{"pageNumber":"2917","pageRowStart":"72900","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184569,"records":[{"id":5200264,"text":"5200264 - 2002 - Managing wetlands for waterbirds: Integrated approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5200264","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Managing wetlands for waterbirds: Integrated approaches","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"2002, Managing wetlands for waterbirds: Integrated approaches: Waterbirds, v. 25, 127.","productDescription":"127","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac26"} ,{"id":5230269,"text":"5230269 - 2002 - Identification and synthetic modeling of factors affecting American black duck populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T12:53:32","indexId":"5230269","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Identification and synthetic modeling of factors affecting American black duck populations","docAbstract":"

We reviewed the literature on factors potentially affecting the population status of American black ducks (Anas rupribes). Our review suggests that there is some support for the influence of 4 major, continental-scope factors in limiting or regulating black duck populations: 1) loss in the quantity or quality of breeding habitats; 2) loss in the quantity or quality of wintering habitats; 3) harvest, and 4) interactions (competition, hybridization) with mallards (Anas platyrhychos) during the breeding and/or wintering periods.

\n
\n

These factors were used as the basis of an annual life cycle model in which reproduction rates and survival rates were modeled as functions of the above factors, with parameters of the model describing the strength of these relationships. Variation in the model parameter values allows for consideration of scientific uncertainty as to the degree each of these factors may be contributing to declines in black duck populations, and thus allows for the investigation of the possible effects of management (e.g., habitat improvement, harvest reductions) under different assumptions.

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\n

We then used available, historical data on black duck populations (abundance, annual reproduction rates, and survival rates) and possible driving factors (trends in breeding and wintering habitats, harvest rates, and abundance of mallards) to estimate model parameters. Our estimated reproduction submodel included parameters describing negative density feedback of black ducks, positive influence of breeding habitat, and negative influence of mallard densities; our survival submodel included terms for positive influence of winter habitat on reproduction rates, and negative influences of black duck density (i.e., compensation to harvest mortality). Individual models within each group (reproduction, survival) involved various combinations of these factors, and each was given an information theoretic weight for use in subsequent prediction. The reproduction model with highest AIC weight (0.70) predicted black duck age ratios increasing as a function of decreasing mallard abundance and increasing acreage of breeding habitat; all models considered involved negative density dependence for black ducks. The survival model with highest AIC weight (0.51) predicted nonharvest survival increasing as a function of increasing acreage of wintering habitat and decreasing harvest rates (additive mortality); models involving compensatory mortality effects received ≈0.12 total weight, vs. 0.88 for additive models.

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\n

We used the combined model, together with our historical data set, to perform a series of 1-year population forecasts, similar to those that might be performed under adaptive management. Initial model forecasts over-predicted observed breeding populations by ≈25%. Least-squares calibration reduced the bias to ≈0.5% under prediction. After calibration, model-averaged predictions over the 16 alternative models (4 reproduction × 4 survival, weighted by AIC model weights) explained 67% of the variation in annual breeding population abundance for black ducks, suggesting that it might have utility as a predictive tool in adaptive management.

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\n

We investigated the effects of statistical uncertainty in parameter values on predicted population growth rates for the combined annual model, via sensitivity analyses. Parameter sensitivity varied in relation to the parameter values over the estimated confidence intervals, and in relation to harvest rates and mallard abundance. Forecasts of black duck abundance were extremely sensitive to variation in parameter values for the coefficients for breeding and wintering habitat effects. Model-averaged forecasts of black duck abundance were also sensitive to changes in harvest rate and mallard abundance, with rapid declines in black duck abundance predicted for a range of harvest rates and mallard abundance higher than current levels of either factor, but easily envisaged, particularly given current rates of growth for mallard populations.

\n
\n

Because of concerns about sensitivity to habitat coefficients, and particularly in light of deficiencies in the historical data used to estimate these parameters, we developed a simplified model that excludes habitat effects. We also developed alternative models involving a calibration adjustment for reproduction rates, survival rates, or neither. Calibration of survival rates performed best (AIC weight 0.59, % BIAS = -0.280, R2=0.679), with reproduction calibration somewhat inferior (AIC weight 0.41, % BIAS = -0.267, R2=0.672); models without calibration received virtually no AIC weight and were discarded. We recommend that the simplified model set (4 biological models × 2 alternative calibration factors) be retained as the best working set of alternative models for research and management.

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\n

Finally, we provide some preliminary guidance for the development of adaptive harvest management for black ducks, using our working set of models.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M.J., Miller, M., and Hines, J., 2002, Identification and synthetic modeling of factors affecting American black duck populations, v. 150, 64 p.","productDescription":"64 p.","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292086,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830767"}],"country":"Canada;United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,56.86 ], [ -66.95,56.86 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"150","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faa89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, Michael J.","contributorId":20871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conroy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13266,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":343886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Mark W.","contributorId":83642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5230270,"text":"5230270 - 2002 - Royal Tern: Sterna maxima","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5230270","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":161,"text":"Birds of North America","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"No. 700","title":"Royal Tern: Sterna maxima","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Buckley, P.A., and Buckley, F.G., 2002, Royal Tern: Sterna maxima: Birds of North America No. 700, 28.","productDescription":"28","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd029","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buckley, P. A.","contributorId":69264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buckley, F. G.","contributorId":73319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5200270,"text":"5200270 - 2002 - Waterbird population estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5200270","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":236,"text":"Wetlands International global series","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"12.","title":"Waterbird population estimates","language":"English","publisher":"Wetlands International","publisherLocation":"Wageningen, The Netherlands","collaboration":"PWRC biologist, Melanie Steinkamp, is Regional Editor for North America, Central America, and Caribbean. Bruce Peterjohn, Graham Smith and James Kushlan acknowledged on p.viii.","usgsCitation":"Wetlands International, 2002, Waterbird population estimates (3rd): Wetlands International global series 12., viii, 226.","productDescription":"viii, 226","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"3rd","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddc05"} ,{"id":5211210,"text":"5211210 - 2002 - Geographic variation in cowbird distribution, abundance, and parasitism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-20T14:34:44","indexId":"5211210","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geographic variation in cowbird distribution, abundance, and parasitism","docAbstract":"We evaluated geographical patterns in the abundance and distribution of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and in the frequency of cowbird parasitism, across North America in relation to habitat fragmentation. We found no distinctive parasitism patterns at the national or even regional scales, but the species is most abundant in the Great Plains, the heart of their original range, and least common in the southeastern U.S. This situation is dynamic, because both the Brown-headed and two other cowbird species are actively expanding their ranges in the southern U.S. We focused almost entirely in this paper on the Brown-headed Cowbird, because it is the only endemic North American cowbird, its distribution is much wider, and it has been much more intensively studied. We determined that landscape is the most meaningful unit of scale for comparing cowbird parasitism patterns as, for example, in comparisons of northeastern and central hardwood forests within agricultural matrices, and suburbanized areas versus western coniferous forests. We concluded that cowbird parasitism patterns were broadly similar within all landscapes. Even comparisons between prominently dissimilar landscapes, such as hardwoods in agriculture and suburbia versus coniferous forest, display a striking similarity in the responses of cowbirds. Our review clearly indicated that proximity of feeding areas is the key factor influencing presence and parasitism patterns within the landscape. We considered intensity of landscape fragmentation from forest-dominated landscapes altered in a forest management context to fragmentation characterized by mixed suburbanization or agricultural development. Our review consistently identified an inverse relationship between extent of forest cover across the landscape and cowbird presence. Invariably, the variation seen in parasitism frequencies within a region was at least partially explained as a response to changes in forest cover. The most salient geographic aspect of cowbirds' response to landscape fragmentation is the time since fragmentation occurred. Eastern landscapes generally experienced 200 years ago the development and fragmentation that western landscapes experienced less than 75 years ago. Consequently, there is a broad east-west contrast in which more numerous human settlements and smaller unbroken forest stands are found in the East, a difference that permits cowbirds to be more pervasive and ubiquitous. The locality of suitable feeding areas is a hallmark trait of the cowbirds' strategy in exploiting specific forest fragments. Host abundance influences parasitism patterns only secondarily at the landscape scale. These two limiting factors come into play differently in different landscapes. For example, cowbird abundance in unbroken forested landscapes are limited primarily by the availability of foraging areas rather than by host density, whereas cowbirds are limited primarily by host availability in landscapes that are extensively fragmented with feeding areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in western landscapes: contrasts with paradigms from the eastern United States: Studies in Avian Biology No. 25","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society ","usgsCitation":"Morrison, M., and Hahn, D., 2002, Geographic variation in cowbird distribution, abundance, and parasitism, chap. of Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in western landscapes: contrasts with paradigms from the eastern United States: Studies in Avian Biology No. 25, p. 65-72.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9028","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"George, T. Luke","contributorId":112767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Luke","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507790,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dobkin, David S.","contributorId":15876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobkin","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507789,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, M.L.","contributorId":83624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hahn, D.C. 0000-0002-5242-2059","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2059","contributorId":46447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahn","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211151,"text":"5211151 - 2002 - Series forward","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211151","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Series forward","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Analysis of Contaminated Sites","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Chichester, UK and New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Weeks, J., O’Hare, S., and Rattner, B., 2002, Series forward, chap. of Environmental Analysis of Contaminated Sites.","productDescription":"xxiii, 465","startPage":"xv","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5f59","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sunahara, Geoffrey I.","contributorId":113642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sunahara","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507646,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Renoux, Agnes Y.","contributorId":112620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renoux","given":"Agnes","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507645,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thellen, Claude","contributorId":114100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thellen","given":"Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507647,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gaudet, Connie L.","contributorId":111770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaudet","given":"Connie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507644,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pilon, Adrien","contributorId":111339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilon","given":"Adrien","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507643,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, J.M.","contributorId":45423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Hare, S.","contributorId":54322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Hare","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":330263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211159,"text":"5211159 - 2002 - Model-based estimation of individual fitness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211159","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Model-based estimation of individual fitness","docAbstract":"Fitness is the currency of natural selection, a measure of the propagation rate of genotypes into future generations. 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We compare Bayesian estimation of the population distribution of individual fitness with estimation based on treating individual life histories in isolation, as samples of size one (e.g. McGraw & Caswell, 1996).","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7. 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Center for Wildlife Studies, 26-2 Aga Abbas Ali Road, (Apt: 403), Bangalore, Karnataka-560 042, India. E-mail: wcsind@bgl.vsnl.net.in","usgsCitation":"Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J., Sen, P., and Rishi, V., 2002, Monitoring tigers and prey: conservation needs and managerial constraints, chap. of Monitoring tigers and their prey: A manual for wildlife researchers, managers and conservationists in tropical Asia, p. 1-8.","productDescription":"xv, 193","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69905e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Karanth, K.Ullas","contributorId":112954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.Ullas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507695,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":507694,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Karanth, K. U.","contributorId":23645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sen, P.K.","contributorId":45424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sen","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rishi, V.","contributorId":83640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rishi","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211162,"text":"5211162 - 2002 - Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211162","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"Pradel's (1996) temporal symmetry model permitting direct estimation and modelling of population growth rate, lambda sub i provides a potentially useful tool for the study of population dynamics using marked animals. Because of its recent publication date, the approach has not seen much use, and there have been virtually no investigations directed at robustness of the resulting estimators. Here we consider several potential sources of bias, all motivated by specific uses of this estimation approach. We consider sampling situations in which the study area expands with time and present an analytic expression for the bias in lambda hat sub i. We next consider trap response in capture probabilities and heterogeneous capture probabilities and compute large-sample and simulation-based approximations of resulting bias in lambda hat sub i. These approximations indicate that trap response is an especially important assumption violation that can produce substantial bias. Finally, we consider losses on capture and emphasize the importance of selecting the estimator for lambda sub i that is appropriate to the question being addressed. For studies based on only sighting and resighting data, Pradel's (1996) lambda hat prime sub i is the appropriate estimator.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7. PDF on file: 5829_Hines.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hines, J., and Nichols, J., 2002, Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data, chap. of Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations, p. 573-587.","productDescription":"669","startPage":"573","endPage":"587","numberOfPages":"669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4779e4b07f02db47f3f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211158,"text":"5211158 - 2002 - Influence of behavioural tactics on recruitment and reproductive trajectory in the kittiwake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211158","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Influence of behavioural tactics on recruitment and reproductive trajectory in the kittiwake","docAbstract":"Many studies have provided evidence that, in birds, inexperienced breeders have a lower probability of breeding successfully. This is often explained by lack of skills and knowledge, and sometimes late laying dates in the first breeding attempt. There is growing evidence that in many species with deferred reproduction, some prebreeders attend breeding places, acquire territories and form pairs. Several behavioural tactics assumed to be associated with territory acquisition have been described in different species. These tactics may influence the probability of recruiting in the breeding segment of the population, age of first breeding, and reproductive success in the first breeding attempt. Here we addressed the influence of behaviour ('squatting') during the prebreeding period on demographic parameters (survival and recruitment probability) in a long-lived colonial seabird species: the kittiwake. We also investigated the influence of behaviour on reproductive trajectory. Squatters have a higher survival and recruitment probability, and a higher probability of breeding successfully in the first breeding attempt in all age-classes where this category is represented. The influence of behaviour is mainly expressed in the first reproduction. However, there is a relationship between breeding success in the first occasion and subsequent occasions. The influence of breeding success in the first breeding attempt on the rest of the trajectory may indirectly reflect the influence of behaviour on breeding success in the first occasion. The shape of the reproductive trajectory is influenced by behaviour and age of first breeding. There is substantial individual variation from the mean reproductive trajectory, which is accounted for by heterogeneity in performance among individuals in the first attempt, but there is no evidence of individual heterogeneity in the rate of change over time in performance in subsequent breeding occasions","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7.","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Cadiou, B., and Hines, J., 2002, Influence of behavioural tactics on recruitment and reproductive trajectory in the kittiwake, chap. of Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations, p. 163-185.","productDescription":"669","startPage":"163","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697ac4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cadiou, B.","contributorId":107016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cadiou","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211173,"text":"5211173 - 2002 - Contrasting determinants of abundance in ancestral and colonized ranges of an invasive brood parasite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211173","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Contrasting determinants of abundance in ancestral and colonized ranges of an invasive brood parasite","docAbstract":"Avian species distributions are typically regarded as constrained by spatially extensive variables such as climate, habitat, spatial patchiness, and microhabitat attributes. We hypothesized that the distribution of a brood parasite depends as strongly on host distribution patterns as on biophysical factors and examined this hypothesis with respect to the national distribution of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater). We applied a classification and regression (CART) analysis to data from the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and the Christmas Bird Count (CBC) and derived hierarchically organized statistical models of the influence of climate and weather, cropping and land use, and host abundance and distribution on the distribution of the Brown-headed Cowbird within the conterminous United States. The model accounted for 47.2% of the variation in cowbird incidence, and host abundance was the top predictor with an R2 of 18.9%. The other predictors identified by the model (crops 15.7%, weather and climate 14.3%, and region 9.6%) fit the ecological profile of this cowbird. We showed that host abundance was independent of these environmental predictors of cowbird distribution. At the regional scale host abundance played a very strong role in determining cowbird abundance in the cowbird?s colonized range east and west of their ancestral range in the Great Plains (26.6%). Crops were not a major predictor for cowbirds in their ancestral range, although they are the most important predictive factor (33%) for the grassland passerines that are the cowbird?s ancestral hosts. Consequently our findings suggest that the distribution of hosts does indeed take precedence over habitat attributes in shaping the cowbird?s distribution at a national scale, within an envelope of constraint set by biophysical factors.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Predicting Species Occurrences : Issues of Accuracy and Scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","collaboration":"OCLC: 48501074 PDF on file: 5878_Hahn.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hahn, D., and O’Connor, R., 2002, Contrasting determinants of abundance in ancestral and colonized ranges of an invasive brood parasite, chap. of Predicting Species Occurrences : Issues of Accuracy and Scale, p. 219-228.","productDescription":"xvii, 868","startPage":"219","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db6919fe","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507671,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heglund, Patricia J.","contributorId":51248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"Patricia J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507670,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, Michael L.","contributorId":111417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507672,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haufler, Jonathan B.","contributorId":112340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haufler","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507673,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wall, William A.","contributorId":113497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507674,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hahn, D.C. 0000-0002-5242-2059","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2059","contributorId":46447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahn","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, R.J.","contributorId":37861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211163,"text":"5211163 - 2002 - The use of resighting data to estimate the rate of population growth of the snail kite in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T14:34:53","indexId":"5211163","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of resighting data to estimate the rate of population growth of the snail kite in Florida","docAbstract":"

The rate of population growth (lambda) is an important demographic parameter used to assess the viability of a population and to develop management and conservation agendas. We examined the use of resighting data to estimate lambda for the snail kite population in Florida from 1997-2000. The analyses consisted of (1) a robust design approach that derives an estimate of lambda from estimates of population size and (2) the Pradel (1996) temporal symmetry (TSM) approach that directly estimates lambda using an open-population capture-recapture model. Besides resighting data, both approaches required information on the number of unmarked individuals that were sighted during the sampling periods. The point estimates of lambda differed between the robust design and TSM approaches, but the 95% confidence intervals overlapped substantially. We believe the differences may be the result of sparse data and do not indicate the inappropriateness of either modelling technique. We focused on the results of the robust design because this approach provided estimates for all study years. Variation among these estimates was smaller than levels of variation among ad hoc estimates based on previously reported index statistics. We recommend that lambda of snail kites be estimated using capture-resighting methods rather than ad hoc counts.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108854","usgsCitation":"Dreitz, V., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Bennetts, R., Kitchens, W., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, The use of resighting data to estimate the rate of population growth of the snail kite in Florida: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 609-623, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108854.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"623","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633ece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dreitz, V.J.","contributorId":65432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreitz","given":"V.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennetts, R.E.","contributorId":103214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kitchens, W.M.","contributorId":87647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211226,"text":"5211226 - 2002 - Preface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211226","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Preface","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Black ducks and their Chesapeake Bay habitats : proceedings of a symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Va.","collaboration":"Held in Grasonville, Maryland, October 4, 2000. Symposium dedicated to Veron D. Stotts. OCLC: 51171874 PDF on file: see 6039_Perry.pdf 1.3 MB also 6039_Perry_searchable.pdf 5 MB","usgsCitation":"Perry, M., 2002, Preface, chap. of Black ducks and their Chesapeake Bay habitats : proceedings of a symposium.","productDescription":"vii, 44","startPage":"iii","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7c6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507821,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211221,"text":"5211221 - 2002 - Breeding productivity of Smith Island black ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:56:07","indexId":"5211221","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Breeding productivity of Smith Island black ducks","docAbstract":"We investigated the breeding performance of American black ducks (Anas rubripes) on Smith Island, Chesapeake Bay, to improve our understanding of island black duck breeding ecology and to make management recommendations to enhance productivity. During 1995-96, we implanted 56 female black ducks with 20-g radio transmitters and tracked 35 of the individuals through the breeding season to locate nests, determine nest fate, and identify brood habitat. We also increased preseason banding efforts and compared capture characteristics over 12 years with those from the Deal Island Wildlife Management Area, a banding site on the mainland of Tangier Sound. A low rate of nesting (37%), lack of renesting, and poor hatching success (31%) indicated that island salt marsh habitats present a harsh environment for breeding black ducks. Black ducks located 11 of 13 nests (85%) in black needlerush (Juncus roemerianus) marsh where they were vulnerable to flooding from extreme tides and to egg predators. No nests were found on forested tree hammocks, a feature that distinguishes Smith Island from nearby South Marsh and Bloodsworth Islands. Nest predators included red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), herring gulls (Larus argentams), fish crows (Corvus ossifragus), and, potentially, Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). Unlike mainland red foxes, foxes radio tracked on Smith Island were found to be capable swimmers and effective low marsh predators. We found shoreline meadows of widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima) to be important foraging sites for black ducks and suspected that the virtual absence of fresh water in this high salinity environment (1217+ ppt) to incur some cost in terms of growth and survival of ducklings. Preseason bandings revealed a high proportion of banded adults and a strong positive correlation in age ratios with the Deal Island banding site. This latter finding strongly suggests a negative universal effect of storm tides on nest success for Tangier Sound black ducks. Management to reduce nest predators, especially gulls and foxes, likely will have the greatest immediate benefit for island breeding black ducks.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Black ducks and their Chesapeake Bay habitats : proceedings of a symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Va.","collaboration":"Held in Grasonville, Maryland, October 4, 2000. Symposium dedicated to Veron D. Stotts. OCLC: 51171874 PDF on file: see 6039_Perry.pdf 1.3 MB also 6039_Perry_searchable.pdf 5 MB","usgsCitation":"Haramis, G., Jorde, D., Olsen, G.H., Stotts, D.B., and Harrison, M., 2002, Breeding productivity of Smith Island black ducks, chap. of Black ducks and their Chesapeake Bay habitats : proceedings of a symposium, p. 22-30.","productDescription":"vii, 44","startPage":"22","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb3dd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507816,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Haramis, G.M.","contributorId":101212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jorde, Dennis G. djorde@usgs.gov","contributorId":12804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorde","given":"Dennis G.","email":"djorde@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stotts, Daniel B.","contributorId":90003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harrison, M.K.","contributorId":85303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5211220,"text":"5211220 - 2002 - American black duck summer range versus winter range: a dichotomy of riches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211220","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"American black duck summer range versus winter range: a dichotomy of riches","docAbstract":"The status of the American black duck (Anas rubripes) population has more often been attributed to a single event than to multiple events over time and throughout space. The difference in the quality of the habitat, however defined, within breeding areas in the North and in the southerly wintering areas, especially Chesapeake Bay, also has been proposed as affecting black duck status. The obvious question is 'What variable cuts across all habitats, time, and space to affect black ducks?' This paper attempts to answer that question by examining the connectivity of seemingly unrelated variables and events associated with the black duck's summer range and its winter range relative to population change. Insights from examples of relations among these variables reveal how results may be confounded and even misleading. A perspective that may be required to ensure future black duck populations is discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Black Ducks and Their Chesapeake Bay Habitats: Proceedings of a Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Va.","collaboration":"Held in Grasonville, Maryland, October 4, 2000. Symposium dedicated to Veron D. Stotts. OCLC: 51171874 PDF on file: see 6039_Perry.pdf 1.3 MB also 6039_Perry_searchable.pdf 5 MB","usgsCitation":"Longcore, J.R., 2002, American black duck summer range versus winter range: a dichotomy of riches, chap. of Black Ducks and Their Chesapeake Bay Habitats: Proceedings of a Symposium, p. 7-11.","productDescription":"vii, 44","startPage":"7","endPage":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68687b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C.","contributorId":86841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507815,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211188,"text":"5211188 - 2002 - Wildlife habitat modeling in an adaptive framework: The role of alternative models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5211188","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Wildlife habitat modeling in an adaptive framework: The role of alternative models","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Predicting species occurrences : issues of accuracy and scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","collaboration":"OCLC: 48501074","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M., and Moore, C., 2002, Wildlife habitat modeling in an adaptive framework: The role of alternative models, chap. of Predicting species occurrences : issues of accuracy and scale, p. 205-218.","productDescription":"xvii, 868","startPage":"205","endPage":"218","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e43e6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507712,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heglund, Patricia J.","contributorId":51248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"Patricia J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507711,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, Michael L.","contributorId":111417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507713,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haufler, Jonathan B.","contributorId":112340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haufler","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507714,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wall, William A.","contributorId":113497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507715,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, C. T. 0000-0002-6053-2880","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-2880","contributorId":87649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"C. T.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":330355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211165,"text":"5211165 - 2002 - Supplemental planting of early successional tree species during bottomland hardwood afforestation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211165","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Supplemental planting of early successional tree species during bottomland hardwood afforestation","docAbstract":"Reforestation of former bottom land hardwood forests that have been cleared for agriculture (i.e., afforestation) has historically emphasized planting heavy-seeded oaks (Quercus spp.) and pecans (Carya spp.). These species are slow to develop vertical forest structure. However, vertical forest structure is key to colonization of afforested sites by forest birds. Although early-successional tree species often enhance vertical structure, few of these species invade afforested sites that are distant from seed sources. Furthermore, many land mangers are reluctant to establish and maintain stands of fast-growing plantation trees. Therefore, on 40 afforested bottomland sites, we supplemented heavy-seeded seedlings with 8 patches of fast-growing trees: 4 patches of 12 eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) stem cuttings and 4 patches of 12 American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) seedlings. To enhance survival and growth, tree patches were subjected to 4 weed control treatments: (1) physical weed barriers, (2) chemical herbicide, (3) both physical and chemical weed control, or (4) no weed control. Overall, first-year survival of cottonwood and sycamore was 25 percent and 47 percent, respectively. Second-year survival of extant trees was 52 percent for cottonwood and 77 percent for sycamore. Physical weed barriers increased survival of cottonwoods to 30 percent versus 18 percent survival with no weed control. Similarly, sycamore survival was increased from 49 percent without weed control to 64 percent with physical weed barriers. Chemical weed control adversely impacted sycamore and reduced survival to 35 percent. Tree heights did not differ between species or among weed control treatments. Girdling of trees by deer often destroyed saplings. Thus, little increase in vertical structure was detected between growing seasons. Application of fertilizer and protection via tree shelters did not improve survival or vertical development of sycamore or cottonwood.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, Knoxville, TN, 20-22 March 2001","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station","publisherLocation":"Asheville, NC","collaboration":" PDF on file: 5835_Twedt.pdf","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., and Wilson, R., 2002, Supplemental planting of early successional tree species during bottomland hardwood afforestation, chap. of Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, Knoxville, TN, 20-22 March 2001, p. 358-364.","productDescription":"622","startPage":"358","endPage":"364","numberOfPages":"622","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92028,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/4893","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979c2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Outcalt, Kenneth W.","contributorId":112130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outcalt","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507655,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, R.R.","contributorId":12138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211161,"text":"5211161 - 2002 - Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda, and demographic contributions to lambda, using capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211161","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda, and demographic contributions to lambda, using capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"We first consider the estimation of the finite rate of population increase or population growth rate, lambda sub i, using capture-recapture data from open populations. We review estimation and modelling of lambda sub i under three main approaches to modelling open-population data: the classic approach of Jolly (1965) and Seber (1965), the superpopulation approach of Crosbie & Manly (1985) and Schwarz & Arnason (1996), and the temporal symmetry approach of Pradel (1996). Next, we consider the contributions of different demographic components to lambda sub i using a probabilistic approach based on the composition of the population at time i + 1 (Nichols et al., 2000b). The parameters of interest are identical to the seniority parameters, gamma sub i, of Pradel (1996). We review estimation of gamma sub i under the classic, superpopulation, and temporal symmetry approaches. We then compare these direct estimation approaches for lambda sub i and gamma sub i with analogues computed using projection matrix asymptotics. We also discuss various extensions of the estimation approaches to multistate applications and to joint likelihoods involving multiple data types.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7. PDF on file: 5828_Nichols.pdf","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 2002, Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda, and demographic contributions to lambda, using capture-recapture data, chap. of Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations, p. 539-568.","productDescription":"669","startPage":"539","endPage":"568","numberOfPages":"669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a2bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211174,"text":"5211174 - 2002 - Statistical mapping of count survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:30","indexId":"5211174","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Statistical mapping of count survey data","docAbstract":"We apply a Poisson mixed model to the problem of mapping (or predicting) bird relative abundance from counts collected from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). The model expresses the logarithm of the Poisson mean as a sum of a fixed term (which may depend on habitat variables) and a random effect which accounts for remaining unexplained variation. The random effect is assumed to be spatially correlated, thus providing a more general model than the traditional Poisson regression approach. Consequently, the model is capable of improved prediction when data are autocorrelated. Moreover, formulation of the mapping problem in terms of a statistical model facilitates a wide variety of inference problems which are cumbersome or even impossible using standard methods of mapping. For example, assessment of prediction uncertainty, including the formal comparison of predictions at different locations, or through time, using the model-based prediction variance is straightforward under the Poisson model (not so with many nominally model-free methods). Also, ecologists may generally be interested in quantifying the response of a species to particular habitat covariates or other landscape attributes. Proper accounting for the uncertainty in these estimated effects is crucially dependent on specification of a meaningful statistical model. Finally, the model may be used to aid in sampling design, by modifying the existing sampling plan in a manner which minimizes some variance-based criterion. Model fitting under this model is carried out using a simulation technique known as Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Application of the model is illustrated using Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) counts from Pennsylvania BBS routes. We produce both a model-based map depicting relative abundance, and the corresponding map of prediction uncertainty. We briefly address the issue of spatial sampling design under this model. Finally, we close with some discussion of mapping in relation to habitat structure. Although our models were fit in the absence of habitat information, the resulting predictions show a strong inverse relation with a map of forest cover in the state, as expected. Consequently, the results suggest that the correlated random effect in the model is broadly representing ecological variation, and that BBS data may be generally useful for studying bird-habitat relationships, even in the presence of observer errors and other widely recognized deficiencies of the BBS. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Predicting species occurrences : issues of accuracy and scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","collaboration":"OCLC: 48501074 PDF on file: 5879_Royle.pdf","usgsCitation":"Royle, J., Link, W., and Sauer, J., 2002, Statistical mapping of count survey data, chap. of Predicting species occurrences : issues of accuracy and scale, p. 625-638.","productDescription":"xvii, 868","startPage":"625","endPage":"638","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4986e4b07f02db5aef41","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507676,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heglund, Patricia J.","contributorId":51248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"Patricia J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507675,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, Michael L.","contributorId":111417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507677,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haufler, Jonathan B.","contributorId":112340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haufler","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507678,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wall, William A.","contributorId":113497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507679,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211156,"text":"5211156 - 2002 - Discussion comments on: 'Occam's shadow: levels of analysis in evolutionary ecology - where to next? by Cooch, Cam and Link","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211156","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Discussion comments on: 'Occam's shadow: levels of analysis in evolutionary ecology - where to next? by Cooch, Cam and Link","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7. PDF on file: 5822_Nichols.pdf","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., 2002, Discussion comments on: 'Occam's shadow: levels of analysis in evolutionary ecology - where to next? by Cooch, Cam and Link, chap. of Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations, p. 49-52.","productDescription":"669","startPage":"49","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a8c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211185,"text":"5211185 - 2002 - Monitoring tiger populations: Why use capture-recapture sampling?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5211185","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Monitoring tiger populations: Why use capture-recapture sampling?","docAbstract":"Contents: -- The natural advantage -- References","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Monitoring tigers and their prey: A manual for wildlife researchers, managers and conservationists in tropical Asia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Centre for Wildlife Studies","publisherLocation":"Bangalore, India","collaboration":"OCLC: 50263727 ISBN 81-901442-1-9. Center for Wildlife Studies, 26-2 Aga Abbas Ali Road, (Apt: 403), Bangalore, Karnataka-560 042, India. E-mail: wcsind@bgl.vsnl.net.in","usgsCitation":"Karanth, K.U., and Nichols, J., 2002, Monitoring tiger populations: Why use capture-recapture sampling?, chap. of Monitoring tigers and their prey: A manual for wildlife researchers, managers and conservationists in tropical Asia, p. 153-166.","productDescription":"xv, 193","startPage":"153","endPage":"166","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699057","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Karanth, K.Ullas","contributorId":112954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.Ullas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507707,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":507706,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Karanth, K. U.","contributorId":23645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211157,"text":"5211157 - 2002 - Test for age-specificity in survival of the common tern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211157","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Test for age-specificity in survival of the common tern","docAbstract":"Much effort in life-history theory has been addressed to the dependence of life-history traits on age, especially the phenomenon of senescence and its evolution. Although senescent declines in survival are well documented in humans and in domestic and laboratory animals, evidence for their occurrence and importance in wild animal species remains limited and equivocal. Several recent papers have suggested that methodological issues may contribute to this problem, and have encouraged investigators to improve sampling designs and to analyse their data using recently developed approaches to modelling of capture-mark-recapture data. Here we report on a three-year, two-site, mark-recapture study of known-aged common terns (Sterna hirundo) in the north-eastern USA. The study was nested within a long-term ecological study in which large numbers of chicks had been banded in each year for > 25 years. We used a range of models to test the hypothesis of an influence of age on survival probability. We also tested for a possible influence of sex on survival. The cross-sectional design of the study (one year's parameter estimates) avoided the possible confounding of effects of age and time. The study was conducted at a time when one of the study sites was being colonized and numbers were increasing rapidly. We detected two-way movements between the sites and estimated movement probabilities in the year for which they could be modelled. We also obtained limited data on emigration from our study area to more distant sites. We found no evidence that survival depended on either sex or age, except that survival was lower among the youngest birds (ages 2-3 years). Despite the large number of birds included in the study (1599 known-aged birds, 2367 total), confidence limits on estimates of survival probability were wide, especially for the oldest age-classes, so that a slight decline in survival late in life could not have been detected. In addition, the cross-sectional design of this study meant that a decline in survival probability within individuals (actuarial senescence) could have been masked by heterogeneity in survival probability among individuals (mortality selection). This emphasizes the need for the development of modelling tools permitting separation of these two phenomena, valid under field conditions in which the recapture probabilities are less than one.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7.","usgsCitation":"Nisbet, I., and Cam, E., 2002, Test for age-specificity in survival of the common tern, chap. of Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations, p. 65-83.","productDescription":"669","startPage":"65","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684c50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nisbet, I.C.T.","contributorId":54942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nisbet","given":"I.C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211393,"text":"5211393 - 2002 - Evaluation of genetic variability in a small, insular population of spruce grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211393","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Evaluation of genetic variability in a small, insular population of spruce grouse","docAbstract":"Using microsatellite markers we determined genetic variability for two populations of spruce grouse in eastern North America, one on a coastal Maine island where breeding habitat is limited and highly fragmented, the other in central New Brunswick (NB), where suitable breeding habitat is generally contiguous across the region. We examined six markers for both populations and all were polymorphic. Although the number of alleles per locus and the proportion of unique alleles were lower in the island population, and probably a result of small sample.size, heterozygosity and a breeding coefficient (Fis) indicated slightly more variability in the island population. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium also was more evident in loci for the mainland population. Several traits previously documented in the island population: relatively long natal dispersal distances, reproductive success, territoriality, adult survival, and longevity support the maintenance of hetrerzygosity, at least in the short-term. Sample collection from two small (500 ha), separate areas in NB, and the predicted importance of immigration density to supplement this population demonstrate the need for behavioral and ecological information when interpreting genetic variation. We discuss the relevance of these issues with respect to genetic variability and viability.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Grouse Symposium, 19-23 August, 2002, Beijing: Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","publisherLocation":"Beijing, China","usgsCitation":"O'Connell, A., Rhymer, J., Keppie, D., Svenson, K., and Paigan, B., 2002, Evaluation of genetic variability in a small, insular population of spruce grouse, chap. of 9th International Grouse Symposium, 19-23 August, 2002, Beijing: Abstracts.","productDescription":"83","startPage":"74 (abs)","numberOfPages":"83","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fade4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Connell, A.F. 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Blood samples were obtained from 14 cygnets between the ages of three to four and seven to eight months that were the subjects of a study to teach migration routes to swans. Males and females differed significantly in asparatate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and total protein. Age categories differed significantly in hematocrit, white blood cell counts, alkaline phosphatase, aspar-rate aminotransferase, glucose, cholesterol and uric acid. There were no significant differences among age categories in values of alanine aminotransferase, calcium, triglycerides and total protein.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Swan Symposium 2001","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":" PDF on file: 6003_Olsen.pdf","usgsCitation":"Olsen, G.H., Rininger, D., Ets, M., and Sladen, W.J., 2002, Baseline hematology and clinical chemistry results from captive-raised trumpeter swans, chap. of Proceedings of the Fourth International Swan Symposium 2001, p. 375-379.","startPage":"375","endPage":"379","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487f7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rees, Eileen C.","contributorId":112519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rees","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507800,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earnst, Susan L. susan_earnst@usgs.gov","contributorId":4446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earnst","given":"Susan","email":"susan_earnst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507798,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coulson, John C.","contributorId":111815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coulson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507799,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rininger, D.L.","contributorId":54706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rininger","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ets, M.K.","contributorId":38262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ets","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sladen, William J.L.","contributorId":85676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sladen","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}