A comparison of 40Ar/39Ar age spectra of whole-rock mudstone and slate samples from the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation at Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania and stratigraphic and thermal constraints support Alleghanian age for regional slaty cleavage and a late Acadian age for diagenesis in these rocks. Age spectra from mud-stones have a sigmodal shape, with slopes that climb steeply from apparent Mesozoic ages to intermediate saddle regions with Devonian apparent ages, and then climb steeply again to Late Proterozoic apparent ages. The steps with these oldest apparent ages are interpreted to be dominated by late Proterzoic detrial muscovite. The saddle region of the mudstone samples gives very Late Silurian to earliest Devonian ages, which are maximum ages of diagenetic micas and which eliminate a Taconic age for the cleavage. The ages of saddle regions of the slate samples constraining cleavage-forming muscovite is <~375. This is the maximum age of this mica and requires an Alleghanian age for the cleavage. These age constraints are supported by ages of individual mica components calculated with knowledge of the total gas ages and mass fractions of the micas and by predictions from thermal modeling. We conclude that the Taconic orogeny in the Martinsburg Formation in eastern Pennsylvania was a very mild event. Not only is the cleavage in these rocks not Taconic in age, but even the mild (~100C) diagenetic growth of illite was Silurian of younger. Thus the Taconic event in these rocks in limited to loading of lass than about 3 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Earth Science Journal","doi":"10.2475/ajs.296.7.766","usgsCitation":"Wintsch, R., Kunk, M.J., and Epstein, J.B., 1996, 40Ar/39Ar whole-rock data constraints on Acadian diagenesis and Alleghanian cleavage in the Martinsburg formation, eastern Pennsylvania: American Journal of Science, v. 296, no. 7, p. 766-788, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.296.7.766.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"788","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.296.7.766","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Martinsburg Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -74.06982421875,\n 38.87392853923629\n ],\n [\n -73.0810546875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 39.36827914916014\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"296","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wintsch, R. P.","contributorId":116962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wintsch","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223094,"text":"5223094 - 1996 - Using landscape ecology to test hypotheses about large-scale abundance patterns in migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:26:40.844146","indexId":"5223094","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T12:17:45","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using landscape ecology to test hypotheses about large-scale abundance patterns in migratory birds","docAbstract":"The hypothesis that Neotropical migrant birds may be undergoing widespread declines due to land use activities on the breeding grounds has been examined primarily by synthesizing results from local studies. Growing concern for the cumulative influence of land use activities on ecological systems has heightened the need for large—scale studies to complement what has been observed at local scales. We investigated possible landscape effects on Neotropical migrant bird populations for the eastern United States by linking two large—scale inventories designed to monitor breeding—bird abundances and land use patterns. The null hypothesis of no relation between landscape structure and Neotropical migrant abundance was tested by correlating measures of landscape structure with bird abundance, while controlling for the geographic distance among samples. Neotropical migrants as a group were more sensitive to landscape structure than either temperate migrants or permanent residents. Neotropical migrants tended to be more abundant in landscapes with a greater proportion of forest and wetland habitats, fewer edge habitats, larger forest patches, and with forest habitats well dispersed throughout the scene. Permanent residents showed few correlations with landscape structure and temperate migrants were associated with habitat diversity and edge attributes rather than with the amount, size, and dispersion of forest habitats. The association between Neotropical migrant abundance and forest fragmentation differed among physiographic strata, suggesting that landscape context affects observed relations between bird abundance and landscape structure. Finally, associations between landscape structure and temporal trends in Neotropical migrant abundance were counter to those observed in space. Trends in Neotropical migrant abundance were negatively correlated with forest habitats. These results suggest that extrapolation of patterns observed in some landscapes is not likely to hold regionally, and that conservation policies must consider the variation in landscape structure associations observed among different types of bird species and in physiographic strata with varying land use histories.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2265651","usgsCitation":"Flather, C.H., and Sauer, J.R., 1996, Using landscape ecology to test hypotheses about large-scale abundance patterns in migratory birds: Ecology, v. 77, no. 1, p. 28-35, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265651.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198189,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db691540","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flather, Curtis H.","contributorId":177590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flather","given":"Curtis","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. 0000-0002-4557-3019 jrsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":146917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017702,"text":"70017702 - 1996 - Late Pennsylvanian climate changes and palynomorph extinctions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:42:55","indexId":"70017702","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pennsylvanian climate changes and palynomorph extinctions","docAbstract":"A major floral change occurs in the Upper Pennsylvanian strata in the Midcontinent, Illinois basin, and in the northern Appalachian basin of eastern United States. Lycospora spp. (derived from arborescent lycopsids) became extinct along with some other palynomorph taxa. This investigation is concerned with the importance of this major floral change. Samples were studied from western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and West Virginia (from a previous study) cover the stratigraphic interval from the Upper Freeport coal bed, uppermost part of the Allegheny Formation, to the Mahoning, Mason, Brush Creek, Wilgus, and Anderson coal beds in the lower part of the Conemaugh Formation. The floral change occurs either at or below the accepted Desmoinesian-Missourian boundary in the Midcontinent and Illinois basin, whereas in the northern Appalachians this change occurs in the lower part of the Conemaugh Formation, between the Mahoning and Brush Creek coal beds, or when the Mason is present, between the Mahoning and Mason coal beds. With the advent of late Middle Pennsylvanian time, the climate began to change from wet tropical to seasonal tropical. The Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian boundary is the culmination of this drying trend, which was marked by reduction of available water. The peat swamps are interpreted as having changed from the domed type of bog to the planar type under these circumstances. Thus, in general, the coals of the Conemaugh Formation are characteristically much thinner than those of the Allegheny Formation. This was caused by a number of factors including reduced or more seasonal rainfall, decline of arborescent lycopsids, and the increased dominance of herbaceous and fern plants. As a result, there are fewer minable coal beds in the Conemaugh Formation. The first coal bed above the extinction of Lycospora spp. is dominated by the palynomorph taxon Endosporites globiformis which is derived from a heterosporous, herbaceous lycopsid. However, Sigillaria, another arborescent lycopsid, did not become extinct at this time as evidenced by the presence of the palynomorph genus Crassispora which is derived from Sigillaria. The reason for the survival of Sigillaria is not known, but it may have been able to adapt, in a limited fashion, to some sort of specialized microenvironment. The ferns, based on palynomorph occurrence, become numerically more important throughout the balance of the Conemaugh Formation, and dominate the Pittsburgh No. 8 and Pomeroy coal beds in the overlying Monogahela Formation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(95)00027-5","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Kosanke, R., and Cecil, C.B., 1996, Late Pennsylvanian climate changes and palynomorph extinctions: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 113-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00027-5.","startPage":"113","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269785,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00027-5"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4506e4b0c8380cd66f83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kosanke, R.M.","contributorId":97517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosanke","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, C. B. 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":62204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019333,"text":"70019333 - 1996 - Tributary debris fans and the late Holocene alluvial chronology of the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:27:01.235467","indexId":"70019333","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tributary debris fans and the late Holocene alluvial chronology of the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"Bouldery debris fans and sandy alluvial terraces of the Colorado River developed contemporaneously during the late Holocene at the mouths of nine major tributaries in eastern Grand Canyon. The age of the debris fans and alluvial terraces contributes to understanding river hydraulics and to the history of human activity along the river, which has been concentrated on these surfaces for at least two to three millennia. Poorly sorted, coarse-grained debris-flow deposits of several ages are interbedded with, overlie, or are overlapped by three terrace-forming alluviums. The alluvial deposits are of three age groups: the striped alluvium, deposited from before 770 b.c. to about a.d. 300; the alluvium of Pueblo II age deposited from about a.d. 700 to December 1900; and the alluvium of the upper mesquite terrace, deposited from about a.d. 1400 to 1880. Two elements define the geomorphology of a typical debris fan: the large, inactive surface of the fan and a smaller, entrenched, active debris-flow channel and fan that is about one-sixth the area of the inactive fan. The inactive fan is segmented into at least three surfaces with distinctive weathering characteristics. These surfaces are conformable with underlying debris-flow deposits that date from before 770 b.c. to around a.d. 660, a.d. 660 to before a.d. 1200, and from a.d. 1200 to slightly before 1890, respectively, based on late-19th-century photographs, radiocarbon and archaeologic dating of the three stratigraphically related alluviums, and radiocarbon dating of fine-grained debris-flow deposits. These debris flows aggraded the fans in at least three stages beginning about 2.8 ka, if not earlier in the late Holocene. Several main-stem floods eroded the margin of the segmented fans, reducing fan symmetry. The entrenched, active debris-flow channels contain deposits <100 yr old, which form debris fans at the mouth of the channel adjacent to the river. Early and middle Holocene debris-flow and alluvial deposits have not been recognized, as they were evidently not preserved adjacent to the river or are buried by younger deposits.
A two-step nonlinear and linear inversion is carried out to map the lateral heterogeneity beneath North America using surface wave data. The lateral resolution for most areas of the model is of the order of several hundred kilometers. The most obvious feature in the tomographic images is the rapid transition between low velocities in the tectonically active region west of the Rocky Mountains and high velocities in the stable central and eastern shield of North America. The model also reveals smaller-scale heterogeneous velocity structures. A high-velocity anomaly is imaged beneath the state of Washington that could be explained as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Cascades. A large low-velocity structure extends along the coast from the Mendocino to the Rivera triple junction and to the continental interior across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Its shape changes notably with depth. This anomaly largely coincides with the part of the margin where no lithosphere is consumed since the subduction has been replaced by a transform fault. Evidence for a discontinuous subduction of the Cocos plate along the Middle American Trench is found. In central Mexico a transition is visible from low velocities across the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) to high velocities beneath the Yucatan Peninsula. Two elongated low-velocity anomalies beneath the Yellowstone Plateau and the eastern Snake River Plain volcanic system and beneath central Mexico and the TMVB seem to be associated with magmatism and partial melting. Another low-velocity feature is seen at depths of approximately 200 km beneath Florida and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The inversion technique used is based on a linear surface wave scattering theory, which gives tomographic images of the relative phase velocity perturbations in four period bands ranging from 40 to 150 s. In order to find a smooth reference model a nonlinear inversion based on ray theory is first performed. After correcting for the crustal thickness the phase velocity perturbations obtained from the subsequent linear waveform inversion for the different period bands are converted to a three-layer model of S velocity perturbations (layer 1, 25–100 km; layer 2, 100–200 km; layer 3, 200–300 km). We have applied this method on 275 high-quality Rayleigh waves recorded by a variety of instruments in North America (IRIS/USGS, IRIS/IDA, TERRAscope, RSTN). Sensitivity tests indicate that the lateral resolution is especially good in the densely sampled western continental United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00809","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Alsina, D., Woodward, R., and Snieder, R., 1996, Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 7, p. 15969-15986, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00809.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15969","endPage":"15986","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e58e4b08c986b3188a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alsina, D.","contributorId":21705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alsina","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, R.L.","contributorId":46237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snieder, R.K.","contributorId":10560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieder","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018859,"text":"70018859 - 1996 - Climatic control of nitrate loss from forested watersheds in the northeast United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018859","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic control of nitrate loss from forested watersheds in the northeast United States","docAbstract":"Increased losses of nitrate from watersheds may accelerate the depletion of nutrient cations and affect the acidification and trophic status of surface waters. Patterns of nitrate concentrations and losses were evaluated in four forested watersheds (East Bear Brook Watershed, Lead Mountain, ME; Watershed 6, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, White Mountains, NH; Arbutus Watershed, Huntington Forest, Adirondack Mountains, NY; Biscuit Brook, Catskill Mountains, NY) located across the northeastern United States. A synchronous pattern was observed in nitrate concentrations of drainage waters from these four sites from 1983 through 1993. Most notably, high concentrations and high drainage water losses followed an anomalous cold period (mean daily temperature -11.4 to -16 ??C in December 1989) for all four sites. After high nitrate losses during the snowmelt of 1990, nitrate concentrations and fluxes decreased at all sites. These results suggest that climatic variation can have a major effect on nitrogen flux and cycling and may influence temporal patterns of nitrate loss in a region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es9600237","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, M., Driscoll, C.T., Kahl, J.S., Likens, G., Murdoch, P., and Pardo, L., 1996, Climatic control of nitrate loss from forested watersheds in the northeast United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 8, p. 2609-2612, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9600237.","startPage":"2609","endPage":"2612","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205702,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9600237"},{"id":226302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f65ee4b0c8380cd4c713","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitchell, M.J.","contributorId":72940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kahl, J. S.","contributorId":77885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kahl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Likens, G.E.","contributorId":68893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pardo, L.H.","contributorId":93209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardo","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018693,"text":"70018693 - 1996 - Holocene paleoenvironments of Northeast Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-10T21:54:34.614547","indexId":"70018693","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene paleoenvironments of Northeast Iowa","docAbstract":"This paper presents the biotic, sedimentary, geomorphic, and climatic history of the upper part of the Roberts Creek Basin, northeastern Iowa for the late—glacial and Holocene, and compares these records with a C—O isotopic sequence from Coldwater Cave, 60 km northwest of Roberts Creek. The biotic record (pollen, vascular plant and bryophyte macrofossils, and insects) is preserved in floodplain alluvium that underlies three constructional surfaces separated by low scarps. Each surface is underlain by a lithologically and temporally distinct alluvial fill. The highest surface is underlain by the Gunder Member of the Deforest Formation, dating from 11 000 to 4000 yr BP; beneath the intermediate level is the Roberts Creek Member, dating from 4000 to 400 yr BP; and the lowest level is underlain by the Camp Creek Member, deposited during the last 380 yr. Pollen and plant macrofossils in the alluvial fill show that a typical late—glacial spruce forest was replaced by Quercus and Ulmus in the early Holocene. This early—to—middle Holocene forest became dominated by mesic elements such as Acer saccharum, Tilia americana, Ostrya virginiana, and Carpinus caroliniana as late as 5500 yr BP; in contrast, the closest sites to the west and north were at their warmest and driest and were covered by prairie vegetation between 6500 and 5500 yr BP. After 5500 yr BP, the forest in the Roberts Creek area was replaced by prairie, as indicated by a rich assemblage of plant macrofossils, although only Ambrosia and Poaceae became abundant in the pollen record. The return of Quercus ≈ 3000 BP (while nonarboreal pollen percentages remained relatively high) indicates that oak savanna prevailed with little change until settlement time. The bryophyte assemblages strongly support the vascular plant record. Rich fen species characteristic of boreal habitats occur only in the late—glacial. They are replaced by a number of deciduous—forest elements when early—to—middle Holocene forests were present, but mosses of forest habitats completely disappear when prairie became dominant. A few deciduous—forest taxa return during the late—Holocene, when oak savanna prevailed. The C—O isotopic record from stalagmite s in Coldwater Cave indicates a relatively stable environment from ≈ 8000 to 5100 yr BP, when the δ13C values indicate a change in vegetation dominated by C3 (predominantly forest) to C4 (predominantly prairie) plants. About 4900 yr BP, the rise in 18O values indicates a temperature increase of ≈ 1.5°C. The fact that the vegetational change suggested by the δ13C values preceded the temperature increase suggests that fire may have been an important factor in converting forest to prairie. Abundant charred seeds and other plant material at Roberts Creek 4830 yr BP support this hypothesis. The 18O values remain constant from ≈ 5100 to ≈ 3000 yr BP, but the δ13C values gradually rise, indicating that soil formed under forest takes at least 2000 yr for its carbon to reach equilibrium after replacement by prairie vegetation. The return of oak to form savanna is reflected in the gradual decline of δ13C values in the last 3000 yr BP; O isotopic values drop sharply by ≈ 1°C ≈ 2800 yr BP and then were relatively stable. In contrast to the vegetational and isotopic records, the insect assemblages suggest little change in the local environments throughout most of the Holocene. All of the beetle taxa presently occur in eastern Iowa. The relative stability through the Holocene indicates that both open grassland and riparian woodland elements were present throughout. Settlement, land clearing, and land cultivation by EuroAmericans in the region caused rapid erosion of the upland landscape, the deposition of 1—2 m of sediment across the floodplain, a replacement of the native vegetation with ruderal species, a decimation of the native insect fauna, and a degradation of water quality in the stream. These changes in the landscape, vegetation, and insect faunas are as striking as those associated with glacial—interglacial transitions. The timing and direction of changes in the vegetation at Roberts Creek generally correlate well with the carbon and oxygen isotopic record in speleothems at nearby Coldwater Cave and indicate that climate was the main forcing function. However, the contrast between the vegetational change and the stability of the beetle population suggests that climatic changes were subtle. We hypothesize that the factors involved in the Holocene changes were seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation that may not have resulted in much mean annual change. Such changes may have affected the vegetation more than the insect fauna.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2963475","usgsCitation":"Baker, R.G., Bettis, E., Schwert, D., Horton, D.G., Chumbley, C.A., Gonzalez, L.A., and Reagan, M.K., 1996, Holocene paleoenvironments of Northeast Iowa: Ecological Monographs, v. 66, no. 2, p. 203-234, https://doi.org/10.2307/2963475.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.22009777640574,\n 43.48198735136535\n ],\n [\n -93.22009777640574,\n 42.039506279601454\n ],\n [\n -90.2578910690265,\n 42.039506279601454\n ],\n [\n -90.2578910690265,\n 43.48198735136535\n ],\n [\n -93.22009777640574,\n 43.48198735136535\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31ede4b0c8380cd5e36c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R. G.","contributorId":96326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettis, E. Arthur III","contributorId":72822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettis","given":"E. Arthur","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwert, D. R.","contributorId":91258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwert","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Horton, D. G.","contributorId":17375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chumbley, C. A.","contributorId":62753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chumbley","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gonzalez, Luis A.","contributorId":20922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reagan, M. 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A fossiliferous marine clay that predates the classical Wisconsinan was recently discovered in the St. Lawrence Valley. A dominantly estuarine environment is inferred from the geochemistry of the shells (??18O = -7.1) and from benthic foraminifer and ostracode assemblages. The clay indicates a marine invasion (Cartier Sea) shallower and probably shorter than that during the upper late Wisconsinan Champlain Sea episode (12,000-9,500 yr B.P.). The pollen content shows that regional vegetation during the marine episode began as open tundra, then became a Betula and Alnus crispa forest, reached a climatic optimum with Quercus, Corylus, and Abies, and concluded as a Pinus/Picea boreal forest. A corrected infrared stimulated luminescence age of 98,000 ?? 9000 yr is compatible with the epimerization ratio of shells. The Cartier Sea resulted from a post-glacial glacio-isostatic marine invasion in the St. Lawrence lowlands. It probably occurred during late stage 5 and is tentatively assigned to the transition of oxygen isotope substages 5b/5a. This marine episode dates to stage 5 of the preceding continental glacier which extended to middle latitudes in NE America. ?? 1996 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1996.0015","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Occhietti, S., Balescu, S., Lamothe, M., Clet, M., Cronin, T., Ferland, P., and Pichet, P., 1996, Late Stage 5 Glacio-isostatic Sea in the St. Lawrence Valley, Canada and United States: Quaternary Research, v. 45, no. 2, p. 128-137, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0015.","startPage":"128","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205838,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0015"},{"id":227031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a453ee4b0c8380cd67163","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Occhietti, S.","contributorId":29589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Occhietti","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balescu, S.","contributorId":11347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balescu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamothe, M.","contributorId":13760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clet, M.","contributorId":104233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clet","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cronin, T.","contributorId":88061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ferland, P.","contributorId":61184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferland","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pichet, P.","contributorId":86912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pichet","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018491,"text":"70018491 - 1996 - Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T14:41:03.096522","indexId":"70018491","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","docAbstract":"Three seismic refraction-reflection profiles, part of the Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment, allow us to compare and contrast crust and upper mantle of the North American margin before and after it is modified by passage of the Mendocino triple junction. Upper crustal velocity models reveal an asymmetric Great Valley basin overlying Sierran or ophiolitic rocks at the latitude of Fort Bragg, California, and overlying Sierran or Klamath rocks near Redding, California. In addition, the upper crustal velocity structure indicates that Franciscan rocks underlie the Klamath terrane east of Eureka, California. The Franciscan complex is, on average, laterally homogeneous and is thickest in the triple junction region. North of the triple junction, the Gorda slab can be traced 150 km inboard from the Cascadia subduction zone. South of the triple junction, strong precritical reflections indicate partial melt and/or metamorphic fluids at the base of the crust or in the upper mantle. Breaks in these reflections are correlated with the Maacama and Bartlett Springs faults, suggesting that these faults extend at least to the mantle. We interpret our data to indicate tectonic thickening of the Franciscan complex in response to passage of the Mendocino triple junction and an associated thinning of these rocks south of the triple junction due to assimilation into melt triggered by upwelling asthenosphere. The region of thickened Franciscan complex overlies a zone of increased scattering, intrinsic attenuation, or both, resulting from mechanical mixing of lithologies and/or partial melt beneath the onshore projection of the Mendocino fracture zone. Our data reveal that we have crossed the southern edge of the Gorda slab and that this edge and/or the overlying North American crust may have fragmented because of the change in stress presented by the edge.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Beaudoin, B.C., Godfrey, N.J., Klemperer, S., Lendl, C., Trehu, A., Henstock, T., Levander, A., Holl, J., Meltzer, A., Luetgert, J.H., and Mooney, W.D., 1996, Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment: Geology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science 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J.","contributorId":12866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lendl, C.","contributorId":93641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lendl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henstock, T.J.","contributorId":99713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henstock","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Levander, A.","contributorId":91248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levander","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holl, J.E.","contributorId":84519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holl","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meltzer, A.S.","contributorId":50921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzer","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Luetgert, James H. luetgert@usgs.gov","contributorId":4203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"James","email":"luetgert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70018201,"text":"70018201 - 1996 - Identifying water-quality trends in the Trinity River, Texas, USA, 1969-1992, using sediment cores from Lake Livingston","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T14:48:37.099571","indexId":"70018201","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying water-quality trends in the Trinity River, Texas, USA, 1969-1992, using sediment cores from Lake Livingston","docAbstract":"Chemical analyses were done on cores of bottom sediment from three locations in Lake Livingston, a reservoir on the Trinity River in east Texas to identify trends in water quality in the Trinity River using the chemical record preserved in bottom sediments trapped by the reservoir. Sediment cores spanned the period from 1969, when the reservoir was impounded, to 1992, when the cores were collected. Chemical concentrations in reservoir sediment samples were compared to concentrations for 14 streambed sediment samples from the Trinity River Basin and to reported concentrations for soils in the eastern United States and shale. These comparisons indicate that sediments deposited in Lake Livingston are representative of the environmental setting of Lake Livingston within the Trinity River Basin. Vertical changes in concentrations within sediment cores indicate temporal trends of decreasing concentrations of lead, sodium, barium, and total DDT (DDT plus its metabolites DDD and DDE) in the Trinity River. Possible increasing temporal trends are indicated for chlordane and dieldrin. Each sediment-derived trend is related to trends in water quality in the Trinity River or known changes in environmental factors in its drainage basin or both.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s002540050093","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., and Callender, E., 1996, Identifying water-quality trends in the Trinity River, Texas, USA, 1969-1992, using sediment cores from Lake Livingston: Environmental Geology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 190-200, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050093.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Livington, Trinity River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.28880085646635,\n 29.627392076789917\n ],\n [\n -96.20653031185886,\n 33.77052674928851\n ],\n [\n -98.40319808697573,\n 33.588196456146136\n ],\n [\n -96.21412735441417,\n 31.10174712503047\n ],\n [\n -95.87724430726398,\n 30.11411914907775\n ],\n [\n -95.09389249157088,\n 29.127543787851735\n ],\n [\n -94.28880085646635,\n 29.627392076789917\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a385ee4b0c8380cd61548","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Callender, E.","contributorId":72528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007452,"text":"1007452 - 1996 - Geographic variation in migratory behavior of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T09:23:12","indexId":"1007452","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic variation in migratory behavior of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons)","docAbstract":"We studied the migration and winter distribution of adult Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) radio-marked on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) and Bristol Bay Lowlands (BBL) of Alaska from 1987 to 1992. The major autumn staging site for geese from both breeding areas was the Klamath Basin on the California/Oregon border. However, temporal use of this area differed markedly between populations. Geese from the BBL arrived at the Klamath Basin nearly 30 days before geese from the YKD and departed before most YKD geese had arrived. Ninety percent of BBL geese used the Klamath Basin in autumn, whereas 30% of YKD geese bypassed the Klamath Basin during autumn and instead flew directly to the Central Valley of California. Nearly all BBL geese migrated directly from the Klamath Basin to wintering areas in Mexico, bypassing the Central Valley. Ninety percent of the BBL geese wintered in Mexico, as opposed to <20% of the YKD geese. Wetlands of the Interior Highlands in the state of Chihuahua, particularly Laguna Babicora, were used by >90% of the radio-marked geese in Mexico. Marshes along the West Coast comprised the other important wintering habitat in Mexico. The Sacramento Valley of California was the predominant wintering area for YKD geese. BBL geese migrated north from Mexico into the San Joaquin Valley or Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California by the last week of January. Fifty-five percent of the BBL population used the Klamath Basin in spring, but many birds staged in eastern Oregon and western Idaho. In contrast, geese from the YKD staged almost exclusively in the Klamath Basin during spring before flying to staging areas in Alaska. Breeding allopatry and temporal partitioning on staging and wintering areas likely has contributed to the evolution of previously described phenotypic differences between these populations. These two populations, along with the Tule Greater White-fronted Goose (A. a. gambeli), may constitute a portion of a Rassenkreis, a group of subspecies connected by clines, each ecotype of which has independent conservation needs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088866","usgsCitation":"Ely, C.R., and Takekawa, J.Y., 1996, Geographic variation in migratory behavior of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons): The Auk, v. 113, no. 4, p. 889-901, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088866.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"889","endPage":"901","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479102,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4088866","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9MBQ2GN","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking Data for Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons)"},{"id":130375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":315386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017759,"text":"70017759 - 1996 - Using hydrogeochemical methods to evaluate complex quaternary subsurface stratigraphy Block Island, Rhode Island, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T10:59:22","indexId":"70017759","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using hydrogeochemical methods to evaluate complex quaternary subsurface stratigraphy Block Island, Rhode Island, USA","docAbstract":"One of the major problems in hydrogeologic investigations of glaciated regions is the determination of complex stratigraphic relationships in the subsurface where insufficient information is available from drilling and geophysical records. In this paper, chemical characteristics of groundwater were used to identify stratigraphic changes in glacial deposits that were previously inferred on Block Island, Rhode Island, USA, an emergent remnant of the late Wisconsinan terminal moraine, located approximately 16 km south of the Rhode Island mainland. Two chemically distinct water types are recognized on the island: 1) high-iron, characterized by dissolved silica levels in excess of 20 mg/L, bicarbonate greater than 30 mg/L and dissolved iron ranging from 1-20 mg/L; and 2) low-iron, characterized by dissolved silica levels below 16 mg/L, bicarbonate less than 30 mg/L, and less than 0.3 mg/L dissolved iron. The spatial distribution of iron-bearing minerals and organic matter and the resulting redox conditions are believed to control the occurrence of highiron groundwater. The high-iron waters occur almost exclusively in the eastern half of the island and appear to coincide with the presence of allochthonous blocks of Cretaceous-age coastal-plain sediments that were incorporated into Pleistocene-age deposits derived from the Narragansett Bay-Buzzard's Bay lobe of the Late Wisconsinan Laurentide ice sheet. The low-iron waters occur in the western half of the island, where the occurrence of these Cretaceous-age blocks is rare and the sediments are attributed to a sublobe of the Hudson-Champlain lobe of the Late Wisconsinan ice sheet.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050093","usgsCitation":"Veeger, A., and Stone, B., 1996, Using hydrogeochemical methods to evaluate complex quaternary subsurface stratigraphy Block Island, Rhode Island, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 4, no. 4, p. 69-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050093.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/geo_facpubs/178","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Block Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.61918640136719,\n 41.14531119462475\n ],\n [\n -71.54090881347656,\n 41.14531119462475\n ],\n [\n -71.54090881347656,\n 41.233800286547435\n ],\n [\n -71.61918640136719,\n 41.233800286547435\n ],\n [\n -71.61918640136719,\n 41.14531119462475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc05ee4b08c986b32a0ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veeger, A.I.","contributorId":100031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veeger","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, B. D. 0000-0001-6092-0798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":50919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"B. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174938,"text":"70174938 - 1996 - The contribution of wetlands to stream nitrogen load in the Loch Vale Watershed, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:39:40","indexId":"70174938","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5148,"text":"Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The contribution of wetlands to stream nitrogen load in the Loch Vale Watershed, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"We explored the difference between the concentrations of different N forms and other chemical properties between stream water and riparian zone wetland soil water in the Loch Vale Watershed which is located on the eastern slope of the Continental Divide in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. The nitrate N concentration in stream water were significantly higher than in soil water of the three wetlands, while no significant difference appeared in ammonium N. The pH values were higher and conductivity values were lower in stream water than in wetland soil water. However, significant difference also appeared between nitrate N concentrations, pH and conductivity values in the water sampled from different positions of streams. The stream tributary water had higher nitrate N concentrations, higher pH and higher conducitity values. We also conducted experiments to compare the difference between the productivity, total N concentrations in biomass and soil of upper layers. At the end, we concluded that the wetlands distributed along the streams in Loch Vale Watershed had little effect on the nitrogen load of the stream water there.
","language":"English","publisher":"Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology","usgsCitation":"Jian-hui, H., Baron, J., and Binkley, D., 1996, The contribution of wetlands to stream nitrogen load in the Loch Vale Watershed, Colorado, USA: Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, v. 20, no. 4, p. 289-302.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"302","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y1996/V20/I4/289"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Loch Vale Watershed","volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5793444de4b0eb1ce79e8c1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jian-hui, Huang","contributorId":173080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jian-hui","given":"Huang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":79581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182471,"text":"70182471 - 1996 - Sea birds as proxies of marine habitats and food webs in the western Aleutian Arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T13:23:35","indexId":"70182471","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1660,"text":"Fisheries Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea birds as proxies of marine habitats and food webs in the western Aleutian Arc","docAbstract":"We propose that ocean conditions of the Near Islands in the western Aleutian Arc mimic those of the shallow continental shelf of the eastern Bering Sea to the extent that the marine community, including assemblages of forage fishes and their avian predators, has distinctly coastal characteristics. In contrast, marine avifauna and their prey at neighbouring Buldir Island are distinctly oceanic. For example, at the Near Islands, the ratio of thick-billed to common murres, Vria lomvia and U. aalge, is low and black-legged kittiwakes, Rissa tridactyla, but not red-legged kittiwakes, R. brevirostris, nest there. Diets of murres and kittiwakes are dominated by sand lance, Ammodytes hexapterus, an abundant coastal species. At Buldir Island, thick-billed murres greatly outnumber common murres, red-legged kittiwakes and black-legged kittiwakes are both abundant, and diets of the birds consist primarily of oceanic squid and lantern-fish (Myctophidae). This mesoscale difference in food webs is apparently a consequence of the local physiography. A broad escarpment on the Near physiographic block creates a comparatively expansive, shallow, shelflike habitat around the Near Islands, where a pelagic community typical of coastal regions flourishes. Buldir Island is the only emergent feature of the Buldir physiographic block, with little shallow water surrounding it and, apparently, little opportunity for other than oceanic species to exist. Patterns in the distribution of fishes, and thus of sea birds, throughout the Aleutian Islands might be largely explained by the presence or absence of shelf-like habitat and the relationship between physical environments and food webs. In the larger context of fisheries oceanography, this model for the Aleutian Islands improves our ability to interpret physical and biological heterogeneity in the ocean and its relationship to regional community dynamics and trends in the abundance and productivity of individual species at higher trophic levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00016.x","usgsCitation":"Springer, A.M., Piatt, J.F., and Van Vliet, G.B., 1996, Sea birds as proxies of marine habitats and food webs in the western Aleutian Arc: Fisheries Oceanography, v. 5, no. 1, p. 45-55, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00016.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc, Near Islands","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b002d9e4b01ccd54fb27fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Springer, Alan M. ams@ims.uaf.edu","contributorId":172461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Springer","given":"Alan","email":"ams@ims.uaf.edu","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Vliet, Gus B.","contributorId":35086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Vliet","given":"Gus","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017788,"text":"70017788 - 1996 - Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:25:21","indexId":"70017788","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A sea-floor mapping investigation designed to assess the sediment distribution, the movement of the nearshore sand supply, and the fate of sediment eroded from the shoreline was conducted using high-resolution sidescan-sonar, seismic reflection, and sediment sampling techniques on the northern insular shelf of Puerto Rico, off the town of Luquillo. Sea-floor structures and the distribution of sediment texture and composition suggest that regional oceanographic processes result in a net offshore direction for cross-shelf sediment transport on the middle and outer shelf during storms. If these same processes are active on the inner shelf, mapping results indicate that this sediment is not transported seaward of a series of east-west trending Pleistocene-age eolianite ridges that outcrop on the middle shelf. The eolianite ridges may act as natural dams, preventing the removal of sediment from the nearshore area. Sand deposits behind the \"dams\" are up to 20 m thick on the shoreward flank of the ridges.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Rodriguez, R.W., Danforth, W., and Gowen, M.H., 1996, Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 12, no. 1, p. 147-159.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"159","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345914,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298469"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","city":"Luquillo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.14044189453124,\n 18.307595803753852\n ],\n [\n -65.53482055664062,\n 18.307595803753852\n ],\n [\n -65.53482055664062,\n 18.60460138845525\n ],\n [\n -66.14044189453124,\n 18.60460138845525\n ],\n [\n -66.14044189453124,\n 18.307595803753852\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8987e4b08c986b316e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. W.","contributorId":61054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danforth, W.W.","contributorId":31543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gowen, M. H.","contributorId":76765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gowen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018192,"text":"70018192 - 1996 - Magnetic properties and emplacement of the Bishop tuff, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T01:37:03.162425","indexId":"70018192","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic properties and emplacement of the Bishop tuff, California","docAbstract":"Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and characteristic remanence were measured for 45 sites in the 0.76 Ma Bishop tuff, eastern California. Thirty-three sites were sampled in three stratigraphic sections, two in Owens gorge south of Long Valley caldera, and the third in the Adobe lobe north of Long Valley. The remaining 12 sites are widely distributed, but of limited stratigraphic extent. Weakly indurated, highly porous to dense, welded ash-flow tuffs were sampled. Saturation magnetization vs temperature experiments indicate two principal iron oxide phases: low Ti magnetites with 525–570 °C Curie temperatures, and maghemite with 610°–640 °C Curie temperatures. AF demagnetization spectra of isothermal remanent magnetizations are indicative of magnetite/maghemite predominantly in the multidomain to pseudo-single domain size ranges. Remeasurement of AMS after application of saturating direct fields indicates that randomly oriented single-domain grains are also present. The degree of anisotropy is only a few percent, typical of tuffs. The AMS ellipsoids are oblate with Kmin axes normal to subhorizontal foliation and Kmax axes regionally aligned with published source vents. For 12 of 16 locality means, Kmax axes plunge sourceward, confirming previous observations regarding flow sense. Topographic control on flow emplacement is indicated by the distribution of tuff deposits and by flow directions inferred from Kmax axes. Deposition east of the Benton range occurred by flow around the south end of the range and through two gaps (Benton notch and Chidago gap). Flow down Mammoth pass of the Sierra Nevada is also evident. At least some of the Adobe lobe in the northeast flowed around the west end of Glass mountain. Eastward flow directions in the upper Owens gorge and southeast directions in the lower Owens gorge are parallel to the present canyon, suggesting that the present drainage has been established along the pre-Bishop paleodrainage. Characteristic remanence directions from 45 sites (267 samples) yield an overall mean of D=348°, I=53° for the Bishop tuff. A correlation is found in two of the three profiles between density and remanence inclination. A mean remanence direction based on 13 localities together with data from uncompacted xenoliths and data from the ash-fall tuff at Lake Tecopa is: D=353°, I=54°, k=172, α95=2.9°, N=15.
The ichnogenus Beaconichnus (Gevers 1973), an arthropod trace fossil, includes very different forms that comprise five ichnospecies, namely B. darwi‐nunt (Gevers 1971), B. gouldi (Gevers 1971), B. ahtarcticum(Gevers 1971), B. giganteum Gevers and Twomey 1982, and B. wrrighti Gevers and Twomey 1982. The original diagnosis of Beaconichnus is rather vague and potentially may accommodate virtually every arthropod trackway described from the fossil record. In view of these problems, the validity of Beaconichnus is reassessed and each of its ichnospecies is reviewed. We conclude that B. darwinum is a junior synonym of Diplopodichnus biformis Brady 1947; B. antarcticum should be regarded as Palmich‐niunt antarcticum; and B. wrighti is a nomen nudum. Additionally, we agree with previous proposals in considering B. gouldi as the senior synonym of B. giganteum, and including it in Diplichnites Dawson 1873. Therefore, we suggest that the ichnogenus Beaconichnus is best disregarded. Additionally, we describe specimens collected from the Late Carboniferous Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation) of eastern Kansas, ascribed herein to Diplopodichnus biformis and Diplichnites gouldi, which include examples of intergradations between both ichnotaxa, and provide synonymy lists for both ichnospecies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420949809386427","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L.A., Mángano, M., Maples, C.G., and Lanier, W.P., 1996, Taxonomic reassessment of the ichnogenus Beaconichnus and additional examples from the Carboniferous of Kansas, U.S.A.: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 5, no. 4, p. 287-302, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949809386427.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, Christopher G.","contributorId":87396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maples","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanier, William P.","contributorId":73672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanier","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018514,"text":"70018514 - 1996 - Three-dimensional crustal structure of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T15:20:28.282865","indexId":"70018514","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional crustal structure of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modeling","docAbstract":"Traveltime data from the 1993 Southern Sierra Nevada Continental Dynamics seismic refraction experiment reveal low crustal velocities in the southern Sierra Nevada and Basin and Range province of California (6.0 to 6.6 km/s), as well as low upper mantle velocities (7.6 to 7.8 km/s). The crust thickens from southeast to northwest along the axis of the Sierra Nevada from 27 km in the Mojave Desert to 43 km near Fresno, California. A crustal welt is present beneath the Sierra Nevada, but the deepest Moho is found under the western slopes, not beneath the highest topography. A density model directly derived from the crustal velocity model but with constant mantle density satisfies the pronounced negative Bouguer anomaly associated with the Sierra Nevada, but shows large discrepancies of >50 mgal in the Great Valley and in the Basin and Range province. Matching the observed gravity with anomalies in the crust alone is not possible with geologically reasonable densities; we require a contribution from the upper mantle, either by lateral density variations or by a thinning of the lithosphere under the Sierra Nevada and the Basin and Range province. Such a model is consistent with the interpretation that the uplift of the present Sierra Nevada is caused and dynamically supported by asthenospheric upwelling or lithospheric thinning under the Basin and Range province and eastern Sierra Nevada.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0367:TDCSOT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Fliedner, M., Ruppert, S., Malin, P., Park, S.K., Jiracek, G., Phinney, R.A., Saleeby, J., Wernicke, B., Clayton, R., Keller, R.H., Miller, K., Jones, C., Luetgert, J., Mooney, W.D., Oliver, H., Klemperer, S., and Thompson, G.A., 1996, Three-dimensional crustal structure of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modeling: Geology, v. 24, no. 4, p. 367-370, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0367:TDCSOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"370","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.99267578124999,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -120.12451171875,\n 39.53793974517628\n ],\n [\n -121.17919921875001,\n 41.062786068733026\n ],\n [\n -122.2119140625,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 39.58875727696545\n ],\n [\n -120.2783203125,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -118.80615234374999,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -115.72998046875,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n -119.99267578124999,\n 38.95940879245423\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb324e4b08c986b325be3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fliedner, M.M.","contributorId":32693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fliedner","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, S.","contributorId":9786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malin, P.E.","contributorId":108104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Park, S. K.","contributorId":29585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Park","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jiracek, G.","contributorId":53102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiracek","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Phinney, R. 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A.","contributorId":90332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70018532,"text":"70018532 - 1996 - Cambrian potential indicated in Kentucky Rome trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T17:45:14","indexId":"70018532","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2941,"text":"Oil & Gas Journal","printIssn":"0030-1388","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cambrian potential indicated in Kentucky Rome trough","docAbstract":"A recent gas discovery in the Rome trough has Appalachian basin operators re-evaluating the deep Cambrian potential of eastern Kentucky. The Rome trough has seen sporadic exploration since the late 1940s, with very limited commercial success. A new exploration phase began in mid-1994 with completion of the Carson Associates 1 Kazee well in Elliott County, Ky. (Fig. 1). This well blew out and initially flowed 11 MMcfd of gas from a zone in the upper Conasauga Group/Rome formation at 6,258-70 ft.
","language":"English","publisher":"PennWell Corporation","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Harris, D.C., and Drahovzal, J.A., 1996, Cambrian potential indicated in Kentucky Rome trough: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 94, no. 8, p. 52-57.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-94/issue-8/in-this-issue/exploration/exploration-cambrian-potential-indicated-in-kentucky-rome-trough.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","volume":"94","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f32be4b0c8380cd4b631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, David C.","contributorId":15079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drahovzal, James A.","contributorId":74772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drahovzal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018585,"text":"70018585 - 1996 - Origin of high mountains in the continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T15:24:28.546527","indexId":"70018585","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of high mountains in the continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"Active and passive seismic experiments show that the southern Sierra, despite standing 1.8 to 2.8 kilometers above its surroundings, is underlain by crust of similar seismic thickness, about 30 to 40 kilometers. Thermobarometry of xenolith suites and magnetotelluric profiles indicate that the upper mantle is eclogitic to depths of 60 kilometers beneath the western and central parts of the range, but little subcrustal lithosphere is present beneath the eastern High Sierra and adjacent Basin and Range. These and other data imply the crust of both the High Sierra and Basin and Range thinned by a factor of 2 since 20 million years ago, at odds with purported late Cenozoic regional uplift of some 2 kilometers.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Science","doi":"10.1126/science.271.5246.190","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Wernicke, B., Clayton, R., Ducea, M., Jones, C., Park, S., Ruppert, S., Saleeby, J., Snow, J., Squires, L., Fliedner, M., Jiracek, G., Keller, R.H., Klemperer, S., Luetgert, J., Malin, P., Miller, K., Mooney, W.D., Oliver, H., and Phinney, R., 1996, Origin of high mountains in the continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada: Science, v. 271, no. 5246, p. 190-193, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5246.190.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External 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]\n}","volume":"271","issue":"5246","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70d8e4b0c8380cd762b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wernicke, B.","contributorId":84926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wernicke","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, R.","contributorId":73352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ducea, Mihai N.","contributorId":86913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ducea","given":"Mihai N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, 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volcano, Hawaii, are used to infer the state of stress and strain as a function of time and space. We have determined 870 fault plane solutions from P wave first motion polarities for events with magnitudes ML ≥ 2.5 and depth ranging between 6 and 12 km. Faulting is characterized by a mixture of decollement, reverse, and normal faults. Most large earthquakes with magnitude M < 7 slip on reverse faults striking NE at 40° and dipping SE between 60° and 70°. In Hawaii, the earthquakes with M > 7 rupture the decollement plane, since it is the only surface large enough to generate magnitude 7 or larger earthquakes. The percentage of reverse faulting events is high compared to the decollement and normal faulting mechanisms for the period 1972–1983. The percentage of decollement type focal mechanisms becomes dominant after 1983. This pattern of faulting activity suggests that pressure was building up within Kilauea's rift zone prior to the 1983 Puu'Oo eruption. Overall, a single stress orientation with the maximum compressive stress oriented SE perpendicular to the rift and dipping at 45° is compatible with the coeval existence of decollement, reverse, and normal faults. However, in a crustal volume east of longitude 155°10′W, we find a change of the orientation of σ1 from nearly horizontal to plunging 45° SE occurring in 1979. This stress rotation suggests magma movements within the aseismic part of Kilauea's east rift zone. The strain and stress orientations are coaxial in the south flank except within the volume where the stress rotation is observed. We observe a change in the relationship between stress and strain directions caused either by the shifting of seismic activity from reverse faults to decollements, while stress stays constant, or by a rotation of stress, while strain remains constant. Assuming that the model of a noncohesive Coulomb wedge is appropriate for Kilauea's south flank, we find that high pore pressures are prevalent along the decollement and within the wedge for a coefficient of friction equal to 0.85.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/96JB00651","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gillard, D., Wyss, M., and Okubo, P., 1996, Type of faulting and orientation of stress and strain as a function of space and time in Kilauea's south flank, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 7, p. 16025-16042, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00651.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"16025","endPage":"16042","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.39050559875186\n ],\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.44296062654318\n ],\n [\n -155.23029327392578,\n 19.44296062654318\n ],\n [\n -155.23029327392578,\n 19.39050559875186\n ],\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.39050559875186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9aee4b08c986b327d37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillard, D.","contributorId":101398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillard","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyss, M.","contributorId":68880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyss","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019342,"text":"70019342 - 1996 - Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T14:05:46.417816","indexId":"70019342","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions","docAbstract":"The Northridge earthquake caused 1.78 g acceleration in the east-west direction at a site in Tarzana, California, located about 6 km south of the mainshock epicenter. The accelerograph was located atop a hill about 15-m high, 500-m long, and 130-m wide, striking about N78°E. During the aftershock sequence, a temporary array of 21 three-component geophones was deployed in six radial lines centered on the accelerograph, with an average sensor spacing of 35 m. Station C00 was located about 2 m from the accelerograph. We inverted aftershock spectra to obtain average relative site response at each station as a function of direction of ground motion. We identified a 3.2-Hz resonance that is a transverse oscillation of the hill (a directional topographic effect). The top/base amplification ratio at 3.2 Hz is about 4.5 for horizontal ground motions oriented approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the hill and about 2 for motions parallel to the hill. This resonance is seen most strongly within 50 m of C00. Other resonant frequencies were also observed. A strong lateral variation in attenuation, probably associated with a fault, caused substantially lower motion at frequencies above 6 Hz at the east end of the hill. There may be some additional scattered waves associated with the fault zone and seen at both the base and top of the hill, causing particle motions (not spectral ratios) at the top of the hill to be rotated about 20° away from the direction transverse to the hill. The resonant frequency, but not the amplitude, of our observed topographic resonance agrees well with theory, even for such a low hill. Comparisons of our observations with theoretical results indicate that the 3D shape of the hill and its internal structure are important factors affecting its response. The strong transverse resonance of the hill does not account for the large east-west mainshock motions. Assuming linear soil response, mainshock east-west motions at the Tarzana accelerograph were amplified by a factor of about 2 or less compared with sites at the base of the hill. Probable variations in surficial shear-wave velocity do not account for the observed differences among mainshock acceleration observed at Tarzana and at two different sites within 2 km of Tarzana.
Uranium-lead dating of zircons from the Montpelier Anorthosite confirms previous interpretations, based on equivocal evidence, that the Goochland terrane in the eastern Piedmont of Virginia contains Grenvillian basement rocks of Middle Proterozoic age. A very few prismatic, elongate, euhedral zircons, which contain 12–29 ppm uranium, are interpreted to be igneous in origin. The vast majority of zircons are more equant, subangular to anhedral, contain 38–52 ppm uranium, and are interpreted to be metamorphic in origin. One fraction of elongate zircon, and four fragments of a very large zircon (occurring in a nelsonite segregation) yield an upper intercept age of 1045 ± 10 Ma, interpreted as the time of anorthosite crystallization. Irregularly shaped metamorphic zircons are dated at 1011 ± 2 Ma (weighted average of the 207Pb/206Pb ages). The U-Pb isotopic systematics of metamorphic titanite were reset during the Alleghanian orogeny at 297 ± 5 Ma. These data provide a minimum age for gneisses of the Goochland terrane that are intruded by the anorthosite. Middle Proterozoic basement rocks of the Goochland terrane may be correlative with those in the Shenandoah massif of the Blue Ridge tectonic province, as suggested by similarities between the Montpelier Anorthosite and the Roseland anorthosite. Although the areal extent of Middle Proterozoic basement and basement-cover relations in the eastern Piedmont remain unresolved, results of this investigation indicate that the Goochland terrane is an internal massif of Laurentian crust rather than an exotic accreted terrane.
A 160 year record of skeletal δ13C and δ18O was examined in a specimen of the coral Solenastrea bournonigrowing in Florida Bay. Variations in the δ18O of the skeleton can be correlated to changes in salinity while changes in the δ13C reflect cycling of organic material within the Bay. Based on the correlation between salinity and skeletal δ18O, we have concluded that there has been no long term increase in salinity in this area of Florida Bay over the past 160 years. Using salinity correlations between the various basins obtained from instrumental data, we have been able to extend our interpretations to other parts of Florida Bay reaching similar conclusions. In contrast to current ideas which have focused on changes in Florida Bay water quality over the past 20-yr history of the Bay as causative in its decline, we have determined that changes in water quality in this basin were already set in motion between 1905 and 1912 by the construction of the Florida East Coast Railway from Miami to Key West. The construction of the railway resulted in the restriction of the exchange of water between the Florida reef tract and the Gulf of Mexico causing Florida Bay to become more eutrophic. Evidence of this process is observed in the sudden shift to relatively lower δ13C values coincident with railway construction. Natural events also appear to have influenced the water in the Bay. Between 1912 and 1948 frequent hurricanes had the effect of increasing exchange of water between the Bay and reef tract and removing large quantities of organic rich sediments. However, since 1948 the number of hurricanes affecting the area has decreased and the products of the oxidation of organic material have been increasingly retained within the basin promoting the initiation of eutrophic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-X","usgsCitation":"Swart, P.K., Healy, G.F., Dodge, R.E., Kramer, P., Hudson, J., Halley, R., and Robblee, M.B., 1996, The stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record from a coral growing in Florida Bay: a 160 year record of climatic and anthropogenic influence: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 123, no. 1-4, p. 219-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-X.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"237","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","volume":"123","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5475a843e4b082506142051c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swart, Peter K.","contributorId":96832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swart","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, Genevieve F.","contributorId":127608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Healy","given":"Genevieve","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodge, Richard E.","contributorId":46628,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodge","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kramer, Philip","contributorId":35911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kramer","given":"Philip","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudson, J. Harold","contributorId":54897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"J. Harold","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":45692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Robblee, Michael B. mike_robblee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"Michael","email":"mike_robblee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":525907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}