascade Mountains.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95684","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., and Johnson, B.R., 1996, Digital representation of the Washington state geologic map: a contribution to the Interior Columbia River Basin Ecosystem Management Project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-684, 22 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95684.","productDescription":"22 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7852,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-684/wafaults.e00.z"},{"id":7851,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-684/wageol.e00.z"},{"id":7850,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-684/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db65945d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Bruce R.","contributorId":100009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44866,"text":"wri964032 - 1996 - Geohydrologic units and water-level conditions in the Terrace alluvial aquifer and Paluxy Aquifer, May 1993 and February 1994, near Air Force Plant 4, Fort Worth area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:32:41","indexId":"wri964032","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4032","title":"Geohydrologic units and water-level conditions in the Terrace alluvial aquifer and Paluxy Aquifer, May 1993 and February 1994, near Air Force Plant 4, Fort Worth area, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The terrace alluvial aquifer underlying Air Force Plant 4 and the adjacent Naval Air Station (formerly Carswell Air Force Base) in the Fort Worth area, Texas, is contaminated locally with organic and metal compounds. Residents south and west of Air Force Plant 4 and the Naval Air Station are concerned that contaminants might enter the underlying Paluxy aquifer, which provides water to the city of White Settlement, south of Air Force Plant 4, and to residents west of Air Force Plant 4. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has qualified Air Force Plant 4 for Superfund cleanup. </p><p>The pertinent geologic units include -A~rom oldest to youngest the Glen Rose, Paluxy, and Walnut Formations, Goodland Limestone, and terrace alluvial deposits. Except for the Glen Rose Formation, all units crop out at or near Air Force Plant 4 and the Naval Air Station. The terrace alluvial deposits, which nearly everywhere form the land surface, range from 0 to about 60 feet thick. These deposits comprise a mostly unconsolidated mixture of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Mudstone and sandstone of the Paluxy Formation crop out north, west, and southwest of Lake Worth and total between about 130 and about 175 feet thick. </p><p>The terrace alluvial deposits and the Paluxy Formation comprise the terrace alluvial aquifer and the Paluxy aquifer, respectively. These aquifers are separated by the Goodland-Walnut confining unit, composed of the Goodland Limestone and (or) Walnut Formation. Below the Paluxy aquifer, the Glen Rose Formation forms the Glen Rose confining unit. </p><p>Water-level measurements during May 1993 and February 1994 from wells in the terrace alluvial aquifer indicate that, regionally, ground water flows toward the east-southeast beneath Air Force Plant 4 and the Naval Air Station. Locally, water appears to flow outward from ground-water mounds maintained by the localized infiltration of precipitation and reportedly by leaking water pipes and sanitary and (or) storm sewer lines beneath the assembly building at Air Force Plant 4. North of Farmers Branch, the terrace alluvial aquifer discharges into Lake Worth, Meandering Road Creek, Farmers Branch, and the West Fork Trinity River. South of Farmers Branch, ground water appears to flow mostly north-northeastward. Greater precipitation prior to the May 1993 measurements caused water levels to average approximately 5 ft higher in May 1993 than in February 1994. </p><p>Regional ground-water gradients indicate west to east-southeastward flow in the Paluxy aquifer, with a dominant southeastward component beneath Air Force Plant 4. Water-level maps for the Paluxy \"upper sand\" reveal an elongated groundwater mound beneath southeastern parts of Air Force Plant 4, which indicates a localized, vertical conduit through which contaminated water from the terrace alluvial aquifer might enter upper parts of the Paluxy aquifer. The Paluxy \"upper sand\" apparently is mostly unsaturated and hydraulically separated from the deeper, regionally extensive parts of the Paluxy aquifer, most of which are fully saturated. While water levels in the \"upper sand\"&nbsp;were as much as 10 ft higher in May 1993 than in February 1994, water levels in most deeper parts of the Paluxy aquifer were slightly higher in February 1994 than they were in May 1993.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center, Environmental Management Directorate","usgsCitation":"Rivers, G.A., Baker, E.T., and Coplin, L., 1996, Geohydrologic units and water-level conditions in the Terrace alluvial aquifer and Paluxy Aquifer, May 1993 and February 1994, near Air Force Plant 4, Fort Worth area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4032, Document: iv, 13 p.; 6 Plates: 28.99 x 28.02 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964032.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 13 p.; 6 Plates: 28.99 x 28.02 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":99334,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4032/plate-1.pdf","size":"2339","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99335,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4032/plate-2.pdf","size":"1449","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99336,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4032/plate-3.pdf","size":"2137","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":99337,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4032/plate-4.pdf","size":"2335","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99338,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4032/plate-5.pdf","size":"1546","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99339,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4032/plate-6.pdf","size":"1582","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82227,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Fort Worth","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8dd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rivers, Glen A.","contributorId":91154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivers","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Ernest T. Jr.","contributorId":30263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ernest","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coplin, L.S.","contributorId":49366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplin","given":"L.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000786,"text":"1000786 - 1996 - Discrimination among spawning concentrations of Lake Superior lake herring based on trace element profiles in sagittae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T15:59:59.384087","indexId":"1000786","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discrimination among spawning concentrations of Lake Superior lake herring based on trace element profiles in sagittae","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Little is known about the stock structure of lake herring&nbsp;</span><i>Coregonus artedi</i><span>&nbsp;in Lake Superior, and recent increases in harvestable stock sizes has led to expanded exploitation in some areas. Research on marine teleosts has demonstrated that chemical differences in sagittal otoliths can be used for identification of fish stocks. We used plasma emission spectrophotometry to measure the concentrations of 10 trace elements in the sagittal otoliths from lake herring captured at eight spawning sites in Lake Superior and from Little Star Lake. an inland lake outside the Lake Superior basin. Discriminant function analysis indicated that elemental concentrations provided site‐specific information but that considerable overlap existed among some locations, especially those in western Lake Superior. Correct classification rates varied from 12.0% to 86.1% and were generally higher for spawning locations from embayments in eastern Lake Superior and for the outgroup population from Little Star Lake. The results presented here demonstrate the potential usefulness of this technique for strictly freshwater species, especially those that live in highly oligotrophic waters such as Lake Superior.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0852:DASCOL>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bronte, C.R., Hesselberg, R.J., Shoesmith, J.A., and Hoff, M.H., 1996, Discrimination among spawning concentrations of Lake Superior lake herring based on trace element profiles in sagittae: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 125, no. 6, p. 852-859, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0852:DASCOL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"852","endPage":"859","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133639,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior, Little Star Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.64404051195237,\n              49.322654990120384\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.64404051195237,\n              46.28314472135693\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.29015043122145,\n              46.28314472135693\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.29015043122145,\n              49.322654990120384\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.64404051195237,\n              49.322654990120384\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64acae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bronte, Charles R.","contributorId":83050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hesselberg, Robert J.","contributorId":36074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesselberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shoesmith, John A.","contributorId":7653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoesmith","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoff, Michael H.","contributorId":23878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":36320,"text":"b2125 - 1996 - Gold placers of the historical Fortymile River region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T10:31:21","indexId":"b2125","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2125","title":"Gold placers of the historical Fortymile River region, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The Fortymile River region in east-central Alaska has a long and colorful history as the site of the first major gold discovery in interior Alaska. Placer gold has been mined in the region nearly every year since its original discovery in 1886. Total gold production is approximately 500,000 troy ounces. Although many of the rich deposits have been mined, there still exist areas that contain gold. Areas of mined and unmined gold-bearing creek and terrace gravels are outlined on the accompanying geologic map. </p><p>The early history of the Fortymile area centered on the small frontier settlement of Fortymile City located at the junction of the Fortymile and Yukon Rivers in Canadian territory. This was the supply and jumping-off point for prospectors who worked their way into Alaska up the Fortymile River and found gold on many of its tributaries. Hand mining, both underground and surface, using sluice boxes and (or) rockers were the earliest methods; later, hydraulicking, dredging, and draglining methods were used. More recently, bulldozers and elevated trammels have been used, as well as very portable floating suction dredges. The rich mining lore of the area is closely associated with events of the nearby world-famous Klondike District. Bedrock and placer geology and mining history of individual gold-rich creeks are herein updated. </p><p>The Fortymile area, which is part of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, contains quartzite, schist, gneiss, amphibolite, marble, serpentinite, and granite overlain by basalt, sandstone, conglomerate, shale, tuff, and coal; overlying these rocks are several deposits of varying ages consisting of gold-bearing gravel and colluvium. The close spatial association of creeks containing placer gold and the gneiss, schist, amphibolite, and marble unit strongly suggests this metamorphic unit is the gold source. </p><p>High terrace gravels record a time from the late Tertiary to early Pleistocene when the ancestral Fortymile River and its major tributaries, the North and South Forks, had floodplains roughly 1 to 2 miles (2-3 kilometers) wide and gradients of about 4 feet per mile (0.75 meters per kilometer). Base-level lowering during the post-early Pleistocene caused the rivers to cut into their floodplains and to develop the youthful characteristics they have today such as V-shaped canyons, narrow floodplains, and gradients of at least twice those of the old river. </p><p>Colluvium marginal to creek deposits in steep-sided valleys is often gold bearing. Much of the unconsolidated gravel within the major drainages of the Fortymile River, South Fork, North Fork, and Mosquito Fork is colluvium.</p><p>Heavy-mineral-concentrate samples from the gold-producing creeks and high terrace gravels contain varying amounts of magnetite (20 to 80 percent) and ilmenite (10 to 30 percent), and samples from creeks draining areas principally composed of metamorphic rocks contain abundant garnet (10 to 30 percent). Gold fineness ranges from 620 to 927, but it is difficult to attach any geologic significance to the fineness data.</p><p>Most placer gold in the Fortymile River area has been recovered at, or near, the gravelbedrock contact. The lowermost 3.3 feet (1 meter) of gravel and the uppermost 1.6 feet (0.5 meter) of bedrock may contain as much as 80 to 90 percent of the gold that is ultimately recovered. Gold nuggets are rare and most of the gold recovered is in the form of flattened fragments less than .2 inches (5 millimeters) in greatest dimension. However, large gold nuggets have been found on Wade Creek; examples are ones of 25,33,56, and 70 ounces. Occasionally, large nuggets may still be found in the tailing piles along the creek. </p><p>The Fortymile River and its tributaries the South Fork, Walker Fork, and Mosquito Fork, all of which at one time were the sites of bucket-line dredge operations, now are almost exclusively mined using floating suction dredges. Unmined gold-bearing gravel is present in the floodplain of the Walker Fork valley below Cherry Creek and in low (about 100 to 130 feet or 30 to 40 meters) terraces along the north side of Walker Fork and east side of Cherry Creek. Considering the locations of where most gold has been found in the South Fork valley both by the older bucket dredges and the modern suction dredges, it seems likely that the tributary drainages of Lost Chicken, Napoleon, Franklin, and Buckskin Creeks have supplied the bulk of the gold to the South Fork valley. A quarter acre (0.10 hectare), 130-foot-thick ( 40 meters) section of the high terrace gravels on the north side of Napoleon Creek was mined for placer gold and yielded values estimated to be $8.50 per cubic yard (or $6.50 per cubic meter) at $350 per troy ounce. The unmined high terrace gravels on the south side of Buckskin Creek contain gold; however, this gravel is only 3 to 6.5 feet (1 to 2 meters) thick. </p><p>The search for a lode gold source in the Fortymile River region may be in vain, because substantially more gold than has been recovered from the placers can be derived by the gradual erosion of large volumes of source rocks that contain background mean gold amounts. Using Leon's mass balance equation, 5,167 metric tons of gold may exist in the placers of the Fortymile River region, less than 1 percent of the recovered amount of 15.6 tons. </p><p>The largest gold resource remaining in the Fortymile River region is probably in the high terrace gravels exposed along many of the creeks and rivers. Until there is exploratory drilling or a comprehensive sampling program, the amount of gold in these gravels will remain unknown. Environmental constraints imposed by Federal and State agencies have slowed, but not stopped, placer mining in the Fortymile River area, and a significant gold price rise would result in more mining.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2125","usgsCitation":"Yeend, W.E., 1996, Gold placers of the historical Fortymile River region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2125, Report: 75 p.; Plate: 35.44 x 38.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2125.","productDescription":"Report: 75 p.; Plate: 35.44 x 38.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":247657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2125/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":111160,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/3781","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":247658,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2125/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"10.96 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"},{"id":252059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2125/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Fortymile River region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -142.1,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              64.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.1,\n              64.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.1,\n              64\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db6740b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yeend, Warren E.","contributorId":65053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeend","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31952,"text":"ofr9622 - 1996 - Geologic map of the Allentown East quadrangle, Lehigh, Northampton, and Bucks Counties, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T19:52:39.987166","indexId":"ofr9622","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-22","title":"Geologic map of the Allentown East quadrangle, Lehigh, Northampton, and Bucks Counties, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9622","usgsCitation":"Drake, A.A., 1996, Geologic map of the Allentown East quadrangle, Lehigh, Northampton, and Bucks Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-22, Report: 27 p.; 1 Plate: 45.03 × 29.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9622.","productDescription":"Report: 27 p.; 1 Plate: 45.03 × 29.36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":60105,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0022/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0022/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397792,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19361.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0022/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks County, Lehigh County, Northampton County","otherGeospatial":"Allentown East quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.5,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.375,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.375,\n              40.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5,\n              40.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5,\n              40.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, Avery A. Jr.","contributorId":81090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":68468,"text":"ha694D - 1996 - Hydrogeology of structurally extended terrain in the eastern Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states, from geologic and geophysical models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:24:22","indexId":"ha694D","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"694","chapter":"D","title":"Hydrogeology of structurally extended terrain in the eastern Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states, from geologic and geophysical models","docAbstract":"<p>The Great Basin of the western United States encompasses most of Nevada and western Utah (fig. 1). The climate of the region is semiarid to arid, with most precipitation falling as winter Show. The region is characterized by internal drainage (generally no hydrologic outlet to the ocean). Water resources in the region are limited and nearly all reliable surface-water sources have been allocated for use. The most commonly used aquifers arc sand-and-gravel basin-fill deposits in structural basins of the region. In many basins, pumpage from the basin-fill aquifers is as much as (or more than) the safe yield.<br />Consequently, aquifers other than basin fill are being assessed in the eastern Great Basin to determine where and how much additional ground water is present and what might be the effects of development. This study was part of the Nevada Carbonate Aquifers Program, in cooperation with the State of Nevada, Las Vegas Valley Water District, City of North Las Vegas, and the Bureau of Reclamation. This atlas presents a conceptual model of the geologic and hydrologic features of structurally extended terrains in the eastern Great Basin. First, the model is described and major structural features are compared with regional groundwater flow patterns. Second, the validity of the conceptual hydrogeologic model is evaluated using geophysical data and geologic models derived from geophysical profiles.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha694D","isbn":"0607857579","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., and Schaefer, D.H., 1996, Hydrogeology of structurally extended terrain in the eastern Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states, from geologic and geophysical models: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 694, Plate 1: 44.32 inches x 36.59 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha694D.","productDescription":"Plate 1: 44.32 inches x 36.59 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/694d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278763,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/694d/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada;Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -12.166666666666666,35 ], [ -12.166666666666666,40 ], [ -11.333333333333334,40 ], [ -11.333333333333334,35 ], [ -12.166666666666666,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6152a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":278285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaefer, Donald H.","contributorId":77507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5223443,"text":"5223443 - 1996 - Survival and recovery rates of American eiders in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-30T17:09:34.777938","indexId":"5223443","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival and recovery rates of American eiders in eastern North America","docAbstract":"<p>We analyzed banding and recovery data of adult female American eiders (<i>Somateria mollissima dresseri</i>) captured during the breeding season in eastern North America. We estimated survival rates for birds originating in the Atlantic Coast subpopulation to be 0.8730 <span>±</span> 0.0156 (SE) while recovery rates were 0.0101 <span>±</span>&nbsp;0.0080 (SE). Support for several banding reference areas of American eiders was found. No trends were detected in band recovery, harvest rates or harvest over time.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802386","usgsCitation":"Krementz, D.G., Hines, J., and Caithamer, D.F., 1996, Survival and recovery rates of American eiders in eastern North America: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 60, no. 4, p. 855-862, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802386.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"855","endPage":"862","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199977,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -55.74027412555816,\n              54.25213694082302\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.11823463194552,\n              50.84403243570601\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.26875859046969,\n              51.003422676813166\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.84195216691883,\n              47.410269531254215\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.80467629944273,\n              49.24640460840743\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.8816390987326,\n              46.25167814028854\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.09576391067104,\n              44.346168926962505\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.52800226852422,\n              41.06271081580675\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0811124859758,\n              41.32916448987016\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.71362352202352,\n              43.15814815295754\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.6664417782555,\n              43.798634128861245\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.00530842173055,\n              43.14542945900638\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.58876648292551,\n              43.82125927596849\n            ],\n            [\n              -51.95473254250956,\n              46.760307170871855\n            ],\n            [\n              -55.74027412555816,\n              54.25213694082302\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krementz, David G. 0000-0002-5661-4541 dkrementz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-4541","contributorId":2827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"David","email":"dkrementz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caithamer, David F.","contributorId":24888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caithamer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5085,"text":"fs12396 - 1996 - South Florida Ecosystem Program: Quantifying freshwater discharge for coastal hydraulic control structures in eastern Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-02T16:02:22.173541","indexId":"fs12396","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"123-96","displayTitle":"South Florida Ecosystem Program: Quantifying Freshwater Discharge for Coastal Hydraulic Control Structures in Eastern Dade County, Florida","title":"South Florida Ecosystem Program: Quantifying freshwater discharge for coastal hydraulic control structures in eastern Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"<p>The South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program is an intergovernmental effort, involving a number of agencies, to reestablish and maintain the ecosystem of south Florida. One element of the restoration effort is the development of a firm scientific basis for resource decision making. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), one of the agencies, provides scientific information as part of the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program. The USGS began their ow program, called the South Florida Ecosystem Program, in fiscal year 1995 for the purpose of gathering hydrologic, cartographic, and geologic data that relate to the mainland of south Florida, Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys and Reef ecosystems.</p><p>As part of the South Florida Ecosystem Program, the USGS, in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), has conducted a study to determine discharge ratings for 16 coastal hydraulic control structures in eastern Dade County, Fla. Discharge data are needed to quantify water that can be made available for water supply and ecosystem restoration and to calibrate regional hydrologic models.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs12396","usgsCitation":"Kapadia, A., and Swain, E.D., 1996, South Florida Ecosystem Program: Quantifying freshwater discharge for coastal hydraulic control structures in eastern Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 123-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12396.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs12396.jpg"},{"id":285404,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0123-96/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.79 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1996-123"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Dade County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.7503,25.0989 ], [ -80.7503,25.9794 ], [ -80.063,25.9794 ], [ -80.063,25.0989 ], [ -80.7503,25.0989 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e74a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kapadia, Amit","contributorId":52558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapadia","given":"Amit","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26473,"text":"wri954215 - 1996 - Soil, water, and streambed quality at a demolished asphalt plant, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:47:14","indexId":"wri954215","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4215","title":"Soil, water, and streambed quality at a demolished asphalt plant, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 1992-94","docAbstract":"A number of potentially hazardous chemicals were used at an asphalt plant on the Fort Bragg U.S. Army Reservation near Fayetteville, North Carolina. This plant was demolished in the late 1960's. Samples collected from soil, ground water, surface water, and streambed sediment were tested for the presence of contaminants. The sediment immediately underlying the demolished asphalt plant site consists mainly of sands, silts, and clayey sands with interbedded clay occurring at various depths. About 12 inches of rainfall per year infiltrate the unconfined surficial aquifer. The water table in this area is about 233 to 243 feet above sea level. Local ground water moves laterally, mainly towards the north- to-northwest at a rate of about 35 feet per year. where it discharges to Tank Creek, Little River, or one of their tributaries. A series of confining clays separate the surficial aquifer from the underlying upper Cape Fear aquifer. These clays help retard vertical migration of constituents dissolved in ground water. The saprolite-bedrock aquifer lies below the upper Cape Fear aquifer. In general ground water in the seven monitoring wells screened in the upper and lower part of the surficial aquifer did not contain detectable concentrations of chemicals related to past asphalt-plant activities. A small number of chemicals that were assumed to be unrelated to the asphalt plant were present in some of the study area monitoring wells. Ground water in four wells contained concentrations of organochlorine pesticides. Of these pesticides, concentrations of gamma-benzene hexachloride (lindane) (maximum of 0.76 micrograms per liter) exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 0.2 micrograms per liter in two wells. In addition, one well contained a trichloroethane concentration (7.7 micrograms per liter) that is assumed to be unrelated to demolished asphalt-plant operations, but exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 5.0 micrograms per liter. One well contained a fluoride concentration of 5.2 milligrams per liter that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 4.0 milligrams per liter. Total and dissolved metals concentrations were generally typical of background levels. Some of the wells contained elevated levels of chloride (maximum of 749 milligrams per liter), specific conductance (maximum of 2,780 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius), and dissolved solids (maximum of 1,520 milligrams per liter). Twelve of twenty-two soil samples that were collected at various depths at monitoring-well locations did not contain volatile organic compounds or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The remaining ten soil samples contained very low concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and (or) analytical laboratory-related volatile organic compounds. The maximum concentrations were for fluoranthene and pyrene, at 780 and 750 micrograms per kilogram, respectively. In general, the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were in sediment near the land surface. Streambed sediment from an unnamed, eastern tributary to Tank Creek in the eastern part of the site contained a small number of organochlorine pesticide compounds (a maximum of 1,400 milligrams per kilogram of 4,4'-DDD) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (113 milligrams per kilogram). Concentrations of metals and other inorganic constituents were generally typical of background concentrations. Surface water in this tributary did not contain elevated concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954215","usgsCitation":"Campbell, T., 1996, Soil, water, and streambed quality at a demolished asphalt plant, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4215, viii, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954215.","productDescription":"viii, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4215/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Fort Bragg","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.62890625,\n              34.79576153473033\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.62890625,\n              36.09349937380574\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.145751953125,\n              36.09349937380574\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.145751953125,\n              34.79576153473033\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.62890625,\n              34.79576153473033\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edbc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, T.R.","contributorId":99594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29969,"text":"wri954167 - 1996 - Discharge, water-quality characteristics, and nutrient loads from McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay, Tampa, Florida, 1991-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri954167","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4167","title":"Discharge, water-quality characteristics, and nutrient loads from McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay, Tampa, Florida, 1991-1993","docAbstract":"Nutrient enrichment in Tampa Bay has caused a decline in water quality in the estuary. Efforts to reduce the nutrient loading to Tampa Bay have resulted in improvement in water quality from 1981 to 1991. However, Tampa Bay still is onsidered enriched with nutrients. Water quality in East Bay (located at the northeastern part of Hillsborough Bay, which is an embayment in Tampa Bay) is not improving at the same rate as the rest of the bay. East Bay is the center of shipping activity in Tampa Bay and the seventh largest port in the United States. One of the primary cargoes is phosphate ore and related products such as fertilizer. The potential for nutrient loading to East Bay from shipping activities is high and has not previously been measured. Nitrogen and phosphorus loads from East Bay to Hillsborough Bay were measured during selected time periods during June 1992 through May 1993; these data were used to estimate seasonal and annual loads. These loads were evaluated to determine whether the loss of fertilizer products from shipping activities resulted in increased nutrient loading to Hillsborough Bay. Discharge was measured, and water-quality samples were collected at the head of East Bay (exiting McKay Bay), and at the mouth of East Bay. Discharge and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations for the period June 1992 through May 1993 were used to compute loads. Discharges from McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay are highly variable because of the effect of tide. Flow patterns during discharge measurements generally were unidirectional in McKay Bay and Delaney Creek, but more complex, bidirectional patterns were observed at the mouth of East Bay. Tidally affected discharge data were digitally filtered with the Godin filter to remove the effects of tide so that residual, or net, discharge could be determined. Daily mean discharge from McKay Bay ranged from -1,900 to 2,420 cubic feet per second; from Delaney Creek, -3.8 to 162 cubic feet per second; and from East Bay, -437 to 3,780 cubic feet per second. Water quality in McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay varies vertically, areally, and seasonally. Specific conductance and concentrations of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen were greater near the bottom than near the surface at the head and mouth of East Bay. Concentrations of total nitrogen and ammonia plus organic nitrogen generally were greater at the head of East Bay than at the mouth, indicating that McKay Bay is the primary source of nitrogen to East Bay. Concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, orthophosphorus, and suspended solids and values of turbidity and specific conductance generally were greater at the mouth of East Bay than at the head. The greatest concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured in Delaney Creek. In East Bay and McKay Bay, the greatest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and ammonia plus organic nitrogen occurred in summer, whereas turbidity, specific conductance, and concentrations of suspended solids were greater in winter. The greatest daily mean loads from McKay Bay and East Bay occurred in late June 1992 and April and May 1993 and coincided with periods of daily mean discharge greater than about 2,000 cubic feet per second. Although concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were greater in Delaney Creek than in McKay Bay and East Bay, loads were minimal because of minimal discharges from Delaney Creek. Monthly loads of total nitrogen ranged from about 20 tons to about 83 tons at McKay Bay; from about 1 ton to 4.2 tons at Delaney Creek; and from about 17 tons to 76 tons at the mouth of East Bay. Monthly loads of phosphorus ranged from about 11 tons to about 45 tons at McKay Bay; from about 0.62 ton to 2.6 tons at Delaney Creek; and from about 10 tons to about 45 tons at the mouth of East Bay. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the basin draining directly to East Bay (excluding loads from the McKa","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954167","usgsCitation":"Stoker, Y., Levesque, V., and Fritz, E., 1996, Discharge, water-quality characteristics, and nutrient loads from McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay, Tampa, Florida, 1991-1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4167, v, 47 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954167.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2434,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954167","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4167.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64a9ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoker, Y.E.","contributorId":13253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Y.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Levesque, V.A.","contributorId":56268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levesque","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fritz, E.M.","contributorId":26337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritz","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018988,"text":"70018988 - 1996 - Sediment retention in a bottomland hardwood wetland in eastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T17:01:48.619607","indexId":"70018988","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment retention in a bottomland hardwood wetland in eastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>One of the often-stated functions of wetlands is their ability to remove sediments and other particulates from water, thus improving water quality in the adjacent aquatic system. However, actual rates of suspended sediment removal have rarely been measured in freshwater wetland systems. To address this issue, suspended sediment dynamics were measured in a 85-km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;bottomland hardwood (BLH) wetland adjacent to the highly turbid Cache River in eastern Arkansas during the 1988–1990 water years. A suspended sediment mass balance was calculated using depth-integrated, flow-weighted daily measurements at wetland inflow and outflow points. Over the three-year period, suspended sediment load decreased an average of 14% between upstream and downstream sampling points. To test the idea that the suspended sediments were retained by the adjacent wetland and to determine what portion of the BLH forest was most responsible for retaining the suspended sediments, concurrent measurements of sediment accretion were made at 30 sites in the wetland using feldspar clay marker horizons, sedimentation disks, the</span><sup>137</sup><span>cesium method, and dendrogeomorphic techniques. Sedimentation rates exceeding 1 cm/yr were measured in frequently flooded areas dominated by </span><i>Nyssa aquatica</i><span>&nbsp;and </span><i>Taxodium distichum</i><span>. Maximum sedimentation rates did not occur on the natural levee, as would be predicted by classical fluvial geomorphology, but in the “first bottom,” where retention time of the water reached a maximum. Multiple regression was used to relate sedimentation rates with several physical and biological factors. A combination of distance from the river, flood duration, and tree basal area accounted for nearly 90% of the variation in sedimentation rates.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161323","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Kleiss, B., 1996, Sediment retention in a bottomland hardwood wetland in eastern Arkansas: Wetlands, v. 16, no. 3, p. 321-333, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161323.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"333","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503770,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6025","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"eastern Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.21480606880425,\n              36.05701646084884\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.6592849714275,\n              34.425186910956285\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.5122639998533,\n              32.53441399953529\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.84299278500842,\n              32.331053891219526\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.86333874610101,\n              33.56914964201549\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.5141845795728,\n              36.16899487873114\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.77878071589814,\n              36.5449158948269\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.21480606880425,\n              36.05701646084884\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89bce4b08c986b316e7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleiss, B.A.","contributorId":107320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kleiss","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019041,"text":"70019041 - 1996 - Earthquakes and the southeastern boundary of the intact Iapetan margin in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:24:10.187499","indexId":"70019041","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes and the southeastern boundary of the intact Iapetan margin in eastern North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>Earthquakes at three localities in eastern North America have been attributed on geological and seismological grounds to compressional reactivation of some of the late Proterozoic or early Paleozoic normal faults in the northeast-trending Iapetan passive margin. Assessment of seismic hazard can be aided by identifying the boundaries of the area of Iapetan faulting. A previous paper located the northwestern boundary. This report interprets deep seismic-reflection profiles as showing that the margin comprises a seismically active northwestern part, where Precambrian crust contains some Iapetan faults but remains mostly as it was formed, and a southeastern part, where later deformations likely destroyed or modified the Precambrian crust and Iapetan faults. Accordingly, the boundary between the northwestern and southeastern parts of the margin, which coincides approximately with the Appalachian gravity gradient, can be taken as the southeastern limit of potentially seismogenic Iapetan faults.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.67.5.77","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., 1996, Earthquakes and the southeastern boundary of the intact Iapetan margin in eastern North America: Seismological Research Letters, v. 67, no. 5, p. 77-83, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.67.5.77.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"eastern North America","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -54.2502026221228,\n              52.455495547752676\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.31466901821747,\n              41.2383548936905\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.48862204496822,\n              34.752591778926934\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.90152402114032,\n              31.46634422283111\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.24811384541448,\n              25.84563151864664\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.94840683558355,\n              24.914617306669044\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.23579295630763,\n              30.63667351222948\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.5231790770317,\n              36.35872971778991\n            ],\n            [\n              -59.510799405663164,\n              43.74758113158556\n            ],\n            [\n              -50.81989444848227,\n              47.09943858375916\n            ],\n            [\n              -54.2502026221228,\n              52.455495547752676\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0511e4b0c8380cd50c53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, R. L.","contributorId":34916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21979,"text":"ofr9620B - 1996 - Neogene and Quaternary geology of a stratigraphic test hole on Horn Island, Mississippi Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T06:59:20","indexId":"ofr9620B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-20","chapter":"B","title":"Neogene and Quaternary geology of a stratigraphic test hole on Horn Island, Mississippi Sound","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9620B","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gohn, G., Brewster-Wingard, G., Cronin, T.M., Edwards, L.E., Gibson, T., Rubin, M., and Willard, D., 1996, Neogene and Quaternary geology of a stratigraphic test hole on Horn Island, Mississippi Sound: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-20, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9620B.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51453,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0020b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0020b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi, Alabama ","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.78910064697266,\n              30.208937975696163\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.57315063476562,\n              30.208937975696163\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.57315063476562,\n              30.267370168467806\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.78910064697266,\n              30.267370168467806\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.78910064697266,\n              30.208937975696163\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gohn, Gregory 0000-0003-2000-479X ggohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-479X","contributorId":219822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Gregory","email":"ggohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brewster-Wingard, G. L.","contributorId":102508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewster-Wingard","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gibson, T. G.","contributorId":103702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"T. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rubin, Meyer","contributorId":107283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Meyer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Willard, Debra  A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra  A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
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