and the proportion of polymorphic loci . Overall our findings indicate that restored populations of S. alterniflora maintain levels of genetic diversity comparable to natural populations, which should provide some measure of resistance against environmental disturbances. Diversity estimates were lowest for the natural reference site ( = 0.1059; = 0.2763), whereas estimates for the three restored sites ranged from = 0.1148 to 0.1256 and = 0.3114 to 0.3202. All sites maintained sufficiently high diversity levels to suggest significant rates of outcrossing. Overall, genetic differentiation among populations was small (Weir and Cockerham's ?? = 0.0645), with the values from each pairwise comparison among the populations increasing with the geographic distance between sites (range = 0.0490-0.1101). These values indicate an average migration rate of 3.6 migrants, either pollen or seeds, per generation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restoration Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.10104.x","issn":"10612971","usgsCitation":"Travis, S., Proffitt, C., Lowenfeld, R., and Mitchell, T., 2002, A comparative assessment of genetic diversity among differently-aged populations of Spartina alterniflora on restored versus natural wetlands: Restoration Ecology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 37-42, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.10104.x.","startPage":"37","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207650,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.10104.x"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e350e4b0c8380cd45f6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Travis, S.E. 0000-0001-9338-8953","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-8953","contributorId":28718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travis","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Proffitt, C.E. 0000-0002-0845-8441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-8441","contributorId":47339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proffitt","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowenfeld, R.C.","contributorId":9811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenfeld","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, T.W.","contributorId":96049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024786,"text":"70024786 - 2002 - Diffusion model validation and interpretation of stable isotopes in river and lake ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024786","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffusion model validation and interpretation of stable isotopes in river and lake ice","docAbstract":"The stable isotope stratigraphy of river- and lake-ice archives winter hydroclimatic conditions, and can potentially be used to identify changing water sources or to provide important insights into ice formation processes and growth rates. However, accurate interpretations rely on known isotopic fractionation during ice growth. A one-dimensional diffusion model of the liquid boundary layer adjacent to an advancing solid interface, originally developed to simulate solute rejection by growing crystals, has been used without verification to describe non-equilibrium fractionation during congelation ice growth. Results are not in agreement, suggesting the presence of important uncertainties. In this paper we seek validation of the diffusion model for this application using large-scale laboratory experiments with controlled freezing rates and frequent sampling. We obtained consistent, almost constant, isotopic boundary layer thicknesses over a representative range of ice growth rates on both quiescent and well-mixed water. With the 18O boundary layer thickness from the laboratory, the model successfully quantified reduced river-ice growth rates relative to those of a nearby lake. These results were more representative and easier to obtain than those of a conventional thermal ice-growth model. This diffusion model validation and boundary layer thickness determination provide a powerful tool for interpreting the stable isotope stratigraphy of floating ice. The laboratory experiment also replicated successive fractionation events in response to a freeze-thaw-refreeze cycle, providing a mechanism for apparent ice fractionation that exceeds equilibrium. Analysis of the composition of snow ice and frazil ice in river and lake cores indicated surprising similarities between these ice forms. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.374","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Ferrick, M., Calkins, D., Perron, N., Cragin, J., and Kendall, C., 2002, Diffusion model validation and interpretation of stable isotopes in river and lake ice: Hydrological Processes, v. 16, no. 4, p. 851-872, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.374.","startPage":"851","endPage":"872","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.374"},{"id":233102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0110e4b0c8380cd4faa4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrick, M.G.","contributorId":46731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrick","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, D.J.","contributorId":82896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calkins","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perron, N.M.","contributorId":78122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perron","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cragin, J.H.","contributorId":60819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cragin","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024739,"text":"70024739 - 2002 - Preliminary comparison of landscape pattern-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationships to central plains stream conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T16:08:14.104924","indexId":"70024739","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary comparison of landscape pattern-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationships to central plains stream conditions","docAbstract":"
We explored relationships of water quality parameters with landscape pattern metrics (LPMs), land use–land cover (LULC) proportions, and the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or NDVI-derived metrics. Stream sites (271) in Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri were sampled for water quality parameters, the index of biotic integrity, and a habitat index in either 1994 or 1995. Although a combination of LPMs (interspersion and juxtaposition index, patch density, and percent forest) within Ozark Highlands watersheds explained >60% of the variation in levels of nitrite–nitrate nitrogen and conductivity, in most cases the LPMs were not significantly correlated with the stream data. Several problems using landscape pattern metrics were noted: small watersheds having only one or two patches, collinearity with LULC data, and counterintuitive or inconsistent results that resulted from basic differences in land use–land cover patterns among ecoregions or from other factors determining water quality. The amount of variation explained in water quality parameters using multiple regression models that combined LULC and LPMs was generally lower than that from NDVI or vegetation phenology metrics derived from time-series NDVI data. A comparison of LPMs and NDVI indicated that NDVI had greater promise for monitoring landscapes for stream conditions within the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2134/jeq2002.8460","usgsCitation":"Griffith, J.A., Martinko, E.A., Whistler, J.L., and Price, K.P., 2002, Preliminary comparison of landscape pattern-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationships to central plains stream conditions: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 3, p. 846-859, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.8460.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"846","endPage":"859","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Central Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.54833984375,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -92.48291015625,\n 38.13455657705411\n ],\n [\n -91.64794921875,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -95.69091796875,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -100.48095703125,\n 42.97250158602597\n ],\n [\n -103.5791015625,\n 42.90816007196054\n ],\n [\n -103.6669921875,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -94.54833984375,\n 37.09023980307208\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8359e4b0c8380cd7bef1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, J. A.","contributorId":84118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinko, E. A.","contributorId":13784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinko","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whistler, J. L.","contributorId":74171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whistler","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Price, K. P.","contributorId":16615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024687,"text":"70024687 - 2002 - The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024687","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"This paper provides a geologic and hydrologic framework of the Yucca Mountain region for the geochemical papers in this volume. The regional geologic units, which range in age from late Precambrian through Holocene, are briefly described. Yucca Mountain is composed of dominantly pyroclastic units that range in age from 11.4 to 15.2 Ma. The principal focus of study has been on the Paintbrush Group, which includes two major zoned and welded ash-flow tuffs separated by an important hydrogeologic unit referred to as the Paintbrush non-welded (PTn). The regional structural setting is currently one of extension, and the major local tectonic domains are presented together with a tectonic model that is consistent with the known structures at Yucca Mountain. Streamflow in this arid to semi-arid region occurs principally in intermittent or ephemeral channels. Near Yucca Mountain, the channels of Fortymile Wash and Amargosa River collect infrequent runoff from tributary basins, ultimately draining to Death Valley. Beneath the surface, large-scale interbasin flow of groundwater from one valley to another occurs commonly in the region. Regional groundwater flow beneath Yucca Mountain originates in the high mesas to the north and returns to the surface either in southern Amargosa Desert or in Death Valley, where it is consumed by evapotranspiration. The water table is very deep beneath the upland areas such as Yucca Mountain, where it is 500-750 m below the land surface, providing a large thickness of unsaturated rocks that are potentially suitable to host a nuclear-waste repository. The nature of unsaturated flow processes, which are important for assessing radionuclide migration, are inferred mainly from hydrochemical or isotopic evidence, from pneumatic tests of the fracture systems, and from the results of in situ experiments. Water seeping down through the unsaturated zone flows rapidly through fractures and more slowly through the pores of the rock matrix. Although capillary forces are expected to divert much of the flow around repository openings, some may drip onto waste packages, ultimately causing release of radionuclides, followed by transport down to the water table. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and Dudley, W.W., 2002, The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 6, p. 659-682, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X.","startPage":"659","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207979,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X"},{"id":233313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac53e4b08c986b323412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, W. W.","contributorId":101941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024615,"text":"70024615 - 2002 - Educational background and professional participation by federal wildlife biologists: Implications for science, management, and The Wildlife Society","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-28T11:56:58","indexId":"70024615","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Educational background and professional participation by federal wildlife biologists: Implications for science, management, and The Wildlife Society","docAbstract":"Over 2,000 people are employed in wildlife biology in the United States federal government. The size of this constituency motivated me to examine the amount of formal education federal biologists have received and the extent of continuing education they undertake by reading journals or attending scientific meetings. Most federal biologists who are members of The Wildlife Society (TWS) have a graduate degree. However, one-third have only a Bachelor of Science degree, despite the current trend toward hiring people with graduate degrees. Most federal biologists are not research biologists. Numbers of journals subscribed to was positively related to educational level. Less than one-third of all wildlife biologists employed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service are members of TWS or subscribe to any of its journals. In contrast, the majority of presenters at the TWS 2000 Annual Conference were research biologists and members of TWS. The failure of many federal wildlife biologists to read scientific literature or attend professional meetings indicates a failure to promote the importance of continuing education in the federal workplace. I identify 2 potential adverse impacts of this failing: an inability to recognize important and relevant scientific contributions and an ineffectiveness in carrying out adaptive management.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., 2002, Educational background and professional participation by federal wildlife biologists: Implications for science, management, and The Wildlife Society: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 2, p. 594-598.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"594","endPage":"598","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337974,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784520"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05aee4b0c8380cd50edc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024584,"text":"70024584 - 2002 - The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024584","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater","docAbstract":"One-hundred fluid inclusions in Silurian marine halite were analyzed in order to determine the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater. The samples analyzed were from three formations in the Late Silurian Michigan Basin, the A-1, A-2, and B Evaporites of the Salina Group, and one formation in the Early Silurian Canning Basin (Australia), the Mallowa Salt of the Carribuddy Group. The results indicate that the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater was not the same as present-day seawater. The Silurian ocean had lower concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, and SO2-4, and much higher concentrations of Ca2+ relative to the ocean's present-day composition. Furthermore, Silurian seawater had Ca2+ in excess of SO2-4. Evaporation of Silurian seawater of the composition determined in this study produces KC1-type potash minerals that lack the MgSO4-type late stage salts formed during the evaporation of present-day seawater. The relatively low Na+ concentrations in Silurian seawater support the hypothesis that oscillations in the major-ion composition of the oceans are primarily controlled by changes in the flux of mid-ocean ridge brine and riverine inputs and not global or basin-scale, seawater-driven dolomitization. The Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of Silurian seawater was ~1.4, and the K+/Ca2+ ratio was ~0.3, both of which differ from the present-day counterparts of 5 and 1, respectively. Seawaters with Mg2+/Ca2+ <2 facilitate the precipitation of low-magnesian calcite (mol % Mg < 4) marine ooids and submarine carbonate cements whereas seawater with Mg2+/Ca2+ >2 (e.g., modern seawater) facilitate the precipitation of aragonite and high-magnesian calcite. Therefore, the early Paleozoic calcite seas were likely due to the low Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of seawater, not the pCO2 of the Silurian atmosphere. Copyright ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Brennan, S., and Lowenstein, T., 2002, The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 15, p. 2683-2700, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0.","startPage":"2683","endPage":"2700","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207975,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0"},{"id":233306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badb6e4b08c986b323daa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brennan, S.T. 0000-0002-7102-9359","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-9359","contributorId":35915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"S.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowenstein, T.K.","contributorId":36328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstein","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024583,"text":"70024583 - 2002 - Prediction of the fate of p,p'-DDE in sediment on the Palos Verdes shelf, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T14:25:50","indexId":"70024583","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of the fate of p,p'-DDE in sediment on the Palos Verdes shelf, California, USA","docAbstract":"Long-term (60-yr) predictions of vertical profiles of p,p???-DDE concentrations in contaminated bottom sediments on the Palos Verdes shelf were calculated for three locations along the 60-m isobath using a numerical solution of the one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation. The calculations incorporated the following processes: sediment deposition (or erosion), depth-dependent solid-phase biodiffusive mixing, in situ diagenetic transformation, and loss of p,p???-DDE across the sediment-water interface by two mechanisms (resuspension of sediments by wave action and subsequent loss of p,p???-DDE to the water column by desorption, and desorption from sediments to porewater and subsequent molecular diffusion to the water column). A combination of field measurements, laboratory analyses, and calculations with supporting models was used to set parameters for the model. The model explains significant features observed in measurements made every 2 years from 1981 to 1997 by the County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles (LACSD). Analyses of available data suggest that two sites northwest of the Whites Point sewage outfalls will remain depositional, even as particulate supply from the sewage-treatment plant and nearby Portuguese Bend Landslide decreases. At these sites, model predictions for 1991-2050 indicate that most of the existing inventory of p,p???-DDE will remain buried and that surface concentrations will gradually decrease. Analyses of data southeast of the outfalls suggest that erosion is likely to occur somewhere on the southeast edge of the existing effluent-affected deposit, and model predictions for such a site showed that erosion and biodiffusion will reintroduce the p,p???-DDE to the upper layer of sediments, with subsequent increases in surface concentrations and loss to the overlying water column.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00118-2","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, C.R., Drake, D., Wiberg, P., and Wheatcroft, R.A., 2002, Prediction of the fate of p,p'-DDE in sediment on the Palos Verdes shelf, California, USA: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 6-7, p. 1025-1058, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00118-2.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"1025","endPage":"1058","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Palos Verdes shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.46557617187499,\n 33.764307046898494\n ],\n [\n -118.48205566406251,\n 33.696922692957685\n ],\n [\n -118.46694946289064,\n 33.66149615643826\n ],\n [\n -118.45321655273438,\n 33.637489243170826\n ],\n [\n -118.40927124023438,\n 33.62948545097293\n ],\n [\n -118.38043212890625,\n 33.592887216626245\n ],\n [\n -118.30764770507811,\n 33.57687060377715\n ],\n [\n -118.28842163085938,\n 33.62605502663528\n ],\n [\n -118.25546264648438,\n 33.65349459599047\n ],\n [\n -118.28567504882812,\n 33.6912097228257\n ],\n [\n -118.32000732421875,\n 33.70263528325575\n ],\n [\n -118.36257934570312,\n 33.716343950060214\n ],\n [\n -118.42437744140625,\n 33.714059324224124\n ],\n [\n -118.46557617187499,\n 33.764307046898494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81f6e4b0c8380cd7b81a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wheatcroft, R. A.","contributorId":76503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wheatcroft","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024578,"text":"70024578 - 2002 - North Atlantic Deep Water export to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr: Evidence from Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-02T09:29:00","indexId":"70024578","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North Atlantic Deep Water export to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr: Evidence from Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts","docAbstract":"The intensity of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production has been one of the most important parameters controlling the global thermohaline ocean circulation system and climate. Here we present a new approach to reconstruct the overall strength of NADW export from the North Atlantic to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr applying the deep water Nd and Pb isotope composition as recorded by ferromanganese crusts and nodules. We present the first long-term Nd and Pb isotope time series for deep Southern Ocean water masses, which are compared with previously published time series for NADW from the NW Atlantic Ocean. These data suggest a continuous and strong export of NADW, or a precursor of it, into the Southern Ocean between 14 and 3 Ma. An increasing difference in Nd and Pb isotope compositions between the NW Atlantic and the Southern Ocean over the past 3 Myr gives evidence for a progressive overall reduction of NADW export since the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG). The Nd isotope data allow us to assess at least semiquantitatively that the amount of this reduction has been in the range between 14 and 37% depending on location.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2000PA000606","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Frank, M., Whiteley, N., Kasten, S., Hein, J., and O’Nions, K., 2002, North Atlantic Deep Water export to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr: Evidence from Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts: Paleoceanography, v. 17, no. 2, p. 12-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000606.","startPage":"12","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478695,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000pa000606","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293251,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000606"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a67ece4b0c8380cd73521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, M.","contributorId":103396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whiteley, N.","contributorId":37924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiteley","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kasten, S.","contributorId":37506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasten","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Nions, K.","contributorId":39165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Nions","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024534,"text":"70024534 - 2002 - Classification of reaches in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers based on flow characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T15:40:07","indexId":"70024534","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of reaches in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers based on flow characteristics","docAbstract":"Several aspects of flow have been shown to be important determinants of biological community structure and function in streams, yet direct application of this approach to large rivers has been limited. Using a multivariate approach, we grouped flow gauges into hydrologically similar units in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers and developed a model based on flow variability parameters that could be used to test hypotheses about the role of flow in determining aquatic community structure. This model could also be used for future comparisons as the hydrological regime changes. A suite of hydrological parameters for the recent, post-impoundment period (1 October 1966–30 September 1996) for each of 15 gauges along the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers were initially used. Preliminary graphical exploration identified five variables for use in further multivariate analyses. Six hydrologically distinct units composed of gauges exhibiting similar flow characteristics were then identified using cluster analysis. Discriminant analyses identified the three most influential variables as flow per unit drainage area, coefficient of variation of mean annual flow, and flow constancy. One surprising result was the relative similarity of flow regimes between the two uppermost and three lowermost gauges, despite large differences in magnitude of flow and separation by roughly 3000 km. Our results synthesize, simplify and interpret the complex changes in flow occurring along the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers, and provide an objective grouping for future tests of how these changes may affect biological communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.635","usgsCitation":"Pegg, M.A., and Pierce, C.L., 2002, Classification of reaches in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone Rivers based on flow characteristics: River Research and Applications, v. 18, no. 1, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.635.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1118&context=nrem_pubs","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River, Yellowstone River","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f61ce4b0c8380cd4c5cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pegg, Mark A.","contributorId":198830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pegg","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, Clay L. cpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Clay","email":"cpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":350,"text":"Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024482,"text":"70024482 - 2002 - Methylmercury in flood-control impoundments and natural waters of northwestern Minnesota, 1997-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T10:48:02","indexId":"70024482","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methylmercury in flood-control impoundments and natural waters of northwestern Minnesota, 1997-99","docAbstract":"We studied methylmercury (MeHg) and total mercury (HgT) in impounded and natural surface waters in northwestern Minnesota, in settings ranging from agricultural to undeveloped. In a recently constructed (1995) permanent-pool impoundment, MeHg levels typically increased from inflow to outflow during 1997; this trend broke down from late 1998 to early 1999. MeHg levels in the outflow reached seasonal maxima in mid-summer (maximum of 1.0 ng L−1 in July 1997) and late-winter (maximum of 6.6 ng L−1 in February 1999), and are comparable to high levels observed in new hydroelectric reservoirs in Canada. Spring and autumn MeHg levels were typically about 0.1–0.2 ng L−1. Overall, MeHg levels in both the inflow (a ditch that drains peatlands) and outflow were significantly higher than in three nearby reference natural lakes. Eleven older permanent-pool impoundments and six natural lakes in northwestern Minnesota were sampled five times. The impoundments typically had higher MeHg levels (0.071–8.36 ng L−1) than natural lakes. Five of six lakes MeHg levels typical of uncontaminated lakes (0.014–1.04 ng L−1) with highest levels in late winter, whereas a hypereutrophic lake had high levels (0.37–3.67 ng L−1) with highest levels in mid-summer. Seven temporary-pool impoundments were sampled during summer high-flow events. Temporary-pool impoundments that retained water for about 10–15 days after innundation yielded pronounced increases in MeHg from inflow to outflow, in one case reaching 4.6 ng L−1, which was about 2 ng L−1 greater than the mean inflow concentration during the runoff event.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1015573621474","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Brigham, M.E., Krabbenhoft, D., Olson, M., and DeWild, J., 2002, Methylmercury in flood-control impoundments and natural waters of northwestern Minnesota, 1997-99: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 138, no. 1, p. 61-78, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015573621474.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"78","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207998,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015573621474"},{"id":233338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.06994628906249,\n 48.454708881876854\n ],\n [\n -95.8941650390625,\n 48.454708881876854\n ],\n [\n -95.7403564453125,\n 48.44742209577057\n ],\n [\n -95.4876708984375,\n 48.494767515307295\n ],\n [\n -95.34484863281249,\n 48.49112712828191\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 48.436489955944154\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 48.356249029540706\n ],\n [\n -95.3173828125,\n 48.20271028869972\n ],\n [\n -95.3338623046875,\n 48.07807894349862\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 47.94946583788702\n ],\n [\n -95.5975341796875,\n 47.96050238891509\n ],\n [\n -95.7183837890625,\n 48.08908799881762\n ],\n [\n -95.723876953125,\n 48.16242149265211\n ],\n [\n -95.9271240234375,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -96.0919189453125,\n 48.22101291025667\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 48.3160811030533\n ],\n [\n -96.16333007812499,\n 48.403679418652786\n ],\n [\n -96.06994628906249,\n 48.454708881876854\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.9326171875,\n 46.73233101286786\n ],\n [\n -95.899658203125,\n 46.65697731621612\n ],\n [\n -95.899658203125,\n 46.5739667965278\n ],\n [\n -95.9710693359375,\n 46.521075663842836\n ],\n [\n -96.141357421875,\n 46.50973514453879\n ],\n [\n -96.2677001953125,\n 46.521075663842836\n ],\n [\n -96.30615234375,\n 46.57774276255591\n ],\n [\n -96.3336181640625,\n 46.67582559793001\n ],\n [\n -96.295166015625,\n 46.84516443029279\n ],\n [\n -96.119384765625,\n 46.93526088057719\n ],\n [\n -96.17980957031249,\n 47.07386310181414\n ],\n [\n -96.2786865234375,\n 47.15236927446393\n ],\n [\n -96.3720703125,\n 47.28295557691231\n ],\n [\n -96.3720703125,\n 47.3834738721015\n ],\n [\n -96.3775634765625,\n 47.468949677672484\n ],\n [\n -96.3775634765625,\n 47.5913464767971\n ],\n [\n -96.383056640625,\n 47.667237034505156\n ],\n [\n -96.3720703125,\n 47.69497434186282\n ],\n [\n -96.33087158203125,\n 47.73562905149295\n ],\n [\n -96.30340576171875,\n 47.77440623229445\n ],\n [\n -96.15509033203125,\n 47.79286140021344\n ],\n [\n -95.99853515625,\n 47.76148371616669\n ],\n [\n -95.7952880859375,\n 47.68018294648414\n ],\n [\n -95.657958984375,\n 47.59875528481801\n ],\n [\n -95.5426025390625,\n 47.44666502261753\n ],\n [\n -95.5426025390625,\n 47.320206883852414\n ],\n [\n -95.44921875,\n 47.156104775044035\n ],\n [\n -95.4327392578125,\n 47.05141149430736\n ],\n [\n -95.4986572265625,\n 46.95401192579361\n ],\n [\n -95.58654785156249,\n 46.81133924039194\n ],\n [\n -95.73486328124999,\n 46.73233101286786\n ],\n [\n -95.9326171875,\n 46.73233101286786\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"138","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a561de4b0c8380cd6d362","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brigham, M. E.","contributorId":87535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, M.L.","contributorId":21989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeWild, J.F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":56375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"J.F.","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024470,"text":"70024470 - 2002 - The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024470","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate","docAbstract":"Unusual monotonous intermediate ignimbrites consist of phenocryst-rich dacite that occurs as very large volume (> 1000 km3) deposits that lack systematic compositional zonation, comagmatic rhyolite precursors, and underlying plinian beds. They are distinct from countless, usually smaller volume, zoned rhyolite-dacite-andesite deposits that are conventionally believed to have erupted from magma chambers in which thermal and compositional gradients were established because of sidewall crystallization and associated convective fractionation. Despite their great volume, or because of it, monotonous intermediates have received little attention. Documentation of the stratigraphy, composition, and geologic setting of the Lund Tuff - one of four monotonous intermediate tuffs in the middle-Tertiary Great Basin ignimbrite province - provides insight into its unusual origin and, by implication, the origin of other similar monotonous intermediates. The Lund Tuff is a single cooling unit with normal magnetic polarity whose volume likely exceeded 3000 km3. It was emplaced 29.02 ?? 0.04 Ma in and around the coeval White Rock caldera which has an unextended north-south diameter of about 50 km. The tuff is monotonous in that its phenocryst assemblage is virtually uniform throughout the deposit: plagioclase > quartz ??? hornblende > biotite > Fe-Ti oxides ??? sanidine > titanite, zircon, and apatite. However, ratios of phenocrysts vary by as much as an order of magnitude in a manner consistent with progressive crystallization in the pre-eruption chamber. A significant range in whole-rock chemical composition (e.g., 63-71 wt% SiO2) is poorly correlated with phenocryst abundance. These compositional attributes cannot have been caused wholly by winnowing of glass from phenocrysts during eruption, as has been suggested for the monotonous intermediate Fish Canyon Tuff. Pumice fragments are also crystal-rich, and chemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from bulk tuff. We postulate that convective mixing in a sill-like magma chamber precluded development of a zoned chamber with a rhyolitic top or of a zoned pyroclastic deposit. Chemical variations in the Lund Tuff are consistent with equilibrium crystallization of a parental dacitic magma followed by eruptive mixing of compositionally diverse crystals and high-silica rhyolite vitroclasts during evacuation and emplacement. This model contrasts with the more systematic withdrawal from a bottle-shaped chamber in which sidewall crystallization creates a marked vertical compositional gradient and a substantial volume of capping-evolved rhyolite magma. Eruption at exceptionally high discharge rates precluded development of an underlying plinian deposit. The generation of the monotonous intermediate Lund magma and others like it in the middle Tertiary of the western USA reflects an unusually high flux of mantle-derived mafic magma into unusually thick and warm crust above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Maughan, L., Christiansen, E.H., Best, M.G., Grommé, C., Deino, A., and Tingey, D., 2002, The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 113, no. 1-2, p. 129-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6.","startPage":"129","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207882,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6"},{"id":233155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae51e4b08c986b323feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maughan, L.L.","contributorId":72981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, E. H.","contributorId":65077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Best, M. G.","contributorId":57843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grommé, C. S.","contributorId":38558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grommé","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Deino, A.L.","contributorId":61153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deino","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tingey, D.G.","contributorId":102145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tingey","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024463,"text":"70024463 - 2002 - Adaptive inference for distinguishing credible from incredible patterns in nature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:41:00","indexId":"70024463","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive inference for distinguishing credible from incredible patterns in nature","docAbstract":"Strong inference is a powerful and rapid tool that can be used to identify and explain patterns in molecular biology, cell biology, and physiology. It is effective where causes are single and separable and where discrimination between pairwise alternative hypotheses can be determined experimentally by a simple yes or no answer. But causes in ecological systems are multiple and overlapping and are not entirely separable. Frequently, competing hypotheses cannot be distinguished by a single unambiguous test, but only by a suite of tests of different kinds, that produce a body of evidence to support one line of argument and not others. We call this process \"adaptive inference\". Instead of pitting each member of a pair of hypotheses against each other, adaptive inference relies on the exuberant invention of multiple, competing hypotheses, after which carefully structured comparative data are used to explore the logical consequences of each. Herein we present an example that demonstrates the attributes of adaptive inference that have developed out of a 30-year study of the resilience of ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-001-0076-2","usgsCitation":"Holling, C.S., and Allen, C.R., 2002, Adaptive inference for distinguishing credible from incredible patterns in nature: Ecosystems, v. 5, no. 4, p. 319-328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0076-2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"328","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e4e4b0c8380cd476e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holling, Crawford S.","contributorId":20511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holling","given":"Crawford","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024421,"text":"70024421 - 2002 - Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024421","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2022,"text":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts","docAbstract":"Accurate modelling of groundwater flow and transport with sharp moving fronts often involves high computational cost, when a fixed/uniform mesh is used. In this paper, we investigate the modelling of groundwater problems using a particular adaptive mesh method called the moving mesh partial differential equation approach. With this approach, the mesh is dynamically relocated through a partial differential equation to capture the evolving sharp fronts with a relatively small number of grid points. The mesh movement and physical system modelling are realized by solving the mesh movement and physical partial differential equations alternately. The method is applied to the modelling of a range of groundwater problems, including advection dominated chemical transport and reaction, non-linear infiltration in soil, and the coupling of density dependent flow and transport. Numerical results demonstrate that sharp moving fronts can be accurately and efficiently captured by the moving mesh approach. Also addressed are important implementation strategies, e.g. the construction of the monitor function based on the interpolation error, control of mesh concentration, and two-layer mesh movement. Copyright ?? 2002 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/nme.482","issn":"00295981","usgsCitation":"Huang, W., Zheng, L., and Zhan, X., 2002, Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 54, no. 11, p. 1579-1603, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.482.","startPage":"1579","endPage":"1603","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207033,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.482"},{"id":231579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e5e4b0c8380cd476f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, W.","contributorId":42748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zheng, Lingyun","contributorId":68495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"Lingyun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhan, X.","contributorId":26477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhan","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024396,"text":"70024396 - 2002 - Consistency of patterns in concentration‐discharge plots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-06T13:49:42","indexId":"70024396","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consistency of patterns in concentration‐discharge plots","docAbstract":"Concentration‐discharge (c‐Q) plots have been used to infer how flow components such as event water, soil water, and groundwater mix to produce the observed episodic hydrochemical response of small catchments. Because c‐Q plots are based only on observed streamflow and solute concentration, their interpretation requires assumptions about the relative volume, hydrograph timing, and solute concentration of the streamflow end‐members. Evans and Davies [1998] present a taxonomy of c‐Q loops resulting from three‐component conservative mixing. Their analysis, based on a fixed template of end‐member hydrograph volume, timing, and concentration, suggests a unique relationship between c‐Q loop form and the rank order of end‐member concentrations. Many catchments exhibit variability in component contributions to storm flow in response to antecedent conditions or rainfall characteristics, but the effects of such variation on c‐Q relationships have not been studied systematically. Starting with a “baseline” condition similar to that assumed by Evans and Davies [1998], we use a simple computer model to characterize the variability in c‐Q plot patterns resulting from variation in end‐member volume, timing, and solute concentration. Variability in these three factors can result in more than one c‐Q loop shape for a given rank order of end‐member solute concentrations. The number of resulting hysteresis patterns and their relative frequency depends on the rank order of solute concentrations and on their separation in absolute value. In ambiguous cases the c‐Q loop shape is determined by the relative “prominence” of the event water versus soil water components. This “prominence” is broadly defined as a capacity to influence the total streamflow concentration and may result from a combination of end‐member volume, timing, or concentration. The modeling results indicate that plausible hydrological variability in field situations can confound the interpretation of c‐Q plots, even when fundamental end‐member mixing assumptions are satisfied.
A combination of chemical and dissolved gas analyses, chlorofluorocarbon age dating, and hydrologic measurements were used to determine the degree to which biogeochemical processes in a riparian wetland were responsible for removing NO3−from groundwaters discharging to the Otter Tail River in west central Minnesota. An analysis of river chemistry and flow data revealed that NO3− concentrations in the river increased in the lower half of the 8.3 km study reach as the result of groundwater discharge to the river. Groundwater head measurements along a study transect through the riparian wetland revealed a zone of groundwater discharge extending out under the river. On the basis of combined chemical, dissolved gas, age date, and hydrologic results, it was determined that water chemistry under the riparian wetland was controlled largely by upgradient groundwaters that followed flow paths up to 16 m deep and discharged under the wetland, creating a pattern of progressively older, more chemically reduced, low NO3− water the farther one progressed from the edge of the wetland toward the river. These findings pose challenges for researchers investigating biogeochemical processes in riparian buffer zones because the progressively older groundwaters entered the aquifer in earlier years when less NO3− fertilizer was being used. NO3− concentrations originally present in the groundwater had also decreased in the upgradient aquifer as a result of denitrification and progressively stronger reducing conditions there. The resulting pattern of decreasing NO3− concentrations across the riparian zone may be incorrectly interpreted as evidence of denitrification losses there instead of in the upgradient aquifer. Consequently, it is important to understand the hydrogeologic setting and age structure of the groundwaters being sampled in order to avoid misinterpreting biogeochemical processes in riparian zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000396","usgsCitation":"Puckett, L., Cowdery, T.K., McMahon, P.B., Tornes, L.H., and Stoner, J.D., 2002, Using chemical, hydrologic, and age dating analysis to delineate redox processes and flow paths in the riparian zone of a glacial outwash aquifer‐stream system: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 8, p. 9-1-9-20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000396.","productDescription":"Article 1134; 20 p.","startPage":"9-1","endPage":"9-20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000396","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc03ce4b08c986b329fe3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puckett, Larry J. lpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":31739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Larry J.","email":"lpuckett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, Timothy K. 0000-0001-9402-6575 cowdery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-6575","contributorId":456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"Timothy","email":"cowdery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tornes, Lan H.","contributorId":70484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tornes","given":"Lan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stoner, Jeffrey D. stoner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"stoner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024287,"text":"70024287 - 2002 - Functional variability of habitats within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Restoration implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T10:41:41","indexId":"70024287","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Functional variability of habitats within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Restoration implications","docAbstract":"We have now entered an era of large-scale attempts to restore ecological functions and biological communities in impaired ecosystems. Our knowledge base of complex ecosystems and interrelated functions is limited, so the outcomes of specific restoration actions are highly uncertain. One approach for exploring that uncertainty and anticipating the range of possible restoration outcomes is comparative study of existing habitats similar to future habitats slated for construction. Here we compare two examples of one habitat type targeted for restoration in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. We compare one critical ecological function provided by these shallow tidal habitats - production and distribution of phytoplankton biomass as the food supply to pelagic consumers. We measured spatial and short-term temporal variability of phytoplankton biomass and growth rate and quantified the hydrodynamic and biological processes governing that variability. Results show that the production and distribution of phytoplankton biomass can be highly variable within and between nearby habitats of the same type, due to variations in phytoplankton sources, sinks, and transport. Therefore, superficially similar, geographically proximate habitats can function very differently, and that functional variability introduces large uncertainties into the restoration process. Comparative study of existing habitats is one way ecosystem science can elucidate and potentially minimize restoration uncertainties, by identifying processes shaping habitat functionality, including those that can be controlled in the restoration design.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1528:FVOHWT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L., Cloern, J., Thompson, J., and Monsen, N., 2002, Functional variability of habitats within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Restoration implications: Ecological Applications, v. 12, no. 5, p. 1528-1547, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1528:FVOHWT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1528","endPage":"1547","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1416e4b0c8380cd548dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, L.V.","contributorId":62777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monsen, N.E.","contributorId":80036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monsen","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024286,"text":"70024286 - 2002 - Paleoseismology at high latitudes: Seismic disturbance of upper Quaternary deposits along the Castle Mountain fault near Houston, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T15:59:03.112394","indexId":"70024286","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismology at high latitudes: Seismic disturbance of upper Quaternary deposits along the Castle Mountain fault near Houston, Alaska","docAbstract":"Most paleoseismic studies are at low to moderate latitudes. Here we present results from a high-latitude (61°30′ N) trenching study of the Castle Mountain fault in south-central Alaska. This fault is the only one known in the greater Anchorage, Alaska, area with historical seismicity and a Holocene fault scarp. It strikes east-northeast and cuts glacial and postglacial sediments in an area of boreal spruce-birch forest, shrub tundra, and sphagnum bog. The fault has a prominent vegetation lineament on the upthrown, north side of the fault. Nine trenches were logged across the fault in glacial and postglacial deposits, seven along the main trace, and two along a splay. In addition to thrust and strike-slip faulting, important controls on observed relationships in the trenches are the season in which faulting occurred, the physical properties of the sediments, liquefaction, a shallow water table, soil-forming processes, the strength of the modern root mat, and freeze-thaw processes. Some of these processes and physical properties are unique to northern-latitude areas and result in seismic disturbance effects not observed at lower latitudes.
The two trenches across the Castle Mountain fault splay exposed a thrust fault and few liquefaction features. Radiocarbon ages of soil organic matter and charcoal within and overlying the fault indicate movement on the fault at ca. 2735 cal. (calendar) yr B.P. and no subsequent movement. In the remaining seven trenches, surface faulting was accompanied by extensive liquefaction and a zone of disruption 3 m or more wide. The presence of numerous liquefaction features at depths of <0.5–1.0 m indicates faulting when the ground was not frozen—i.e., from about April to October. Sandy-matrix till, sand, silt, gravel, and pebbly peat were injected up to the base of the modern soil, but did not penetrate the interlocking spruce-birch root mat. The strength of the root mat prohibited development of a nonvegetated scarp face and colluvial wedge. In only one trench did we observe a discrete fault plane with measurable offset. It lay beneath a 2-m-thick carapace of liquefied sand and silt and displayed a total of 0.9–1.85 m of thrust motion since deposition of the oldest deposits in the trenches at ca. 13,500 yr B.P. We found liquefaction ejecta on paleosols at only one other trench, where there were bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis) tussocks that lacked an extensive root mat. From crosscutting relationships, we interpret three paleoliquefaction events on the main trace of the Castle Mountain fault: 2145–1870, 1375–1070, and 730–610 cal. yr B.P. These four earthquakes on the Castle Mountain fault in the past ∼2700 yr indicate an average recurrence interval of ∼700 yr. As it has been 600–700 yr since the last significant earthquake, a significant (magnitude 6–7) earthquake in the near future may be likely. Paleoseismic data indicate that the timing and recurrence interval of megathrust earthquakes is similar to the timing and recurrence interval of Castle Mountain fault earthquakes, suggesting a possible link between faulting on the megathrust and on “crustal” structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1296:PAHLSD>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., Best, T.C., and Waythomas, C.F., 2002, Paleoseismology at high latitudes: Seismic disturbance of upper Quaternary deposits along the Castle Mountain fault near Houston, Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 10, p. 1296-1310, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1296:PAHLSD>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1296","endPage":"1310","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Houston","otherGeospatial":"Castle Mountain Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 61\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a744ce4b0c8380cd7757e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, Timothy C.","contributorId":57940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024284,"text":"70024284 - 2002 - How sedge meadow soils, microtopography, and vegetation respond to sedimentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T16:11:32.568801","indexId":"70024284","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How sedge meadow soils, microtopography, and vegetation respond to sedimentation","docAbstract":"The expansion of urban and agricultural activities in watersheds of the Midwestern USA facilitates the conversion of species-rich sedge meadows to stands of Phalaris arundinacea and Typha spp. We document the role of sediment accumulation in this process based on field surveys of three sedge meadows dominated by Carex stricta, their adjacent Phalaris or Typha stands, and transitions from Carex to these invasive species. The complex microtopography of Carex tussocks facilitates the occurrence of other native species. Tussock surface area and species richness were positively correlated in two marshes (r2=0.57 and 0.41); on average, a 33-cm-tall tussock supported 7.6 species. Phalaris also grew in tussock form in wetter areas but did not support native species. We found an average of 10.5 Carex tussocks per 10-m transect, but only 3.5 Phalaris tussocks. Microtopographic relief, determined with a high-precision GPS, measured 11% greater in Carex meadows than Phalaris stands. Inflowing sediments reduced microtopographic variation and surface area for native species. We calculated a loss of one species per 1000 cm2 of lost tussock surface area, and loss of 1.2 species for every 10-cm addition of sediment over the sedge meadow surface. Alluvium overlying the sedge meadow soil had a smaller proportion of organic matter content and higher dry bulk density than the buried histic materials. We conclude that sedimentation contributes to the loss of native species in remnant wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0451:HSMSMA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Werner, K.J., and Zedler, J.B., 2002, How sedge meadow soils, microtopography, and vegetation respond to sedimentation: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 3, p. 451-466, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0451:HSMSMA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"466","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3256e4b0c8380cd5e71f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Werner, K. J.","contributorId":87717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zedler, Joy B.","contributorId":92014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zedler","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024272,"text":"70024272 - 2002 - Impacts of swine manure pits on groundwater quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024272","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of swine manure pits on groundwater quality","docAbstract":"Manure deep-pits are commonly used to store manure at confined animal feeding operations. However, previous to this study little information had been collected on the impacts of deep-pits on groundwater quality to provide science-based guidance in formulating regulations and waste management strategies that address risks to human health and the environment. Groundwater quality has been monitored since January 1999 at two hog finishing facilities in Illinois that use deep-pit systems for manure storage. Groundwater samples were collected on a monthly basis and analyzed for inorganic and bacteriological constituent concentrations. The two sites are located in areas with geologic environments representing different vulnerabilities for local groundwater contamination. One site is underlain by more than 6 m of clayey silt, and 7-36 m of shale. Concentrations of chloride, ammonium, phosphate, and potassium indicated that local groundwater quality had not been significantly impacted by pit leakage from this facility. Nitrate concentrations were elevated near the pit, often exceeding the 10 mg N/l drinking water standard. Isotopic nitrate signatures suggested that the nitrate was likely derived from soil organic matter and fertilizer applied to adjacent crop fields. At the other site, sandstone is located 4.6-6.1 m below land surface. Chloride concentrations and ??15N and ??18O values of dissolved nitrate indicated that this facility may have limited and localized impacts on groundwater. Other constituents, including ammonia, potassium, phosphate, and sodium were generally at or less than background concentrations. Trace- and heavy-metal concentrations in groundwater samples collected from both facilities were at concentrations less than drinking water standards. The concentration of inorganic constituents in the groundwater would not likely impact human health. Fecal streptococcus bacteria were detected at least once in groundwater from all monitoring wells at both sites. Fecal streptococcus was more common and at greater concentrations than fecal coliform. The microbiological data suggest that filtration of bacteria by soils may not be as effective as commonly assumed. The presence of fecal bacteria in the shallow groundwater may pose a significant threat to human health if the ground water is used for drinking. Both facilities are less than 4 years old and the short-term impacts of these manure storage facilities on groundwater quality have been limited. Continued monitoring of these facilities will determine if they have a long-term impact on groundwater resources. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00115-X","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Krapac, I., Dey, W., Roy, W.R., Smyth, C., Storment, E., Sargent, S., and Steele, J., 2002, Impacts of swine manure pits on groundwater quality: Environmental Pollution, v. 120, no. 2, p. 475-492, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00115-X.","startPage":"475","endPage":"492","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207060,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00115-X"},{"id":231649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38f7e4b0c8380cd61763","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dey, W.S.","contributorId":32703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dey","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roy, William R.","contributorId":45454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"William","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smyth, C.A.","contributorId":68066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smyth","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Storment, E.","contributorId":29989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storment","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sargent, S.L.","contributorId":75299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Steele, J.D.","contributorId":22093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70024187,"text":"70024187 - 2002 - δ13C and δ18O isotopic composition of CaCO3 measured by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry: statistical evaluation and verification by application to Devils Hole core DH-11 calcite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T09:53:30","indexId":"70024187","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3233,"text":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"δ13C and δ18O isotopic composition of CaCO3 measured by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry: statistical evaluation and verification by application to Devils Hole core DH-11 calcite","docAbstract":"A new method was developed to analyze the stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of small samples (400 ± 20 µg) of calcium carbonate. This new method streamlines the classical phosphoric acid/calcium carbonate (H3PO4/CaCO3) reaction method by making use of a recently available Thermoquest-Finnigan GasBench II preparation device and a Delta Plus XL continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Conditions for which the H3PO4/CaCO3 reaction produced reproducible and accurate results with minimal error had to be determined. When the acid/carbonate reaction temperature was kept at 26 °C and the reaction time was between 24 and 54 h, the precision of the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios for pooled samples from three reference standard materials was ≤0.1 and ≤0.2 per mill or ‰, respectively, although later analysis showed that materials from one specific standard required reaction time between 34 and 54 h for δ18O to achieve this level of precision. Aliquot screening methods were shown to further minimize the total error. The accuracy and precision of the new method were analyzed and confirmed by statistical analysis. The utility of the method was verified by analyzing calcite from Devils Hole, Nevada, for which isotope-ratio values had previously been obtained by the classical method. Devils Hole core DH-11 recently had been re-cut and re-sampled, and isotope-ratio values were obtained using the new method. The results were comparable with those obtained by the classical method with correlation = +0.96 for both isotope ratios. The consistency of the isotopic results is such that an alignment offset could be identified in the re-sampled core material, and two cutting errors that occurred during re-sampling then were confirmed independently. This result indicates that the new method is a viable alternative to the classical reaction method. In particular, the new method requires less sample material permitting finer resolution and allows automation of some processes resulting in considerable time savings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rcm.833","issn":"09514198","usgsCitation":"Revesz, K.M., and Landwehr, J.M., 2002, δ13C and δ18O isotopic composition of CaCO3 measured by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry: statistical evaluation and verification by application to Devils Hole core DH-11 calcite: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 16, no. 22, p. 2102-2114, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.833.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2102","endPage":"2114","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207282,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.833"}],"volume":"16","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-10-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551d2c1e4b0a92fa7e93c26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landwehr, Jurate M. jmlandwe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"Jurate","email":"jmlandwe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}