Protected area visitation and ecotourism in Central and South America are largely dependent upon a relatively undisturbed quality of natural resources. However, visitation may impact vegetation, soil, water, and wildlife resources, and degrade visitor facilities such as recreation sites and trails. Findings are reported from trail impact research conducted at Torres del Paine National Park in Patagonia, Chile. The frequency and magnitude of selected trail impacts and the relative effect of the amount of use, vegetation type, trail position, and trail grade are investigated. Findings differed from previous studies in that amount of use was significantly related to both trail width increases and trail erosion. Management actions to minimize trail impacts are offered.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14927713.2001.9649928","usgsCitation":"Farrell, T.A., and Marion, J., 2002, Trail impacts and trail impact management related to ecotourism visitation at Torres del Paine National Park, Chile: Leisure/Loisir, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 31-59, https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2001.9649928.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Torres del Paine National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.883056640625,\n -51.416338106400396\n ],\n [\n -72.8173828125,\n -51.416338106400396\n ],\n [\n -72.8173828125,\n -50.64249394010321\n ],\n [\n -73.883056640625,\n -50.64249394010321\n ],\n [\n -73.883056640625,\n -51.416338106400396\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697fcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrell, T. A.","contributorId":100982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farrell","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224192,"text":"5224192 - 2002 - Management practices that concentrate visitor activities: Camping impact management at Isle Royale National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T16:44:14.470288","indexId":"5224192","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Management practices that concentrate visitor activities: Camping impact management at Isle Royale National Park, USA","docAbstract":"This study assessed campsite conditions and the effectiveness of campsite impact management strategies at Isle Royale National Park, USA. Protocols for assessing indicators of vegetation and soil conditions were developed and applied to 156 campsites and 88 shelters within 36 backcountry campgrounds. The average site was 68 m2 and 83% of sites lost vegetation over areas less than 47 m2. We believe that management actions implemented to spatially concentrate camping activities and reduce camping disturbance have been highly successful. Comparisons of disturbed area/overnight stay among other protected areas reinforces this assertion. These reductions in area of camping disturbance are attributed to a designated site camping policy, limitation on site numbers, construction of sites in sloping terrain, use of facilities, and an ongoing program of campsite maintenance. Such actions are most appropriate in higher use backcountry and wilderness settings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/jema.2002.0584","usgsCitation":"Marion, J.L., and Farrell, T.A., 2002, Management practices that concentrate visitor activities: Camping impact management at Isle Royale National Park, USA: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 66, no. 2, p. 201-212, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0584.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Isle Royale National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.132080078125,\n 47.81315451752768\n ],\n [\n -88.7860107421875,\n 47.87582858242869\n ],\n [\n -88.39599609375,\n 48.191725575618726\n ],\n [\n -88.692626953125,\n 48.158757304569235\n ],\n [\n -89.07714843749999,\n 48.026672195436014\n ],\n [\n -89.26391601562499,\n 47.908978314728714\n ],\n [\n -89.197998046875,\n 47.80577611936809\n ],\n [\n -89.132080078125,\n 47.81315451752768\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a334","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, Jeffrey L. 0000-0003-2226-689X jeff_marion@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":3614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff_marion@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":340847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrell, T. A.","contributorId":100982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farrell","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224196,"text":"5224196 - 2002 - Narrowing historical uncertainty: probabilistic classification of ambiguously identified tree species in historical forest survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224196","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Narrowing historical uncertainty: probabilistic classification of ambiguously identified tree species in historical forest survey data","docAbstract":"Historical data have increasingly become appreciated for insight into the past conditions of ecosystems. Uses of such data include assessing the extent of ecosystem change; deriving ecological baselines for management, restoration, and modeling; and assessing the importance of past conditions on the composition and function of current systems. One historical data set of this type is the Public Land Survey (PLS) of the United States General Land Office, which contains data on multiple tree species, sizes, and distances recorded at each survey point, located at half-mile (0.8 km) intervals on a 1-mi (1.6 km) grid. This survey method was begun in the 1790s on US federal lands extending westward from Ohio. Thus, the data have the potential of providing a view of much of the US landscape from the mid-1800s, and they have been used extensively for this purpose. However, historical data sources, such as those describing the species composition of forests, can often be limited in the detail recorded and the reliability of the data, since the information was often not originally recorded for ecological purposes. Forest trees are sometimes recorded ambiguously, using generic or obscure common names. For the PLS data of northern Wisconsin, USA, we developed a method to classify ambiguously identified tree species using logistic regression analysis, using data on trees that were clearly identified to species and a set of independent predictor variables to build the models. The models were first created on partial data sets for each species and then tested for fit against the remaining data. Validations were conducted using repeated, random subsets of the data. Model prediction accuracy ranged from 81% to 96% in differentiating congeneric species among oak, pine, ash, maple, birch, and elm. Major predictor variables were tree size, associated species, landscape classes indicative of soil type, and spatial location within the study region. Results help to clarify ambiguities formerly present in maps of historic ecosystems for the region and can be applied to PLS datasets elsewhere, as well as other sources of ambiguous historical data. Mapping the newly classified data with ecological land units provides additional information on the distribution, abundance, and associations of tree species, as well as their relationships to environmental gradients before the industrial period, and clarifies the identities of species formerly mapped only to genus. We offer some caveats on the appropriate use of data derived in this way, as well as describing their potential.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"5952_Mladenoff.pdf","usgsCitation":"Mladenoff, D., Dahir, S., Nordheim, E., Schulte, L., and Guntenspergen, G., 2002, Narrowing historical uncertainty: probabilistic classification of ambiguously identified tree species in historical forest survey data: Ecosystems, v. 5, p. 539-553.","productDescription":"539-553","startPage":"539","endPage":"553","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db6989f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mladenoff, D.J.","contributorId":18881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mladenoff","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dahir, S.E.","contributorId":31878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahir","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordheim, E.V.","contributorId":97222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordheim","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schulte, L.A.","contributorId":10131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guntenspergen, G.R. 0000-0002-8593-0244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":95424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5224217,"text":"5224217 - 2002 - First record of the Arizona cotton rat (Sigmodon arizonae) in New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:12","indexId":"5224217","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First record of the Arizona cotton rat (Sigmodon arizonae) in New Mexico","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Frey, J., Fisher, R., Bogan, M., and Jones, C., 2002, First record of the Arizona cotton rat (Sigmodon arizonae) in New Mexico: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 47, no. 3, p. 491-493.","productDescription":"491-493","startPage":"491","endPage":"493","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16744,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3672513","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3d10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frey, J.K.","contributorId":83068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, R.D.","contributorId":62967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogan, M.A.","contributorId":17939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, C.","contributorId":42914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224220,"text":"5224220 - 2002 - Prey of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus cassini) in Southern Argentina and Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5224220","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prey of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus cassini) in Southern Argentina and Chile","docAbstract":"The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus cassini) in Patagonia attracted wide interest two decades ago when there was a focus on determining the taxonomic position of the Pallid Falcon (also called Kleinschmidt's falcon and Tierra del Fuego falcon; formerly named Falco kreyenborgi). In 1981, however, the pallid falcon was confirmed to be a pale color morph of the peregrine, and since that time, little work has been conducted on this color morph. Continent-wide research has continued and has yielded a fair understanding of the breeding distribution of the Peregrine Falcon in South America. Also, two preliminary food habits studies on the peregrine have been completed in Patagonia. Together those papers provided a list of 23 species observed as prey, and McNutt listed another eight species seen pursued (but not captured) by peregrines. The purpose of this paper is to assemble all that has been published on peregrine food habits for Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego and to add to that list from our 1980 and 1981 expeditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Sabo, B., Fackler, J., and Millsap, B., 2002, Prey of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus cassini) in Southern Argentina and Chile: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 36, no. 4, p. 315-319.","productDescription":"315-319","startPage":"315","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16745,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v036n04/p00315-p00319.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aace4b07f02db66a7b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sabo, B.A.","contributorId":80797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabo","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fackler, J.K.","contributorId":78851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fackler","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Millsap, B.A.","contributorId":30716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millsap","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224206,"text":"5224206 - 2002 - Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-10T15:49:02.086612","indexId":"5224206","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2653,"text":"Mammalian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species","title":"Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1078/1616-5047-00052","usgsCitation":"Pine, R.H., Woodman, N., and Timm, R.M., 2002, Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species: Mammalian Biology, v. 67, p. 372-377, https://doi.org/10.1078/1616-5047-00052.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"372","endPage":"377","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/4473","text":"External Repository"},{"id":196417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6352a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pine, R. H.","contributorId":32636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pine","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodman, N. 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":104176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timm, R. M.","contributorId":92376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timm","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224209,"text":"5224209 - 2002 - Estimating state-transition probabilities for unobservable states using capture-recapture/resighting data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T20:36:59.828982","indexId":"5224209","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating state-transition probabilities for unobservable states using capture-recapture/resighting data","docAbstract":"Temporary emigration was identified some time ago as causing potential problems in capture-recapture studies, and in the last five years approaches have been developed for dealing with special cases of this general problem. Temporary emigration can be viewed more generally as involving transitions to and from an unobservable state, and frequently the state itself is one of biological interest (e.g., 'nonbreeder'). Development of models that permit estimation of relevant parameters in the presence of an unobservable state requires either extra information (e.g., as supplied by Pollock's robust design) or the following classes of model constraints: reducing the order of Markovian transition probabilities, imposing a degree of determinism on transition probabilities, removing state specificity of survival probabilities, and imposing temporal constancy of parameters. The objective of the work described in this paper is to investigate estimability of model parameters under a variety of models that include an unobservable state. Beginning with a very general model and no extra information, we used numerical methods to systematically investigate the use of ancillary information and constraints to yield models that are useful for estimation. The result is a catalog of models for which estimation is possible. An example analysis of sea turtle capture-recapture data under two different models showed similar point estimates but increased precision for the model that incorporated ancillary data (the robust design) when compared to the model with deterministic transitions only. This comparison and the results of our numerical investigation of model structures lead to design suggestions for capture-recapture studies in the presence of an unobservable state.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3276:ESTPFU]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., and Nichols, J., 2002, Estimating state-transition probabilities for unobservable states using capture-recapture/resighting data: Ecology, v. 83, no. 12, p. 3276-3284, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3276:ESTPFU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3276","endPage":"3284","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Antigua and Barbuda","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -61.767196655273445,\n 17.147351748174778\n ],\n [\n -61.744537353515625,\n 17.147351748174778\n ],\n [\n -61.744537353515625,\n 17.163426087651086\n ],\n [\n -61.767196655273445,\n 17.163426087651086\n ],\n [\n -61.767196655273445,\n 17.147351748174778\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc83e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224646,"text":"5224646 - 2002 - Longevity records and survival estimate of birds in a Guatemala rain forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224646","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:13:26","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3193,"text":"Program and Abstracts, Association of Field Ornithologists and the Wilson Ornithological Society, Fort Myers, Florida","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Longevity records and survival estimate of birds in a Guatemala rain forest","docAbstract":"Birds were mist-netted for ten consecutive 'winter' seasons at two sites on Cerro San Gil and for three to nine seasons at eight other sites on the mountain. Sixteen nets were used at each site for three days; net locations were the same each year. From 1,255 subsequent-year recaptures we computed annual survival using the program MARK. A low annual survival of 0.26+0.03 for Long-tailed Hermit probably reflects extensive wandering in search of food. The only other residents with low survival rates were Ochre-bellied Flycatcher (0.32) and Olive-backed Euphonia (0.38). Other residents tested ranged from 0.49 for Red-capped Manakin to 0.67 for Stub-tailed Spadebill and are within ranges reported from other tropical sites. Rates for migrants were lower, ranging from 0.33 (Worm-eating Warbler) to 0.45 (Kentucky Warbler). Limiting the analysis to known territorial adults (birds that had already returned from a previous year), raised survival rates for residents an average of 0.05, whereas rates for wintering migratory species remained unchanged. The oldest birds recaptured were all residents: Scalythroated Leaftosser (9 years 9 months), Tawny-winged and Wedge-billed Woodcreepers, Northern Bentbill, Tawny-crowned Greenlet, and White-breasted Woodwren (8 years 9 months each). Ages over three years nine months were recorded for 46 species; for the majority of these, new maximum age records were established. A positive relationship was found between survival rate and maximum age and between sample size and maximum age","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Program and Abstracts, Association of Field Ornithologists and the Wilson Ornithological Society, Fort Myers, Florida","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., Dowell, B., and Hines, J., 2002, Longevity records and survival estimate of birds in a Guatemala rain forest: Program and Abstracts, Association of Field Ornithologists and the Wilson Ornithological Society, Fort Myers, Florida.","startPage":"abstract 5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f07b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowell, B.","contributorId":50993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.","contributorId":41395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224153,"text":"5224153 - 2002 - Tracking surf scoters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-15T13:35:21.413388","indexId":"5224153","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:13:14","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1058,"text":"Birdscapes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tracking surf scoters","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Perry, M., 2002, Tracking surf scoters: Birdscapes, v. Spring-Summer.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Spring-Summer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224178,"text":"5224178 - 2002 - The horse and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T13:27:44","indexId":"5224178","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":798,"text":"Annals of the Entomological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The horse and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The Tabanidae of Rhode Island were surveyed using Rhode Island canopy traps placed at 20 locations in the state during the summers of 1999 and 2000. In total, 5,120 flies were collected, which included 55 species in the genera Chrysops, Hybomitra, Tabanus, Merycomyia, and Stonemyia. Distributional and ecological information is provided for each species in Rhode Island.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the Entomological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0547:THADFD]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"5926_Bartlett.pdf","usgsCitation":"Bartlett, K., Alm, S., LeBrun, R., and Ginsberg, H., 2002, The horse and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Rhode Island: Annals of the Entomological Society of America, v. 95, p. 547-551, https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0547:THADFD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"547-551","startPage":"547","endPage":"551","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0547:thadfd]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":201587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270002,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0547:THADFD]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":270003,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/0013-8746%282002%29095%5B0547:THADFD%5D2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartlett, K.","contributorId":38260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlett","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alm, S.R.","contributorId":55557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alm","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeBrun, R.","contributorId":98409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBrun","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ginsberg, H.","contributorId":36248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224180,"text":"5224180 - 2002 - Ecological and evolutionary traps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T22:40:42","indexId":"5224180","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3653,"text":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological and evolutionary traps","docAbstract":"Organisms often rely on environmental cues to make behavioral and life-history decisions. However, in environments that have been altered suddenly by humans, formerly reliable cues might no longer be associated with adaptive outcomes. In such cases, organisms can become 'trapped' by their evolutionary responses to the cues and experience reduced survival or reproduction. Ecological traps occur when organisms make poor habitat choices based on cues that correlated formerly with habitat quality. Ecological traps are part of a broader phenomenon, evolutionary traps, involving a dissociation between cues that organisms use to make any behavioral or life-history decision and outcomes normally associated with that decision. A trap can lead to extinction if a population falls below a critical size threshold before adaptation to the novel environment occurs. Conservation and management protocols must be designed in light of, rather than in spite of, the behavioral mechanisms and evolutionary history of populations and species to avoid 'trapping' them.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02580-6","collaboration":"5929_Schlaepfer.pdf","usgsCitation":"Schlaepfer, M.A., Runge, M., and Sherman, P.W., 2002, Ecological and evolutionary traps: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 17, no. 10, p. 474-480, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02580-6.","productDescription":"474-480","startPage":"474","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17591,"rank":200,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02580-6","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"17","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlaepfer, Martin A.","contributorId":44881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlaepfer","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherman, P. W.","contributorId":35046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sherman","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224156,"text":"5224156 - 2002 - Using Christmas Bird Count data in analysis of population change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T10:06:27","indexId":"5224156","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using Christmas Bird Count data in analysis of population change","docAbstract":"The scientific credibility of Christmas Bird Count (CBC) results depend on the development and implementation of appropriate methods of statistical analysis. The key to any successful analysis of CBC data is to begin with a careful review of how the limitations of the data are likely to influence the results of the analysis, then to choose methods of analysis that accommodate as much as possible the limitations of the survey. For our analyses of CBC data, we develop a flexible model for effort adjustment and use information from the data to guide the selection of the best model. We include geographic structuring to accommodate the regional variation in number of samples, use a model that allows for overdispersed poisson data appropriate for counts, and employ empirical Bayes procedures to accommodate differences in quality of information in regional summaries. This generalized linear model approach is very flexible, and can be applied to a variety of studies focused on factors influencing wintering bird populations. In particular, the model can be easily modified to contain covariates, allowing for assessment of associations between CBC counts and winter weather, disturbance, and a variety of other environmental factors. These new survey analysis methods have added value in that they provide insights into changes in survey design that can enhance the value of the information. The CBC has been extremely successful as a tool for increasing public interest in birding and bird conservation. Use of the information for bird conservation creates new demands on quality of information, and it is important to maintain a dialogue between users of the information, information needs for the analyses, and survey coordinators and participants. Our work as survey analysts emphasizes the value and limitations of existing data, and provides some indications of what features of the survey could be modified to make the survey a more reliable source of bird population data. Surveys only remain useful if they adapt to current needs, while still maintaining consistency with historical goals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Audubon Society","collaboration":"5910_Sauer.pdf","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., and Link, W., 2002, Using Christmas Bird Count data in analysis of population change: American Birds, p. 10-14.","productDescription":"10-14","startPage":"10","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17583,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.audubon.org/bird/cbc/pdf/american_birds102A.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":199648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603cdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224372,"text":"5224372 - 2002 - Producing progeny from endangered birds of prey: Treatment of urine-contaminated semen and a novel intramagnal insemination approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-15T20:08:03","indexId":"5224372","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2514,"text":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Producing progeny from endangered birds of prey: Treatment of urine-contaminated semen and a novel intramagnal insemination approach","docAbstract":"Wild raptors brought into an ex situ environment often have poor semen quality that is further compromised by urine contamination. Generally, it is believed that in birds, artificial insemination into the cloaca or caudal vagina of females requires large doses of high-quality spermatozoa to maximize fertility. In an effort to define and overcome some of the challenges associated with reproduction in wild raptors, the objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the frequency, impact, and remediation of urine contamination in fresh ejaculates for the purpose of maintaining sperm motility and viability in vitro, and 2) develop a deep insemination method that allows low numbers of washed sperm to be placed directly into the magnum to increase the probability of producing fertilized eggs. The species evaluated include golden eagle (Aquila chrysoetos), imperial eagle (A. adalberti), Bonelli's eagle (Hiernaetus fasciatus), and peregrine, falcon (Falco peregrinus). Semen samples were collected and pooled by species, and a minimum of 25 pooled ejaculates per species were evaluated for urine contamination, pH, sperm viability, and sperm motility; the samples were either unwashed or washed in neutral (pH 7.0) or alkaline (pH 8.0) modified Lake's diluent. Female golden eagles and peregrine falcons were inseminated via transjunctional, intramagnal insemination with washed spermatozoa from urine-contaminated samples. Urine contamination occurred in 36.8 +/- 12.8% (mean +/- SEM) golden eagle, 43.1 +/- 9.1% imperial eagle, 28.7 +/- 16.1% Bonelli's eagle, and 48.2 +/- 17.3% peregrine falcon ejaculates. The pH in urine-contaminated semen samples ranged from 6.48 +/- 0.3 to 6.86 +/- 0.2, and in noncontaminated samples it ranged from from 7.17 +/- 0.1 to 7.56 +/- 0.1. Sperm viability and motility were reduced (P < 0.05) in all species for unwashed vs. washed sperm after 30 min incubation at room temperature. Two peregrine falcon chicks and one golden eagle chick hatched after intramagnal insemination. This study demonstrates that urine contamination, a common and lethal acidifier in manually collected raptor ejaculates, can be circumvented by immediate, gentle seminal washing. Furthermore, these processed sperm, when deposited by transjunctional intramagnal insemination, can produce live young.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0001:PPFEBO]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"6243_Blanco.pdf","usgsCitation":"Blanco, J., Gee, G., Wildt, D., and Donoghue, A., 2002, Producing progeny from endangered birds of prey: Treatment of urine-contaminated semen and a novel intramagnal insemination approach: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. 33, no. 1, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0001:PPFEBO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1-7","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269408,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0001:PPFEBO]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":202276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e490","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanco, J.M.","contributorId":50257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanco","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wildt, D.E.","contributorId":106610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildt","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Donoghue, A.M.","contributorId":46653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donoghue","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224304,"text":"5224304 - 2002 - Intermittent fasting during winter and spring affects body composition and reproduction of a migratory duck","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T20:47:54","indexId":"5224304","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2226,"text":"Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intermittent fasting during winter and spring affects body composition and reproduction of a migratory duck","docAbstract":"We compared food intake, body mass and body composition of male and female black ducks (Anas rubripes) during winter (January-March). Birds were fed the same complete diet ad libitum on consecutive days each week without fasting (control; nine male; nine female) or with either short fasts (2 day.week-1; nine male; nine female), or long fasts (4 day.week-1; eleven male; twelve female). We continued treatments through spring (March-May) to measure the effect of intermittent fasts on body mass and egg production. Daily food intake of fasted birds was up to four times that of unfasted birds. Weekly food intake of males was similar among treatments (364 g.kg-1.week-1) but fasted females consumed more than unfasted females in January (363 g.kg-1.week-1 vs. 225 g.kg-1.week-1). Although both sexes lost 10-14% body mass, fasted females lost less mass and lipid than unfasted females during winter. Total body nitrogen was conserved over winter in both sexes even though the heart and spleen lost mass while the reproductive tract and liver gained mass. Intermittent fasting increased liver, intestinal tissue and digesta mass of females but not of males. Fasting delayed egg production in spring but did not affect size, fertility or hatching of the clutch. Females on long fasts were still heavier than controls after laying eggs. Thus black ducks combine flexibility of food intake with plasticity of digestive tract, liver and adipose tissue when food supply is interrupted during winter. Females modulate body mass for survival and defer reproduction when food supply is interrupted in spring.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00360-002-0267-y","collaboration":"6153_Barboza.pdf","usgsCitation":"Barboza, P., and Jorde, D., 2002, Intermittent fasting during winter and spring affects body composition and reproduction of a migratory duck: Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, v. 172, no. 5, p. 419-434, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-002-0267-y.","productDescription":"419-434","startPage":"419","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17075,"rank":200,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-002-0267-y","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"172","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae1bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barboza, P.S.","contributorId":44261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barboza","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jorde, Dennis G. djorde@usgs.gov","contributorId":12804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorde","given":"Dennis G.","email":"djorde@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224174,"text":"5224174 - 2002 - FrogwatchUSA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T10:15:15","indexId":"5224174","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3030,"text":"People, Land, and Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"FrogwatchUSA","docAbstract":"full text: Frogs and toads are perhaps the most approachable and available of all our wildlife. In many, if not most places, they are abundant. In wetter parts of the East, almost anyone outside on a warm rainy night in spring will hear their dream-like calls, bellows, trills and snores. Even in the deserts of the Southwest, a nocturnal trip after a summer monsoon will yield toads moving across the roads toward a cacophonous orgy of mating and calling in the roadside ditches and desert pools. Birds share with frogs and toads this same sense of presence in our daily lives. But the difference is that birds are like the attractive neighbor who just never gives you the time of day, while frogs are more like the troglodyte who appears regularly to chat, philosophize, and have a beer. Uninvited, frogs appear in our water gardens, toads are on our stoops in the morning, we catch them when we are kids, raise their babies in the aquarium, and feel sorry when we find we have run them over with the lawnmower. When concerns about declining populations of amphibians reached the mass media, the Secretaries' office became involved. In addition to using traditional research mechanisms to investigate the problem, the Secretary also wanted to involve the public directly. The combination of high public appeal and the relative ease with which frog calls can be learned made a large-scale monitoring program for frogs and toads possible. What emerged was a program called Frogwatch USA, modeled after a successful Canadian program with a similar name. A web site was created (www.frogwatch.org) that presented potential frogwatchers with directions and a way to register their site online as well as enter their data. Observers chose where to count frogs depending on what they felt was important. For some it was their backyard, others chose vulnerable wetlands in their neighborhoods, or spots on local refuges and parks. Initially funded at $8,000 a year and then after two years increased to $25,000, most of the first part of this program's life was spent developing the tools and web site to document counts of frogs online. Despite the lack of time available to promote the program, send out press releases and recruit observers, news of the program quickly spread by word of mouth and the electronic media. Many newspaper articles later, we found a large number of people had become involved with counting frogs in their neighborhoods and backyards. Current figures show 1,456 observers who have registered at 1,683 sites logging almost 5,000 visits. These visits yield information on when and what species are calling from wetlands throughout the United States. These records are usually the only records of information about frogs and toads for those sites and become a permanent record that can be revisited in future years. Additionally, when observers make a lot of visits or there are many sites in a region, a phenology of calls can be created that documents when it is most likely in that year for each species to be recorded. Finally, even for those observers whose data we may mistrust and therefore are likely to eliminate from analyses, these people have taken the time to leave their televisions, go outside, and directly experience frogs, toads, and all that occur in Nature. In 1999 it was decided that FrogwatchUSA needed to work with another group that specifically focused on environmental education and outreach. After talking to a number of organizations we found that the National Wildlife Federation, with their Backyard Wildlife Habitat, Endangered Species, and other programs along with their four million members who are interested in nature, would be an excellent match. Thus a partnership was born. After over a year of work between Interior and National Wildlife Federation biologists and lawyers, an agreement has been created that places the Federation as the lead of Frogwatch USA. It will now take care of res","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Droege, S., 2002, FrogwatchUSA: People, Land, and Water, v. 9, no. 1, p. 35-35.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"35","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4668","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98363,"text":"wri024053 - 2002 - Louisiana Ground-Water Map No.13: Hydrogeology and Potentiometric Surface of the Sparta Aquifer in Northern Louisiana, October 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"wri024053","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"02-4053","title":"Louisiana Ground-Water Map No.13: Hydrogeology and Potentiometric Surface of the Sparta Aquifer in Northern Louisiana, October 1996","docAbstract":"This report describes the thickness and areal extent of the Sparta aquifer, identifies sands within the fresh-water extent of the aquifer, and presents data and a map that illustrate the generalized potentiometric surface (water levels) during October 1996. The report includes a detailed geophysical log, structure contour maps, hydrogeologic sections, and hydrographs of water levels in selected wells. The potentiometric surface-map can be used for determining direction of ground-water flow, hydraulic gradients, and the effects of withdrawals on the aquifer.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024053","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Public Works and Water Resources Division, Water Resources Section","usgsCitation":"Brantly, J.A., Seanor, R.C., and McCoy, K.L., 2002, Louisiana Ground-Water Map No.13: Hydrogeology and Potentiometric Surface of the Sparta Aquifer in Northern Louisiana, October 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4053, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024053.","productDescription":"3 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_02_4053.jpg"},{"id":13611,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94,31 ], [ -94,33 ], [ -91,33 ], [ -91,31 ], [ -94,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brantly, Jeffrey A. jbrantly@usgs.gov","contributorId":5405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantly","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbrantly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seanor, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5735-5580 rcseanor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5735-5580","contributorId":3731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seanor","given":"Ronald","email":"rcseanor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCoy, Kaycee L.","contributorId":32228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"Kaycee","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159587,"text":"70159587 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Lesser Prairie-Chicken","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T09:01:07","indexId":"70159587","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Lesser Prairie-Chicken","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 4,000 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the breeding distribution of Lesser Prairie-Chicken in the United States and southern Canada. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species’ breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159587","usgsCitation":"Jamison, B.E., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Lesser Prairie-Chicken, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159587.","productDescription":"31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159587.JPG"},{"id":312420,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159587/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.84326171875,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -101.09619140625,\n 38.444984668894705\n ],\n [\n -100.546875,\n 37.96152331396616\n ],\n [\n -99.7998046875,\n 37.52715361723378\n ],\n [\n -99.60205078124999,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -99.7119140625,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -100.5029296875,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -101.689453125,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -103.4912109375,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -103.9306640625,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -102.7880859375,\n 38.18638677411551\n ],\n [\n -101.84326171875,\n 38.272688535980976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.568359375,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -101.865234375,\n 33.26624989076275\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 31.89621446335144\n ],\n [\n -102.63427734374999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -104.2822265625,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -104.43603515624999,\n 33.41310221370827\n ],\n [\n -104.1064453125,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -103.53515625,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -103.07373046875,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -102.568359375,\n 34.74161249883172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56432345e4b0aafbcd017ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70157406,"text":"70157406 - 2002 - Using high hydraulic conductivity nodes to simulate seepage lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-22T15:25:18","indexId":"70157406","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using high hydraulic conductivity nodes to simulate seepage lakes","docAbstract":"In a typical ground water flow model, lakes are represented by specified head nodes requiring that lake levels be known a priori. To remove this limitation, previous researchers assigned high hydraulic conductivity (K) values to nodes that represent a lake, under the assumption that the simulated head at the nodes in the high-K zone accurately reflects lake level. The solution should also produce a constant water level across the lake. We developed a model of a simple hypothetical ground water/lake system to test whether solutions using high-K lake nodes are sensitive to the value of K selected to represent the lake. Results show that the larger the contrast between the K of the aquifer and the K of the lake nodes, the smaller the error tolerance required for the solution to converge. For our test problem, a contrast of three orders of magnitude produced a head difference across the lake of 0.005 m under a regional gradient of the order of 10−3 m/m, while a contrast of four orders of magnitude produced a head difference of 0.001 m. The high-K method was then used to simulate lake levels in Pretty Lake, Wisconsin. Results for both the hypothetical system and the application to Pretty Lake compared favorably with results using a lake package developed for MODFLOW (Merritt and Konikow 2000). While our results demonstrate that the high-K method accurately simulates lake levels, this method has more cumbersome postprocessing and longer run times than the same problem simulated using the lake package.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02496.x","usgsCitation":"Anderson, M.P., Hunt, R.J., Krohelski, J.T., and Chung, K., 2002, Using high hydraulic conductivity nodes to simulate seepage lakes: Groundwater, v. 40, no. 2, p. 117-122, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02496.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308395,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56027c2ce4b03bc34f544892","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Mary P.","contributorId":147842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krohelski, James T.","contributorId":52223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chung, Kuopo","contributorId":147861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chung","given":"Kuopo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70173991,"text":"70173991 - 2002 - French Frigate Shoals reef health survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T13:40:05","indexId":"70173991","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"French Frigate Shoals reef health survey","docAbstract":"French Frigate Shoals (FFS) is one of the refugia comprising the Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge (NWHINWR). French Frigate Shoals was discovered by La Perouse in the late 18th century; however, the atoll was most notable as a naval air station during World War II when the US Navy dredged Tern Island into an airstrip, and the US Coast guard established a LORAN station on East Island. After the war, the LORAN station was moved to Tern Island where it remained until the Coast Guard vacated in 1979. Since then, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has managed Tern Island-FFS as a wildlife refuge with a full time staff presence (USFWS, 2001).
\nFrench Frigate Shoals consists of a large (31 nm) fringing reef partially enclosing a lagoon. A basalt pinnacle (La Perouse Pinnacle) arises approximately halfway between the two ends of the arcs of the fringing reefs. Tern Island is situated at the northern end of the lagoon and is surrounded by a dredged ship channel. The lagoon becomes progressively shallower from west to east and harbors a variety of marine life including corals, fish, marine mammals, and sea turtles (Amerson 1971). In 2000, an interagency survey of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands was done to document the fauna and flora in FFS (Maragos and Gulko, 2002). During that survey, 38 stations were examined, and 41 species of stony corals were documented, the most of any of the NW Hawaiian islands (Maragos and Gulko 2002). In some of these stations, corals with abnormalities were observed. The present study aimed to expand on the 2000 survey to evaluate the lesions in areas where they were documented.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 97 and CRCP 7","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Oceanic and Atomspheric Administration","publisherLocation":"Silver Spring, MD","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., Coles, S.L., and Rameyer, R., 2002, French Frigate Shoals reef health survey, 21 p.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"189","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://cdhc.noaa.gov/_docs/NOAA%20TM%20NOS-NCCOS%2097%20and%20CRCP%207%20[2009]compressed.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576a653be4b07657d1a11da7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coles, Steve L.","contributorId":172257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coles","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rameyer, Robert 0000-0002-2145-1746 bob_rameyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-1746","contributorId":150128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rameyer","given":"Robert","email":"bob_rameyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5230269,"text":"5230269 - 2002 - Identification and synthetic modeling of factors affecting American black duck populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T12:53:32","indexId":"5230269","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Identification and synthetic modeling of factors affecting American black duck populations","docAbstract":"We reviewed the literature on factors potentially affecting the population status of American black ducks (Anas rupribes). Our review suggests that there is some support for the influence of 4 major, continental-scope factors in limiting or regulating black duck populations: 1) loss in the quantity or quality of breeding habitats; 2) loss in the quantity or quality of wintering habitats; 3) harvest, and 4) interactions (competition, hybridization) with mallards (Anas platyrhychos) during the breeding and/or wintering periods.
\nThese factors were used as the basis of an annual life cycle model in which reproduction rates and survival rates were modeled as functions of the above factors, with parameters of the model describing the strength of these relationships. Variation in the model parameter values allows for consideration of scientific uncertainty as to the degree each of these factors may be contributing to declines in black duck populations, and thus allows for the investigation of the possible effects of management (e.g., habitat improvement, harvest reductions) under different assumptions.
\nWe then used available, historical data on black duck populations (abundance, annual reproduction rates, and survival rates) and possible driving factors (trends in breeding and wintering habitats, harvest rates, and abundance of mallards) to estimate model parameters. Our estimated reproduction submodel included parameters describing negative density feedback of black ducks, positive influence of breeding habitat, and negative influence of mallard densities; our survival submodel included terms for positive influence of winter habitat on reproduction rates, and negative influences of black duck density (i.e., compensation to harvest mortality). Individual models within each group (reproduction, survival) involved various combinations of these factors, and each was given an information theoretic weight for use in subsequent prediction. The reproduction model with highest AIC weight (0.70) predicted black duck age ratios increasing as a function of decreasing mallard abundance and increasing acreage of breeding habitat; all models considered involved negative density dependence for black ducks. The survival model with highest AIC weight (0.51) predicted nonharvest survival increasing as a function of increasing acreage of wintering habitat and decreasing harvest rates (additive mortality); models involving compensatory mortality effects received ≈0.12 total weight, vs. 0.88 for additive models.
\nWe used the combined model, together with our historical data set, to perform a series of 1-year population forecasts, similar to those that might be performed under adaptive management. Initial model forecasts over-predicted observed breeding populations by ≈25%. Least-squares calibration reduced the bias to ≈0.5% under prediction. After calibration, model-averaged predictions over the 16 alternative models (4 reproduction × 4 survival, weighted by AIC model weights) explained 67% of the variation in annual breeding population abundance for black ducks, suggesting that it might have utility as a predictive tool in adaptive management.
\nWe investigated the effects of statistical uncertainty in parameter values on predicted population growth rates for the combined annual model, via sensitivity analyses. Parameter sensitivity varied in relation to the parameter values over the estimated confidence intervals, and in relation to harvest rates and mallard abundance. Forecasts of black duck abundance were extremely sensitive to variation in parameter values for the coefficients for breeding and wintering habitat effects. Model-averaged forecasts of black duck abundance were also sensitive to changes in harvest rate and mallard abundance, with rapid declines in black duck abundance predicted for a range of harvest rates and mallard abundance higher than current levels of either factor, but easily envisaged, particularly given current rates of growth for mallard populations.
\nBecause of concerns about sensitivity to habitat coefficients, and particularly in light of deficiencies in the historical data used to estimate these parameters, we developed a simplified model that excludes habitat effects. We also developed alternative models involving a calibration adjustment for reproduction rates, survival rates, or neither. Calibration of survival rates performed best (AIC weight 0.59, % BIAS = -0.280, R2=0.679), with reproduction calibration somewhat inferior (AIC weight 0.41, % BIAS = -0.267, R2=0.672); models without calibration received virtually no AIC weight and were discarded. We recommend that the simplified model set (4 biological models × 2 alternative calibration factors) be retained as the best working set of alternative models for research and management.
\nFinally, we provide some preliminary guidance for the development of adaptive harvest management for black ducks, using our working set of models.
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