Although nutrient supply often underlies long-term changes in aquatic primary production, other regulatory processes can be important. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, a complex of tidal waterways forming the landward portion of the San Francisco Estuary, has ample nutrient supplies, enabling us to examine alternate regulatory mechanisms over a 21-yr period. Delta-wide primary productivity was reconstructed from historical water quality data for 1975–1995. Annual primary production averaged 70 g C m−2, but it varied by over a factor of five among years. At least four processes contributed to this variability: (1) invasion of the clam Potamocorbula amurensis led to a persistent decrease in phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) after 1986; (2) a long-term decline in total suspended solids—probably at least partly because of upstream dam construction—increased water transparency and phytoplankton growth rate; (3) river inflow, reflecting climate variability, affected biomass through fluctuations in flushing and growth rates through fluctuations in total suspended solids; and (4) an additional pathway manifesting as a long-term decline in winter phytoplankton biomass has been identified, but its genesis is uncertain. Overall, the Delta lost 43% in annual primary production during the period. Given the evidence for food limitation of primary consumers, these findings provide a partial explanation for widespread Delta species declines over the past few decades. Turbid nutrient-rich systems such as the Delta may be inherently more variable than other tidal systems because certain compensatory processes are absent. Comparisons among systems, however, can be tenuous because conclusions about the magnitude and mechanisms of variability are dependent on length of data record.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0698","usgsCitation":"Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., and Cole, B., 2002, Annual primary production: Patterns and mechanisms of change in a nutrient-rich tidal ecosystem: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 47, no. 3, p. 698-712, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0698.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"698","endPage":"712","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0698","text":"External Repository"},{"id":325062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.88507080078125,\n 37.74900069437069\n ],\n [\n -121.88507080078125,\n 38.33303882235456\n ],\n [\n -121.25610351562499,\n 38.33303882235456\n ],\n [\n -121.25610351562499,\n 37.74900069437069\n ],\n [\n -121.88507080078125,\n 37.74900069437069\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c336e4b0e02680be5900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174623,"text":"70174623 - 2002 - Potential effects of global warming on the Sacramento/San Joaquin watershed and the San Francisco estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T07:55:40","indexId":"70174623","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-09T03:30:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of global warming on the Sacramento/San Joaquin watershed and the San Francisco estuary","docAbstract":"
California's primary hydrologic system, the San Francisco estuary and its upstream watershed, is vulnerable to the regional hydrologic consequences of projected global climate change. Projected temperature anomalies from a global climate model are used to drive a combined model of watershed hydrology and estuarine dynamics. By 2090, a projected temperature increase of 2.1°C results in a loss of about half of the average April snowpack storage, with greatest losses in the northern headwaters. Consequently, spring runoff is reduced by 5.6 km3(∼20% of historical annual runoff), with associated increases in winter flood peaks. The smaller spring flows yield spring/summer salinity increases of up to 9 psu, with larger increases in wet years.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001GL014339","usgsCitation":"Knowles, N., and Cayan, D.R., 2002, Potential effects of global warming on the Sacramento/San Joaquin watershed and the San Francisco estuary: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 18, p. 38-1-38-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014339.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"38-1","endPage":"38-4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl014339","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57876630e4b0d27deb36e19c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159895,"text":"70159895 - 2002 - Aerial survey methodology for bison population estimation in Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-12T09:48:28","indexId":"70159895","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-07T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Aerial survey methodology for bison population estimation in Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"I developed aerial survey methods for statistically rigorous bison population estimation in Yellowstone National Park to support sound resource management decisions and to understand bison ecology. Survey protocols, data recording procedures, a geographic framework, and seasonal stratifications were based on field observations from February 1998-September 2000. The reliability of this framework and strata were tested with long-term data from 1970-1997. I simulated different sample survey designs and compared them to high-effort censuses of well-defined large areas to evaluate effort, precision, and bias. Sample survey designs require much effort and extensive information on the current spatial distribution of bison and therefore do not offer any substantial reduction in time and effort over censuses. I conducted concurrent ground surveys, or 'double sampling' to estimate detection probability during aerial surveys. Group size distribution and habitat strongly affected detection probability. In winter, 75% of the groups and 92% of individual bison were detected on average from aircraft, while in summer, 79% of groups and 97% of individual bison were detected. I also used photography to quantify the bias due to counting large groups of bison accurately and found that undercounting increased with group size and could reach 15%. I compared survey conditions between seasons and identified optimal time windows for conducting surveys in both winter and summer. These windows account for the habitats and total area bison occupy, and group size distribution. Bison became increasingly scattered over the Yellowstone region in smaller groups and more occupied unfavorable habitats as winter progressed. Therefore, the best conditions for winter surveys occur early in the season (Dec-Jan). In summer, bison were most spatially aggregated and occurred in the largest groups by early August. Low variability between surveys and high detection probability provide population estimates with an overall coefficient of variation of approximately 8% and have high power for detecting trends in population change. I demonstrated how population estimates from winter and summer can be integrated into a comprehensive monitoring program to estimate annual growth rates, overall winter mortality, and an index of calf production, requiring about 30 hours of flight per year.
","language":"English","publisher":"Montana State University","publisherLocation":"Bozeman, MT","usgsCitation":"Hess, S., 2002, Aerial survey methodology for bison population estimation in Yellowstone National Park, 154 p.","productDescription":"154 p.","numberOfPages":"167","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311830,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8191?show=full"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.1431884765625,\n 44.09153051045218\n ],\n [\n -109.808349609375,\n 44.09153051045218\n ],\n [\n -109.808349609375,\n 45.061881623213026\n ],\n [\n -111.1431884765625,\n 45.061881623213026\n ],\n [\n -111.1431884765625,\n 44.09153051045218\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements \nfor the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Fish and Wildlife Management \n\nMontana State University\nBozeman, Montana \nApril 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175c2e4b06a3ea36c567a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Steven C.","contributorId":74462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Steven C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159906,"text":"70159906 - 2002 - Modeling and measuring snow for assessing climate change impacts in Glacier National Park, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T09:09:42","indexId":"70159906","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-17T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling and measuring snow for assessing climate change impacts in Glacier National Park, Montana","docAbstract":"A 12-year program of global change research at Glacier National Park by the U.S. Geological Survey and numerous collaborators has made progress in quantifying the role of snow as a driver of mountain ecosystem processes. Spatially extensive snow surveys during the annual accumulation/ablation cycle covered two mountain watersheds and approximately 1,000 km2 . Over 7,000 snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements have been made through spring 2002. These augment two SNOTEL sites, 9 NRCS snow courses, and approximately 150 snow pit analyses. Snow data were used to establish spatially-explicit interannual variability in snowpack SWE. East of the Continental Divide, snowpack SWE was lower but also less variable than west of the Divide. Analysis of snowpacks suggest downward trends in SWE, a reduction in snow cover duration, and earlier melt-out dates during the past 52 years. Concurrently, high elevation forests and treelines have responded with increased growth. However, the 80 year record of snow from 3 NRCS snow courses reflects a strong influence from the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, resulting in 20-30 year phases of greater or lesser mean SWE. Coupled with the fine-resolution spatial snow data from the two watersheds, the ecological consequences of changes in snowpack can be empirically assessed at a habitat patch scale. This will be required because snow distribution models have had varied success in simulating snowpack accumulation/ablation dynamics in these mountain watersheds, ranging from R2=0.38 for individual south-facing forested snow survey routes to R2=0.95 when aggregated to the watershed scale. Key ecological responses to snowpack changes occur below the watershed scale, such as snow-mediated expansion of forest into subalpine meadows, making continued spatially-explicit snow surveys a necessity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of International Snow Science Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Snow Science Workshop","conferenceDate":"September 29 - October 4, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Penticton, British Columbia","language":"English","publisher":"Montana State University","publisherLocation":"Bozeman, MT","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D.B., Selkowitz, D.J., Reardon, B., Holzer, K., and McKeon, L., 2002, Modeling and measuring snow for assessing climate change impacts in Glacier National Park, Montana, in Proceedings of International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, British Columbia, September 29 - October 4, 2002, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311860,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/search.php?workshop=International+Snow+Science+Workshop+Proceedings+2002"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.08178710937499,\n 49.005447494058096\n ],\n [\n -114.9609375,\n 48.73807825631017\n ],\n [\n -114.7796630859375,\n 48.669198799260045\n ],\n [\n -114.4940185546875,\n 48.50932644976633\n ],\n [\n -114.1754150390625,\n 48.381793961204984\n ],\n [\n -113.9996337890625,\n 48.06706753191901\n ],\n [\n -113.04931640625,\n 48.35989909002194\n ],\n [\n -113.2470703125,\n 48.53479452317522\n ],\n [\n -113.3843994140625,\n 48.75618876280552\n ],\n [\n -113.4613037109375,\n 48.99824008113872\n ],\n [\n -115.08178710937499,\n 49.005447494058096\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175dce4b06a3ea36c56d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selkowitz, David J. 0000-0003-0824-7051 dselkowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-7051","contributorId":3259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selkowitz","given":"David","email":"dselkowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reardon, Blase","contributorId":150198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reardon","given":"Blase","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holzer, Karen","contributorId":89055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Karen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKeon, Lisa 0000-0002-1760-0235 lisa_mckeon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1760-0235","contributorId":3683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeon","given":"Lisa","email":"lisa_mckeon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159905,"text":"70159905 - 2002 - Projecting the demographic consequences of management of Yellowstone Bison: Slaughtered bison sampling winter 2001 - 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T17:33:44","indexId":"70159905","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Projecting the demographic consequences of management of Yellowstone Bison: Slaughtered bison sampling winter 2001 - 2002","docAbstract":"Abstract not available
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gogan, P.J., Podruzny, K., and Olexa, E.M., 2002, Projecting the demographic consequences of management of Yellowstone Bison: Slaughtered bison sampling winter 2001 - 2002, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311856,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 44.09942068528651\n ],\n [\n -109.8193359375,\n 44.09942068528651\n ],\n [\n -109.8193359375,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 44.09942068528651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175dfe4b06a3ea36c56e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gogan, Peter J. 0000-0002-7821-133X peter_gogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-133X","contributorId":1771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gogan","given":"Peter","email":"peter_gogan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Podruzny, K.M.","contributorId":54154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podruzny","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olexa, Edward M. 0000-0002-2000-6798 eolexa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-6798","contributorId":4448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olexa","given":"Edward","email":"eolexa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159902,"text":"70159902 - 2002 - Grizzly bear denning chronology and movements in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T17:29:22","indexId":"70159902","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grizzly bear denning chronology and movements in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","docAbstract":"Den entrance and emergence dates of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem are important to management agencies that wish to minimize impacts of human activities on bears. Current estimates for grizzly bear denning events use data that were collected from 1975–80. We update these estimates by including data obtained from 1981–99. We used aerial telemetry data to estimate week of den entry and emergence by determining the midpoint between the last known active date and the first known date denned, as well as the last known date denned and the first known active date. We also investigated post emergence movement patterns relative to den locations. Mean earliest and latest week of den entry and emergence were also determined. Den entry for females began during the fourth week in September, with 90% denned by the fourth week of November. Earliest den entry for males occurred during the second week of October, with 90% denned by the second week of December. Mean week of den entry for known pregnant females was earlier than males. Earliest week of den entry for known pregnant females was earlier than other females and males. Earliest den emergence for males occurred during the first week of February, with 90% of males out of dens by the fourth week of April. Earliest den emergence for females occurred during the third week of March; by the first week of May, 90% of females had emerged. Male bears emerged from dens earlier than females. Denning period differed among classes and averaged 171 days for females that emerged from dens with cubs, 151 days for other females, and 131 days for males. Known pregnant females tended to den at higher elevations and, following emergence, remained at higher elevation until late May. Females with cubs remained relatively close (<3 km) to den sites until the last 2 weeks in May. Timing of denning events was similar to previous estimates for this and other grizzly bear populations in the southern Rocky Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","usgsCitation":"Haroldson, M.A., Ternent, M.A., Gunther, K.A., and Schwartz, C.C., 2002, Grizzly bear denning chronology and movements in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Ursus, v. 13, p. 29-38.","productDescription":"10 p","startPage":"29","endPage":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.org/publications/ursus-archive/grizzly-bear-denning-chronology-and-movements-in-the-greater-yellowstone-ecosystem/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 44.1151978766043\n ],\n [\n -109.94018554687499,\n 44.1151978766043\n ],\n [\n -109.94018554687499,\n 45.00365115687186\n ],\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 45.00365115687186\n ],\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 44.1151978766043\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175d2e4b06a3ea36c56b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ternent, Mark A.","contributorId":150194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ternent","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6917,"text":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gunther, Kerry A.","contributorId":84621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gunther","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5118,"text":"Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Bear Management Office, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159900,"text":"70159900 - 2002 - Hydrologic processes and nutrient dynamics in a pristine mountain catchment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T17:19:22","indexId":"70159900","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3679,"text":"Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic processes and nutrient dynamics in a pristine mountain catchment","docAbstract":"Nutrient dynamics in watersheds have been used as an ecosystem-level indicator of overall ecosystem function or response to disturbance (e.g. Borman.N et al. 1974, WEBSTER et al. 1992). The examination of nutrients has been evaluated to determine responses to logging practices or other changes in watershed land use. Nutrient dynamics have been related to changing physical and biological characteristics (Mulholl AND 1992, CHESTNUT & McDowell 2000). Herein, the concentrations and dynamics of nitrogen, phosphorus and particulate organic carbon were examined in a large pristine watershed because they are affected by changes in discharge directly from the catchment and after passage through a large oligotrophic lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Informa UK","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2001.11902705","usgsCitation":"F. Richard Hauer, Fagre, D.B., and Stanford, J.A., 2002, Hydrologic processes and nutrient dynamics in a pristine mountain catchment: Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, v. 28, no. 3, p. 1490-1493, https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2001.11902705.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1490","endPage":"1493","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park, McDonald Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.7906494140625,\n 48.228332127214934\n ],\n [\n -113.2086181640625,\n 48.228332127214934\n ],\n [\n -113.2086181640625,\n 48.99103162515999\n ],\n [\n -114.7906494140625,\n 48.99103162515999\n ],\n [\n -114.7906494140625,\n 48.228332127214934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175d5e4b06a3ea36c56b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"F. Richard Hauer","contributorId":145878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"F. Richard Hauer","affiliations":[{"id":6580,"text":"University of Montana, Flathead Lake Biological Station, Polson, Montana 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanford, Jack A.","contributorId":150193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanford","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159736,"text":"70159736 - 2002 - The paradigm of grizzly bear restoration in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-28T09:47:26","indexId":"70159736","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-03T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The paradigm of grizzly bear restoration in North America","docAbstract":"Grizzly bear restoration and recovery is a controversial, highly politicized process. By 1959, when the Craigheads began their pioneering work on Yellowstone grizzly bears, the species had been reduced to a remnant of its historic range. Prior to the colonization of North America by Europeans, the grizzly lived in relatively pristine habitats with aboriginal Native Americans. As civilization expanded, humans changed the face of the landscape, converting grizzly bear habitat to farms and ranches. People killed grizzlies to protect livestock and eliminate a perceived threat to human safety. In concert, habitat loss and direct human-caused mortality had effectively eliminated the grizzly from 95 percent of its historic range in the conterminous United States by the 1920s (Servheen 1989). Grizzly bear numbers had been reduced nearly 98 percent by 1975 when the species was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (USFWS 1993).
\n","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Large Mammal Restoration in North America: ecological and sociological considerations in the 21st century","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","isbn":"978-1559638173","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, C.C., 2002, The paradigm of grizzly bear restoration in North America, chap. of Large Mammal Restoration in North America: ecological and sociological considerations in the 21st century, p. 225-229.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"2nd","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf55e4b0112df6c62e3c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Maehr, David S.","contributorId":149993,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maehr","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580281,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noss, Reed F. 0000-0003-2997-4688","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-4688","contributorId":98615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noss","given":"Reed","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580282,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larkin, J.L.","contributorId":34730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larkin","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580283,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, C. C.","contributorId":120229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159910,"text":"70159910 - 2002 - Modeling and monitoring ecosystem responses to climate change in 3 North American mountain ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-03T11:31:02","indexId":"70159910","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-13T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modeling and monitoring ecosystem responses to climate change in 3 North American mountain ranges","docAbstract":"
No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Biodiversity: A global assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Parthenon","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D.B., and Peterson, D.L., 2002, Modeling and monitoring ecosystem responses to climate change in 3 North American mountain ranges, chap. of Mountain Biodiversity: A global assessment, p. 251-261.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175dce4b06a3ea36c56d8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Korner, Ch.","contributorId":150207,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Korner","given":"Ch.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581003,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spehn, E.M.","contributorId":150208,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spehn","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581004,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159754,"text":"70159754 - 2002 - Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T13:52:58","indexId":"70159754","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-12T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears","docAbstract":"Sign of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) consuming fungal sporocarps (mushrooms and truffles) was observed on 68 occasions during a study of radiomarked bears in the Yellowstone region, 1977–96. Sporocarps also were detected in 96 grizzly bear feces. Most fungi consumedby Yellowstone's grizzlybearsweremembersofthe Boletaceae(Suillus spp.), Russulaceae (Russula spp. and Lactarius sp.), Morchellaceae (Morchella elata), and Rhizopogonaceae. Consumption of false truffles (Rhizopogon spp.) was indicated by excavations that were deeper, on average (1.1 dm), than excavations for mushrooms (0.6 dm). Consumption of sporocarps was most frequent during September (7% of all activity), although median numbers of sporocarps excavated at feeding sites peaked during both August and September (22–23 excavations/site). Almost all consumption (75%) occurred on edaphically harsh sites typically dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). At broad scales, consumption of sporocarps was most likely where these types of lodgepole pine-dominated sites were extensive or where high-elevation sites supporting mature whitebarkpine (P albicaulis) were rare. The number of sporocarps excavated atafeeding site was greatest when conecrops of whitebarkpine were smallandinstands with abundantlodgepolepine. At finescales, consumption of fungi was positively associated with lodgepolepine basalarea and negatively associated with total ground vegetation cover. Because of the strong association of sporocarp consumption with lodgepole pine and its disassociation at broad scales with availability of whitebark pineseeds, consumption of mushrooms and truffles by grizzly bears will likely increase in the Yellowstone ecosystem with global warming. Lodgepole pine is predicted to increase and whitebark pine to decline with global warming.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research & Management","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D.J., Podruzny, S., and Haroldson, M.A., 2002, Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears: Ursus, v. 13, p. 95-103.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol13_10"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -107.8857421875,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -107.8857421875,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 42.06560675405716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00c1e4b064dd1d095577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattson, David J. david_mattson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"david_mattson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Podruzny, Shannon","contributorId":45614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podruzny","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159752,"text":"70159752 - 2002 - Spawning characteristics of redband trout in a headwater stream in Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-07T15:04:08","indexId":"70159752","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-07T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spawning characteristics of redband trout in a headwater stream in Montana","docAbstract":"I investigated the spawning characteristics of redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri (a rainbow trout subspecies) during the spring of 1998 in Basin Creek, a third-order headwater stream located in the Kootenai River drainage in northwestern Montana. I examined the timing of spawning as related to discharge and water temperature and analyzed microhabitat selection of 30 completed redds in a low-gradient (0.5–1.5%) reach. Redband trout spawned as flow declined after peak runoff and as mean daily water temperature exceeded 6.0C and maximum daily temperature exceeded 7.0C. Redband trout began spawning on 6 June (mean daily discharge = 2.1 m3/s), 10 d after the peak discharge (8.7 m3/s) occurred. The last redd was completed on 24 June, when discharge was 1.5 m3/s. The mean total redd length was 53 cm (SD = 14; range = 31–91 cm), and the mean total area was 51 cm2 (SD = 8; range= 46– 76 cm2). Eighty percent of the redds were located in pool tailouts, 13% in runs, and 7% in riffles. Spawning redband trout selected redd sites based on substrate size and water depth but not water velocity. Fish selected substrate sizes of 2–6 mm, water depths of 20–30 cm, and water velocities of 40–70 cm/s. My results suggest that redband trout in a low-gradient, third-order mountain stream found suitable spawning habitat in pool tail-outs that contained abundant gravels.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1314:SCORTI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Muhlfeld, C.C., 2002, Spawning characteristics of redband trout in a headwater stream in Montana: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 4, p. 1314-1320, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1314:SCORTI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1314","endPage":"1320","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1577/1548-8675%282002%29022%3C1314%3ASCORTI%3E2.0.CO%3B2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Basin Creek, Yaak River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.26904296874999,\n 45.27488643704894\n ],\n [\n -113.26904296874999,\n 48.864714761802794\n ],\n [\n -106.98486328124999,\n 48.864714761802794\n ],\n [\n -106.98486328124999,\n 45.27488643704894\n ],\n [\n -113.26904296874999,\n 45.27488643704894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00cce4b064dd1d095590","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhlfeld, Clint C. 0000-0002-4599-4059 cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-4059","contributorId":924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhlfeld","given":"Clint","email":"cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159756,"text":"70159756 - 2002 - History of pronghorn population monitoring, research, and management in Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T14:43:01","indexId":"70159756","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":360,"text":"Final Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"History of pronghorn population monitoring, research, and management in Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"Pronghorn antelope in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) persist in a small population that historically has experienced recurrent, sometimes dramatic declines. They apparently are isolated from other pronghorns, depend partly on private lands for winter range, experience heavy predation of fawns, and concentrate during winter in a relatively small area, thereby increasing their vulnerability to factors like disease or locally extreme weather. Overall, the situation raises serious concerns about the long-term viability of this population. Although such concerns are not new, evidence of a dramatic population decline since 1991 and continued poor recruitment has created a renewed sense of urgency.
\nRecent efforts to revitalize pronghorn research in YNP began with fawn recruitment and habitat use studies, initiated in 1999 and 2000. With those studies drawing to a close, YNP is reviewing the status and direction of its pronghorn program. The Yellowstone Pronghorn Conservation Assessment Workshop was convened in YNP in January, 2002, to appraise the current state of knowledge about this pronghorn population and make recommendations about future management and research needs. A review of pronghorn population change, management, and research in YNP was commissioned in May, 2001, to provide historical background for workshop participants. Following is a written summary of that review.
\nThe process of locating materials for this review was limited to 3 months. Not all relevant materials were discovered or reviewed in that time. In particular, it was not possible to find and review all original sources of information. Also, except for occasional anecdotal accounts, weather records were not reviewed, leaving a potentially serious gap in our understanding of the forces driving changes in pronghorn population counts and estimates 2
\nover time. Despite these deficiencies, considerable information was reviewed, earlier summaries of population classification and count data were updated, and previously uncited sources of information were identified that challenge important aspects of previous interpretations of the history of pronghorns and pronghorn management in YNP. Information is grouped into 4 major subject areas: distribution and habitat use, demographics and management, genetics, and disease.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159756","usgsCitation":"Keating, K.A., 2002, History of pronghorn population monitoring, research, and management in Yellowstone National Park: Final Report, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159756.","productDescription":"70 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311578,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/files/norock/products/Pronghorn_History_YNP_Final.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.3134765625,\n 42.99661231842139\n ],\n [\n -111.3134765625,\n 45.158800738352134\n ],\n [\n -108.336181640625,\n 45.158800738352134\n ],\n [\n -108.336181640625,\n 42.99661231842139\n ],\n [\n -111.3134765625,\n 42.99661231842139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"Final report submitted in fulfillment of:\nNPS Agreement #1443-IA-1248-01-006\nUSGS Agreement # 1-3303-IA05","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00c8e4b064dd1d095587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keating, Kim A.","contributorId":44660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keating","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159751,"text":"70159751 - 2002 - Grizzly bear denning and potential conflict areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T13:27:50","indexId":"70159751","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grizzly bear denning and potential conflict areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","docAbstract":"Increasing winter use of steep, high-elevation terrain by backcountry recreationists has elevated concern about disturbance of denning grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). To help identify areas where such conflicts might occur, we developed a spatially explicit model to predict potential denning areas in the GYE. Using a scan area of 630 m around each location, we assigned site attributes to 344 den locations of radio-trackedg rizzly bears from 1975-99. Attributesi dentified as predictorsf or the analysis included elevation, slope, an index of solar radiation, and forest cover. We used the Mahalanobis distance statistic to model the similarity between sites used by denning bears and each cell in the data layers. We used the final Mahalanobis distance model to produce maps of the study area. Potential denning habitat, based upon the model, is abundantw ithin the GYE. Ourr esultsc an be used by land managementa gencies to identifyp otentialc onflict sites and minimize effects of regulated activities on denning grizzly bears. We illustrate how the Gallatin National Forest (GNF) used the model to examine the overlap between potential snowmobile use areas and potential denning habitat as part of a Biological Assessment submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research & Management.","usgsCitation":"Podruzny, S., Cherry, S., Schwartz, C.C., and Landenburger, L., 2002, Grizzly bear denning and potential conflict areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Ursus, v. 13, p. 19-28.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311573,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol13_10"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 43.20517581723733\n ],\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 45.3868773482704\n ],\n [\n -108.7591552734375,\n 45.3868773482704\n ],\n [\n -108.7591552734375,\n 43.20517581723733\n ],\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 43.20517581723733\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00c7e4b064dd1d095585","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Podruzny, Shannon","contributorId":45614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podruzny","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cherry, Steve","contributorId":90450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landenburger, Lisa 0000-0002-4325-3652 lisa_landenburger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-3652","contributorId":4106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landenburger","given":"Lisa","email":"lisa_landenburger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159831,"text":"70159831 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Black tern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:35:07","indexId":"70159831","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Black tern","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159831","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, A., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.A., Goldade, C., Jamison, B.E., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Black tern, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159831.","productDescription":"40 p.","numberOfPages":"69","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159831.PNG"},{"id":312398,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159831/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813ee4b071e7ea543470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas A.","contributorId":146626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70159826,"text":"70159826 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Yellow Rail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T12:31:11","indexId":"70159826","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Yellow Rail","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159826","usgsCitation":"Goldade, C., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.H., Zimmerman, A., Jamison, B.E., Church, J.O., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Yellow Rail, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159826.","productDescription":"20 p.","numberOfPages":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311737,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159826.PNG"},{"id":312453,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159826/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813ee4b071e7ea543474","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Church, James O.","contributorId":150063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Church","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159745,"text":"70159745 - 2002 - Tolazoline reversal of xylazine in bison (Bison bison): Mitigation of adverse effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T13:28:37","indexId":"70159745","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-05T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Tolazoline reversal of xylazine in bison (Bison bison): Mitigation of adverse effects","docAbstract":"Tolazoline is a mixed alpha-1 and -2 adrenergic antagonist used to reverse the sedative, analgesic and muscle-relaxing effects of xylazine, a potent alpha adrenergic agonist. Tolazoline has been used in cattle and is superior to yohimbine, another alpha adrenergic antagonist, in this species. In white-tailed deer, tolazoline shortened recovery times and reversed xylazine-induced bradycardia, respiratory depression, and bloat following xylazine-ketamine anesthesia (Kreeger et al. 1986). We have used it for a number of years in moose without any detected adverse reactions. Caulkett et al. (2000) used tolazoline in wood bison to reverse the xylazine-induced effects of xylazine-tiletamine/zolazepam anesthesia and did not report any ill effects. However, the reported side effects of tolazoline in horses (species for which the drug was developed and is labeled) include abdominal discomfort, gastrointestinal hypermotility, diarrhea, tachycardia, ventricular dysrhythmia, hypertension and apprehensiveness.
","conferenceTitle":"51st Annual Wildlife Disease Association Conference","conferenceDate":"July 28-August 1, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Arcata, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","usgsCitation":"Roffe, T.J., and Sweeney, S., 2002, Tolazoline reversal of xylazine in bison (Bison bison): Mitigation of adverse effects, 51st Annual Wildlife Disease Association Conference, Arcata, CA, July 28-August 1, 2002, p. 142-143.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"143","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311563,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wildlifedisease.org/wda/CONFERENCES.aspx"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00cde4b064dd1d095594","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Beth","contributorId":149997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Beth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580314,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quist, Charlotte","contributorId":104436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"Charlotte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580315,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Roffe, Thomas J.","contributorId":56596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roffe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sweeney, Steven J.","contributorId":31159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159747,"text":"70159747 - 2002 - Effectiveness of Brucella abortus Strain 19 single calfhood vaccination in elk (Cervus elaphus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T13:29:04","indexId":"70159747","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-08T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effectiveness of Brucella abortus Strain 19 single calfhood vaccination in elk (Cervus elaphus)","docAbstract":"Brucellosis in Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) bison and elk has been a source of controversy and focus of the Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee (GYIBC) for years. Brucellosis has been eradicated from cattle in the 3 states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho and all three states currently are classified as “brucellosis free” with regard to livestock. Yet free-ranging elk that attend feedgrounds in the GYA, and bison in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, still have high seroprevalence to the disease and are viewed as a threat to the state-federal cooperative national brucellosis eradication program. Recently, cattle in eastern Idaho were found infected with brucellosis and transmission was apparently from fed elk. The GYIBC, formed of state and federal agencies involved in wildlife and livestock management in the 3 states, has committed to eventual elimination of the disease from wildlife. Management tools to control or eliminate the disease are limited; however, wildlife vaccination is one of the methods currently employed. Effective wildlife vaccination depends on dose efficacy, deliverability, and safety to non-targeted species. We commenced a single-dose efficacy study of vaccine Brucella abortus strain 19 (S19) in elk in 1999.
","conferenceTitle":"51st Annual Wildlife Disease Association Conference","conferenceDate":"July 28-August 1, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Arcata, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","usgsCitation":"Roffe, T.J., Jones, L.C., Coffin, K., and Sweeney, S., 2002, Effectiveness of Brucella abortus Strain 19 single calfhood vaccination in elk (Cervus elaphus), 51st Annual Wildlife Disease Association Conference, Arcata, CA, July 28-August 1, 2002, p. 149-150.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"150","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311565,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wildlifedisease.org/wda/CONFERENCES.aspx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 43.20517581723733\n ],\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 45.3868773482704\n ],\n [\n -108.7591552734375,\n 45.3868773482704\n ],\n [\n -108.7591552734375,\n 43.20517581723733\n ],\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 43.20517581723733\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00c3e4b064dd1d09557c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Beth","contributorId":149997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Beth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580321,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quist, Charlotte","contributorId":104436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"Charlotte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580322,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Roffe, Thomas J.","contributorId":56596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roffe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Lee C.","contributorId":149998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coffin, Kenneth","contributorId":149999,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coffin","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sweeney, Steven J.","contributorId":31159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159833,"text":"70159833 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Virginia rail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T12:27:04","indexId":"70159833","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Virginia rail","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159833","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, A., Dechant, J., Jamison, B.E., Johnson, D.H., Goldade, C., Church, J.O., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Virginia rail, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159833.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312449,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159833/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":311753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159833.PNG"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813ee4b071e7ea543472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Church, James O.","contributorId":150063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Church","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159825,"text":"70159825 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: American Avocet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:28:17","indexId":"70159825","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-19T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"subseriesTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: American Avocet","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159825","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Zimmerman, A., Johnson, D.H., Goldade, C., Jamison, B.E., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: American Avocet, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159825.","productDescription":"26 p.","numberOfPages":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159825.PNG"},{"id":312395,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159825/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813ee4b071e7ea54346e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70157407,"text":"70157407 - 2002 - Mercury loading and methylmercury production and cycling in high-altitude lakes from the Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:28:23","indexId":"70157407","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-04T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3729,"text":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus","onlineIssn":"1573-2940","printIssn":"1567-7230","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury loading and methylmercury production and cycling in high-altitude lakes from the Western United States","docAbstract":"Studies worldwide have shown that mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous contaminant, reaching even the most remote environments such as high-altitude lakes via atmospheric pathways. However, very few studies have been conducted to assess Hg contamination levels of these systems. We sampled 90 mid-latitude, high-altitude lakes from seven national parks in the western United States during a four-week period in September 1999. In addition to the synoptic survey, routine monitoring and experimental studies were conducted at one of the lakes (Mills Lake) to quantify MeHg fluxrates and important process rates such as photo-demethylation. Results show that overall, high-altitude lakes have low total mercury (HgT) and methylmercury (MeHg) levels (1.07 and 0.05 ng L-1, respectively), but a very good correlation of Hg to MeHg (r2= 0.82) suggests inorganic Hg(II) loading is a primary controlling factor of MeHg levels in dilute mountain lakes. Positive correlations were also observed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and both Hg and MeHg, although to a much lesser degree. Levels of MeHg were similar among the seven national parks, with the exception of Glacier National Park where lowerconcentrations were observed (0.02 ng L-1), and appear to be related to naturally elevated pH values there. Measured rates ofMeHg photo-degradation at Mills Lake were quite fast, and this process was of equal importance to sedimentation and stream flow for removing MeHg. Enhanced rates of photo-demethylation are likely an important reason why high-altitude lakes, with typically high water clarity and sunlight exposure, are low in MeHg.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1020162811104","usgsCitation":"Krabbenhoft, D.P., Olson, M.L., DeWild, J.F., Clow, D.W., Striegl, R.G., Dornblaser, M.M., and Van Metre, P., 2002, Mercury loading and methylmercury production and cycling in high-altitude lakes from the Western United States: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus, v. 2, no. 2, p. 233-249, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020162811104.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"249","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park, Grand Teton National Park, Lassen Volcanic National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, Sequoia National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-122.3785,37.826505],[-122.369941,37.832137],[-122.358779,37.814278],[-122.362661,37.807577],[-122.3785,37.826505]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.230001,34.010136],[-120.167306,34.008219],[-120.140362,34.025974],[-120.090182,34.019806],[-120.057637,34.03734],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-120.011123,33.979894],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.017715,33.936366],[-120.049682,33.914563],[-120.098601,33.907853],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.168974,33.91909],[-120.224461,33.989059],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.755521,34.056716],[-119.712576,34.043265],[-119.686507,34.019805],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.612226,34.021256],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.5667,34.053452],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.542449,34.021082],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.662825,33.985889],[-119.721206,33.959583],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.884896,34.008814],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.912857,34.077508],[-119.857304,34.071298],[-119.818742,34.052997],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.440248,34.036918],[-120.415287,34.05496],[-120.390906,34.051994],[-120.368278,34.076465],[-120.354982,34.059256],[-120.358608,34.050235],[-120.331161,34.049097],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.35793,34.015029],[-120.409368,34.032198],[-120.454134,34.028081],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.573522,32.969183],[-118.586928,33.008281],[-118.606559,33.01469],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.540069,32.980933],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.394565,32.823978],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.496298,32.851572],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.365094,33.388374],[-118.310213,33.335795],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.325244,33.299075],[-118.374768,33.320065],[-118.440047,33.318638],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48877,33.356649],[-118.478465,33.38632],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.563442,33.434381],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.54453,33.474119],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.528141,33.284929],[-119.465717,33.259239],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.476029,33.21552],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.564971,33.24744],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.562042,33.271129],[-119.543842,33.280329]]],[[[-122.289533,42.007764],[-121.035195,41.993323],[-120.001058,41.995139],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-117.244917,37.030244],[-115.852908,35.96966],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.635176,34.875003],[-114.586842,34.835672],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.470477,34.711368],[-114.438739,34.621455],[-114.424202,34.610453],[-114.429747,34.591734],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.386699,34.457911],[-114.375789,34.447798],[-114.335372,34.450038],[-114.294836,34.421389],[-114.286802,34.40534],[-114.264317,34.401329],[-114.226107,34.365916],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.138282,34.30323],[-114.134427,34.266387],[-114.161826,34.257038],[-114.223384,34.205136],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.254141,34.173831],[-114.287294,34.170529],[-114.320777,34.138635],[-114.353031,34.133121],[-114.390565,34.110084],[-114.411681,34.110031],[-114.43338,34.088413],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.46283,34.008421],[-114.462377,33.993781],[-114.499883,33.961789],[-114.522002,33.955623],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.508558,33.906098],[-114.518555,33.889847],[-114.503017,33.867998],[-114.526771,33.857357],[-114.529597,33.848063],[-114.51997,33.825381],[-114.527161,33.816191],[-114.504863,33.760465],[-114.512348,33.734214],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.495719,33.698454],[-114.531523,33.675108],[-114.524813,33.611351],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.524391,33.553683],[-114.558898,33.531819],[-114.569533,33.509219],[-114.591554,33.499443],[-114.622918,33.456561],[-114.635183,33.422726],[-114.652828,33.412922],[-114.687953,33.417944],[-114.725535,33.404056],[-114.708408,33.384147],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.707962,33.323421],[-114.731223,33.302434],[-114.723259,33.288079],[-114.684363,33.276025],[-114.672401,33.26047],[-114.689421,33.24525],[-114.673626,33.223121],[-114.67536,33.185489],[-114.706488,33.08816],[-114.68902,33.084036],[-114.66506,33.033908],[-114.64598,33.048903],[-114.618788,33.027202],[-114.589778,33.026228],[-114.575161,33.036542],[-114.52013,33.029984],[-114.502871,33.011153],[-114.492938,32.971781],[-114.469039,32.972295],[-114.46773,32.956323],[-114.48074,32.937027],[-114.462929,32.907944],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.530755,32.793485],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.618373,32.728245],[-114.701918,32.745548],[-114.719633,32.718763],[-116.04662,32.623353],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.136664,32.618754],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.196767,32.688851],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.25757,32.72605],[-117.25497,32.786948],[-117.280971,32.822247],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.25617,32.859447],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.28077,33.012343],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.362572,33.168437],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.547693,33.365491],[-117.59588,33.386629],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.684584,33.461927],[-117.691384,33.454028],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.726486,33.483427],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.87679,33.592322],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-118.029694,33.676418],[-118.088896,33.729817],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.180831,33.763072],[-118.187701,33.749218],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.317205,33.712818],[-118.360505,33.736817],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.394376,33.804289],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.460611,33.969111],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.569235,34.04164],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.783433,34.021543],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-118.938081,34.043383],[-119.088536,34.09831],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.18864,34.139005],[-119.216441,34.146105],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.313034,34.275689],[-119.370356,34.319486],[-119.388249,34.317398],[-119.461036,34.374064],[-119.536957,34.395495],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.616862,34.420995],[-119.671866,34.416096],[-119.709067,34.395397],[-119.794771,34.417597],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.088591,34.460208],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.295051,34.470623],[-120.341369,34.458789],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.47661,34.475131],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.581293,34.556959],[-120.622575,34.554017],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.645739,34.581035],[-120.640244,34.604406],[-120.60045,34.70464],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.639283,34.880413],[-120.647328,34.901133],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.630957,35.101941],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.714185,35.175998],[-120.74887,35.177795],[-120.760492,35.15971],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.866099,35.393045],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-120.907937,35.449069],[-120.946546,35.446715],[-120.969436,35.460197],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.101595,35.548814],[-121.126027,35.593058],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.251034,35.656641],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.314632,35.71331],[-121.315786,35.75252],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.388053,35.823483],[-121.413146,35.855316],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.4862,35.970348],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.629634,36.114452],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.717176,36.195146],[-121.826425,36.24186],[-121.851967,36.277831],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.892917,36.340428],[-121.905446,36.358269],[-121.903195,36.393603],[-121.914378,36.404344],[-121.91474,36.42589],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.944666,36.521861],[-121.925937,36.525173],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.957335,36.564482],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.941666,36.618059],[-121.93643,36.636746],[-121.923866,36.634559],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.860604,36.611136],[-121.831995,36.644856],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.805643,36.750239],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.894667,36.961851],[-121.930069,36.97815],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.012373,36.96455],[-122.023373,36.96215],[-122.027174,36.95115],[-122.050122,36.948523],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.20618,37.013949],[-122.284882,37.101747],[-122.306139,37.116383],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.337833,37.135936],[-122.367085,37.172817],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.443687,37.435941],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.472388,37.50054],[-122.499289,37.495341],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.517187,37.590637],[-122.501386,37.599637],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.485783,37.790629],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.385323,37.790724],[-122.375854,37.734979],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.361749,37.71501],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.387626,37.67906],[-122.374291,37.662206],[-122.3756,37.652389],[-122.387381,37.648462],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.360219,37.592501],[-122.317676,37.590865],[-122.305895,37.575484],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.214264,37.538505],[-122.196593,37.537196],[-122.194957,37.522469],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.140142,37.507907],[-122.127706,37.500053],[-122.111344,37.50758],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.147014,37.588411],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.257953,37.739601],[-122.242638,37.753744],[-122.330963,37.786035],[-122.333711,37.809797],[-122.303931,37.830087],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.33453,37.908791],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.399832,37.956009],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.361905,37.989991],[-122.367909,38.01253],[-122.340093,38.003694],[-122.300823,38.010893],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.262861,38.0446],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.314567,38.115287],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.439577,38.116923],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.483757,38.071762],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.462812,38.003367],[-122.448413,37.984713],[-122.471975,37.981768],[-122.488665,37.966714],[-122.479175,37.941516],[-122.499465,37.939225],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.478193,37.918608],[-122.472303,37.902573],[-122.438268,37.880974],[-122.462158,37.868866],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.548986,37.836227],[-122.561487,37.851827],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.682171,37.90645],[-122.70264,37.89382],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.736898,37.925825],[-122.783244,37.951334],[-122.821383,37.996735],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.981776,38.009119],[-122.97439,37.992429],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-122.99242,38.041758],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.953629,38.17567],[-122.993959,38.237602],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.038742,38.313576],[-123.051061,38.310693],[-123.053504,38.299385],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.074684,38.322574],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.202277,38.494314],[-123.249797,38.511045],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.343338,38.590008],[-123.371876,38.607235],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.514784,38.741966],[-123.541837,38.776764],[-123.647387,38.845472],[-123.659846,38.872529],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.726315,38.936367],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.711149,38.977316],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.713392,39.108422],[-123.774998,39.212083],[-123.777368,39.237214],[-123.787893,39.264327],[-123.803848,39.278771],[-123.808772,39.324368],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.826306,39.36871],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.787417,39.604552],[-123.782322,39.621486],[-123.792659,39.684122],[-123.808208,39.710715],[-123.829545,39.723071],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-123.907664,39.863028],[-123.930047,39.909697],[-123.954952,39.922373],[-123.980031,39.962458],[-124.035904,40.013319],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.080709,40.06611],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.214895,40.160902],[-124.296497,40.208816],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.38494,40.48982],[-124.382816,40.519],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.158322,40.876069],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.125448,41.048504],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.158539,41.143021],[-124.1438,41.144686],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.072294,41.374844],[-124.066057,41.470258],[-124.081427,41.511228],[-124.081987,41.547761],[-124.101123,41.569192],[-124.100961,41.602499],[-124.135552,41.657307],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.164716,41.740126],[-124.17739,41.745756],[-124.194953,41.736778],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.230678,41.818681],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.203402,41.940964],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-123.656998,41.995137],[-123.145959,42.009247],[-122.893961,42.002605],[-122.289533,42.007764]]],[[[-104.053249,41.001406],[-102.051718,41.002377],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-102.814616,37.000783],[-105.029228,36.992729],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.131379,44.499925],[-111.143557,44.535732],[-111.175747,44.552219],[-111.189617,44.571062],[-111.23018,44.587025],[-111.224161,44.623402],[-111.25268,44.651092],[-111.276956,44.655626],[-111.26875,44.668279],[-111.29626,44.702271],[-111.323669,44.724474],[-111.355768,44.727602],[-111.385005,44.755128],[-111.397805,44.746738],[-111.398575,44.723343],[-111.414271,44.710741],[-111.438793,44.720546],[-111.489339,44.704946],[-111.484898,44.687578],[-111.468833,44.679335],[-111.473178,44.665479],[-111.525764,44.604883],[-111.519126,44.582916],[-111.469185,44.552044],[-111.471682,44.540824],[-111.500792,44.540062],[-111.585763,44.562843],[-111.614405,44.548991],[-111.704218,44.560205],[-111.715474,44.543543],[-111.746401,44.540766],[-111.821488,44.509286],[-111.870504,44.564033],[-111.947941,44.556776],[-111.980833,44.536682],[-112.032707,44.546642],[-112.036943,44.530323],[-112.069011,44.537104],[-112.106755,44.520829],[-112.136454,44.539911],[-112.164597,44.541666],[-112.183937,44.533067],[-112.221698,44.543519],[-112.230117,44.562759],[-112.242785,44.568091],[-112.286187,44.568472],[-112.312899,44.553536],[-112.319198,44.53911],[-112.35421,44.535638],[-112.358926,44.48628],[-112.387389,44.448058],[-112.473207,44.480027],[-112.50031,44.463051],[-112.541989,44.483971],[-112.584197,44.481368],[-112.601863,44.491015],[-112.660696,44.485756],[-112.71911,44.504344],[-112.781294,44.484888],[-112.828191,44.442472],[-112.836034,44.422653],[-112.812608,44.392275],[-112.81324,44.378103],[-112.844859,44.358221],[-112.855395,44.359975],[-112.881769,44.380315],[-112.886041,44.395874],[-112.951146,44.416699],[-113.003544,44.450814],[-113.020917,44.493827],[-113.019777,44.528505],[-113.04282,44.546757],[-113.042363,44.565237],[-113.083819,44.60222],[-113.049349,44.62938],[-113.068306,44.656374],[-113.06776,44.679474],[-113.098064,44.697477],[-113.102138,44.729027],[-113.134824,44.752763],[-113.131453,44.772837],[-113.163806,44.778921],[-113.19436,44.802151],[-113.247166,44.82295],[-113.341704,44.784853],[-113.354034,44.791745],[-113.346692,44.798898],[-113.356062,44.819798],[-113.377153,44.834858],[-113.422376,44.842595],[-113.455071,44.865424],[-113.498745,44.942314],[-113.443782,44.95989],[-113.446884,44.998545],[-113.437726,45.006967],[-113.45197,45.059247],[-113.485278,45.063519],[-113.520134,45.093033],[-113.506638,45.107288],[-113.513342,45.115225],[-113.554744,45.112901],[-113.57467,45.128411],[-113.599506,45.191114],[-113.636889,45.212983],[-113.657027,45.241436],[-113.684946,45.253706],[-113.689359,45.28355],[-113.738729,45.329741],[-113.733092,45.390173],[-113.765203,45.410601],[-113.764591,45.431403],[-113.78416,45.454946],[-113.759986,45.480735],[-113.766022,45.520621],[-113.834555,45.520729],[-113.819868,45.566326],[-113.803261,45.584193],[-113.806729,45.602146],[-113.861404,45.62366],[-113.886006,45.61702],[-113.904691,45.622007],[-113.900588,45.648259],[-113.919752,45.658536],[-113.93422,45.682232],[-113.986656,45.704564],[-114.019315,45.692937],[-114.014973,45.654008],[-114.067619,45.627706],[-114.086584,45.59118],[-114.122322,45.58426],[-114.135249,45.557465],[-114.180043,45.551432],[-114.192802,45.536596],[-114.248121,45.545877],[-114.247824,45.524283],[-114.270717,45.486116],[-114.333218,45.459316],[-114.360719,45.474116],[-114.36852,45.492716],[-114.415804,45.509753],[-114.456764,45.543983],[-114.460542,45.561283],[-114.498176,45.555473],[-114.526075,45.570771],[-114.549508,45.56059],[-114.559038,45.565706],[-114.558253,45.585104],[-114.538132,45.606834],[-114.563652,45.637412],[-114.507645,45.658949],[-114.495421,45.703321],[-114.504869,45.722176],[-114.535634,45.739095],[-114.566172,45.773864],[-114.512973,45.828825],[-114.517143,45.835993],[-114.509303,45.845531],[-114.44868,45.858891],[-114.409477,45.85164],[-114.388243,45.88234],[-114.395059,45.901458],[-114.431159,45.935737],[-114.404708,45.9559],[-114.403712,45.967049],[-114.425843,45.984984],[-114.470965,45.995742],[-114.480241,46.030325],[-114.493418,46.03717],[-114.492153,46.04729],[-114.468529,46.062484],[-114.460049,46.097104],[-114.474415,46.112515],[-114.5213,46.125287],[-114.527096,46.146218],[-114.514706,46.167726],[-114.478333,46.160876],[-114.445928,46.173933],[-114.449819,46.237119],[-114.468254,46.248796],[-114.470479,46.26732],[-114.441326,46.2738],[-114.425587,46.287899],[-114.433478,46.305502],[-114.413758,46.335945],[-114.410682,46.360673],[-114.422458,46.387097],[-114.384756,46.411784],[-114.376413,46.442983],[-114.383051,46.466402],[-114.400068,46.47718],[-114.403019,46.498675],[-114.35874,46.505306],[-114.342072,46.519679],[-114.348733,46.533792],[-114.33175,46.571914],[-114.320665,46.646963],[-114.332887,46.660756],[-114.360709,46.669059],[-114.424424,46.660648],[-114.453239,46.649266],[-114.466902,46.631695],[-114.547321,46.644485],[-114.593292,46.632848],[-114.615036,46.639733],[-114.614716,46.655256],[-114.635713,46.659375],[-114.642713,46.673145],[-114.623198,46.691511],[-114.620859,46.707415],[-114.649388,46.73289],[-114.696656,46.740572],[-114.713516,46.715138],[-114.76689,46.696901],[-114.788656,46.714033],[-114.76718,46.738828],[-114.765106,46.758153],[-114.79004,46.778729],[-114.829117,46.782503],[-114.864342,46.813858],[-114.888146,46.808573],[-114.920459,46.827697],[-114.928615,46.854815],[-114.947413,46.859324],[-114.931608,46.876799],[-114.936805,46.897378],[-114.929997,46.919625],[-114.960597,46.93001],[-115.001274,46.971901],[-115.047857,46.969533],[-115.087806,47.045519],[-115.120917,47.061237],[-115.140375,47.093013],[-115.170436,47.106265],[-115.200547,47.139154],[-115.243707,47.150347],[-115.261885,47.181742],[-115.300504,47.188139],[-115.294785,47.220914],[-115.317124,47.233305],[-115.326903,47.255912],[-115.410685,47.264228],[-115.428359,47.278722],[-115.457077,47.277794],[-115.51186,47.295219],[-115.548658,47.332213],[-115.551079,47.349856],[-115.578619,47.367007],[-115.617247,47.382521],[-115.639186,47.378605],[-115.657681,47.400651],[-115.728801,47.428925],[-115.728801,47.445159],[-115.718247,47.45316],[-115.663867,47.456936],[-115.653044,47.476035],[-115.686704,47.485596],[-115.708748,47.51264],[-115.71034,47.52951],[-115.747263,47.543197],[-115.734674,47.567401],[-115.706473,47.577299],[-115.689404,47.595402],[-115.694284,47.62346],[-115.72993,47.642442],[-115.73627,47.654762],[-115.72377,47.696671],[-115.752349,47.716743],[-115.776219,47.719818],[-115.780441,47.743447],[-115.797299,47.75752],[-115.831755,47.755785],[-115.847487,47.785227],[-115.852291,47.827991],[-115.881522,47.849672],[-115.906409,47.846261],[-115.969076,47.914256],[-115.993678,47.926183],[-116.030751,47.973349],[-116.048421,47.97682],[-116.049193,49.000912],[-104.048736,48.999877],[-104.039977,45.124988],[-104.040128,44.999987],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.053249,41.001406]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"California\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56027bdbe4b03bc34f544860","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Mark L.","contributorId":101693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dornblaser, Mark M. 0000-0002-6298-3757 mmdornbl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6298-3757","contributorId":1636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dornblaser","given":"Mark","email":"mmdornbl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C. pcvanmet@usgs.gov","contributorId":486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","email":"pcvanmet@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70117710,"text":"70117710 - 2002 - Physiography of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and implications about continental margin development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-23T16:44:15","indexId":"70117710","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-23T16:38:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiography of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and implications about continental margin development","docAbstract":"Combined EM-300 multibeam bathymetric data and satellite photography reveal the physiography of the continental margin between 35°50′ and 37°03′N and from the shoreline west of 122°40′ and 122°37′W, which includes Monterey Bay, in a previously unprecedented detail. Patterns in these images clearly reveal the processes that are actively influencing the current geomorphology of the Monterey Bay region, including the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS). Our data indicates that seafloor physiography within the MBNMS results from plate margin tectonic deformation, including uplift and erosion along structural lineaments, and from fluid flow. Mass wasting is the dominant process active within the Ascension–Monterey and Sur–Partington submarine canyon systems and along the lower slopes. Meanders, slump dams, and constricted channels within the submarine canyons, especially within Monterey Canyon, slow and interrupt down-canyon sediment transport. We have identified for the first time thin sediment flows, rotational slumps, rills, depressions that may be associated with pipes, and other fluid-induced features we call ‘scallops’ off the Ascension slope, and suggest that fluid flow has sculptured the seafloor morphologies here. These unusual seafloor morphologies are similar to morphologies found in terrestrial areas modified by ground-water flow.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00261-4","usgsCitation":"Greene, H., Maher, N., and Paull, C.K., 2002, Physiography of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and implications about continental margin development: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 55-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00261-4.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"82","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290840,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00261-4"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.145263,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.629278 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe9961e4b0824b2d14e20c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, H.D.","contributorId":19881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maher, N.M.","contributorId":25312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maher","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70117703,"text":"70117703 - 2002 - Seafloor geology and natural environment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-23T15:40:24","indexId":"70117703","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-23T15:36:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seafloor geology and natural environment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00258-4","usgsCitation":"Eittreim, S.L., and Noble, M., 2002, Seafloor geology and natural environment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00258-4.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290837,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00258-4"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.145263,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.629278 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe9961e4b0824b2d14e20e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eittreim, Stephen L.","contributorId":8452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, Marlene","contributorId":29463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Marlene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70117694,"text":"70117694 - 2002 - Long-term cliff retreat and erosion hotspots along the central shores of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-23T15:17:45","indexId":"70117694","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-23T15:10:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term cliff retreat and erosion hotspots along the central shores of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","docAbstract":"Quantification of cliff retreat rates for the southern half of Santa Cruz County, CA, USA, located within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, using the softcopy/geographic information system (GIS) methodology results in average cliff retreat rates of 7–15 cm/yr between 1953 and 1994. The coastal dunes at the southern end of Santa Cruz County migrate seaward and landward through time and display net accretion between 1953 and 1994, which is partially due to development. In addition, three critically eroding segments of coastline with high average erosion rates ranging from 20 to 63 cm/yr are identified as erosion ‘hotspots’. These locations include: Opal Cliffs, Depot Hill and Manresa. Although cliff retreat is episodic, spatially variable at the scale of meters, and the factors affecting cliff retreat vary along the Santa Cruz County coastline, there is a compensation between factors affecting retreat such that over the long-term the coastline maintains a relatively smooth configuration. The softcopy/GIS methodology significantly reduces errors inherent in the calculation of retreat rates in high-relief areas (e.g. erosion rates generated in this study are generally correct to within 10 cm) by removing errors due to relief displacement. Although the resulting root mean squared error for erosion rates is relatively small, simple projections of past erosion rates are inadequate to provide predictions of future cliff position. Improved predictions can be made for individual coastal segments by using a mean erosion rate and the standard deviation as guides to future cliff behavior in combination with an understanding of processes acting along the coastal segments in question. This methodology can be applied on any high-relief coast where retreat rates can be measured.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00271-7","usgsCitation":"Moore, L.J., and Griggs, G.B., 2002, Long-term cliff retreat and erosion hotspots along the central shores of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: Marine Geology, v. 1-3, p. 265-283, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00271-7.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"283","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290834,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00271-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.145263,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.629278 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"1-3","edition":"181","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe9961e4b0824b2d14e210","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Laura J.","contributorId":39452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griggs, Gary B.","contributorId":88820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griggs","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70045625,"text":"70045625 - 2002 - Fluorspar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-27T15:27:54","indexId":"70045625","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorspar","docAbstract":"In 2001, one mine in Utah produced a small quantity of fluorspar. The majority of fluorspar consumed in the United States continued to come from imports or material purchased from the US National Defense Stockpile (NDS). In addition, a small amount of synthetic fluorspar (CaF2) was produced from industrial waste streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Miller, M., 2002, Fluorspar: Mining Engineering, v. 54, no. 6, p. 28-29.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"29","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517cf368e4b0d8907b2881bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M.","contributorId":13178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045646,"text":"70045646 - 2002 - Gemstones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-27T20:31:26","indexId":"70045646","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gemstones","docAbstract":"Part of a special section on industrial minerals. Gemstone production, consumption and uses, prices, imports and exports are discussed, and the future of the gemstone industry is considered.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Olson, D., 2002, Gemstones: Mining Engineering, v. 54, no. 6, p. 29-30.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517cf36fe4b0d8907b2881f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, D.W.","contributorId":82369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}