Sustaining a developed economy and expanding a developing one require the use of large volumes of natural aggregate. Almost all human activity (commercial, recreational, or leisure) is transacted in or on facilities constructed from natural aggregate. In our urban and suburban worlds, we are almost totally dependent on supplies of water collected behind dams and transported through aqueducts made from concrete. Natural aggregate is essential to the facilities that produce energy—hydroelectric dams and coal-fired powerplants. Ironically, the utility created for mankind by the use of natural aggregate is rarely compared favorably with the environmental impacts of mining it. Instead, the empty quarries and pits are seen as large negative environmental consequences. At the root of this disassociation is the philosophy of environmentalism, which flavors our perceptions of the excavation, processing, and distribution of natural aggregate. The two end-member ideas in this philosophy are ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. Ecocentrism takes the position that the natural world is a organism whose arteries are the rivers—their flow must not be altered. The soil is another vital organ and must not be covered with concrete and asphalt. The motto of the ecocentrist is “man must live more lightly on the land.” The anthropocentrist wants clean water and air and an uncluttered landscape for human use. Mining is allowed and even encouraged, but dust and noise from quarry and pit operations must be minimized. The large volume of truck traffic is viewed as a real menace to human life and should be regulated and isolated. The environmental problems that the producers of natural aggregate (crushed stone and sand and gravel) face today are mostly difficult social and political concerns associated with the large holes dug in the ground and the large volume of heavy truck traffic associated with quarry and pit operations. These concerns have increased in recent years as society's demand for living space has encroached on the sites of production; in other words, the act of production has engendered condemnation. Many other environmental problems that are associated with dust and noise and blasting from quarry and pit operations have been reduced through the efficient use of technology. Recycling concrete in buildings, bridges, and roads and asphaltic pavements will ultimately reduce the demand for virgin natural aggregate. The impact created by the large holes in the ground required for the mining of natural aggregate can be greatly reduced by planning their reclamation before mining begins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1023/A:1014283519471","usgsCitation":"Drew, L.J., Langer, W.H., and Sachs, J.S., 2002, Environmentalism and natural aggregate mining: Natural Resources Research, v. 11, no. 1, p. 19-28, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014283519471.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09ede4b0c8380cd52105","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, Lawrence J. ldrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":2635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Lawrence","email":"ldrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sachs, Janet Somerville","contributorId":97085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sachs","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"Somerville","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025099,"text":"70025099 - 2002 - SHE analysis for biozonation of benthic foraminiferal assemblages from western arctic ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T16:36:33.114112","indexId":"70025099","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SHE analysis for biozonation of benthic foraminiferal assemblages from western arctic ocean","docAbstract":"Benthic foraminiferal species abundance in samples from three Mendeleyev Ridge box cores were analyzed by cluster analysis and the newer method of SHE analysis. Previously, the latter technique only has been used on foraminiferal data from depth transects of modern surface sediment samples. Unlike most methods, which initially compare all possible pairs of samples, the SHE procedure results in a linear pattern if a sequence of samples are from the same statistical distribution. A change in slope indicates a statistical change in community structure and/or a change in species composition.
The research reported herein is the first application of SHE for the purpose of identifying biozones in sediment core samples for the purpose of stratigraphic correlation. Both cluster analysis and the SHE method provided zonation within cores. However, the cluster method often produced clusters that were difficult to identify and also contained a mixture of samples without stratigraphic continuity. In contrast, SHE resulted in easily identifiable biozones and ensured temporal continuity within them. In general, the cluster analysis produced more zones than the SHE analysis. About 87% of the cluster zones and 64% of the SHE zones were correlated across more than one core. The average age range for correlated biozone boundaries among the three cores, based on radiocarbon dates, was 821 years using cluster analysis and 296 years using SHE. The sequential nature of the analysis, ease in choosing boundaries, and correlation of these boundaries across cores makes SHE the preferred technique.
","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017%3C0297:SAFBOB%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Osterman, L.E., Buzas, M.A., and Hayek, L.C., 2002, SHE analysis for biozonation of benthic foraminiferal assemblages from western arctic ocean: Palaios, v. 17, no. 3, p. 297-303, https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017%3C0297:SAFBOB%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"303","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf3ee4b0c8380cd87487","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterman, Lisa E. osterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterman","given":"Lisa","email":"osterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buzas, Martin A","contributorId":261663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buzas","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":36606,"text":"Smithsonian Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayek, Lee-Ann C.","contributorId":16730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayek","given":"Lee-Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025075,"text":"70025075 - 2002 - Environmental contaminants in prey and tissues of the peregrine falcon in the Big Bend Region, Texas, USA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T15:40:31.395016","indexId":"70025075","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contaminants in prey and tissues of the peregrine falcon in the Big Bend Region, Texas, USA.","docAbstract":"Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) have been recorded nesting in Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA and other areas of the Chihuahuan Desert since the early 1900s. From 1993 to 1996, peregrine falcon productivity rates were very low and coincided with periods of low rainfall. However, low productivity also was suspected to be caused by environmental contaminants. To evaluate potential impacts of contaminants on peregrine falcon populations, likely avian and bat prey species were collected during 1994 and 1997 breeding seasons in selected regions of western Texas, primarily in Big Bend National Park. Tissues of three peregrine falcons found injured or dead and feathers of one live fledgling also were analyzed. Overall, mean concentrations of DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], a metabolite of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], were low in all prey species except for northern rough-winged swallows (Stelgidopteryx serripennis, mean = 5.1 microg/g ww). Concentrations of mercury and selenium were elevated in some species, up to 2.5 microg/g dw, and 15 microg/g dw, respectively, which upon consumption could seriously affect reproduction of top predators. DDE levels near 5 microg/g ww were detected in carcass of one peregrine falcon found dead but the cause of death was unknown. Mercury, selenium, and DDE to some extent, may be contributing to low reproductive rates of peregrine falcons in the Big Bend region.
","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00207-X","usgsCitation":"Mora, M., Skiles, R., McKinney, B., Paredes, M., Buckler, D., Papoulias, D., and Klein, D., 2002, Environmental contaminants in prey and tissues of the peregrine falcon in the Big Bend Region, Texas, USA.: Environmental Pollution, v. 116, no. 1, p. 169-176, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00207-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"176","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.6505126953125,\n 28.950475674848008\n ],\n [\n -102.8045654296875,\n 28.950475674848008\n ],\n [\n -102.8045654296875,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -103.6505126953125,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -103.6505126953125,\n 28.950475674848008\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09b2e4b0c8380cd52012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mora, M.","contributorId":51513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skiles, R.","contributorId":51075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skiles","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKinney, B.","contributorId":57639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinney","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paredes, M.","contributorId":33503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paredes","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buckler, D.","contributorId":33900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Papoulias, D. 0000-0002-5106-2469","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":33886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klein, D.","contributorId":36933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025066,"text":"70025066 - 2002 - Interactions of an insecticide with competition and pond drying in amphibian communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T16:38:45.19935","indexId":"70025066","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of an insecticide with competition and pond drying in amphibian communities","docAbstract":"Amphibian populations are often imbedded in agricultural landscapes. Therefore the potential for contamination of their habitat is considerable. Our study examined the effects of an insecticide (carbaryl, a neurotoxin), on larval amphibian communities experiencing natural stresses of competition for resources, predation, and pond drying. In a set of experimental ponds, tadpoles of three anuran species (southern leopard frog [Rana sphenocephala], plains leopard frog [R. blairi], and the Woodhouse's toad [Bufo woodhousii]) were added to 1000-L ponds containing leaf litter, plankton, two newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), and four overwintered green frog (R. clamitans) tadpoles. We manipulated the overall tadpole density (low or high), pond hydroperiod (constant or drying), and chemical exposure (0, 3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 mg/L carbaryl) of the ponds. We measured mass, time, and survival to metamorphosis to determine treatment effects. Carbaryl positively affected Woodhouse's toad survival, although it had a negligible effect on both leopard frog species. Tadpole density interacted with the chemical treatment: Proportionately more Woodhouse's toads survived to metamorphosis in high-density environments than in low-density or control environments. Greater survival may be an indirect effect of increased algal food resources from carbaryl exposure. Most newts lost mass over the course of the experiment, although ponds with drying hydroperiods and high anuran density were the least favorable environments. Overwintered green frogs exposed to carbaryl had longer larval periods on average than did green frogs in control ponds. Our study demonstrated that even sublethal, short-lived contaminants can alter natural communities in ways that cannot be predicted from simple, one-factor studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3061155","usgsCitation":"Boone, M., and Semlitsch, R.D., 2002, Interactions of an insecticide with competition and pond drying in amphibian communities: Ecological Applications, v. 12, no. 1, p. 307-316, https://doi.org/10.2307/3061155.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Boone County","city":"Columbia","otherGeospatial":"University of Missouri-Columbia Research Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.34832763671875,\n 38.93003656944158\n ],\n [\n -92.32086181640625,\n 38.93003656944158\n ],\n [\n -92.32086181640625,\n 38.94285503599089\n ],\n [\n -92.34832763671875,\n 38.94285503599089\n ],\n [\n -92.34832763671875,\n 38.93003656944158\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc9e4b0c8380cd63040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boone, M.D.","contributorId":31157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Semlitsch, R. D.","contributorId":22522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semlitsch","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025037,"text":"70025037 - 2002 - A comparison of diets of blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) in a large southeastern U.S. Reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T16:28:12.301009","indexId":"70025037","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A comparison of diets of blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) in a large southeastern U.S. Reservoir","title":"A comparison of diets of blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) in a large southeastern U.S. Reservoir","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to determine dietary overlap between blueback herring and threadfin shad in J. Strom Thrumond Reservoir, South Carolina/Georgia. We also evaluated prey selectivity for each speices and diet differences between two size categories of blueback herring. Diet and zooplankton samples were collected every other month from April 1992 to February 1994. We examined stomachs containing prey from 170 large blueback herring (>140mm), 96 small blueback herring (<140mm), and 109 threadfin shad, and we also examined 45 zooplankton samples. Large blueback herring diets differed significantly from threadfin shad diets on 11 of 12 sampling dates, and small blueback herring diets differed from threadfin shad diets on all sampling dates. In general, blueback herring consumed proportionally more copepods and fewer Bosmina sp. and rotifers than threadfin shad. Large and small blueback herring diets were significantly different on five of eight sampling dates, primarily due to the tendency of small blueback herring to eat proportionally more Bosmina sp. than large blueback herring. Both blueback herring and threadfin shad fed selectively during some periods of the year. Diet differences between the species may contribute to their coexistence; however, both blueback herring and threadfin shad showed a strong preference for Bosmina sp., increasing the chance that they may negatively influence one another.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2002.9663889","usgsCitation":"Winkelman, D.L., and Van Den Avyle, M.J., 2002, A comparison of diets of blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) in a large southeastern U.S. Reservoir: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 17, no. 2, p. 209-221, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2002.9663889.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478705,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2002.9663889","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"J. Strom Thrumond Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.65,\n 33.58487928182987\n ],\n [\n -82.17086791992188,\n 33.58487928182987\n ],\n [\n -82.17086791992188,\n 34.15\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 34.15\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 33.58487928182987\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e359e4b0c8380cd45fb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winkelman, Dana L. 0000-0002-5247-0114 danaw@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5247-0114","contributorId":4141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkelman","given":"Dana","email":"danaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Den Avyle, Michael J.","contributorId":106547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Den Avyle","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025034,"text":"70025034 - 2002 - Distribution and movement of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in the Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T15:48:32.545333","indexId":"70025034","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Distribution and movement of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in the Chesapeake Bay","title":"Distribution and movement of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in the Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"During a reward program for Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus), 40 federally endangered shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) were captured and reported by commercial fishers between January 1996 and January 2000 from the Chesapeake Bay. Since this is more than double the number of published records of shortnose sturgeon in the Chesapeake Bay between 1876 and 1995, little information has been available on distributions and movement. We used fishery dependent data collected during the reward program to determine the distribution of shortnose sturgeon in the Chesapeake Bay. Sonically-tagged shortnose sturgeon in the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River were tracked to determine if individuals swim through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Shortnose sturgeon were primarily distributed within the upper Chesapeake Bay. The movements of one individual, tagged within the Chesapeake Bay and later relocated in the canal and Delaware River, indicated that individuals traverse the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02696053","usgsCitation":"Welsh, S., Mangold, M., Skjeveland, J., and Spells, A., 2002, Distribution and movement of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in the Chesapeake Bay: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 1, p. 101-104, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02696053.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"104","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.44287109375,\n 39.32579941789298\n ],\n [\n -76.607666015625,\n 38.91668153637508\n ],\n [\n -76.9921875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -76.519775390625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -76.39892578125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -76.1572265625,\n 36.8708321556463\n ],\n [\n -75.992431640625,\n 37.07271048132943\n ],\n [\n -75.706787109375,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -75.772705078125,\n 39.58875727696545\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 39.487084981687495\n ],\n [\n -76.44287109375,\n 39.32579941789298\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0298e4b0c8380cd50102","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welsh, S.A. 0000-0003-0362-054X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0362-054X","contributorId":10191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsh","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangold, M.F.","contributorId":61600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangold","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skjeveland, J.E.","contributorId":80224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skjeveland","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spells, A.J.","contributorId":52365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spells","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025020,"text":"70025020 - 2002 - Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high-and low-temperature processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T15:58:33.316638","indexId":"70025020","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high-and low-temperature processing","docAbstract":"At least 15% of the low-FeO chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0) have mesostases that are concentrically zoned in Na, with enrichments near the outer margins. We have studied zoned chondrules using electron microprobe methods (x-ray mapping plus quantitative analysis), ion microprobe analysis for trace elements and hydrogen isotopes, cathodoluminescence imaging, and transmission electron microscopy in order to determine what these objects can tell us about the environment in which chondrules formed and evolved.
Mesostases in these chondrules are strongly zoned in all moderately volatile elements and H (interpreted as water). Calcium is depleted in areas of volatile enrichment. Titanium and Cr generally decrease toward the chondrule surfaces, whereas Al and Si may either increase or decrease, generally in opposite directions to one another; Mn follows Na in some chondrules but not in others; Fe and Mg are unzoned. D/H ratios increase in the water-rich areas of zoned chondrules. Mesostasis shows cathodoluminescence zoning in most zoned chondrules, with the brightest yellow color near the outside. Mesostasis in zoned chondrules appears to be glassy, with no evidence for devitrification.
Systematic variations in zoning patterns among pyroxene- and olivine-rich chondrules may indicate that fractionation of low- and high-Ca pyroxene played some role in Ti, Cr, Mn, Si, Al, and some Ca zoning. But direct condensation of elements into hot chondrules, secondary melting of late condensates into the outer portions of chondrules, and subsolidus diffusion of elements into warm chondrules cannot account for the sub-parallel zoning profiles of many elements, the presence of H2O, or elemental abundance patterns.
Zoning of moderately volatile elements and Ca may have been produced by hydration of chondrule glass without devitrification during aqueous alteration on the parent asteroid. This could have induced structural changes in the glass allowing rapid diffusion and exchange of elements between altered glass and surrounding matrix and rim material. Calcium was mainly lost during this process, and other nonvolatile elements may have been mobile as well. Some unzoned, low-FeO chondrules appear to have fully altered mesostasis.
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2002 - Chemical disaggregation of kaolinitic claystones (tonsteins and flint clays)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T18:24:10","indexId":"70024006","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical disaggregation of kaolinitic claystones (tonsteins and flint clays)","docAbstract":"The coarse, non-clay fraction of many flint-like kaolinitic claystones often contains mineral grains diagnostic of the claystone's origin and, in the case of tonsteins (altered volcanic ashes), may also provide minerals suitable for radiometric dating. Separation of the non-clay mineral fraction is often difficult because flint clays and flint-like clays resist slaking in water and thus are difficult to disaggregate. Chemical disaggregation of resistant kaolinitic claystones may be achieved by immersion in either hydrazine monohydrate or DMSO for periods ranging from one day to several weeks. Generally, hydrazine monohydrate works more quickly and efficiently than DMSO to disaggregate most kaolinitic claystones and flint clays.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/000986002762090164","usgsCitation":"Triplehorn, D.M., Bohor, B., and Betterton, W.J., 2002, Chemical disaggregation of kaolinitic claystones (tonsteins and flint clays): Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 50, no. 6, p. 766-770, https://doi.org/10.1346/000986002762090164.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"770","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f579e4b0c8380cd4c240","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triplehorn, Don M.","contributorId":73211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Triplehorn","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohor, Bruce F.","contributorId":104823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"Bruce F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betterton, William J. wbettert@usgs.gov","contributorId":2572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betterton","given":"William","email":"wbettert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":399664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024994,"text":"70024994 - 2002 - Genetic characterization of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus of coastal salmonid stocks in Washington State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T15:16:41","indexId":"70024994","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic characterization of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus of coastal salmonid stocks in Washington State","docAbstract":"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a pathogen that infects many Pacific salmonid stocks from the watersheds of North America. Previous studies have thoroughly characterized the genetic diversity of IHNV isolates from Alaska and the Hagerman Valley in Idaho. To enhance understanding of the evolution and viral transmission patterns of IHNV within the Pacific Northwest geographic range, we analyzed the G gene of IHNV isolates from the coastal watersheds of Washington State by ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and nucleotide sequencing. The RPA analysis of 23 isolates indicated that the Skagit basin IHNV isolates were relatively homogeneous as a result of the dominance of one G gene haplotype (S). Sequence analysis of 303 bases in the middle of the G gene (midG region) of 61 isolates confirmed the high frequency of a Skagit River basin sequence and identified another sequence commonly found in isolates from the Lake Washington basin. Overall, both the RPA and sequence analysis showed that the Washington coastal IHNV isolates are genetically homogeneous and have little genetic diversity. This is similar to the genetic diversity pattern of IHNV from Alaska and contrasts sharply with the high genetic diversity demonstrated for IHNV isolates from fish farms along the Snake River in Idaho. The high degree of sequence and haplotype similarity between the Washington coastal IHNV isolates and those from Alaska and British Columbia suggests that they have a common viral ancestor. Phylogenetic analyses of the isolates we studied and those from different regions throughout the virus's geographic range confirms a conserved pattern of evolution of the virus in salmonid stocks north of the Columbia River, which forms Washington's southern border.
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This work investigates the calculation of sensitivities and the performance of regression methods using two existing and one new method of grid refinement. The existing local grid refinement methods considered are: (a) a variably spaced grid in which the grid spacing becomes smaller near the area of interest and larger where such detail is not needed, and (b) telescopic mesh refinement (TMR), which uses the hydraulic heads or fluxes of a regional model to provide the boundary conditions for a locally refined model. The new method has a feedback between the regional and local grids using shared nodes, and thereby, unlike the TMR methods, balances heads and fluxes at the interfacing boundary. Results for sensitivities are compared for the three methods and the effect of the accuracy of sensitivity calculations are evaluated by comparing inverse modelling results. For the cases tested, results indicate that the inaccuracies of the sensitivities calculated using the TMR approach can cause the inverse model to converge to an incorrect solution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S., and Hill, M.C., 2002, Locally refined block-centred finite-difference groundwater models: Evaluation of parameter sensitivity and the consequences for inverse modelling: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 277, p. 227-232.","startPage":"227","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269996,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://iahs.info/redbooks/a277/iahs_277_227.pdf"}],"issue":"277","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48f7e4b0c8380cd68279","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, S.","contributorId":20114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025113,"text":"70025113 - 2002 - Spatial and statistical differences between 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025113","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and statistical differences between 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases","docAbstract":"In this study, 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases for Kansas were compared statistically and spatially. The soil attributes used in this comparison were soil permeability, percent clay, and hydrologic group. Results indicate that, although the two databases were correlated, the potential exists for substantial site-specific variability between them. The largest differences between the two databases typically are in and along the stream networks. With distance away from the stream networks, the mean differences generally stabilize. The results also indicate the possibility of systematic bias between the two databases that varies with landscape position. For applications using mean soil attribute values, the two soil databases usually yield similar values for the three soil attributes analyzed, especially for areas of 25 km2 (9.7 mi2) or larger. However, for applications where more detailed information on soil variability and the spatial pattern of soil properties within the landscape is required, such as for studies focused on small areas or areas in and along stream networks, the two soil databases are sufficiently different such that using one or the other may result in substantially different results.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00224561","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Wolock, D., 2002, Spatial and statistical differences between 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 57, no. 2, p. 89-94.","startPage":"89","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9430e4b08c986b31a900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024972,"text":"70024972 - 2002 - Evaluation of some random effects methodology applicable to bird ringing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024972","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of some random effects methodology applicable to bird ringing data","docAbstract":"Existing models for ring recovery and recapture data analysis treat temporal variations in annual survival probability (S) as fixed effects. Often there is no explainable structure to the temporal variation in S1,..., Sk; random effects can then be a useful model: Si = E(S) + ??i. Here, the temporal variation in survival probability is treated as random with average value E(??2) = ??2. This random effects model can now be fit in program MARK. Resultant inferences include point and interval estimation for process variation, ??2, estimation of E(S) and var (E??(S)) where the latter includes a component for ??2 as well as the traditional component for v??ar(S??\\S??). Furthermore, the random effects model leads to shrinkage estimates, Si, as improved (in mean square error) estimators of Si compared to the MLE, S??i, from the unrestricted time-effects model. Appropriate confidence intervals based on the Si are also provided. In addition, AIC has been generalized to random effects models. This paper presents results of a Monte Carlo evaluation of inference performance under the simple random effects model. Examined by simulation, under the simple one group Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) model, are issues such as bias of ??s2, confidence interval coverage on ??2, coverage and mean square error comparisons for inference about Si based on shrinkage versus maximum likelihood estimators, and performance of AIC model selection over three models: Si ??? S (no effects), Si = E(S) + ??i (random effects), and S1,..., Sk (fixed effects). For the cases simulated, the random effects methods performed well and were uniformly better than fixed effects MLE for the Si.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108755","issn":"02664763","usgsCitation":"Burnham, K., and White, G.C., 2002, Evaluation of some random effects methodology applicable to bird ringing data: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 245-264, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108755.","startPage":"245","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207881,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108755"},{"id":233152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cc5e4b0c8380cd52cb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023953,"text":"70023953 - 2002 - Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023953","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","docAbstract":"We developed a measure of biological integrity for grasslands (GI) based on the most influential habitat types in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota. GI is based on proportions of habitat types and the relationships of these habitat types to breeding birds. Habitat types were identified by digital aerial photography, verified on the ground, and quantified using GIS, We then developed an index to GI based on the presence or abundance of breeding bird species. Species abundance data were obtained from 3 min roadside point counts at 889 points in 44, 4050 ha study plots over a 2-year period. Using a modified North American Breeding Bird Survey protocol, species were recorded in each of four quadrants at each point. Fifty species selected for analysis included all grassland species that occurred in at least 15 quadrants and all other bird species that occurred in at least 1 % of quadrants. We constructed preliminary models using data from each of the 2 years, then tested their predictive ability by cross-validation with data from the other year. These cross-validation tests indicated that the index consistently predicted grassland integrity. The final four models (presence and abundance models at 200 and 400 m scales) included only those species that were statistically significant (P ??? 0.05) in all preliminary models. Finally, we interpreted the components of the indices by examining associations between individual species and habitat types. Logistic regression identified 386 statistically significant relationships between species and habitat types at 200 and 400m scales. This method, though labor-intensive, successfully uses the presence of grassland-dependent species and absence of species associated with woody vegetation or cropland to provide an index to grassland integrity. Once regional associations of species with habitat types have been identified, such indices can be applied relatively inexpensively to monitor grassland integrity over large geographic areas. Indices like the ones presented here could be applied widely using bird abundance data that are currently being collected across the United States and southern Canada through the North American Breeding Bird Survey. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Browder, S., Johnson, D.H., and Ball, I., 2002, Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition: Ecological Indicators, v. 2, no. 3, p. 257-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2.","startPage":"257","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207275,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edc5e4b0c8380cd499c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browder, S.F.","contributorId":12405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, I.J.","contributorId":104427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170387,"text":"70170387 - 2002 - Bear reintroduction: Lessons and challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-20T19:06:05","indexId":"70170387","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-31T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bear reintroduction: Lessons and challenges","docAbstract":"Reintroduction is defined as an attempt to establish a species in an area that was once part of its historical range, but from which it has been extirpated or become extinct. Historically, one of the most successful programs was the reintroduction of 254 American black bears (Ursus americanus) from Minnesota to the Interior Highlands of Arkansas in the 1960s; that population has grown to >2,500 today. More recent efforts have involved fewer but better monitored animals and have sometimes employed techniques to improve site fidelity and survival. In Pennsylvania, for example, pregnant female American black bears were successfully translocated from winter dens, the premise being that the adult females would be less likely to return because of the presence of young cubs. That winter-release technique was compared to summer trapping and release in Tennessee; winter releases resulted in greater survival and reduced post-release movements. Homing has not been a problem for small numbers of brown bears (Ursus arctos) reintroduced to the Cabinet-Yaak ecosystem in Montana and Idaho and to the mountains of Austria and France. Reintroduction success appears to be correlated with translocation distance and is greater for subadults and females. As with any small population, reintroduced bear populations are susceptible to environmental variation and stochastic demographic and genetic processes. Although managers have focused on these biological barriers, sociopolitical impediments to bear reintroduction are more difficult to overcome. Poor public acceptance and understanding of bears are the main reasons some reintroduction programs have been derailed. Consequently, the public should be involved in the reintroduction process from the outset; overcoming negative public perceptions about bear reintroduction will be our greatest challenge.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., Huber, D., and Servheen, C., 2002, Bear reintroduction: Lessons and challenges: Ursus, v. 13, p. 335-345.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"345","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":320186,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320356,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol13_10"}],"volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756afe4b0ef3b7caa5fae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huber, Djuro","contributorId":168714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huber","given":"Djuro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Servheen, Christopher","contributorId":124584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Servheen","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5128,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44591,"text":"wri20014272 - 2002 - Soil chemistry and ground-water quality of the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, 1998 and 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T10:48:15","indexId":"wri20014272","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4272","title":"Soil chemistry and ground-water quality of the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, 1998 and 1999","docAbstract":"In 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Navy, began an investigation to determine background ground-water quality of the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer and soil chemistry at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, and to compare these data to two abandoned solid- waste disposal areas (referred to by the U.S. Navy as Sites 5 and 16). The quality of water in the water-table zone generally is within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking-water regulation. The pH of ground water in the study area ranged from 4.0 to 7.6 standard units, with a median value of 5.4. Water from 29 wells is above the pH range and 3 wells are within the range of the USEPA secondary drinking-water regulation (formerly known as the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level or SMCL) of 6.5 to 8.5 standard units. Also, water from one well at Site 5 had a chloride concentration of 570 milligrams per liter (mg/L,), which is above the USEPA secondary drinking-water regulation of 250 mg/L. Sulfate concentrations in water from two wells at Site 5 are above the USEPA secondary drinking-water regulation of 250 mg/L. \r\n\r\nOf 22 soil-sampling locations for this study, 4 locations had concentrations above the detection limit for either volatile organic compounds (VOCs), base-neutral acids (BNAs), or pesticides. VOCs detected in the study area include toluene in one background sample; and acetone in one background sample and one sample from Site 16--however, detection of these two compounds may be a laboratory artifact. Pesticides detected in soil at the Submarine Base include two degradates of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT): 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (4,4'-DDD) in one background sample, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene (4,4'-DDE) in one background sample and one sample from Site 16; and dibenzofuran in one sample from Site 16. BNAs were detected in one background sample and in two samples from Site 16. \r\n\r\nHypothesis testing, using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney test), indicates no statistical difference between ground-water constituent concentrations from Sites 5 and 16, and background concentrations. Hypothesis testing, however, indicates the concentration of barium in background ground-water samples is greater than in ground-water samples collected at Site 16.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri20014272","usgsCitation":"Leeth, D.C., 2002, Soil chemistry and ground-water quality of the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, 1998 and 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4272, iv, 23 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014272.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3700,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4272/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Camden County","otherGeospatial":"Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.1282958984375,\n 30.159376896356193\n ],\n [\n -82.1282958984375,\n 31.742182762117984\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 31.742182762117984\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 30.159376896356193\n ],\n [\n -82.1282958984375,\n 30.159376896356193\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edc9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leeth, David C. cleeth@usgs.gov","contributorId":1403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeth","given":"David","email":"cleeth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159679,"text":"70159679 - 2001 - Survival and immobilizing moose with carfentanil and xylazine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-17T14:46:04","indexId":"70159679","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-09T05:30:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival and immobilizing moose with carfentanil and xylazine","docAbstract":"The use of carfentanil with other drugs to immobilize moose (Alces alces) has yielded mixed results. Previous work on chemically immobilizing moose with these drugs reported mortality of 6–19%. Even the most recent study of free-ranging moose using the same drug combination as we used in this report (carfentanil and xylazine) had 6% mortality within several days of immobilization. Another recent study suggested that carfentanilxylazine produced unsatisfactory results in moose through exacerbated mortality risks induced by xylazine. As part of an ongoing study of carnivore effects on moose populations, we chemically immobilized 48 moose (41 adult females, one immature male, 6 calves) by charge-powered dart. Low-stress techniques were used, including quiet ground stalks by one individual and use of blindfolds and low noise during processing. On our few aerial captures we immediately withdrew the helicopter once the dart was placed and landed during induction. We found that capture-related mortality can be minimized by using effective immobilization dosages that maintain sternal recumbency, by providing naltrexone by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes, by effectively antagonizing xylazine, and by using low-stress techniques. Female moose survival was diminished when body condition was below a threshold, and some mortality occurred, likely due to poor condition per se and not as a direct result of immobilization. We provide a field protocol and drug doses that wildlife managers can use to safely immobilize moose.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Roffe, T.J., Coffin, K., and Berger, J., 2001, Survival and immobilizing moose with carfentanil and xylazine: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 29, no. 4, p. 1140-1146.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1140","endPage":"1146","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564c5deae4b0ebfbef0d3495","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roffe, Thomas J.","contributorId":56596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roffe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coffin, K.","contributorId":26483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffin","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berger, Joel","contributorId":103640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70045660,"text":"70045660 - 2001 - Nitrogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-28T22:10:42","indexId":"70045660","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen","docAbstract":"US ammonia production in 2000 declined by about 7% from 1999. The largest decline occurred in the second half of the year. High natural gas prices caused many plants to close or curtail production near the end of the year. By year-end, about one-third of the US ammonia production capacity was shut down.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Kramer, D., 2001, Nitrogen: Mining Engineering, v. 53, no. 6, p. 48-49.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517e44f3e4b0eff6bc003219","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kramer, D.A.","contributorId":70187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kramer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179258,"text":"70179258 - 2001 - Food webs including parasites, biomass, body sizes, and life stages for three California/Baja California estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T10:55:01","indexId":"70179258","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food webs including parasites, biomass, body sizes, and life stages for three California/Baja California estuaries","docAbstract":"
This data set presents food webs for three North American Pacific coast estuaries and a “Metaweb” composed of the species/stages compiled from all three estuaries. The webs have four noteworthy attributes: (1) parasites (infectious agents), (2) body-size information, (3) biomass information, and (4) ontogenetic stages of many animals with complex life cycles. The estuaries are Carpinteria Salt Marsh, California (CSM); Estero de Punta Banda, Baja California (EPB); and Bahía Falsa in Bahía San Quintín, Baja California (BSQ). Most data on species assemblages and parasitism were gathered via consistent sampling that acquired body size and biomass information for plants and animals larger than ∼1 mm, and for many infectious agents (mostly metazoan parasites, but also some microbes). We augmented this with information from additional published sources and by sampling unrepresented groups (e.g., plankton). We estimated free-living consumer–resource links primarily by extending a previously published version of the CSM web (which the current CSM web supplants) and determined most parasite consumer–resource links from direct observation. We recognize 21 possible link types including four general interactions: predators consuming prey, parasites consuming hosts, predators consuming parasites, and parasites consuming parasites. While generally resolved to the species level, we report stage-specific nodes for many animals with complex life cycles. We include additional biological information for each node, such as taxonomy, lifestyle (free-living, infectious, commensal, mutualist), mobility, and residency. The Metaweb includes 500 nodes, 314 species, and 11 270 links projected to be present given appropriate species' co-occurrences. Of these, 9247 links were present in one or more of the estuarine webs. The remaining 2023 links were not present in the estuaries but are included here because they may occur in other places or times. Initial analyses have examined and are examining the interrelationships among consumer strategy, body size, abundance, biomass, trophic level, life stages, and food-web structure and dynamics. Further use of these data may enable a more general exploration how infectious processes and parasites impact communities and ecosystems. Additionally, we present the data and metadata in a standardized format, attempting to provide a system-neutral template for future food-web assembly and publication.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/10-1383.1","usgsCitation":"Hechinger, R.F., Lafferty, K.D., McLaughlin, J.P., Fredensborg, B.L., Huspeni, T.C., Lorda, J., Sandhu, P.K., Shaw, J., Torchin, M.E., Whitney, K.L., and Kuris, A.M., 2001, Food webs including parasites, biomass, body sizes, and life stages for three California/Baja California estuaries: Ecology, v. 92, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1383.1.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"791","ipdsId":"IP-082483","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478803,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1383.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334949,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7T72FMP","text":"Carpinteria salt marsh habitat polygons"}],"volume":"92","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c41e4b0efcedb74108c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hechinger, Ryan F.","contributorId":178695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hechinger","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLaughlin, John P.","contributorId":17153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fredensborg, Brian L.","contributorId":175520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fredensborg","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huspeni, Todd C.","contributorId":174948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huspeni","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lorda, Julio","contributorId":94988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorda","given":"Julio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sandhu, Parwant K.","contributorId":179128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sandhu","given":"Parwant","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shaw, Jenny C.","contributorId":7196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Jenny C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Torchin, Mark E.","contributorId":25685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torchin","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Whitney, Kathleen L.","contributorId":175516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitney","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kuris, Armand M.","contributorId":54332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuris","given":"Armand","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ]}