{"pageNumber":"2914","pageRowStart":"72825","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184563,"records":[{"id":5224132,"text":"5224132 - 2002 - On the estimation of species richness based on the accumulation of previously unrecorded species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T16:23:56.284528","indexId":"5224132","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the estimation of species richness based on the accumulation of previously unrecorded species","docAbstract":"Estimation of species richness of local communities has become an important topic in community ecology and monitoring.  Investigators can seldom enumerate all the species present in the area of interest during sampling sessions.  If the location of interest is sampled repeatedly within a short time period, the number of new species recorded is typically largest in the initial sample and decreases as sampling proceeds, but new species may be detected if sampling sessions are added.  The question is how to estimate the total number of species.  The data collected by sampling the area of interest repeatedly can be used to build species-accumulation curves: the cumulative number of species recorded as a function of the number of sampling sessions (which we refer to as ?species-accumulation data?).  A classic approach used to compute total species richness is to fit curves to the data on species accumulation with sampling effort.  This approach does not rest on direct estimation of the probability of detecting species during sampling sessions and has no underlying basis regarding the sampling process that gave rise to the data.  Here we recommend a probabilistic, nonparametric estimator for species richness for use with species-accumulation data.  We use estimators of population size that were developed for capture-recapture data, but that can be used to estimate the size of species assemblages using species-accumulation data.  Models of detection probability account for the underlying sampling process.  They permit variation in detection probability among species.  We illustrate this approach using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS).  We describe other situations where species accumulation data are collected under different designs (e.g., over longer periods of time, or over spatial replicates) and that lend themselves to use of capture-recapture models for estimating the size of the community of interest.  We discuss the assumptions and interpretations corresponding to each situation.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250112.x","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Nichols, J., Sauer, J., and Hines, J., 2002, On the estimation of species richness based on the accumulation of previously unrecorded species: Ecography, v. 25, no. 1, p. 102-108, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250112.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Maryland,  New  Hampshire, New Mexico, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.8671875,\n              29.57345707301757\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.69238281249999,\n              29.11377539511439\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.4287109375,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.791015625,\n              30.221101852485987\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.66992187499999,\n              31.316101383495624\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.01074218749999,\n              32.10118973232094\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.0546875,\n              32.99023555965106\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.26269531249999,\n              33.063924198120645\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.8671875,\n              29.57345707301757\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.41796875,\n              30.334953881988564\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.4951171875,\n              30.221101852485987\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.4072265625,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.990234375,\n              31.015278981711266\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4736328125,\n              34.95799531086792\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.154296875,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41796875,\n              30.334953881988564\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.541015625,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.95898437499999,\n              39.470125122358176\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.255859375,\n              38.92522904714054\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.16796875,\n              38.37611542403604\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.673828125,\n              37.19533058280065\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.234375,\n              38.44498466889473\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.673828125,\n              38.54816542304656\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8056640625,\n              39.740986355883564\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5849609375,\n              39.740986355883564\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.541015625,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.1689453125,\n              42.71473218539458\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.6201171875,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.13671875,\n              43.45291889355465\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.97265625,\n              44.84029065139799\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.67578124999999,\n              45.79816953017265\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.8515625,\n              46.830133640447386\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2138671875,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.224609375,\n              46.5286346952717\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.57617187499999,\n              45.73685954736049\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.4111328125,\n              45.120052841530544\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.1689453125,\n              45.089035564831036\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.1689453125,\n              42.71473218539458\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.083984375,\n              34.488447837809304\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.083984375,\n              34.488447837809304\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.083984375,\n              34.488447837809304\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.083984375,\n              34.488447837809304\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.314453125,\n              35.67514743608467\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              35.67514743608467\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              35.817813158696616\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.314453125,\n              35.817813158696616\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.314453125,\n              35.67514743608467\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.16015624999999,\n              31.316101383495624\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.19335937499999,\n              31.27855085894653\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.1494140625,\n              31.615965936476076\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.095703125,\n              31.80289258670676\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.0078125,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.16015624999999,\n              37.16031654673677\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.16015624999999,\n              31.316101383495624\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691b79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224135,"text":"5224135 - 2002 - Inferring the absence of a species: A case study of snakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-04T17:01:40.764265","indexId":"5224135","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inferring the absence of a species: A case study of snakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Though the presence of a species can be unequivocally confirmed, its absence can only be inferred with a degree of probability. I used a model to calculate the minimum number of unsuccessful visits to a site that are necessary to assume that a species is absent. The model requires the probability of detection of the species per visit to be known. This probability may vary depending on habitat, year, season, the area surveyed, the population size of the species, and the observer. I studied 3 European snake species-asp viper (<i>Vipera aspis</i>), smooth snake (<i>Coronella austriaca</i>), and grass snake (<i>Natrix natrix</i>)-over a 5-yr (1994-1998) interval, and made 645 visits to 87 sites during their activity periods. I used a generalized logistic regression approach with random effects for years and sites to (1) estimate the probability of detection of these species from sites known to be occupied, (2) test factors affecting it, and (3) compute the minimum number of times that a site must be visited to infer the absence of the particular species. Probability of detection for all species was heavily influenced by an index of population size. For <i>V. aspis</i>, probability of detection increased from 0.23 to 0.50 and 0.70 in small, medium, and large populations, respectively. Similarly, probability of detection increased from 0.09 to 0.45 and 0.56 in small, medium, and large populations of <i>C. austriaca</i>, respectively, and from 0.11 in small to 0.25 in medium and large populations of <i>N. natrix</i>. Probability of detection also varied across months for all 3 species, among habitat types (<i>C. austriaca</i> only), and from year to year (<i>N. natrix</i> only). Sites with unknown occupancy status conservatively may be assumed to be occupied by small populations. I calculated that such sites need to be surveyed 12, 34, and 26 times for <i>V. aspis</i>, <i>C. austriaca</i>, and <i>N. natrix</i>, respectively, before assuming with 95% probability that the site is unoccupied. These results suggest that some species may be more wide-spread than thought. However, to ascertain the presence of such species at a site, search efforts need to be intensive.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803165","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., 2002, Inferring the absence of a species: A case study of snakes: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 66, no. 2, p. 330-338, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803165.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"330","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adfb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, M.","contributorId":46637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224146,"text":"5224146 - 2002 - Declining pollinators and natural communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:42","indexId":"5224146","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3221,"text":"RINHewS: Newsletter of the Rhode Island Natural History Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Declining pollinators and natural communities","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"RINHewS: Newsletter of the Rhode Island Natural History Survey","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ginsberg, H., 2002, Declining pollinators and natural communities: RINHewS: Newsletter of the Rhode Island Natural History Survey, v. 9, no. 1, p. 4-5.","productDescription":"4-5","startPage":"4","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67263c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsberg, H. S. 0000-0002-4933-2466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":27576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224138,"text":"5224138 - 2002 - The estimation of size and change in composition of avian song repertoires","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:41","indexId":"5224138","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The estimation of size and change in composition of avian song repertoires","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/anbe.2001.1906","collaboration":"5870_Garamszegi.pdf","usgsCitation":"Garamszegi, L.Z., Boulinier, T., Mrller, A., Torok, J., Michl, G., and Nichols, J., 2002, The estimation of size and change in composition of avian song repertoires: Animal Behaviour, v. 63, no. 3, p. 623-630, https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1906.","productDescription":"623-630","startPage":"623","endPage":"630","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17522,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1906","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garamszegi, L. Zs","contributorId":77267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garamszegi","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Zs","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boulinier, T.","contributorId":37845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulinier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mrller, A.P.","contributorId":55553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mrller","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torok, J.","contributorId":41113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torok","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Michl, G.","contributorId":98847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michl","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224113,"text":"5224113 - 2002 - Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: Statistical methods for design and analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T16:03:25.795558","indexId":"5224113","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1577,"text":"Environmetrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: Statistical methods for design and analysis","docAbstract":"<p>Techniques for estimation of absolute abundance of wildlife populations have received a lot of attention in recent years. The statistical research has been focused on intensive small-scale studies. Recently, however, wildlife biologists have desired to study populations of animals at very large scales for monitoring purposes. Population indices are widely used in these extensive monitoring programs because they are inexpensive compared to estimates of absolute abundance. A crucial underlying assumption is that the population index (<i>C</i>) is directly proportional to the population density (<i>D</i>). The proportionality constant, <span>β</span>, is simply the probability of 'detection' for animals in the survey. As spatial and temporal comparisons of indices are crucial, it is necessary to also assume that the probability of detection is constant over space and time. Biologists intuitively recognize this when they design rigid protocols for the studies where the indices are collected. Unfortunately, however in many field studios the assumption is clearly invalid. We believe that the estimation of detection probability should be built into the monitoring design through a double sampling approach. A large sample of points provides an abundance index, and a smaller sub-sample of the same points is used to estimate detection probability. There is an important need for statistical research on the design and analysis of these complex studies. Some basic concepts based on actual avian, amphibian, and fish monitoring studies are presented in this article.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/env.514","usgsCitation":"Pollock, K.H., Nichols, J., Simons, T., Farnsworth, G., Bailey, L., and Sauer, J., 2002, Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: Statistical methods for design and analysis: Environmetrics, v. 13, no. 2, p. 105-119, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.514.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simons, T.R.","contributorId":56334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farnsworth, G.L.","contributorId":29533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bailey, L.L. 0000-0002-5959-2018","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-2018","contributorId":61006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224143,"text":"5224143 - 2002 - Leaf litter bags as an index to populations of northern two-lined salamanders (Eurycea bislineata)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5224143","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leaf litter bags as an index to populations of northern two-lined salamanders (Eurycea bislineata)","docAbstract":"Concern about recent amphibian declines has led to research on amphibian populations, but few statistically tested, standardized methods of counting amphibians exist.  We tested whether counts of northern two-lined salamander larvae (Eurycea bislineata) sheltered in leaf litter bags--a relatively new, easily replicable survey technique--had a linear correlation to total number of larvae.  Using experimental enclosures placed in streams, we compared number of salamanders found in artificial habitat (leaf litter bags) with total number of salamanders in each enclosure.  Low numbers of the animals were found in leaf litter bags, and the relative amount of variation in the index (number of animals in leaf litter bags compared to total number of animals in stream enclosures) was high.  The index of salamanders in leaf litter bags was not significantly related to total number of salamanders in enclosures for two-thirds of the replicates or with pooled replicates (P= 0.066). Consequently, we cannot recommend using leaf litter bags to index populations of northern two-lined salamanders.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Chalmers, R., and Droege, S., 2002, Leaf litter bags as an index to populations of northern two-lined salamanders (Eurycea bislineata): Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 1, p. 71-74.","productDescription":"71-74","startPage":"71","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17528,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784637","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8819","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chalmers, R.J.","contributorId":10894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalmers","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224140,"text":"5224140 - 2002 - A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T15:18:40","indexId":"5224140","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys","docAbstract":"<p><span>Use of point-count surveys is a popular method for collecting data on abundance and distribution of birds. However, analyses of such data often ignore potential differences in detection probability. We adapted a removal model to directly estimate detection probability during point-count surveys. The model assumes that singing frequency is a major factor influencing probability of detection when birds are surveyed using point counts. This may be appropriate for surveys in which most detections are by sound. The model requires counts to be divided into several time intervals. Point counts are often conducted for 10 min, where the number of birds recorded is divided into those first observed in the first 3 min, the subsequent 2 min, and the last 5 min. We developed a maximum-likelihood estimator for the detectability of birds recorded during counts divided into those intervals. This technique can easily be adapted to point counts divided into intervals of any length. We applied this method to unlimited-radius counts conducted in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. We used model selection criteria to identify whether detection probabilities varied among species, throughout the morning, throughout the season, and among different observers. We found differences in detection probability among species. Species that sing frequently such as Winter Wren (</span><i>Troglodytes troglodytes</i><span>) and Acadian Flycatcher (</span><i>Empidonax virescens</i><span>) had high detection probabilities (∼90%) and species that call infrequently such as Pileated Woodpecker (</span><i>Dryocopus pileatus</i><span>) had low detection probability (36%). We also found detection probabilities varied with the time of day for some species (e.g. thrushes) and between observers for other species. We used the same approach to estimate detection probability and density for a subset of the observations with limited-radius point counts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0414:ARMFED]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Farnsworth, G., Pollock, K.H., Nichols, J., Simons, T., Hines, J., and Sauer, J., 2002, A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys: The Auk, v. 119, no. 2, p. 414-425, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0414:ARMFED]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"425","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0414:armfed]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8485","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farnsworth, G.L.","contributorId":29533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simons, T.R.","contributorId":56334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5220523,"text":"5220523 - 2002 - Conditions and limitations on learning in the adaptive management of mallard harvests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5220523","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conditions and limitations on learning in the adaptive management of mallard harvests","docAbstract":"In 1995, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service adopted a protocol for the adaptive management of waterfowl hunting regulations (AHM) to help reduce uncertainty about the magnitude of sustainable harvests.  To date, the AHM process has focused principally on the midcontinent population of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), whose dynamics are described by 4 alternative models.  Collectively, these models express uncertainty (or disagreement) about whether harvest is an additive or a compensatory form of mortality and whether the reproductive process is weakly or strongly density-dependent.  Each model is associated with a probability or 'weight,' which describes its relative ability to predict changes in population size.  These Bayesian probabilities are updated annually using a comparison of population size predicted under each model with that observed by a monitoring program.  The current AHM process is passively adaptive, in the sense that there is no a priori consideration of how harvest decisions might affect discrimination among models.  We contrast this approach with an actively adaptive approach, in which harvest decisions are used in part to produce the learning needed to increase long-term management performance.  Our investigation suggests that the passive approach is expected to perform nearly as well as an optimal actively adaptive approach, particularly considering the nature of the model set, management objectives and constraints, and current regulatory alternatives.  We offer some comments about the nature of the biological hypotheses being tested and describe some of the inherent limitations on learning in the AHM process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"5871_Johnson.pdf","usgsCitation":"Johnson, F., Kendall, W., and Dubovsky, J., 2002, Conditions and limitations on learning in the adaptive management of mallard harvests: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 1, p. 176-185.","productDescription":"176-185","startPage":"176","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17523,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784651","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b14e4b07f02db6a4788","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Fred A.","contributorId":93863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":331953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dubovsky, J.A.","contributorId":50242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubovsky","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224099,"text":"5224099 - 2002 - Individual covariation in life-history traits: Seeing the trees despite the forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T15:39:19.629345","indexId":"5224099","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":740,"text":"American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Individual covariation in life-history traits: Seeing the trees despite the forest","docAbstract":"<p>We investigated the influence of age on survival and breeding rates in a long-lived species <i>Rissa tridactyla</i> using models with individual random effects permitting variation and covariation in fitness components among individuals. Differences in survival or breeding probabilities among individuals are substantial, and there was positive covariation between survival and breeding probability; birds that were more likely to survive were also more likely to breed, given that they survived. The pattern of age-related variation in these rates detected at the individual level differed from that observed at the population level. Our results provided confirmation of what has been suggested by other investigators: within-cohort phenotypic selection can mask senescence. Although this phenomenon has been extensively studied in humans and captive animals, conclusive evidence of the discrepancy between population-level and individual-level patterns of age-related variation in life-history traits is extremely rare in wild animal populations. Evolutionary studies of the influence of age on life-history traits should use approaches differentiating population level from the genuine influence of age: only the latter is relevant to theories of life-history evolution. The development of models permitting access to individual variation in fitness is a promising advance for the study of senescence and evolutionary processes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/324126","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Link, W., Cooch, E., Monnat, J.#., and Danchin, E., 2002, Individual covariation in life-history traits: Seeing the trees despite the forest: American Naturalist, v. 159, no. 1, p. 96-105, https://doi.org/10.1086/324126.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"105","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France","otherGeospatial":"Brittany","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -4.9658203125,\n              47.42065432071318\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.483154296875,\n              47.42065432071318\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.483154296875,\n              49.001843917978526\n            ],\n            [\n              -4.9658203125,\n              49.001843917978526\n            ],\n            [\n              -4.9658203125,\n              47.42065432071318\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"159","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooch, E.G.","contributorId":40932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooch","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monnat, J. #NAME?","contributorId":33019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monnat","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Danchin, E.","contributorId":89635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5224100,"text":"5224100 - 2002 - Data central: putting information where it counts for conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:43","indexId":"5224100","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1047,"text":"Bird Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Data central: putting information where it counts for conservation","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Wimer, M., 2002, Data central: putting information where it counts for conservation: Bird Conservation, v. No. 17.","productDescription":"4","startPage":"4","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"No. 17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c97b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wimer, M. 0000-0003-1589-8151","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1589-8151","contributorId":105011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wimer","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224117,"text":"5224117 - 2002 - Selenium toxicity: cause and effects in aquatic birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224117","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium toxicity: cause and effects in aquatic birds","docAbstract":"There are several manners in which selenium may express its toxicity: (1) an important mechanism appears to involve the formation of CH3Se- which either enters a redox cycle and generates superoxide and oxidative stress, or forms free radicals that bind to and inhibit important enzymes and proteins. (2)  Excess selenium as selenocysteine results in inhibition of selenium methylation metabolism.  As a consequence, concentrations of hydrogen selenide, an intermediate metabolite, accumulate in animals and are hepatotoxic, possibly causing other selenium-related adverse effects. (3)  It is also possible that the presence of excess selenium analogs of sulfur-containing enzymes and structural proteins play a role in avian teratogenesis. l-selenomethionine is the most likely major dietary form of selenium encountered by aquatic birds, with lesser amounts of l-selenocysteine ingested from aquatic animal foods.  The literature is suggestive that l-selenomethionine is not any more toxic to adult birds than other animals.  l-Selenomethionine accumulates in tissue protein of adult birds and in the protein of egg white as would be expected to occur in animals.  There is no suggestion from the literature that the levels of l-selenomethionine that would be expected to accumulate in eggs in the absence of environmental concentration of selenium pose harm to the developing embryo.  For several species of aquatic birds, levels of Se as selenomethionine in the egg above 3 ppm on a wet weight basis result in reduced hatchability and deformed embryos.  The toxicity of l-selenomethionine injected directly into eggs is greater than that found from the entry of l-selenomethionine into the egg from the normal adult diet.  This suggests that there is unusual if not abnormal metabolism of l-selenomethionine in the embryo not seen when l-selenomethionine is present in egg white protein where it likely serves as a source of selenium for glutathione peroxidase synthesis in the developing aquatic chick.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00268-5","collaboration":"5839_Spallholz.pdf","usgsCitation":"Spallholz, J., and Hoffman, D.J., 2002, Selenium toxicity: cause and effects in aquatic birds: Aquatic Toxicology, v. 57, no. 1, p. 27-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00268-5.","productDescription":"27-37","startPage":"27","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17515,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00268-5","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7b9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spallholz, J.E.","contributorId":74111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spallholz","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224125,"text":"5224125 - 2002 - Disentangling sampling and ecological explanations underlying species-area relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T20:18:59.372253","indexId":"5224125","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disentangling sampling and ecological explanations underlying species-area relationships","docAbstract":"We used a probabilistic approach to address the influence of sampling artifacts on the form of species-area relationships (SARs).  We developed a model in which the increase in observed species richness is a function of sampling effort exclusively.  We assumed that effort depends on area sampled, and we generated species-area curves under that model.  These curves can be realistic looking. We then generated SARs from avian data, comparing SARs based on counts with those based on richness estimates.  We used an approach to estimation of species richness that accounts for species detection probability and, hence, for variation in sampling effort.  The slopes of SARs based on counts are steeper than those of curves based on estimates of richness, indicating that the former partly reflect failure to account for species detection probability.  SARs based on estimates reflect ecological processes exclusively, not sampling processes.  This approach permits investigation of ecologically relevant hypotheses.  The slope of SARs is not influenced by the slope of the relationship between habitat diversity and area. In situations in which not all of the species are detected during sampling sessions, approaches to estimation of species richness integrating species detection probability should be used to investigate the rate of increase in species richness with area.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1118:DSAEEU]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Sauer, J., Alpizar-Jara, R., and Flather, C., 2002, Disentangling sampling and ecological explanations underlying species-area relationships: Ecology, v. 83, no. 4, p. 1118-1130, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1118:DSAEEU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1118","endPage":"1130","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.541015625,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.013671875,\n              39.26628442213066\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.0908203125,\n              39.470125122358176\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.255859375,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.76171875,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.05859375,\n              38.51378825951165\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5419921875,\n              38.54816542304656\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6298828125,\n              39.67337039176558\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.62890625,\n              39.740986355883564\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.541015625,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a428","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alpizar-Jara, R.","contributorId":35434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpizar-Jara","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flather, C.H.","contributorId":73161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flather","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224133,"text":"5224133 - 2002 - The importance of functional form in optimal control solutions of problems in population dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T19:57:17.547467","indexId":"5224133","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of functional form in optimal control solutions of problems in population dynamics","docAbstract":"Optimal control theory is finding increased application in both theoretical and applied ecology, and it is a central element of adaptive resource management.  One of the steps in an adaptive management process is to develop alternative models of system dynamics, models that are all reasonable in light of available data, but that differ substantially in their implications for optimal control of the resource.  We explored how the form of the recruitment and survival functions in a general population model for ducks affected the patterns in the optimal harvest strategy, using a combination of analytical, numerical, and simulation techniques.  We compared three relationships between recruitment and population density (linear, exponential, and hyperbolic) and three relationships between survival during the nonharvest season and population density (constant, logistic, and one related to the compensatory harvest mortality hypothesis).  We found that the form of the component functions had a dramatic influence on the optimal harvest strategy and the ultimate equilibrium state of the system.  For instance, while it is commonly assumed that a compensatory hypothesis leads to higher optimal harvest rates than an additive hypothesis, we found this to depend on the form of the recruitment function, in part because of differences in the optimal steady-state population density.  This work has strong direct consequences for those developing alternative models to describe harvested systems, but it is relevant to a larger class of problems applying optimal control at the population level.  Often, different functional forms will not be statistically distinguishable in the range of the data.  Nevertheless, differences between the functions outside the range of the data can have an important impact on the optimal harvest strategy.  Thus, development of alternative models by identifying a single functional form, then choosing different parameter combinations from extremes on the likelihood profile may end up producing alternatives that do not differ as importantly as if different functional forms had been used.  We recommend that biological knowledge be used to bracket a range of possible functional forms, and robustness of conclusions be checked over this range.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1357:TIOFFI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Runge, M., and Johnson, F., 2002, The importance of functional form in optimal control solutions of problems in population dynamics: Ecology, v. 83, no. 5, p. 1357-1371, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1357:TIOFFI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1357","endPage":"1371","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Fred A.","contributorId":93863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224118,"text":"5224118 - 2002 - Sublethal effects in avocet and stilt hatchlings from selenium-contaminated sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T16:41:52.988808","indexId":"5224118","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sublethal effects in avocet and stilt hatchlings from selenium-contaminated sites","docAbstract":"<p>Excess selenium (Se) in the aquatic food chain is embryotoxic and teratogenic to avocets, stilts, and other waterbirds. American avocet (<i>Recurvirostra americana</i>) and black-necked stilt (<i>Himantopus mexicanus</i>) eggs were collected from three sites in the Tulare Lake Basin of California, USA, and hatched in the laboratory. These sites included the Tulare Lake Drainage District-north (TLDD-N, water 2.5 ppb Se), TLDD-south (TLDD-S, water 8.6 ppb Se), and Westfarmers (WF, water 190 ppb Se). Highest egg Se concentrations occurred at WF (geometric mean 31.4 ppm dry wt for avocets and 20.5 ppm dry wt for stilts). Mean egg Se concentrations were 6.7 ppm for avocets and 8.4 ppm for stilts at TLDD-S, and 3.3 ppm for avocets and 2.3 ppm for stilts at TLDD-N. Hatching success and incidence of malformations did not differ among sites, but yolk sac-free hatching weights and bone lengths were less for avocets at the WF site, whereas liver weights and liver to body weight ratios were greater at that site. With increasing Se concentration, oxidative stress was most apparent in avocet hatchlings from WF: hepatic glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity increased, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity decreased, and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentration as well as the ratio of GSSG to reduced GSH concentration increased. In stilts, hepatic GSH concentration was lower in WF hatchlings. In conclusion, our findings of Se-impaired embryo growth and hepatotoxicity in avocet hatchlings suggest that oxidative stress observed in hatchlings may be related to these biological effects and may serve as a potential bioindicator of subsequent impaired functions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620210314","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., Marn, C.M., Marois, K.C., Sproul, E., Dunne, M., and Skorupa, J.P., 2002, Sublethal effects in avocet and stilt hatchlings from selenium-contaminated sites: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 21, no. 3, p. 561-566, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210314.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"566","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Tulare Lake Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.75784301757811,\n              35.861230775178285\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.38568115234374,\n              35.817813158696616\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.34310913085938,\n              36.21436322889413\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.77569580078126,\n              36.20549882293361\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.75784301757811,\n              35.861230775178285\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marn, C. M.","contributorId":15131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marn","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marois, Katherine C.","contributorId":10000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marois","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sproul, E.","contributorId":97218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sproul","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dunne, M.","contributorId":56771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunne","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Skorupa, J. P.","contributorId":93002,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skorupa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224114,"text":"5224114 - 2002 - Morphometric changes in Yellow-headed Blackbirds during summer in central North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5224114","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphometric changes in Yellow-headed Blackbirds during summer in central North Dakota","docAbstract":"Temporal stability of morphometric measurements is desirable when using avian morphology as a predictor of geographic origin. Therefore, to assess their temporal stability, we examined changes in morphology of Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) from central North Dakota during summer. Measurements differed among age classes and between sexes. As expected, due to growth and maturation, measurements on hatching-year birds increased over summer. Measurements of adult plumage fluctuated with prebasic molt and exhibited age-specific discontinuities. Body mass of adult birds increased over summer, whereas both culmen length and skull length decreased.  Only body length and length of internal skeletal elements were temporally stable in adult Yellow-headed Blackbirds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western North American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"5834_Twedt.pdf","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., and Linz, G., 2002, Morphometric changes in Yellow-headed Blackbirds during summer in central North Dakota: Western North American Naturalist, v. 62, no. 1, p. 39-43.","productDescription":"39-43","startPage":"39","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17513,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/NANaturalist&CISOPTR=229&REC=5","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linz, G.M.","contributorId":70877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linz","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5223938,"text":"5223938 - 2002 - Variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-17T15:51:35.822","indexId":"5223938","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle","docAbstract":"<p>1. Demographic data from both breeding and non-breeding periods are needed to manage populations of migratory birds, many of which are declining in abundance and are of conservation concern. Although habitat associations, and to a lesser extent, reproductive biology, are known for many migratory species, few studies have measured survival rates of these birds at different parts of their annual cycle.</p><p>2. Cormack–Jolly–Seber models and Akaike’s information criterion model selection were used to investigate seasonal variation in survival of a Nearctic – Neotropical migrant songbird, the black-throated blue warbler, <i>Dendroica caerulescens</i>. Seasonal and annual survival were estimated from resightings of colour-ringed individuals on breeding grounds in New Hampshire, USA from 1986 to 2000 and on winter quarters in Jamaica, West Indies from 1986 to 1999. Warblers were studied each year during the May–August breeding period in New Hampshire and during the October–March overwinter period in Jamaica.</p><p>3. In New Hampshire, males had higher annual survival (0·51 ± 0·03) and recapture probabilities (0·93 ± 0·03) than did females (survival: 0·40 ± 0·04; recapture: 0·87 ± 0·06). In Jamaica, annual survival (0·43 ± 0·03) and recapture (0·95 ± 0·04) probabilities did not differ between sexes. Annual survival and recapture probabilities of young birds (i.e. yearlings in New Hampshire and hatch-year birds in Jamaica) did not differ from adults, indicating that from the time hatch-year individuals acquire territories on winter quarters in mid-October, they survive as well as adults within the same habitat.</p><p>4. Monthly survival probabilities during the summer (May–August) and winter (October–March) stationary periods were high: 1·0 for males in New Hampshire, and 0·99 ± 0·01 for males in Jamaica and for females in both locations.</p><p>5. These annual and seasonal survival estimates were used to calculate warbler survival for the migratory periods. Monthly survival probability during migration ranged from 0·77 to 0·81 ± 0·02. Thus, apparent mortality rates were at least 15 times higher during migration compared to that in the stationary periods, and more than 85% of apparent annual mortality of <i>D. caerulescens</i> occurred during migration.</p><p>6. Additional data from multiple species, especially measures of habitat-specific demography and dispersal, will improve our understanding of the relative impacts of the breeding, migratory, and winter periods on population dynamics of migratory birds and thus enhance future conservation efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00599.x","usgsCitation":"Sillett, T., and Holmes, R.T., 2002, Variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 71, p. 296-308, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00599.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sillett, T. Scott","contributorId":80788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sillett","given":"T. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":340016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Richard T.","contributorId":45269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224116,"text":"5224116 - 2002 - Role of selenium toxicity and oxidative stress in aquatic birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224116","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of selenium toxicity and oxidative stress in aquatic birds","docAbstract":"Adverse effects of selenium (Se) in wild aquatic birds have been documented as a consequence of pollution of the aquatic environment by subsurface agricultural drainwater and other sources.  These effects include mortality, impaired reproduction with teratogenesis, reduced growth, histopathological lesions and alterations in hepatic glutathione metabolism.  A review is provided, relating adverse biological effects of Se in aquatic birds to altered glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress.  Laboratory studies, mainly with an organic form of Se, selenomethionine, have revealed oxidative stress in different stages of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) life cycle.  As dietary and tissue concentrations of Se increase, increases in plasma and hepatic GSH peroxidase activities occur, followed by dose-dependent increases in the ratio of hepatic oxidized to reduced glutathione (GSSG:GSH) and ultimately hepatic lipid peroxidation measured as an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS).  One or more of these oxidative effects were associated with teratogenesis (4.6 ppm wet weight Se in eggs), reduced growth in ducklings (15 ppm Se in liver), diminished immune function (5 ppm Se in liver) and histopathological lesions (29 ppm Se in liver) in adults.  Manifestations of Serelated effects on glutathione metabolism were also apparent in field studies in seven species of aquatic birds.  Reduced growth and possibly immune function but increased liver:body weight and hepatic GSSG:GSH ratios were apparent in American avocet (Recurvirostra americana) hatchlings from eggs containing 9 ppm Se. In blacknecked stilts (Himantopus mexicanus), which contained somewhat lower Se concentrations, a decrease in hepatic GSH was apparent with few other effects. In adult American coots (Fulica americana), signs of Se toxicosis included emaciation, abnormal feather loss and histopathological lesions.  Mean liver concentrations of 28 ppm Se (ww) in the coots were associated with elevated hepatic GSH peroxidase, depletion of hepatic protein bound thiols and total thiols, but a small increase in GSH.  Diving ducks in the San Francisco Bay area exhibited a positive correlation between hepatic Se concentration and GSH peroxidase activity (r=0.63, P<0.05), but a negative correlation between hepatic Se and GSH concentration (r=0.740, P<0.05). In willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) from the San Diego area, positive correlations occurred between hepatic Se concentration and GSSG (r=0.70, P<0.001), GSSG:GSH ratio, and TBARS. In emperor geese (Chen canagica) from western Alaska, blood levels of up to 9.4 ppm occurred and were associated with increased plasma GSH peroxidase activity (r=0.62, P<0.001), but with decreased plasma GSSG reductase activity.  When evaluating Se toxicity, interactive nutritional factors, including other elements and dietary protein, should also be taken into consideration.  Further studies are needed to examine the relationship between different forms of environmentally occurring selenium, arsenic and mercury on reproduction, hepatotoxicity and immune function of aquatic birds.  Further selenium nutritional interaction studies may also help to illucidate the mechanism of selenium induced teratogenesis, by optimizing GSH and other antioxidant defense mechanisms in a manner that would stabilize or raise the cell's threshold for susceptibility to toxic attack from excess selenium.  It is concluded that Se-related manifestations of oxidative stress may serve as useful bioindicators of Se exposure and toxicity in wild aquatic birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00263-6","collaboration":"5838_Hoffman.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., 2002, Role of selenium toxicity and oxidative stress in aquatic birds: Aquatic Toxicology, v. 57, no. 1, p. 11-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00263-6.","productDescription":"11-26","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17514,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00263-6","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe1e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224376,"text":"5224376 - 2002 - Immunological and physiological effects of chronic exposure of Peromyscus leucopus to Aroclor 1254 at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"5224376","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3610,"text":"Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immunological and physiological effects of chronic exposure of Peromyscus leucopus to Aroclor 1254 at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites","docAbstract":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental contaminants known to cause adverse health effects to biological systems. Limited data are available on their effects on the immune system of wildlife species. Previously, we found that 4 and 6-week-old white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) born from dams injected with a single dose (300 mg/kg) of Aroclor 1254, had altered immunological, hematological, and biochemical responses. Here, we examined the effect of transplacental lactational and postnatal exposure to Aroclor 1254, at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites, on various physiological parameters of 22-week-old white-footed mice. Liver weight and liver somatic index of PCB treated animals were significantly higher, the combined weights of the adrenal glands were significantly lower and EROD and BROD enzyme activity was significantly higher compared to control values. The number of thymocytes of the treated mice was significantly lower than that of the controls; however, thymocytes of treated mice had a higher proliferative response to the mitogen Con A. These alterations were correlated with the PCBs body burdens. Some toxic effects of chronic exposure to PCBs, at levels comparable to exposure found in contaminated sites in the USA, are still evident in adult P. leucopus.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00039-2","usgsCitation":"Segre, M., Arena, S., Greeley, E., Melancon, M.J., Graham, D., and French, J., 2002, Immunological and physiological effects of chronic exposure of Peromyscus leucopus to Aroclor 1254 at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites: Toxicology, v. 174, no. 3, p. 163-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00039-2.","productDescription":"163-172","startPage":"163","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17081,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00039-2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"174","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Segre, M.","contributorId":49483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segre","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arena, S.M.","contributorId":43880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arena","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greeley, E.H.","contributorId":74841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Melancon, M. J.","contributorId":96206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graham, D.A.","contributorId":11730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"French, J.B. 0000-0001-8901-7092","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-7092","contributorId":13944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224377,"text":"5224377 - 2002 - Can non-breeding be a cost of breeding dispersal?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5224377","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":982,"text":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can non-breeding be a cost of breeding dispersal?","docAbstract":"Breeding habitat selection and dispersal are crucial processes that affect many components of fitness. Breeding dispersal entails costs, one of which has been neglected: dispersing animals may miss breeding opportunities because breeding dispersal requires finding a new nesting site and mate, two time- and energy-consuming activities. Dispersers are expected to be prone to non-breeding. We used the kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) to test whether breeding dispersal influences breeding probability. Breeding probability was associated with dispersal, in that both were negatively influenced by private information (previous individual reproductive success) and public information (average reproductive success of conspecifics) about patch quality. Furthermore, the probability of skipping breeding was 1.7 times higher in birds that settled in a new patch relative to those that remained on the same patch. Finally, non-breeders that resumed breeding were 4.4 times more likely to disperse than birds that bred in successive years. Although private information may influence breeding probability directly, the link between breeding probability and public information may be indirect, through the influence of public information on breeding dispersal, non-breeding thus being a cost of dispersal. These results support the hypothesis that dispersal may result in not being able to breed. More generally, non-breeding (which can be interpreted as an extreme form of breeding failure) may reveal costs of various previous activities. Because monitoring the non-breeding portion of a population is difficult, non-breeders have been neglected in many studies of reproduction trade-offs. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00265-001-0423-5","usgsCitation":"Danchin, E., and Cam, E., 2002, Can non-breeding be a cost of breeding dispersal?: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, v. 51, no. 2, p. 153-163, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-001-0423-5.","productDescription":"153-163","startPage":"153","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17082,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-001-0423-5","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f8274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danchin, E.","contributorId":89635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224371,"text":"5224371 - 2002 - Seasonal distribution and abundance of fishes and decapod crustaceans in a Cape Cod estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:05","indexId":"5224371","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2898,"text":"Northeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal distribution and abundance of fishes and decapod crustaceans in a Cape Cod estuary","docAbstract":"Sampling in several habitat types (sand/mud, eelgrass, sand, gravel, macroalgae/mud) during all seasons with a variety of gears in Nauset Marsh, Massachusetts during 1985-1987 found a fauna consisting of 35 fish and 10 decapod crustacean species. Although most of the abundant species were found in several habitat types, species richness and habitat use appeared to be highest for vegetated habitats (eelgrass, macroalgae). The fishes and decapods were numerically dominated by cold-water taxa; however, numerous fish species, represented by rare individuals of predominantly southern forms, enriched the fauna. Species composition of Nauset Marsh could be distinguished from estuaries south of Cape Cod and even from the south shore of the cape. Both fishes and decapods were most abundant during the summer, apparently due to the contributions from spring and summer spawning in the estuary and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean. The location of Nauset Marsh and other estuaries on Cape Cod provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the importance of this region as a faunal boundary to estuarine species. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6242_Able.pdf","usgsCitation":"Able, K., Fahay, M., Heck, K., Roman, C.T., Lazzari, M., and Kaiser, S., 2002, Seasonal distribution and abundance of fishes and decapod crustaceans in a Cape Cod estuary: Northeastern Naturalist, v. 9, no. 3, p. 285-302.","productDescription":"285-302","startPage":"285","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17077,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1656%2F1092-6194%282002%29009%5B0285%3ASDAAOF%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f74a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Able, K.W.","contributorId":66786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Able","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fahay, M.P.","contributorId":14870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahay","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heck, K.L.","contributorId":98841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heck","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roman, C. T.","contributorId":79579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lazzari, M.A.","contributorId":103382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazzari","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kaiser, S.C.","contributorId":90007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224369,"text":"5224369 - 2002 - Determining the trophic guilds of fishes and macroinvertebrates in a seagrass food web","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T16:52:56.937746","indexId":"5224369","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining the trophic guilds of fishes and macroinvertebrates in a seagrass food web","docAbstract":"<p>We established trophic guilds of macroinvertebrate and fish taxa using correspondence analysis and a hierarchical clustering strategy for a seagrass food web in winter in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. To create the diet matrix, we characterized the trophic linkages of macroinvertebrate and fish taxa. present in <i>Hatodule wrightii</i> seagrass habitat areas within the St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge (Florida) using binary data, combining dietary links obtained from relevant literature for macroinvertebrates with stomach analysis of common fishes collected during January and February of 1994. Heirarchical average-linkage cluster analysis of the 73 taxa of fishes and macroinvertebrates in the diet matrix yielded 14 clusters with diet similarity greater than or equal to 0.60. We then used correspondence analysis with three factors to jointly plot the coordinates of the consumers (identified by cluster membership) and of the 33 food sources. Correspondence analysis served as a visualization tool for assigning each taxon to one of eight trophic guilds: herbivores, detritivores, suspension feeders, omnivores, molluscivores, meiobenthos consumers, macrobenthos consumers, and piscivores. These trophic groups, cross-classified with major taxonomic groups, were further used to develop consumer compartments in a network analysis model of carbon flow in this seagrass ecosystem. The method presented here should greatly improve the development of future network models of food webs by providing an objective procedure for aggregating trophic groups.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02692212","usgsCitation":"Luczkovich, J., Ward, G., Johnson, J.C., Christian, R., Baird, D., Neckles, H., and Rizzo, W., 2002, Determining the trophic guilds of fishes and macroinvertebrates in a seagrass food web: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 6A, p. 1143-1163, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692212.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1163","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.44847106933594,\n              30.034027713362217\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.3804931640625,\n              30.034027713362217\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.3804931640625,\n              30.073847754270204\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.44847106933594,\n              30.073847754270204\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.44847106933594,\n              30.034027713362217\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"6A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66739e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luczkovich, J.J.","contributorId":35436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luczkovich","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, G.P.","contributorId":58748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, James C.","contributorId":78364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christian, R.R.","contributorId":8593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baird, D.","contributorId":57194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baird","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Neckles, H.","contributorId":65204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rizzo, W.M.","contributorId":104849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzo","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":5224289,"text":"5224289 - 2002 - Nineteenth century mercury hazard to wading birds and cormorants of the Carson River, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T15:20:13.888948","indexId":"5224289","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nineteenth century mercury hazard to wading birds and cormorants of the Carson River, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>Contemporary mercury interest relates to atmospheric deposition, contaminated fish stocks and exposed fish-eating wildlife. The focus is on methylmercury (MeHg) even though most contamination is of inorganic (IoHg) origin. However, IoHg is readily methylated in aquatic systems to become more hazardous to vertebrates. In response to a classic episode of historical (1859–1890) IoHg contamination, we studied fish-eating birds nesting along the lower Carson River, Nevada. Adult double-crested cormorants (</span><i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i><span>), snowy egrets (</span><i>Egretta thula</i><span>) and black-crowned night-herons (</span><i>Nycticorax nycticorax</i><span>) contained very high concentrations of total mercury (THg) in their livers (geo. means 134.8μg/g wet weight (ww), 43.7 and 13.5, respectively) and kidneys (69.4, 11.1 and 6.1, respectively). Apparently tolerance of these concentrations was possible due to a threshold-dependent demethylation coupled with sequestration of resultant IoHg. Demethylation and sequestration processes also appeared to have reduced the amount of MeHg redistributed to eggs. However, the relatively short time spent by adults in the contaminated area before egg laying was also a factor in lower than expected concentrations of mercury in eggs. Most eggs (100% MeHg) had concentrations below 0.80μg/g ww, the putative threshold concentration where reproductive problems may be expected; there was no conclusive evidence of mercury-related depressed hatchability. After hatching, the young birds were fed diets by their parents averaging 0.36–1.18μgMeHg/g ww through fledging. During this four to six week period, accumulated mercury concentrations in the organs of the fledglings were much lower than found in adults, but evidence was detected of toxicity to their immune (spleen, thymus, bursa), detoxicating (liver, kidneys) and nervous systems. Several indications of oxidative stress were also noted in the fledglings and were most apparent in young cormorants containing highest concentrations of mercury. This stress was evidenced by increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, low activities of enzymes related to glutathione metabolism and low levels of reduced thiols, plus an increase in the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione. At lower concentrations of mercury, as was found in young egrets, we observed elevated activities of protective hepatic enzymes, which could help reduce oxidative stress. Immune deficiencies and neurological impairment of fledglings may affect survivability when confronted with the stresses of learning to forage and the ability to complete their first migration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1016327602656","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Hill, E.F., Hoffman, D.J., Spalding, M.G., and Grove, R.A., 2002, Nineteenth century mercury hazard to wading birds and cormorants of the Carson River, Nevada: Ecotoxicology, v. 11, no. 4, p. 213-231, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016327602656.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"231","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Churchill County","otherGeospatial":"Carson Lake,  Lahontan Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.71860504150389,\n              39.3130504637139\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.66230010986328,\n              39.31411296530539\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.65303039550783,\n              39.34093578301682\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.66985321044922,\n              39.35580340663401\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.69800567626953,\n              39.35580340663401\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.71139526367186,\n              39.353679654068614\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.73508453369139,\n              39.33031411531054\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.75259399414062,\n              39.32633057389337\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.75808715820311,\n              39.3130504637139\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.74778747558595,\n              39.29631393546922\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.73336791992188,\n              39.29020277713567\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.72238159179688,\n              39.28967134685658\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.71894836425781,\n              39.31198794598777\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.71860504150389,\n              39.3130504637139\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.08407211303711,\n              39.42372939703233\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.04132843017578,\n              39.440833132691345\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.0679359436035,\n              39.46442674172462\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.08046722412108,\n              39.46204123453636\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.09849166870117,\n              39.440170275418886\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.10329818725586,\n              39.421740318069716\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.08407211303711,\n              39.42372939703233\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spalding, M. G.","contributorId":62979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spalding","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grove, R. A.","contributorId":6546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grove","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5224375,"text":"5224375 - 2002 - The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1242) on thyroxine, estradiol, molt, and plumage characteristics in the American kestrel (Falco sparverius)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T16:50:55.78574","indexId":"5224375","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1242) on thyroxine, estradiol, molt, and plumage characteristics in the American kestrel (<i>Falco sparverius</i>)","title":"The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1242) on thyroxine, estradiol, molt, and plumage characteristics in the American kestrel (Falco sparverius)","docAbstract":"<p>The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of Aroclor 1242, a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), on plumage characteristics and molt in the American kestrel, <i>Falco sparverills</i>. Several characteristics of plumage. including color and molt schedule, are modulated by hormonal signals and hence may be modified by endocrine-active contaminants. If so, the functions of plumage (e.g. communication for mating or territorial defense) may be compromised by exposure to such compounds. Captive American kestrels were fed Aroclor 1242 at 0. 6.0. and 60.0 ppm (n = 6 males and 6 females per treatment) mixed in their normal diet. Concentrations of plasma estradiol and thyroxine were measured weekly from the beginning of treatment. Measured plumage characteristics included width of the black subterminal band on the tail, color (a composite index of hue and saturation), reflectance from 230 to 800 min. pattern of feather loss and regrowth on the tail and wing. and timing of onset and duration of molt. Aroclor 1242 depressed plasma thyroxine. Plasma estradiol levels remained low due to the phase of the breeding cycle. Treatments did not disrupt the measured plumage characteristics. This may be due to timing or dose of exposure or to genetic factors.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620210713","usgsCitation":"Quinn, M., French, J., McNabb, F., and Ottinger, M.A., 2002, The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1242) on thyroxine, estradiol, molt, and plumage characteristics in the American kestrel (Falco sparverius): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 21, no. 7, p. 1417-1422, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210713.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1417","endPage":"1422","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Laurel","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildife Research Center","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.84112548828125,\n              39.065914339454764\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.83382987976074,\n              39.065914339454764\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.83382987976074,\n              39.069912673532144\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.84112548828125,\n              39.069912673532144\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.84112548828125,\n              39.065914339454764\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f072b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinn, M.J.","contributorId":50990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"French, J.B. 0000-0001-8901-7092","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-7092","contributorId":13944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNabb, F.M.A.","contributorId":43462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNabb","given":"F.M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ottinger, M. A.","contributorId":99078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224374,"text":"5224374 - 2002 - Quantifying vegetation and nekton response to tidal restoration of a New England salt marsh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T16:10:58.165914","indexId":"5224374","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying vegetation and nekton response to tidal restoration of a New England salt marsh","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tidal flow to salt marshes throughout the northeastern United States is often restricted by roads, dikes, impoundments, and inadequately sized culverts or bridge openings, resulting in altered ecological structure and function. In this study we evaluated the response of vegetation and nekton (fishes and decapod crustaceans) to restoration of full tidal flow to a portion of the Sachuest Point salt marsh, Middletown, Rhode Island. A before, after, control, impact study design was used, including evaluations of the tide-restricted marsh, the same marsh after reintroduction of tidal flow (i.e., tide-restored marsh), and an unrestricted control marsh. Before tidal restoration vegetation of the 3.7-ha tide-restricted marsh was dominated by&nbsp;</span><i>Phragmites australis</i><span>&nbsp;and was significantly different from the adjacent 6.3-ha&nbsp;</span><i>Spartina</i><span>-dominated unrestricted control marsh (analysis of similarities randomization test,&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.001). After one growing season vegetation of the tide-restored marsh had changed from its pre-restoration condition (analysis of similarities randomization test,&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.005). Although not similar to the unrestricted control marsh,&nbsp;</span><i>Spartina patens</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>S. alterniflora</i><span>&nbsp;abundance increased and abundance and height of&nbsp;</span><i>Phragmites</i><span>&nbsp;significantly declined, suggesting a convergence toward typical New England salt marsh vegetation. Before restoration shallow water habitat (creeks and pools) of the unrestricted control marsh supported a greater density of nekton compared with the tide-restricted marsh (analysis of variance,&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.001), but after one season of restored tidal flow nekton density was equivalent. A similar trend was documented for nekton species richness. Nekton density and species richness from marsh surface samples were similar between the tide-restored marsh and unrestricted control marsh.&nbsp;</span><i>Fundulus heteroclitus</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Palaemonetes pugio</i><span>&nbsp;were the numerically dominant fish and decapod species in all sampled habitats. This study provides an example of a quantitative approach for assessing the response of vegetation and nekton to tidal restoration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01036.x","usgsCitation":"Roman, C., Raposa, K.B., Adamowicz, S.C., James-Pirri, M., and Catena, J.G., 2002, Quantifying vegetation and nekton response to tidal restoration of a New England salt marsh: Restoration Ecology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 450-460, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01036.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"450","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/nrs_facpubs/734","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Sachuest Point Salt Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.25268936157227,\n              41.47919701845492\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2379264831543,\n              41.47919701845492\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2379264831543,\n              41.49404954714209\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.25268936157227,\n              41.49404954714209\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.25268936157227,\n              41.47919701845492\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64e6cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roman, Charles T.","contributorId":28171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman","given":"Charles T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raposa, Kenneth B.","contributorId":208064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raposa","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37702,"text":"Narragansett Bay Naitonal Estuarine Research Reserve, Prudence Island, RI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":341466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adamowicz, Susan C.","contributorId":174712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adamowicz","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":341462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"James-Pirri, Mary-Jane","contributorId":16147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James-Pirri","given":"Mary-Jane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Catena, J. G.","contributorId":33819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Catena","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5224227,"text":"5224227 - 2002 - Slaty-backed Gull in Sullivan Co., NY","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:03","indexId":"5224227","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2583,"text":"Kingbird","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slaty-backed Gull in Sullivan Co., NY","docAbstract":"An adult Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schistisagus) was found and photographed at Neversink Reservoir, Sullivan Co., NY on 20 February 2002.  A native of northeastern Eurasia and northern Japan, this species is rare along the Bering coast of Alaska, and there are only a handful of scattered records in the lower 48 state since the first in St Louis along the Mississippi River in late 1983.  There is one previous New York State occurrence, in the Niagara River Gorge area of NY/ONT, 24 November-29 December 1992. The Sullivan Co. adult is the closest confirmed Slaty-backed Gull to the Atlantic Coast; recent single individuals along the Susquehanna River in MD, and at Cape Hatteras NC remain in dispute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Kingbird","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Freer, V., Haas, J., and Buckley, P.A., 2002, Slaty-backed Gull in Sullivan Co., NY: Kingbird, v. 51, p. 114-118.","productDescription":"114-118","startPage":"114","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eec19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freer, V.","contributorId":68005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freer","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haas, J.","contributorId":62711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckley, P. A.","contributorId":69264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}