Volatile-organic compounds have been detected in water sampled from more than 50 supply wells between the City of Auburn and Village of Union Springs in Cayuga County, New York, and the area was declared a Superfund site in 2002. In 2001-04, geophysical logs were collected from 37 test, monitor, and water-supply wells as a preliminary part of the investigation of volatile-organic compound contamination in the carbonate-bedrock aquifer system. The geophysical logs included gamma, induction, caliper, wellbore image, deviation, fluid resistivity and temperature, and flowmeter. The geophysical logs were analyzed along with core samples and outcrops of the bedrock to define the stratigraphic units and flow zones penetrated by the wells. This report describes the logging methods used in the study and presents the geophysical, stratigraphic, and flow-zone logs.
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U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
No abstract available.
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In 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted water-quality sampling of burned and unburned watersheds in the areas affected by the Hayman, Hinman, and Missionary Ridge wildfires to provide information to scientists, watershed managers, and public-water suppliers regarding the extent to which wildfires may cause water-quality degradation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds109","usgsCitation":"Ranalli, A.J., and Stevens, M.R., 2003, Streamwater Quality Data from the 2002 Hayman, Hinman, and Missionary Ridge Wildfires, Colorado, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 109, Report: iii, 5 p.; Data (xls), https://doi.org/10.3133/ds109.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 5 p.; Data (xls)","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5816,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ds109/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,37 ], [ -109,41 ], [ -102,41 ], [ -102,37 ], [ -109,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ranalli, Anthony J. tranalli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranalli","given":"Anthony","email":"tranalli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44647,"text":"wri034007 - 2003 - Explosive-residue compounds resulting from snow avalanche control in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T15:51:16","indexId":"wri034007","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4007","title":"Explosive-residue compounds resulting from snow avalanche control in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah","docAbstract":"A snow avalanche is a powerful force of nature that can play a significant role in developing mountain landscapes (Perla and Martinelli, 1975). More importantly, loss of life can occur when people are caught in the path of snow avalanches (Grossman, 1999). Increasing winter recreation, including skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling, snowshoeing, and climbing in mountainous areas, has increased the likelihood of people encountering snow avalanches (fig. 1). Explosives are used by most ski areas and State highway departments throughout the Western United States to control the release of snow avalanches, thus minimizing the loss of human life during winter recreation and highway travel (fig. 2).
Common explosives used for snow avalanche control include trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), tetrytol, ammonium nitrate, and nitroglycerin (Perla and Martinelli, 1975). During and after snowfall or wind loading of potential avalanche slopes, ski patrollers and Utah Department of Transportation personnel deliver explosive charges onto predetermined targets to artificially release snow avalanches, thereby rendering the slope safer for winter activities. Explosives can be thrown by hand onto target zones or shot from cannons for more remote delivery of explosive charges. Hand-delivered charges typically contain about 2 pounds of TNT or its equivalent (Perla and Martinelli, 1975).
Depending on the size of the ski area, acreage of potential avalanche terrain, and weather conditions, the annual quantity of explosives used during a season of snow avalanche control can be substantial. For example, the three ski areas of Alta, Snowbird, and Brighton, plus the Utah Department of Transportation, may use as many as 11,200 hand charges per year (Wasatch Powderbird Guides, unpub. data, 1999) for snow avalanche control in Big and Little Cottonwood Canyons (fig. 3). If each charge is assumed to weigh 2 pounds, this equates to about 22,400 pounds of explosive hand charges per year. In addition, 2,240 to 3,160 Avalauncher rounds and 626 to 958 military artillery rounds (explosive mass not specified) are used each year by the three ski areas and the Utah Department of Transportation for snow avalanche control in Big and Little Cottonwood Canyons (Wasatch Powderbird Guides, unpub. data, 1999). The other ski area in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Brighton, uses about 2,000 pounds of explosives per year for snow avalanche control (Michele Weidner, Cirrus Ecological Solutions consultant, written commun., 2001).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034007","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Kanagy, L.K., Susong, D.D., Wydoski, D.S., and Kanagy, C.J., 2003, Explosive-residue compounds resulting from snow avalanche control in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4007, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034007.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3755,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334641,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir03-4007/resources/WRIR-03-4007.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, David L. 0000-0003-1130-6892 dlnaftz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-6892","contributorId":1041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"David","email":"dlnaftz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kanagy, Leslie K. 0000-0001-5073-8538 lkkanagy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5073-8538","contributorId":4543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanagy","given":"Leslie","email":"lkkanagy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wydoski, Duane S. dwydoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":3734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wydoski","given":"Duane","email":"dwydoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kanagy, Christopher J. ckanagy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanagy","given":"Christopher","email":"ckanagy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53970,"text":"fs20043003 - 2003 - Investigating monkeypox in the Wild","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-26T15:11:49","indexId":"fs20043003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3003","title":"Investigating monkeypox in the Wild","docAbstract":"A recent monkeypox outbreak in pet prairie dogs led to the first recorded human case of the disease in the U.S. The outbreak has USGS scientists concerned the disease may spread to wild rodent populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043003","usgsCitation":"Brand, C.J., and Slota, P., 2003, Investigating monkeypox in the Wild: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3003, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043003.","productDescription":"1 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3003/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3003/fs20043003.pdf","text":"Report","size":"89.9 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2004-2003"}],"contact":"Director, National Wildlife Health Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
Coastal wetlands along the Gulf of Mexico have been experiencing significant shifts in hydrology and salinity levels over the past century as a result of changes in sea level and freshwater drainage patterns. Local land management in coastal zones has also impacted the hydrologic regimes of salt marshes and mangrove areas. Parks and refuges in south Florida that contain mangrove forests have, in some cases, been ditched or impounded to control mosquito outbreaks and to foster wildlife use. And while mangroves dominate the subtropical coastlines of Florida and thrive in saltwater environments, little is known about how they respond to changes in hydrology under managed or variable tidal conditions. USGS researchers designed a study to evaluate the basic hydrological requirements of mangroves so that their health and survival may be more effectively managed in controlled impoundments and restored wetlands.
Mangroves are commonly found in the intertidal zone (between low and high tides) in a rather broad spectrum of hydrologic settings. Because they thrive at the interface of land and sea, mangroves are subject to changes in freshwater flow (flow rate, nutrients, pollutants) and to marine influences (sea-level rise, salinity). Salinity has long been recognized as a controlling factor that determines the health and distribution of mangrove forests. Field and experimental observations indicate that most mangrove species achieve their highest growth potential under brackish conditions (modest salinity) between 10 and 20 parts per thousand (ppt). Yet, if provided with available propagules, successful regeneration, and limited competition from other plants, then mangroves can survive and thrive in freshwater systems as well.
Because little is known about the growthand survival patterns of mangrove species relative to changing hydrology, USGS scientists conducted greenhouse and field experiments to determine how flooded or drained patterns of hydrology would influence growth of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle (fig. 1). Red mangrove propagules (recruits) of select sizes and genotypes (i.e., genetically similar groups) were planted both in greenhouses and in the field. Seedling growth was monitored in both studies on a quarterly basis for over a year; measurements included shoot growth, seedling height, and a final harvest of plant biomass.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs02903","usgsCitation":"Doyle, T.W., 2003, Effects of hydrology on red mangrove recruits: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 029-03, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02903.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_029_03.jpg"},{"id":10927,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/029-03/029-03.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/029-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47832,"text":"fs02003 - 2003 - The Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-30T16:33:37","indexId":"fs02003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"020-03","title":"The Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"Amphibians have been disappearing from many locations around the world with reports of declines increasing in recent decades. Some of the most dramatic declines have occurred in areas that were thought to be protected from human disturbance. For example, the once-common boreal toad has virtually disappeared from Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado. Although there has been debate on whether these declines represent a short-term fluctuation in populations or major sustained losses, there is now general scientific consensus that something really is amiss with amphibian populations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs02003","usgsCitation":"Adams, M.J., 2003, The Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative in the Pacific Northwest: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 020-03, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02003.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0020/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4038,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0020/fs02003.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 020-03"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68347a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, M. J. 0000-0001-8844-042X mjadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-042X","contributorId":3133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"mjadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47747,"text":"wri024269 - 2003 - Probability of detecting atrazine/desethyl-atrazine and elevated concentrations of nitrate in ground water in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T21:54:17.216899","indexId":"wri024269","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4269","title":"Probability of detecting atrazine/desethyl-atrazine and elevated concentrations of nitrate in ground water in Colorado","docAbstract":"Draft Federal regulations may require that each State develop a State Pesticide Management Plan for the herbicides atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and simazine. Maps were developed that the State of Colorado could use to predict the probability of detecting atrazine and desethyl-atrazine (a breakdown product of atrazine) in ground water in Colorado. These maps can be incorporated into the State Pesticide Management Plan and can help provide a sound hydrogeologic basis for atrazine management in Colorado. Maps showing the probability of detecting elevated nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations in ground water in Colorado also were developed because nitrate is a contaminant of concern in many areas of Colorado.\r\n\r\nMaps showing the probability of detecting atrazine and(or) desethyl-atrazine (atrazine/DEA) at or greater than concentrations of 0.1 microgram per liter and nitrate concentrations in ground water greater than 5 milligrams per liter were developed as follows: (1) Ground-water quality data were overlaid with anthropogenic and hydrogeologic data using a geographic information system to produce a data set in which each well had corresponding data on atrazine use, fertilizer use, geology, hydrogeomorphic regions, land cover, precipitation, soils, and well construction. These data then were downloaded to a statistical software package for analysis by logistic regression. (2) Relations were observed between ground-water quality and the percentage of land-cover categories within circular regions (buffers) around wells. Several buffer sizes were evaluated; the buffer size that provided the strongest relation was selected for use in the logistic regression models. (3) Relations between concentrations of atrazine/DEA and nitrate in ground water and atrazine use, fertilizer use, geology, hydrogeomorphic regions, land cover, precipitation, soils, and well-construction data were evaluated, and several preliminary multivariate models with various combinations of independent variables were constructed. (4) The multivariate models that best predicted the presence of atrazine/DEA and elevated concentrations of nitrate in ground water were selected. (5) The accuracy of the multivariate models was confirmed by validating the models with an independent set of ground-water quality data. (6) The multivariate models were entered into a geographic information system and the probability maps were constructed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024269","usgsCitation":"Rupert, M.G., 2003, Probability of detecting atrazine/desethyl-atrazine and elevated concentrations of nitrate in ground water in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4269, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024269.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405437,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54496.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4077,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024269","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -102.052001953125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -102.052001953125,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545f85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53353,"text":"wdrWV021 - 2003 - Water Resources Data - West Virginia, Water Year 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:25","indexId":"wdrWV021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WV-02-1","title":"Water Resources Data - West Virginia, Water Year 2002","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrWV021","usgsCitation":"Ward, S., Rosier, M., and Crosby, G., 2003, Water Resources Data - West Virginia, Water Year 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WV-02-1, 292 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWV021.","productDescription":"292 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5075,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrwv021/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd2d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, S.M.","contributorId":93920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosier, M.T.","contributorId":66341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosier","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crosby, G.R.","contributorId":59875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53745,"text":"fs06103 - 2003 - Flooding Associated with Typhoon Chata'an, July 5, 2002, Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"fs06103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"061-03","title":"Flooding Associated with Typhoon Chata'an, July 5, 2002, Guam","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nOn July 5, 2002, starting at about 8 a.m., the southern half of the eye of Typhoon Chata'an passed directly over the northern part of the island of Guam. Data collected on Guam indicate that the typhoon had sustained winds of 85 to 90 miles per hour (mi/hr) with gusts of up to 115 mi/hr (Charles Guard, National Weather Service, written commun., 2003). Storm rainfall totals exceeded 21 inches (in.) over the mountainous areas in south-central Guam. During the peak of the storm, rain fell at rates of up to 6.48 inches per hour (in/hr). Because of the damage caused by Typhoon Chata'an, the President signed a major disaster declaration on July 6, 2002.\r\n\r\nDamages associated with Typhoon Chata'an, while considered moderate relative to other storms that have affected Guam, amounted to several tens of millions of dollars. In excess of 1,000 single-family and multi-family homes were either extensively damaged or destroyed. Electrical power was out for several days over most of the island and no potable water was available through public distribution systems (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2002). The extreme rainfall led to flooding in southern Guam and caused numerous landslides and severe erosion along water courses. The most significant evidence of these effects could be found in the Fena Valley Reservoir, where elevated sediment concentrations made the water unsuitable for use as a domestic water supply for several days. During normal operation, Fena Valley Reservoir supplies most of the drinking water for the military and some of the general public in southern Guam. All of the stream-gaging stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on Guam were damaged to some extent during the flood and three of the stations were totally destroyed.\r\n\r\nPeak flows in many rivers in southern Guam reached record levels during Typhoon Chata'an. New record peak stages and/or flows of record occurred at 14 of 15 sites where the USGS has collected data. In some areas, the magnitude of flood peaks exceeded previous records significantly. Peak flows had recurrence intervals of 80 years or more at 9 of the 13 sites where sufficient data were available to make the computations. Four of the 9 sites had recurrence intervals that were determined to be greater than 100 years.\r\n\r\nIn this fact sheet, storm rainfall totals and maximum rainfall totals for durations of 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-hours are summarized for 12 rain gages on Guam. Peak stages and/or flows were computed at 15 USGS streamflow-gaging stations and recurrence intervals for the peaks determined. Rainfall and streamflow-gaging stations operated by the USGS on Guam are supported by funding provided by numerous agencies including the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and the University of Guam through the Water and Environmental Research Institute (WERI). The USGS Office of Surface Water, as part of a national program to document the effects of extreme floods in the United States, provided funding to support the preparation of this fact sheet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs06103","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, R.A., 2003, Flooding Associated with Typhoon Chata'an, July 5, 2002, Guam: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 061-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06103.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_061_03.jpg"},{"id":5146,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-061-03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.58333333333334,13.25 ], [ 144.58333333333334,13.75 ], [ 145,13.75 ], [ 145,13.25 ], [ 144.58333333333334,13.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, Richard A. rfontain@usgs.gov","contributorId":2379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Richard","email":"rfontain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53383,"text":"wdrIL021 - 2003 - Water Resources Data, Illinois, Water Year 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"wdrIL021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IL-02-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Illinois, Water Year 2002","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrIL021","usgsCitation":"Robl, A., Angel, J., and Norris, J., 2003, Water Resources Data, Illinois, Water Year 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IL-02-1, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIL021.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb8fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robl, A.D.","contributorId":20399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robl","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angel, J.W.","contributorId":69641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angel","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Norris, J.R.","contributorId":67153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51978,"text":"wri20034207 - 2003 - Evaluation of Streamflow, Water Quality, and Permitted and Nonpermitted Loads and Yields in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, Water Years 1991-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:17","indexId":"wri20034207","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4207","title":"Evaluation of Streamflow, Water Quality, and Permitted and Nonpermitted Loads and Yields in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, Water Years 1991-98","docAbstract":"Seventeen water-quality constituents were analyzed in samples collected from 21 surface-water sampling sites in the Raritan River Basin during water years 1991-97. Loads were computed for seven constituents. Thirteen constituents have associated instream water-quality standards that are used as reference levels when evaluating the data. Nine of the 13 constituents did not meet water-quality reference levels in all samples at all sites. The constituents that most commonly failed to meet the water-quality reference levels in the 801 samples analyzed were total phosphorus (greater than 0.1 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in 32 percent of samples), fecal coliform bacteria (greater than 400 counts/100 milliliters in 29 percent), hardness (less than 50 mg/L in 21 percent), pH (greater than 8.5 or less than 6.5 in 17 percent), and water temperature in designated trout waters (greater than 20 degrees Celsius in 12 percent of samples). Concentrations of chloride, total dissolved solids, nitrate plus nitrite, and sulfate did not exceed water-quality reference levels in any sample. Results from previous studies on pesticides and volatile organic compounds in streamwater during 1996-98, and organic compounds and trace elements in sediments during 1976-93, were summarized for this study. Concentrations of pesticides in some samples exceeded the relevant standards. \r\n\r\nWater-quality data varied significantly as season and streamflow changed. Concentrations or values of 12 constituents were significantly higher in the growing season than in the nongrowing season at 1 to 21 sites, and concentrations of 6 constituents were significantly higher in the nongrowing season at 1 to 21 sites. Concentrations or values of seven constituents decreased significantly with increased streamflow, indicating a more significant contribution from base flow or permitted sources than from runoff. Concentrations or values of four constituents increased with increased flow, indicating a more significant contribution from runoff than from base flow or permitted sources. Phosphorus concentrations increased with flow at two sites with no point sources and decreased with flow at five sites with four or more permitted point sources. Concentrations of five constituents did not vary significantly with changes in streamflow at any of the sites. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of constituents differed significantly between sites. The sites with the most desirable values for the most constituents were Mulhockaway Creek, Spruce Run, Millstone River at Manalapan, Manalapan Brook, and Lamington River at Pottersville. The sites with the least desirable values for the most constituents were Millstone River at Blackwells Mills, Matchaponix Brook, Raritan River at Bound Brook, Neshanic River, and Millstone River at Grovers Mill. \r\n\r\nThe total instream loads of seven constituents - total ammonia plus organic nitrogen (TKN), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate plus nitrite (NO3+NO2), total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus, and total suspended solids (TSS) - were analyzed at low, median, and high flows. The quantities of total instream load that originated from facilities with permits issued by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection to discharge effluent to streams (permitted sources) and from other sources (nonpermitted sources) were estimated for each sampling site. TOC and TSS loads primarily were contributed by nonpermitted sources at all flows. BOD and TDS loads primarily were contributed by nonpermitted sources at median and high flows. At low flow, permitted sources contributed more than one-third of the TDS load at 10 sites and more than one-third of the BOD load at 3 sites. Permitted sources contributed more than one-third of the total phosphorus load at 15 and 14 sites at low and median flows, respectively. Permitted sources accounted for more than one-third of total instream load of NO3+NO2 at low- and median-flow conditions at nearly ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20034207","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Water Supply Authority","usgsCitation":"Reiser, R.G., 2003, Evaluation of Streamflow, Water Quality, and Permitted and Nonpermitted Loads and Yields in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, Water Years 1991-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4207, xii, 210 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20034207.","productDescription":"xii, 210 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1990-10-01","temporalEnd":"1997-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12679,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri03-4207/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.16666666666667,40 ], [ -75.16666666666667,41 ], [ -74,41 ], [ -74,40 ], [ -75.16666666666667,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a04e4b07f02db5f8626","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiser, Robert G. 0000-0001-5140-2745 rreiser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-2745","contributorId":4083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"Robert","email":"rreiser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58036,"text":"wri20034305 - 2003 - Ground-Water Quality and its Relation to Land Use on Oahu, Hawaii, 2000-01","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:17","indexId":"wri20034305","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4305","title":"Ground-Water Quality and its Relation to Land Use on Oahu, Hawaii, 2000-01","docAbstract":"Water quality in the main drinking-water source aquifers of Oahu was assessed by a one-time sampling of untreated ground water from 30 public-supply wells and 15 monitoring wells. The 384 square-mile study area, which includes urban Honolulu and large tracts of forested, agricultural, and suburban residential lands in central Oahu, accounts for 93 percent of the island's ground-water withdrawals.\r\n\r\nOrganic compounds were detected in 73 percent of public-supply wells, but mostly at low concentrations below minimum reporting levels. Concentrations exceeded drinking-water standards in just a few cases: the solvent trichloroethene and the radionuclide radon-222 exceeded Federal standards in one public-supply well each, and the fumigants 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) exceeded State standards in three public-supply wells each. Solvents, fumigants, trihalomethanes, and herbicides were prevalent (detected in more than 30 percent of samples) but gasoline components and insecticides were detected in few wells. Most water samples contained complex mixtures of organic compounds: multiple solvents, fumigants, or herbicides, and in some cases compounds from two or all three of these classes.\r\n\r\nCharacteristic suites of chemicals were associated with particular land uses and geographic locales. Solvents were associated with central Oahu urban-military lands whereas fumigants, herbicides, and fertilizer nutrients were associated with central Oahu agricultural lands. Somewhat unexpectedly, little contamination was detected in Honolulu where urban density is highest, most likely as a consequence of sound land-use planning, favorable aquifer structure, and less intensive application of chemicals (or of less mobile chemicals) over recharge zones in comparison to agricultural areas.\r\n\r\nFor the most part, organic and nutrient contamination appear to reflect decades-old releases and former land use. Most ground-water ages were decades old, with recharge dates ranging from pre-1940 to the present, and with most dates falling within the 1950s to 1980s time span. Several widely detected compounds were discontinued as long ago as the 1970s but have yet to be flushed from the ground-water system. Although large tracts of land in central Oahu have been converted from agriculture to residential urban use since the 1950s, water quality in the converted areas still more closely reflects the former agricultural land. It appears to be too early to detect a distinct water-quality signature characteristic of the newer urban use, although several urban turfgrass herbicides in use for just 10 years or so were detected in monitoring wells and may represent early arrivals of urban contaminants at the water table.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20034305","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Hunt, C.D., 2003, Ground-Water Quality and its Relation to Land Use on Oahu, Hawaii, 2000-01: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4305, Report: viii, 57 p.; 5 Tables; 5 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20034305.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 57 p.; 5 Tables; 5 Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5966,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri03-4305/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":183331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d50b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Charles D. Jr. cdhunt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Charles","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cdhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47745,"text":"wri024225 - 2003 - Nutrient, trace-element, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as inferred from sediment cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T14:17:14","indexId":"wri024225","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4225","title":"Nutrient, trace-element, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as inferred from sediment cores","docAbstract":"Sediment cores were collected from Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, and from surrounding areas in 1999 and 2001 to determine whether the water quality of Musky Bay has declined during the last 100 years or more as a result of human activity, specifically cottage development and cranberry farming. Selected cores were analyzed for sedimentation rates, nutrients, minor and trace elements, biogenic silica, diatom assemblages, and pollen over the past several decades. Two cranberry bogs constructed along Musky Bay in 1939 and the early 1950s were substantially expanded between 1950?62 and between 1980?98. Cottage development on Musky Bay has occurred at a steady rate since about 1930, although currently housing density on Musky Bay is one-third to one-half the housing density surrounding three other Lac Courte Oreilles bays. Sedimentation rates were reconstructed for a core from Musky Bay by use of three lead radioisotope models and the cesium-137 profile. The historical average mass and linear sedimentation rates for Musky Bay are 0.023 grams per square centimeter per year and 0.84 centimeters per year, respectively, for the period of about 1936?90. There is also limited evidence that sedimentation rates may have increased after the mid-1990s. Historical changes in input of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to Musky Bay could not be directly identified from concentration profiles of these elements because of the potential for postdepositional migration and recycling. Minor- and trace-element profiles from the Musky Bay core possibly reflect historical changes in the input of clastic material over time, as well as potential changes in atmospheric deposition inputs. The input of clastic material to the bay increased slightly after European settlement and possibly in the 1930s through 1950s. Concentrations of copper in the Musky Bay core increased steadily through the early to mid-1900s until about 1980 and appear to reflect inputs from atmospheric deposition. Aluminum- normalized concentrations of calcium, copper, nickel, and zinc increased in the Musky Bay core in the mid-1990s. However, concentrations of these elements in surficial sediment from Musky Bay were similar to concentrations in other Lac Courte Oreilles bays, nearby lakes, and soils and were below probable effects concentrations for aquatic life. Biogenic-silica, diatom-community, and pollen profiles indicate that Musky Bay has become more eutrophic since about 1940 with the onset of cottage development and cranberry farming. The water quality of the bay has especially degraded during the last 25 years with increased growth of aquatic plants and the onset of a floating algal mat during the last decade. Biogenic silica data indicate that diatom production has consistently increased since the 1930s. Diatom assemblage profiles indicate a shift from low-nutrient species to higher-nutrient species during the 1940s and that aquatic plants reached their present density and/or composition during the 1970s. The diatom Fragilaria capucina (indicative of algal mat) greatly increased during the mid-1990s. Pollen data indicate that milfoil, which often becomes more common with elevated nutrients, became more widespread after 1920. The pollen data also indicate that wild rice was present in the eastern end of Musky Bay during the late 1800s and the early 1900s but disappeared after about 1920, probably because of water-level changes more so than eutrophication.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024225","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lac Courte Oreilles Tribe Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Garrison, P.J., Fitzgerald, S., and Elder, J.F., 2003, Nutrient, trace-element, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as inferred from sediment cores: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4225, vi, 141 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024225.","productDescription":"vi, 141 p.","numberOfPages":"148","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4076,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir-02-4225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":84658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4225/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lac Courte Oreilles, Musky Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.43165588378905,\n 45.99934661801396\n ],\n [\n -91.5157699584961,\n 45.915810457254395\n ],\n [\n -91.52881622314453,\n 45.88976919245778\n ],\n [\n -91.4944839477539,\n 45.81994707894864\n ],\n [\n -91.45362854003906,\n 45.8151615345158\n ],\n [\n -91.37741088867188,\n 45.85606466507107\n ],\n [\n -91.36058807373047,\n 45.859890320433756\n ],\n [\n -91.32041931152344,\n 45.88259972825987\n ],\n [\n -91.29878997802733,\n 45.898371328091486\n ],\n [\n -91.30290985107422,\n 45.92631906688105\n ],\n [\n -91.28746032714844,\n 45.96403812284582\n ],\n [\n -91.29432678222656,\n 45.97859367638589\n ],\n [\n -91.34101867675781,\n 46.008647135033385\n ],\n [\n -91.39183044433594,\n 46.01842291576195\n ],\n [\n -91.43920898437499,\n 46.01508503858\n ],\n [\n -91.43165588378905,\n 45.99934661801396\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696760","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrison, Paul J.","contributorId":73193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzgerald, Sharon A. safitzge@usgs.gov","contributorId":4532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Sharon A.","email":"safitzge@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":47868,"text":"b2179 - 2003 - Alternative Sources of Energy - An Introduction to Fuel Cells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:44","indexId":"b2179","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2179","title":"Alternative Sources of Energy - An Introduction to Fuel Cells","docAbstract":"Fuel cells are important future sources of electrical power and could contribute to a reduction in the amount of petroleum\r\nimported by the United States. They are electrochemical\r\ndevices similar to a battery and consist of a container, an anode, a cathode, catalysts, an intervening electrolyte, and an attached electrical circuit. In most fuel cell systems, hydrogen\r\nis supplied to the anode and oxygen to the cathode which results in the production of electricity, water, and heat. Fuel cells are comparatively efficient and reliable, have no moving parts, operate without combustion, and are modular and scale-able. Their size and shape are flexible and adaptable. In operation,\r\nthey are nearly silent, are relatively safe, and generally do not pollute the environment.\r\nDuring recent years, scientists and engineers have developed and refined technologies relevant to a variety of fuel cells. Types of fuel cells are commonly identified by the composition of their electrolyte, which could be either phosphoric acid, an alkaline solution, a molten carbonate, a solid metal oxide, or a solid polymer membrane. The electrolyte\r\nin stationary power plants could be phosphoric acid, molten carbonates, or solid metal oxides. For vehicles and smaller devices, the electrolyte could be an alkaline solution or a solid polymer membrane. For most fuel cell systems, the fuel is hydrogen, which can be extracted by several procedures from many hydrogen-bearing substances, including alcohols, natural gas (mainly methane), gasoline, and water.\r\nThere are important and perhaps unresolved technical problems associated with using fuel cells to power vehicles. The catalysts required in several systems are expensive metals of the platinum group. Moreover, fuel cells can freeze and not work in cold weather and can be damaged by impacts. Storage tanks for the fuels, particularly hydrogen, must be safe, inexpensive,\r\nof a reasonable size, and contain a supply sufficient for a trip of several hundred miles. Additional major problems will be the extensive and costly changes in the national infrastructure\r\nto obtain, store, and distribute large amounts of the fuels, and in related manufacturing","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b2179","usgsCitation":"Merewether, E., 2003, Alternative Sources of Energy - An Introduction to Fuel Cells (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2179, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2179.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4061,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6873af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merewether, E.A.","contributorId":32517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47818,"text":"fs00403 - 2003 - Lewis and Clark's observations of geomorphology and hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:41","indexId":"fs00403","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"004-03","title":"Lewis and Clark's observations of geomorphology and hydrology","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs00403","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., 2003, Lewis and Clark's observations of geomorphology and hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 004-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs00403.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_004_03.jpg"},{"id":4025,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-004-03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a554e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, John A. 0000-0003-2609-364X jamoody@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-364X","contributorId":771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"John","email":"jamoody@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47830,"text":"fs01803 - 2003 - Crater Lake: blue through time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-30T16:34:49","indexId":"fs01803","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"018-03","title":"Crater Lake: blue through time","docAbstract":"Blue is the color of constancy, hence the term true blue. The unearthly blueness of Crater Lake reflects its pristine character and gives scientists a focal point for studying human impacts on aquatic environments over long periods of time.\r\n\r\nScientists with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Park Service, and Oregon State University have systematically studied the lake for the last two decades. Long-term monitoring of this lake is a priority of Crater Lake National Park and will continue far into the future.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01803","usgsCitation":"Larson, G.L., Buktenica, M., and Collier, R., 2003, Crater Lake: blue through time: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 018-03, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01803.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4036,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0018/fs01803.pdf","text":"Report","size":"239 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 018-03"},{"id":120223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0018/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683530","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Gary L. gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Gary","email":"gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":236337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buktenica, Mark","contributorId":84858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buktenica","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collier, Robert","contributorId":101341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collier","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}