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,{"id":50615,"text":"ofr02113 - 2002 - Alaska resource data file: Nome quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T19:55:03.220052","indexId":"ofr02113","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-113","title":"Alaska resource data file: Nome quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02113","usgsCitation":"Hawley, C.C., and Hudson, T.L., 2002, Alaska resource data file: Nome quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-113, 735 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02113.","productDescription":"735 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4116,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":493045,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0113/ofr20020113.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162206,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":484078,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54433.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Nome quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -168,\n              65\n            ],\n            [\n              -168,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -165,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -165,\n              65\n            ],\n            [\n              -168,\n              65\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hawley, Charles Caldwell","contributorId":102930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawley","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Caldwell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Travis L.","contributorId":28288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50611,"text":"ofr0295 - 2002 - Alaska resource data file: Unalakleet quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T18:54:31.700826","indexId":"ofr0295","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-95","title":"Alaska resource data file: Unalakleet quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0295","usgsCitation":"Dashevsky, S.S., 2002, Alaska resource data file: Unalakleet quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-95, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0295.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4113,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":484201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54432.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":486321,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0095/ofr0295.pdf","text":"Report","size":"129 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 02-95 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Unalakleet quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              64\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dashevsky, Samuel S.","contributorId":42266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dashevsky","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44621,"text":"wri024013 - 2002 - Long-term sand supply to Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard Habitat in the Northern Coachella Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T15:08:12.236837","indexId":"wri024013","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4013","title":"Long-term sand supply to Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard Habitat in the Northern Coachella Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p>The Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard (<span class=\"italics\">Uma inornata</span>) is a federally listed threatened species that inhabits active sand dunes in the vicinity of Palm Springs, California. The Whitewater Floodplain and Willow Hole Reserves provide some of the primary remaining habitat for this species. The sediment-delivery system that creates these active sand dunes consists of fluvial depositional areas fed episodically by ephemeral streams. Finer fluvial sediments (typically sand size and finer) are mobilized in a largely unidirectional wind field associated with strong westerly winds through San Gorgonio Pass. The fluvial depositional areas are primarily associated with floodplains of the Whitewater—San Gorgonio Rivers and Mission Creek—Morongo Wash; other small drainages also contribute fluvial sediment to the eolian system. The eolian dunes are transitory as a result of unidirectional sand movement from the depositional areas, which are recharged with fine-grained sediment only during episodic floods that typically occur during El Niño years. Eolian sand moves primarily from west to east through the study area; the period of maximum eolian activity is April through June. Wind speed varies diurnally, with maximum velocities typically occurring during the afternoon.</p><p><br>Development of alluvial fans, alteration of stream channels by channelization, in-stream gravel mining, and construction of infiltration galleries were thought to reduce the amount of fluvial sediment reaching the depositional areas upwind of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italics\">Uma</span><span>&nbsp;</span>habitat. Also, the presence of roadways, railroads, and housing developments was thought to disrupt or redirect eolian sand movement. Most of the sediment yield to the fluvial system is generated in higher elevation areas with little or no development, and sediment yield is affected primarily by climatic fluctuations and rural land use, particularly livestock grazing and wildfire. Channelization benefits sediment delivery to the depositional plains upwind of the reserves by minimizing in-channel sediment storage on the alluvial fans.</p><p><br>The post-development annual sediment yield to the Whitewater and Mission Creek—Morongo Wash depositional areas are 3.5 and 1.5 million ft<sup>3</sup>/yr, respectively, covering each depositional area to a depth of 0.2 to 0.4 in. Given existing sand-transport rates, this material could be depleted by eolian processes in 8 to 16 months, a rate consistent with the presence of persistent sand dunes. However, these depletion times are likely minimum estimates, as some eolian sand is seen to persist in the immediate vicinity of depositional areas for longer time periods. Transport rates may be reduced by the presence of vegetation and other windbreaks.</p><p><br>Because they are perpendicular to prevailing winds, the infiltration galleries on Whitewater River trap fluvial and eolian sediment, reducing sediment availability. Also, the presence of the railroad and Interstate 10 redirect eolian sand movement to the southeast along their corridors,potentially eliminating the Whitewater depositional area as a sand source for the Willow Hole Reserve. Using directional wind data, we discuss the potential for eolian sand transport from the Mission Creek—Morongo Wash depositional area to Willow Hole.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024013","usgsCitation":"Griffiths, P.G., Webb, R., Lancaster, N., Kaehler, C.A., and Lundstrom, S.C., 2002, Long-term sand supply to Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard Habitat in the Northern Coachella Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4013, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024013.","productDescription":"59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3722,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024013","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.19003295898439,\n              33.567716918862175\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.02386474609375,\n              33.72890830547334\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.47705078125,\n              33.980947501499635\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.56906127929688,\n              33.98664113654014\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.59652709960938,\n              33.91373381431625\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.33560180664062,\n              33.73233462866422\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.22161865234376,\n              33.65578083204094\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.19964599609374,\n              33.57572644624357\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.19003295898439,\n              33.567716918862175\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63ef82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":230130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lancaster, Nicholas","contributorId":11879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lancaster","given":"Nicholas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaehler, Charles A. ckaehler@usgs.gov","contributorId":210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehler","given":"Charles","email":"ckaehler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lundstrom, Scott C. 0000-0003-4149-2219 sclundst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4149-2219","contributorId":2446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundstrom","given":"Scott","email":"sclundst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":45088,"text":"wri024246 - 2002 - Water and bed-sediment quality in the vicinity of Berlin Lake, Ohio, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T08:18:59","indexId":"wri024246","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4246","displayTitle":"Water and Bed-Sediment Quality in the Vicinity of Berlin Lake, Ohio, 2001","title":"Water and bed-sediment quality in the vicinity of Berlin Lake, Ohio, 2001","docAbstract":"<p>Berlin Lake, in northeast Ohio, was created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1943 and is used primarily for flood control for the upper reaches of the Mahoning River. The area surrounding and under the lake has been tapped for oil and natural gas production. One of the by-products of oil and gas production is concentrated salt water or brine, which might have an effect on the chemical quality of area potable-water sources. This report presents the results of a U.S. Geological Survey baseline study to collect current (2001) water and sediment-quality data and to characterize water quality in the Berlin Lake watershed.</p><p>Chloride-to-bromide ratios were used to detect the presence of brine in water samples and to indicate possible adverse effects on water quality. Analyses of ground-water samples from domestic wells in the area indicate a source of chloride and bromide, but defining the source would require more data collection.</p><p>Analyses of specific conductance and dissolved solids indicate that 78 percent (14 of 18) of the ground-water samples exceeded the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for dissolved solids in public water supplies of 500 milligrams per liter (mg/L), compared to 6 percent of samples exceeding 500 mg/L in two nearby studies.</p><p>Surface water was analyzed twice, once each during low-flow and surface runoff conditions. A comparison of the 2001 data to historical chloride concentrations, accounting for seasonal changes, does not indicate an increase in chloride loads for surface water in the area of Berlin Lake.</p><p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found in bed-sediment samples collected from the mouths of major tributaries to Berlin Lake. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are produced during the incomplete combustion of organic carbon materials such as wood and fossil fuels, and they are components of petroleum products.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024246","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Darner, R.A., 2002, Water and bed-sediment quality in the vicinity of Berlin Lake, Ohio, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4246, v, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024246.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3933,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4246/wri20024246.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002-4246"},{"id":135868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4246/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:oh_dc@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:oh_dc@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water/\">Ohio Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>6460 Busch Blvd. <br>Columbus, OH 43229</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Description of study area</li><li>Methods of Study</li><li>Water and Bed-Sediment Quality</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb5c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darner, Robert A. 0000-0003-1333-8265 radarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-8265","contributorId":1972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"Robert","email":"radarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50826,"text":"wri024015 - 2002 - Geologic framework of the regional ground-water flow system in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:14:04","indexId":"wri024015","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4015","title":"Geologic framework of the regional ground-water flow system in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Ground water is increasingly relied upon to satisfy the needs of a growing population in the upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon. Hydrogeologic studies are being undertaken to aid in management of the ground-water resource. An understanding of the geologic factors influencing ground-water flow is basic to those investigations. The geology of the area has a direct effect on the occurrence and movement of ground water. The permeability and storage properties of rock material are influenced by the proportion, size, and degree of interconnection of open spaces the rocks contain. These properties are the result of primary geologic processes such as volcanism and sedimentation, as well as subsequent processes such as faulting, weathering, or hydrothermal alteration. The geologic landscape in the study area evolved during about 30 million years of volcanic activity related to a north-south trending volcanic arc, the current manifestation of which are today&rsquo;s Cascade Range volcanoes.</p>\n<p>The oldest rock unit in the upper Deschutes Basin study area, the John Day Formation, is a sequence of upper Eocene to lower Miocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Weathering and alteration of the rocks has resulted in very low permeability; consequently, the unit forms the hydrologic basement for the regional ground- water flow system throughout much of the area. The Deschutes Formation and age-equivalent deposits that overlie the John Day Formation, in contrast, are highly permeable and are the most widely used ground-water-bearing units in the study area. The Deschutes Formation consists of a variety of volcanic and sedimentary deposits ranging in age from late Miocene to Pliocene (approximately 7.5 to 4.0 million years). Three distinct depositional environments previously described for the formation provide useful hydrogeologic subdivisions. The ancestral Deschutes River deposits and some units within the arc- adjacent alluvial-plain region are among the highest yielding units within the Deschutes Formation, with some wells producing up to a few thousand gallons per minute. Opal Springs basalt, Pelton basalt, and the rhyodacite dome complex near Steelhead Falls are particularly productive subunits within the Deschutes Formation and provide tens to hundreds of cubic feet per second of ground-water discharge to the Deschutes and Crooked Rivers, upstream of Round Butte Dam.</p>\n<p>Most ground-water recharge in the upper Deschutes Basin occurs in Quaternary deposits of the Cascade Range and Newberry Volcano. These deposits are highly permeable, and the fractured character of the lava flows facilitates rapid infiltration of precipitation and snowmelt, as well as movement of ground water to lower elevations. Additional recharge from canal leakage occurs along sections of unlined canals near Bend, constructed on lava flows from Newberry Volcano. Hydrothermal alteration and secondary mineralization at depth beneath the Cascade Range and Newberry Volcano has drastically reduced the permeability of the material in those regions, effectively restricting most ground water to the strata above the altered rocks. The top of the hydrothermally altered region is considered the base of the regional ground-water system beneath the Cascade Range and Newberry Volcano.</p>\n<p>Structural features influence ground-water flow within the upper Deschutes Basin mainly by juxtaposing materials with contrasting permeability. This juxtaposition can be caused by fault movement or by the influence of a fault on subsequent deposition. Several depositional centers have formed along the base of fault-line scarps or in grabens within the study area, and the infilling sedimentary deposits have permeability that differs from the surrounding rocks. The effects of faults on ground-water flow may be masked in some areas. For example, the water-table gradient changes slope in the vicinity of the Sisters fault zone, but the slope change also corresponds with a major precipitation gradient change; therefore, any influence of the fault zone is unclear.</p>\n<p>Geologic units in the Deschutes Basin were divided into several distinct hydrogeologic units. In some instances the units correspond to existing stratigraphic divisions. In other instances, hydrogeologic units correspond to different facies within a single stratigraphic unit or formation. The hydrogeologic units include Quaternary sediment, deposits of the Cascade Range and Newberry Volcano, four zones within the Deschutes Formation and age-equivalent rocks that roughly correspond with depositional environments, and pre-Deschutes-age strata.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024015","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Oregon Water Resources Department; Cities of Bend, Redmond, and Sisters; Deschutes and Jefferson Counties; The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon; and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Lite, K.E., Jr., and Gannett, M.W., 2002, Geologic framework of the regional ground-water\nflow system in the upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations\nReport 02–4015, p. 44.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. +e 1 map (folded)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298297,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4015/wri02-4015_plate1.jpg","text":"Plate 1","size":"9 MB","description":"Map and Cross Sections showing the Generalized Geology of the Upper Deschutes Basin and Locations of Selected Wells"},{"id":86355,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4015/wri02-4015.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"},{"id":120568,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4015/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_or@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, Oregon Water Science Center<br />U.S. Geological Survey<br />2130 SW 5th Avenue<br />Portland, Oregon 97201<br /><a href=\"http://or.water.usgs.gov\" target=\"_blank\">http://or.water.usgs.gov </a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Acknowledgments</li>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Geologic Setting</li>\n<li>Stratigraphic Units</li>\n<li>Tectonic Structures</li>\n<li>Hydrogeology</li>\n<li>Hydrogeologic Units</li>\n<li>Summary</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n</ul>","publishedDate":"2002-12-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lite, Kenneth E. Jr.","contributorId":37373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lite","given":"Kenneth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gannett, Marshall W. 0000-0003-2498-2427 mgannett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-2427","contributorId":2942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"Marshall","email":"mgannett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":47744,"text":"wri20024170 - 2002 - Estimating the magnitude of peak flows at selected recurrence intervals for streams in Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-21T12:56:31","indexId":"wri20024170","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4170","title":"Estimating the magnitude of peak flows at selected recurrence intervals for streams in Idaho","docAbstract":"Methods for estimating magnitudes of peak flows at various recurrence intervals, needed for highway-structure and water-control design and planning, were developed for gaged and ungaged sites on streams throughout Idaho. Recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years were selected for analysis of peak flows. For gaged sites in Idaho, peak-flow estimates were calculated by fitting a log-Pearson Type III distribution to the annual peak-flow data for each site. Annual peak flows through 1997 were used in the analysis. Basin and climatic characteristics for these gaged sites were calculated from 1:24,000 digitalelevation models and various thematic data coverages using a geographic information system. Peak- flow data and basin and climatic characteristics for 333 gaged sites were combined to develop a database that was used for the analysis. To estimate the magnitude of peak flows at ungaged sites near gaged sites on the same stream, a method was developed on the basis of drainage-area ratios. To estimate the magnitude of peak flows for ungaged sites on unregulated and undiverted streams, two regional regression methods were developed. The first regression method, termed the regional regression method, used generalized least-squares regression to develop a set of predictive equations for estimating peak flows at selected recurrence intervals for seven hydrologic regions in Idaho. These regional regression equations related basin and climatic characteristics to peak flows. The regional regression equations were all functions of drainage area plus one or two other basin characteristics. Average errors of prediction for these regression equations ranged from +143 percent to 58.8 percent. The range of errors was narrowest,\nfrom about +51.9 to about 34.2, for region 5. Error ranges were usually narrower for the middle recurrence intervals than for the lower and upper recurrence intervals. A computer program was developed to calculate the magnitude of peak flows at each recurrence interval, the average error of prediction, and the 90-percent confidence interval for each ungaged site. The second regression method, termed the region-of-influence method, was used to develop a unique regression equation for each estimate that is based on a subset of gaged sites with values of basin and climatic characteristics similar to those for the ungaged sites. All 333 gages in the database were used to select the subset. Root-mean-squared errors for this method ranged from 55.5 percent to 72.4 percent. Differences in root-mean-squared errors between regional regression equations and the region-of-influence method were quite large. The average difference in root-mean-squared errors for the region-of-influence method was more than 10 percent greater than the average differences for the regional regression equations. For region 5, the average difference was greater than 20 percent. However, for region 8, the root-mean-squared errors were, in general, only slightly smaller for the region-of-influence method than for the regional regression equations.\nThe region-of-influence method is not recommended for use in determining flood-frequency estimates for ungaged sites in Idaho because the results, overall, are less accurate and the calculations are more complex than those of regional regression equations. The regional regression equations were considered to be the primary method of estimating the magnitude and frequency of peak flows for ungaged sites in Idaho.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri20024170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Idaho Transportation Department, Idaho Bureau of Disaster Services, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., 2002, Estimating the magnitude of peak flows at selected recurrence intervals for streams in Idaho (Legacy Report, Revised July 2007): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4170, vi, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024170.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262362,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4170/report.pdf"},{"id":262363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":265415,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4170/"},{"id":265416,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4170/data/wrir20024170_idregeq.zip"},{"id":266779,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4170/idregeq.zip"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Nevada;Oregon;Washington;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.07,41.02 ], [ -119.07,49.0 ], [ -109.74,49.0 ], [ -109.74,41.02 ], [ -119.07,41.02 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report, Revised July 2007","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a9e4b07f02db5c366b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50541,"text":"ofr02403 - 2002 - Contaminated sediments database for the Gulf of Maine","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21697,"text":"ofr007 - 2000 - Contaminated sediments database for the Gulf of Maine, interpretive material for Web site","indexId":"ofr007","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Contaminated sediments database for the Gulf of Maine, interpretive material for Web site"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":50541,"text":"ofr02403 - 2002 - Contaminated sediments database for the Gulf of Maine","indexId":"ofr02403","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Contaminated sediments database for the Gulf of Maine"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:16:56","indexId":"ofr02403","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-403","title":"Contaminated sediments database for the Gulf of Maine","docAbstract":"Bottom sediments in the Gulf of Maine and its estuaries have accumulated pollutants of many types, including metals and organic compounds of agricultural, industrial, and household derivation.  Much analytical and descriptive data has been obtained on these sediments over the past decades, but only a small effort had been made, prior to this project, to compile and edit the published and unpublished data in forms suitable for a variety of users. The Contaminated Sediments Database for the Gulf of Maine provides a compilation and synthesis of existing data to help establish the environmental status of our coastal sediments and the transport paths and fate of contaminants in this region. This information, in turn, forms one of the essential bases for developing successful remediation and resource management policies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02403","usgsCitation":"Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Manheim, F., Mecray, E., Hastings, M., Currence, J., Farrington, J., Jones, S.H., Larsen, P.F., Tripp, B., Wallace, G., Ward, L.G., Fredette, T., Liebman, M., and Smith Leo, W., 2002, Contaminated sediments database for the Gulf of Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-403, illus. incl. 5 tables, sketch maps, 83 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02403.","productDescription":"illus. incl. 5 tables, sketch maps, 83 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4353,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-403/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db692256","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mecray, E.L.","contributorId":14840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecray","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hastings, M. E.","contributorId":72012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hastings","given":"M. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Currence, J.M.","contributorId":68814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currence","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Farrington, J.W.","contributorId":89160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrington","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jones, S. H.","contributorId":68759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Larsen, P. F.","contributorId":19579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tripp, B.W.","contributorId":56251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wallace, G.T. Jr.","contributorId":16037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"G.T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ward, L. G.","contributorId":55850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Fredette, T.J.","contributorId":74403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredette","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Liebman, M. L.","contributorId":81926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebman","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Smith Leo, W.","contributorId":64325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith Leo","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":50476,"text":"ofr0218 - 2002 - Time-domain electromagnetic signatures of polymetallic vein deposits in Cottonwood Canyon area, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-28T19:31:29.575094","indexId":"ofr0218","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-18","title":"Time-domain electromagnetic signatures of polymetallic vein deposits in Cottonwood Canyon area, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>This report tests the usefulness of airborne time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) data on three mineral-resource-related issues: (1) to test whether known mineral deposits at or near the surface display any signal in the TEM data; 2) determine whether TEM data can be used to locate bedrock concealed by basin fill; and (3) if the exposed mineral deposits display a signal in the TEM data, to determine if whether deposits are recognizable at depth in outcropping bedrock or in bedrock concealed beneath basin fill. Because Earth's total-intensity magnetic field data are also acquired with the TEM data, these data are included in the analysis.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Cottonwood Canyon area in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, contains several polymetallic vein deposits, including those of the Tyndall, Salero, and Wrightson mining districts, all of which have had significant mineral production. Polymetallic vein deposits, which generally consist of veins of disseminated metallic minerals, commonly exhibit a response to electrical geophysical methods. Also, on the basis of other studies, the conditions that produced the polymetallic vein mineralization in the region are believed to extend offshore into the bedrock concealed by basin fill.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The polymetallic vein deposits of the Cottonwood Canyon area all display a geophysical signature in the TEM data. These deposits occur in bedrock that has, in general, a very low resistivity. The polymetallic vein deposits are associated with high-conductivity regions that extend from deep in the bedrock to the surface. These high-conductivity regions can be quite narrow (100 m) or quite wide (1 km); most are relatively narrow. Every known mineral deposit or prospect is associated with a high-conductivity feature. High-conductivity regions can also occur without an association with known mineral deposits.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Airborne TEM data appear to be able to locate the basin fill/bedrock contact beneath basin fill. The basin fill (both dry and saturated) is generally more conductive than the bedrock. The low conductivity of the bedrock ensures that no signal from the bedrock is received from under the basin fill in most places. Therefore, in most areas of basin fill, the bedrock is interpreted to be the bottom of the signal in the conductivity-depth transforms (CDTs). Although the CDTs locate the basin-fill/bedrock contact, on the basis of a comparison with a recent report, they mostly overstate its depth by a factor of at least 2.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Because CDTs based on airborne TEM data do not see into bedrock below basin fill, it is impossible to detect mineralization in the bedrock concealed by such fill. Although the geophysical signature of polymetallic vein deposits is seen at depth in outcropping bedrock, the existence of this geophysical signal does not guarantee the occurrence of polymetallic vein deposits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0218","usgsCitation":"Bultman, M.W., 2002, Time-domain electromagnetic signatures of polymetallic vein deposits in Cottonwood Canyon area, Santa Cruz County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-18, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0218.","productDescription":"49 p.","numberOfPages":"49","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420201,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54492.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0218.jpg"},{"id":4286,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0018/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":285171,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0018/pdf/of02-18.pdf"},{"id":285170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0018/of02-18.txt"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.0597,\n              31.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0597,\n              31.575\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.8167,\n              31.575\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.8167,\n              31.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0597,\n              31.7\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bultman, Mark W. 0000-0001-8352-101X mbultman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-101X","contributorId":3348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"Mark","email":"mbultman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50506,"text":"ofr02298 - 2002 - Materials flow of sulfur","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:20","indexId":"ofr02298","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-298","title":"Materials flow of sulfur","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02298","usgsCitation":"Ober, J.A., 2002, Materials flow of sulfur (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-298, p. 56, illus. incl. 10 tables, sketch maps, 98 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02298.","productDescription":"p. 56, illus. incl. 10 tables, sketch maps, 98 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4318,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-298/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605bb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ober, Joyce A. 0000-0003-1608-5611 jober@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1608-5611","contributorId":394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ober","given":"Joyce","email":"jober@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":47759,"text":"wri024248 - 2002 - Subsurface evaluation of the west parking lot and landfill 3 areas of Air Force Plant 4, Fort Worth, Texas, using two-dimensional direct-current resistivity profiling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T14:38:13","indexId":"wri024248","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4248","title":"Subsurface evaluation of the west parking lot and landfill 3 areas of Air Force Plant 4, Fort Worth, Texas, using two-dimensional direct-current resistivity profiling","docAbstract":"During September 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey made 10 two-dimensional direct-current resistivity profile surveys in the west parking lot and landfill 3 areas of Air Force Plant 4, Fort Worth, Texas, to identify subsurface areas of anomalously high or low resistivity that could indicate potential contamination, contaminant pathways, or anthropogenic structures. Six of the 10 surveys (transects) were in the west parking lot. Each of the inverted sections of these transects had anomalously high resistivities in the terrace alluvium/fill (the surficial subsurface layer) that probably were caused by highly resistive fill material. In addition, each of these transects had anomalously low resistivities in the Walnut Formation (a bedrock layer immediately beneath the alluvium/fill) that could have been caused by saturation of fractures within the Walnut Formation. A high-resistivity anomaly in the central part of the study area probably is associated with pea gravel fill used in construction of a French drain. Another high resistivity anomaly in the west parking lot, slightly southeast of the French drain, could be caused by dense nonaqueous-phase liquid in the Walnut Formation. The inverted sections of the four transects in the landfill 3 area tended to have slightly higher resistivities in both the alluvium/fill and the Walnut Formation than the transects in the west parking lot. The higher resistivities in the alluvium/fill could have been caused by drier conditions in grassy areas relative to conditions in the west parking lot. Higher resistivities in parts of the Walnut Formation also could be a function of drier conditions or variations in the lithology of the Walnut Formation. In addition to the 10 vertical sections, four horizontal sections at 2-meteraltitude intervals show generally increasing resistivity with decreasing altitude that most likely results from the increased influence of the Walnut Formation, which has a higher resistivity than the terrace alluvium/fill.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024248","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, Aeronautical Systems Center, Environmental Management Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","usgsCitation":"Braun, C.L., and Jones, S.A., 2002, Subsurface evaluation of the west parking lot and landfill 3 areas of Air Force Plant 4, Fort Worth, Texas, using two-dimensional direct-current resistivity profiling: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4248, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024248.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4086,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024248/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":341596,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024248/pdf/02-4248.pdf","text":"Report","size":"511 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Fort Worth","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.43,\n              32.79\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.45,\n              32.79\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.45,\n              32.76\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.43,\n              32.76\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.43,\n              32.79\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699946","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5540-2854 clbraun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2854","contributorId":925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Christopher","email":"clbraun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Sonya A. 0000-0002-7462-8576 sajones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7462-8576","contributorId":1690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Sonya","email":"sajones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":236173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50496,"text":"ofr02215 - 2002 - Archive of chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise ATSV99045, northern North Carolina, October 9-27, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T15:47:09","indexId":"ofr02215","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-215","title":"Archive of chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise ATSV99045, northern North Carolina, October 9-27, 1999","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02215","usgsCitation":"Capone, M.K., Thieler, E.R., Nichols, D.R., and O’Brien, T.F., 2002, Archive of chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise ATSV99045, northern North Carolina, October 9-27, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-215, p. 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,{"id":50117,"text":"pp1661A - 2002 - Crustal deformation at the leading edge of the Oregon Coast Range block, offshore Washington (Columbia River to Hoh River)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-19T17:16:26","indexId":"pp1661A","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1661","subseriesTitle":"Earthquake Hazards of the Pacific Northwest Coastal and Marine Regions","chapter":"A","title":"Crustal deformation at the leading edge of the Oregon Coast Range block, offshore Washington (Columbia River to Hoh River)","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Hazards of the Pacific Northwest Coastal and Marine Regions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1661A","collaboration":"This report is Chapter A of <i>Earthquake Hazards of the Pacific Northwest Coastal and Marine Regions</i>, USGS Professional Paper 1661, edited by Robert Kayen.","usgsCitation":"McCrory, P.A., Foster, D.S., Danforth, W.W., and Hamer, M.R., 2002, Crustal deformation at the leading edge of the Oregon Coast Range block, offshore Washington (Columbia River to Hoh River) (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1661, 53 p.; map plate 1, 37 x 33 in.; map plate 2, 37 x 48 in.; incl. sects., strat. cols., 3 tables, 92 refs, 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1661A.","productDescription":"53 p.; map plate 1, 37 x 33 in.; map plate 2, 37 x 48 in.; incl. sects., strat. cols., 3 tables, 92 refs, 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110400,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54520.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"54520"},{"id":120672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1661_a.jpg"},{"id":4303,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1661a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6800af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCrory, Patricia A. 0000-0003-2471-0018 pmccrory@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2471-0018","contributorId":2728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrory","given":"Patricia","email":"pmccrory@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, David S. 0000-0003-1205-0884 dfoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-0884","contributorId":1320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"David","email":"dfoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamer, Michael R.","contributorId":10471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":50118,"text":"pp1670 - 2002 - Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T16:49:51.059094","indexId":"pp1670","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1670","title":"Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present","docAbstract":"<p>A sediment core from the Cariaco Basin on the Venezuelan continental shelf, which recovered sediment that has been dated back to 20 ka (thousand years ago), was examined for its major-element-oxide and trace-element composition. Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) can be partitioned between a siliciclastic, terrigenous-derived fraction and two seawater-derived fractions. The two marine fractions are (1) a biogenic fraction represented by nutrient trace elements taken up mostly in the photic zone by phytoplankton, and (2) a hydrogenous fraction that has been derived from bottom water via adsorption and precipitation reactions. This suite of trace elements contrasts with a second suite of trace elements—barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), gallium (Ga), lithium (Li), the rare-earth elements, thorium (Th), yttrium (Y), and several of the major-element oxides—that has had solely a terrigenous source. The partitioning scheme, coupled with bulk sediment accumulation rates measured by others, allows us to determine the accumulation rate of trace elements in each of the three sediment fractions and of the fractions themselves.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The current export of organic matter from the photic zone, redox conditions and advection of bottom water, and flux of terrigenous debris into the basin can be used to calculate independently trace-element depositional rates. The calculated rates show excellent agreement with the measured rates of the surface sediment. This agreement supports a model of trace-element accumulation rates in the subsurface sediment that gives a 20-kyr history of upwelling into the photic zone (that is, primary productivity), bottom-water advection and redox, and provenance. Correspondence of extrema in the geochemical signals with global changes in sea level and climate demonstrates the high degree to which the basin hydrography and provenance have responded to the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic regimes of the last 20 kyr.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The accumulation rate of the marine fraction of Mo increased abruptly at about 14.8 ka (calendar years), from less than 0.5 µg cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> to greater than 4 µg cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. Its accumulation rate remained high but variable until 8.6 ka, when it decreased sharply to 1 µg cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. It continued to decrease to 4.0 ka, to its lowest value for the past 15 kyr, before gradually increasing to the present. Between 14.8 ka and 8.6 ka, its accumulation rate exhibited strong maxima at 14.4, 13.0, and 9.9 ka. The oldest maximum corresponds to melt-water pulse IA into the Gulf of Mexico. A relative minimum, centered at about 11.1 ka, corresponds to melt-water pulse IB; a strong maximum occurs in the immediately overlying sediment. The maximum at 13.0 ka corresponds to onset of the Younger Dryas cold event. This pattern to the accumulation rate of Mo (and V) can be interpreted in terms of its deposition from bottom water of the basin, the hydrogenous fraction, under SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> -reducing conditions, during times of intense bottom-water advection 14.8 ka to 11.1 ka and significantly less intense bottom-water advection 11 ka to the present.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The accumulation rate of Cd shows a pattern that is only slightly different from that of Mo, although its deposition was determined largely by the rain rate of organic matter into the bottom water, a biogenic fraction whose deposition was driven by upwelling of nutrient-enriched water into the photic zone. Its accumulation exhibits only moderately high rates, on average, during both melt-water pulses. Its highest rate, and that of upwelling, occurred during the Younger Dryas, and again following melt-water pulse IB. The marine fractions of Cu, Ni, and Zn also have a strong biogenic signal. The siliciclastic terrigenous debris, however, represents the dominant source, and host, of Cu, Ni, and Zn. All four trace elements have a consid-erably weaker hydrogenous signal than biogenic signal.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Accumulation rates of the terrigenous fraction, as reflected by accumulation rates of Th and Ga, show strong maxima at 16.2 and 12.7 ka and minima at 14.1 and 11.1 ka. Co, Li, REE, and Y have a similar distribution. The minima occurred during melt-water pulses IA and IB, the maxima during the Younger Dryas and the rise in sea level following the last glacial maximum.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1670","usgsCitation":"Piper, D.Z., and Dean, W.E., 2002, Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1670, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1670.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":86307,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/pdf/pp1670.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":4304,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Cariaco Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.0,10.0 ], [ -66.0,11.0 ], [ -64.0,11.0 ], [ -64.0,10.0 ], [ -66.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698283","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44573,"text":"wri024252 - 2002 - Assessment of environmental factors affecting fecal-coliform concentrations in Hampton/Seabrook Harbor, New Hampshire, 2000-01","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T12:03:14","indexId":"wri024252","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4252","title":"Assessment of environmental factors affecting fecal-coliform concentrations in Hampton/Seabrook Harbor, New Hampshire, 2000-01","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024252","usgsCitation":"Deacon, J.R., and Nash, W.C., 2002, Assessment of environmental factors affecting fecal-coliform concentrations in Hampton/Seabrook Harbor, New Hampshire, 2000-01: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4252, iv, 17 p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024252.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4252/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276440,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4252/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deacon, Jeffrey R. 0000-0001-5793-6940 jrdeacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-6940","contributorId":2786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrdeacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nash, William Christopher","contributorId":88421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50488,"text":"ofr02104 - 2002 - Mussel community composition in relation to macrohabitat, water quality, and impoundments in the Neversink River, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:21","indexId":"ofr02104","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-104","title":"Mussel community composition in relation to macrohabitat, water quality, and impoundments in the Neversink River, New York","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02104","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B.P., Schuler, G.E., and Riva-Murray, K., 2002, Mussel community composition in relation to macrohabitat, water quality, and impoundments in the Neversink River, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-104, p. 26, illus. incl. 6 tables, sketch map, 47 refs; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02104.","productDescription":"p. 26, illus. incl. 6 tables, sketch map, 47 refs; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86326,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119 bbaldigo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":1234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry","email":"bbaldigo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuler, George E.","contributorId":37005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuler","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riva-Murray, Karen","contributorId":85650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riva-Murray","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44568,"text":"wri024241 - 2002 - Simulation of runoff and recharge and estimation of constituent loads in runoff, Edwards aquifer recharge zone (outcrop) and catchment area, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T11:25:49","indexId":"wri024241","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4241","title":"Simulation of runoff and recharge and estimation of constituent loads in runoff, Edwards aquifer recharge zone (outcrop) and catchment area, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2000","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey developed a watershed model (Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN) to simulate runoff and recharge and to estimate constituent loads in surface-water runoff in the Edwards aquifer recharge zone (outcrop) and catchment area in Bexar County, Texas. Rainfall and runoff data collected during 1970–98 from four gaged basins in the outcrop and catchment area were used to calibrate and test the model. The calibration parameters were applied in simulations of the four calibration basins and six ungaged basins that compose the study area to obtain runoff and recharge volumes for 4 years, 1997–2000. In 1997, simulated runoff from the study area was 5.62 inches. Simulated recharge in the study area was 7.85 inches (20 percent of rainfall). In 1998, simulated runoff was 11.05 inches; simulated recharge was 10.99 inches (25 percent of rainfall). In 1999, simulated runoff was 0.66 inch; simulated recharge was 3.03 inches (19 percent of rainfall). In 2000, simulated runoff was 5.29 inches; simulated recharge was 7.19 inches (21 percent of rainfall). During 1997– 2000, direct infiltration of rainfall accounted for about 56 percent of the total Edwards aquifer recharge in Bexar County. Streamflow losses contributed about 37 percent of the recharge; flood impoundment contributed 7 percent. The simulated runoff volumes were used with event-mean-concentration data from basins in the study area and from other Bexar County basins to compute constituent loads and yields for various land uses. Annual loads for suspended solids, dissolved solids, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, and total lead were consistently largest from undeveloped land and smallest from commercial land or transportation corridors. Annual loads and yields varied with rainfall, with the maximum loads produced in the wettest year (1998) and the minimum loads produced in the driest year (1999).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024241","collaboration":"In cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D.J., 2002, Simulation of runoff and recharge and estimation of constituent loads in runoff, Edwards aquifer recharge zone (outcrop) and catchment area, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4241, HTML Document; Report: iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024241.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3691,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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ockerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":1579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"ockerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44675,"text":"pp1530B - 2002 - Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota--Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of short-term test cycles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"pp1530B","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1530","chapter":"B","title":"Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota--Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of short-term test cycles","docAbstract":"In May 1980, the University of Minnesota began a project to evaluate the feasibility of storing heated water (150 degrees Celsius) in the Franconia-Ironton Galesville aquifer (183 to 245 meters below land surface) and later recovering it for space heating. The University's steam-generation facilities supplied high-temperature water for injection. The Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage system is a doublet-well design in which the injection-withdrawal wells are spaced approximately 250 meters apart. Water was pumped from one of the wells through a heat exchanger, where heat was added or removed. This water was then injected back into the aquifer through the other well.\r\n\r\nFour short-term test cycles were completed. Each cycle consisted of approximately equal durations of injection and withdrawal ranging from 5.25 to 8.01 days. Equal rates of injection and withdrawal, ranging from 17.4 to 18.6 liters per second, were maintained for each short-term test cycle. Average injection temperatures ranged from 88.5 to 117.9 degrees Celsius.\r\n\r\nTemperature graphs for selected depths at individual observation wells indicate that the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones received and stored more thermal energy than the upper part of the Franconia Formation. Clogging of the Ironton Sandstone was possibly due to precipitation of calcium carbonate or movement of fine-grain material or both. Vertical-profile plots indicate that the effects of buoyancy flow were small within the aquifer.\r\n\r\nA three-dimensional, anisotropic, nonisothermal, ground-water-flow, and thermal-energy-transport model was constructed to simulate the four short-term test cycles. The model was used to simulate the entire short-term testing period of approximately 400 days. The only model properties varied during model calibration were longitudinal and transverse thermal dispersivities, which, for final calibration, were simulated as 3.3 and 0.33 meters, respectively. The model was calibrated by comparing model-computed results to (1) measured temperatures at selected altitudes in four observation wells, (2) measured temperatures at the production well, and (3) calculated thermal efficiencies of the aquifer. Model-computed withdrawal-water temperatures were within an average of about 3 percent of measured values and model-computed aquifer-thermal efficiencies were within an average of about 5 percent of calculated values for the short-term test cycles. These data indicate that the model accurately simulated thermal-energy storage within the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1530B","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.T., and Delin, G., 2002, Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota--Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of short-term test cycles: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1530, 66 p., 36 figs.; v. : ill. ; 29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1530B.","productDescription":"66 p., 36 figs.; v. : ill. ; 29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3768,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/pp1530B/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1530_b.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eba7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Robert T.","contributorId":91892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":45084,"text":"wri20024188 - 2002 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas — Surface-water quality, shallow ground-water quality, and factors affecting water quality in the Rincon Valley, south-central New Mexico, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T22:21:31.176964","indexId":"wri20024188","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4188","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas — Surface-water quality, shallow ground-water quality, and factors affecting water quality in the Rincon Valley, south-central New Mexico, 1994-95","docAbstract":"<p>As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, surface-water and ground-water samples were collected in 1994 and 1995 for analysis of common constituents, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, trace elements, radioactivity, volatile organic compounds, and pesticides to characterize surface water quality and shallow ground-water quality and to determine factors affecting water quality in the Rincon Valley, south-central New Mexico. Samples of surface water were collected from three sites on the Rio Grande and from sites on three agricultural drains in the Rincon Valley in January 1994 and 1995, April 1994, and October 1994Ground-water samples were collected in late April and early May 1994 from 30 shallow wells that were installed during the investigation.</p><p>Dissolved-solids concentrations in surface water ranged from 434 to 1,510 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Dissolved-solids concentrations were smallest in water from the Rio Grande below Caballo Dam and largest in the drains. Nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 to 3.3 mg/L as nitrogen, and ammonia concentrations ranged from less than 0.015 to 0.33 mg/L as nitrogen in surface-water samples.</p><p>Trace-element concentrations in surface water were significantly smaller than the acute-fisheries standards. One or more pesticides were detected in 34 of 37 surface-water samples. DCPA (dacthal) and metolachlor were the most commonly detected pesticides. No standards have been established for the pesticides analyzed for in this study.</p><p>Dissolved-solids concentrations in shallow ground water ranged from 481 to 3,630 mg/L. All but 2 of 30 samples exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level for dissolved solids of 500 mg/L. Water from about 73 percent of the wells sampled exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level of 250 mg/L for sulfate, and water from about 7 percent of the wells sampled exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level of 250 mg/L for chloride. Nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 to 33 mg/L as nitrogen in shallow ground water. Water from about 17 percent of the well samples exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L as nitrogen for nitrite plus nitrate.</p><p>Trace-element concentrations in shallow ground water generally were small (1 to 10 micrograms per liter)The proposed maximum contaminant level of 20 micrograms per liter for uranium was exceeded in about 13 percent of the samples. The secondary maximum contaminant level of 300 micrograms per liter for iron was exceeded in about 17 percent of the samples and of 50 micrograms per liter for manganese was exceeded in about 83 percent of the samples. Samples from about 23 percent of the wells exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 15 picocuries per liter for gross alpha activity.</p><p>One or more pesticides were detected in water from 12 of 30 wells sampled. The pesticides or pesticide metabolites diazinon, metolachlor, napropamide, p,p’-DDE, and prometon were detected in one or more samples. Metolachlor and prometon were the most commonly detected pesticides. Health advisories for the pesticides detected in shallow ground water (no maximum contaminant levels have been established for the pesticides detected) are 10 to 300 times larger than the concentrations detected.</p><p>Infiltration, evaporation, and transpiration of irrigation water are important factors affecting the concentrations of common constituents in shallow ground water in the Rincon Valley. Dissolution and precipitation of minerals and mixing of shallow ground water and inflow of ground water from adjacent areas also affect the composition of shallow ground water and water in the drains.</p><p>Relatively large nitrite plus nitrate concentrations in several shallow ground-water samples indicate leaching of fertilizers in some areas of the Rincon Valley. Molybdenum and uranium concentrations in part of the Rincon Valley are affected by inflow of ground water to the valley from adjacent areas. A large amount of the gross alpha activity in shallow ground water is from uranium isotopes. Gross beta activity increases with dissolved potassium, indicating that part of the dissolved gross beta activity is from potassium-40.</p><p>The detection of a larger number of different pesticides in surface water than in ground water indicates that pesticides are entering surface water as runoff from fields or that the number of ground-water samples collected and the time of year that the samples were collected did not adequately represent the composition of ground water in the Rincon Valley that discharges to the drains.</p><p>On the basis of pesticide concentrations detected in shallow ground water in the Rincon Valley, large amounts of the pesticides analyzed for are not leaching from land surface into ground water. There is some indication that several pesticides are leaching downward into shallow ground water (metolachlor and prometon especially); however, the concentrations detected in shallow ground water are significantly smaller than any standards or health advisories issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20024188","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department","usgsCitation":"Anderholm, S.K., 2002, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas — Surface-water quality, shallow ground-water quality, and factors affecting water quality in the Rincon Valley, south-central New Mexico, 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4188, vii, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024188.","productDescription":"vii, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10814,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4188/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":410244,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54165.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rincon Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.3333,\n              32.5583\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.3333,\n              32.8986\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              32.8986\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              32.5583\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.3333,\n              32.5583\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd00c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderholm, Scott K.","contributorId":94270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":41148,"text":"ofr02434 - 2002 - Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, May 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T22:20:58.461483","indexId":"ofr02434","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-434","title":"Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, May 2002","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02434","usgsCitation":"Kinnaman, S.L., and Knowles, L., 2002, Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, May 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-434, 1 Plate: 36.00 × 52.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02434.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.00 × 52.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3682,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02-434/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":393633,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54259.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83,\n              26.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0833,\n              26.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0833,\n              31\n            ],\n            [\n              -83,\n              31\n            ],\n            [\n              -83,\n              26.9167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682b32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinnaman, Sandra L. 0000-0003-0271-6187 kinnaman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-6187","contributorId":1757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinnaman","given":"Sandra","email":"kinnaman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":224571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knowles, Leel Jr.","contributorId":14857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Leel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50527,"text":"ofr02365 - 2002 - Spatial digital database of the geologic map of Catalina Core Complex and San Pedro Trough, Pima, Pinal, Gila, Graham, and Cochise Counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T16:57:46.675816","indexId":"ofr02365","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-365","title":"Spatial digital database of the geologic map of Catalina Core Complex and San Pedro Trough, Pima, Pinal, Gila, Graham, and Cochise Counties, Arizona","docAbstract":"The geologic map of Catalina Core Complex and San Pedro Trough by Dickinson (1992) was digitized for input into a geographic information system (GIS) by the U.S. Geological Survey staff and contractors in 2000-2001.\n\nThis digital geospatial database is one of many being created by the U.S. Geological Survey as an ongoing effort to provide geologic information in a geographic information system (GIS) for use in spatial analysis. The resulting digital geologic map database data can be queried in many ways to produce a variety of geologic maps and derivative products. Digital base map data (topography, roads, towns, rivers, lakes, and so forth) are not included; they may be obtained from a variety of commercial and government sources. This database is not meant to be used or displayed at any scale larger than 1:125,000 (for example, 1:100,000 or 1:24,000). The digital geologic map plot files that are provided herein are representations of the database.\n\nThe map area is located in southern Arizona. This report lists the geologic map units, the methods used to convert the geologic map data into a digital format, the ArcInfo GIS file structures and relationships, and explains how to download the digital files from the U.S. Geological Survey public access World Wide Web site on the Internet. The manuscript and digital data review by Lorre Moyer (USGS) is greatly appreciated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02365","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Arizona","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, W.R., Hirschberg, D., Pitts, G.S., and Bolm, K., 2002, Spatial digital database of the geologic map of Catalina Core Complex and San Pedro Trough, Pima, Pinal, Gila, Graham, and Cochise Counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-365, Report: 25 p.; 1 Plate: 36.00 inches x 52.00 inches; Readme; Metadata; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02365.","productDescription":"Report: 25 p.; 1 Plate: 36.00 inches x 52.00 inches; Readme; Metadata; Database","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02365.jpg"},{"id":285177,"rank":5,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0365/"},{"id":285179,"rank":8,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0365/00readme.txt"},{"id":285180,"rank":6,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0365/ccc125k.met"},{"id":285184,"rank":3,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0365/ccc125k_db.tar.Z"},{"id":285183,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0365/ccc125k.tar.Z"},{"id":285182,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0365/pdf/ccc125k.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":285178,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0365/pdf/ccc-map.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"125000","projection":"UTM zone 12","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.25,32.00 ], [ -111.25,33.75 ], [ -110.00,33.75 ], [ -110.00,32.00 ], [ -111.25,32.00 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, William R.","contributorId":75064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hirschberg, Douglas M.","contributorId":75442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirschberg","given":"Douglas M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pitts, G. Stephen","contributorId":23187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitts","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bolm, Karen S.","contributorId":13226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolm","given":"Karen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":47756,"text":"wri024234 - 2002 - Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-11T13:37:32.812392","indexId":"wri024234","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4234","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of drinking water for towns in the upper Charles River Basin, an area of 105 square miles in eastern Massachusetts that is undergoing rapid growth. The stratified-glacial aquifers in the basin are high yield, but also are thin, discontinuous, and in close hydraulic connection with streams, ponds, and wetlands. Water withdrawals averaged 10.1 million gallons per day in 1989?98 and are likely to increase in response to rapid growth. These withdrawals deplete streamflow and lower pond levels. A study was conducted to develop tools for evaluating water-management alternatives at the regional scale in the basin. Geologic and hydrologic data were compiled and collected to characterize the ground- and surface-water systems. Numerical flow modeling techniques were applied to evaluate the effects of increased withdrawals and altered recharge on ground-water levels, pond levels, and stream base flow. Simulation-optimization methods also were applied to test their efficacy for management of multiple water-supply and water-resource needs. \r\n\r\nSteady-state and transient ground-water-flow models were developed using the numerical modeling code MODFLOW-2000. The models were calibrated to 1989?98 average annual conditions of water withdrawals, water levels, and stream base flow. Model recharge rates were varied spatially, by land use, surficial geology, and septic-tank return flow. Recharge was changed during model calibration by means of parameter-estimation techniques to better match the estimated average annual base flow; area-weighted rates averaged 22.5 inches per year for the basin. Water withdrawals accounted for about 7 percent of total simulated flows through the stream-aquifer system and were about equal in magnitude to model-calculated rates of ground-water evapotranspiration from wetlands and ponds in aquifer areas. Water withdrawals as percentages of total flow varied spatially and temporally within an average year; maximum values were 12 to 13 percent of total annual flow in some subbasins and of total monthly flow throughout the basin in summer and early fall. \r\n\r\nWater-management alternatives were evaluated by simulating hypothetical scenarios of increased withdrawals and altered recharge for average 1989?98 conditions with the flow models. Increased withdrawals to maximum State-permitted levels would result in withdrawals of about 15 million gallons per day, or about 50 percent more than current withdrawals. Model-calculated effects of these increased withdrawals included reductions in stream base flow that were greatest (as a percentage of total flow) in late summer and early fall. These reductions ranged from less than 5 percent to more than 60 percent of model-calculated 1989?98 base flow along reaches of the Charles River and major tributaries during low-flow periods. Reductions in base flow generally were comparable to upstream increases in withdrawals, but were slightly less than upstream withdrawals in areas where septic-system return flow was simulated. Increased withdrawals also increased the proportion of wastewater in the Charles River downstream of treatment facilities. The wastewater component increased downstream from a treatment facility in Milford from 80 percent of September base flow under 1989?98 conditions to 90 percent of base flow, and from 18 to 27 percent of September base flow downstream of a treatment facility in Medway. In another set of hypothetical scenarios, additional recharge equal to the transfer of water out of a typical subbasin by sewers was found to increase model-calculated base flows by about 12 percent of model-calculated base flows. Addition of recharge equal to that available from artificial recharge of residential rooftop runoff had smaller effects, augmenting simulated September base flow by about 3 percent. \r\n\r\nSimulation-optimization methods were applied to an area near Populatic Pond and the confluence of the Mill and Charles Rivers in Franklin,","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024234","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., Walter, D.A., Eggleston, J.R., and Nimiroski, M.T., 2002, Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4234, vii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024234.","productDescription":"vii, 94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170495,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4083,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024234/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"upper Charles River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.667,\n              42.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.667,\n              41.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.1958,\n              41.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.1958,\n              42.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.667,\n              42.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eggleston, John R. 0000-0001-6633-3041 jegglest@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-3041","contributorId":3068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"John","email":"jegglest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":47455,"text":"pp1419 - 2002 - Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands aquifer system of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-13T17:06:37.181925","indexId":"pp1419","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1419","title":"Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands aquifer system of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"<p>Poorly lithified to unconsolidated carbonate and clastic sedimentary rocks of Tertiary (Oligocene to Pliocene) and Quaternary (Pleistocene to Holocene) age compose the South Coast aquifer and the North Coast limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico; poorly lithified to unlithified carbonate rocks of late Tertiary (early Miocene to Pliocene) age make up the Kingshill aquifer of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The South Coast aquifer, North Coast limestone aquifer system, and Kingshill aquifer are the most areally extensive and function as the major sources of ground water in the U.S. Caribbean Islands Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (CI-RASA) study area.</p><p>In Puerto Rico's South Coast ground-water province, more than 1,000 meters of clastic and carbonate rocks of Oligocene to Pliocene age infill the South Coast Tertiary Basin. The pattern of lithofacies within this basin appears to have been controlled by changes in base level that were, at times, dominated by tectonic movement (uplift and subsidence), but were also influenced by eustasy. Deposition of the 70-kilometer long and 3- to 8-kilometer wide fan-delta plain that covers much of the South Coast ground-water province occurred largely in response to glacially-induced changes in sea level and climate during the Quaternary period. Tectonic movement played a much less important role during the Quaternary.</p><p>The North Coast ground-water province of Puerto Rico is underlain by homoclinal coastal plain wedge of carbonate and siliciclastic rocks that infill the North Coast Tertiary Basin and thicken to more than 1,700 meters. A thin basal siliciclastic sequence of late Oligocene age is overlain by a thick section of mostly carbonate rocks of Oligocene to middle Miocene age. Globigerinid limestone of late Miocene to Pliocene age crops out and lies in the shallow subsurface areas of northwestern Puerto Rico. Oligocene to middle Miocene age rocks tentatively can be divided into five depositional sequences and associated systems tracts; these rocks record carbonate and minor siliciclastic deposition that occurred in response to changes in relative sea level. The Cibao Formation represents the most complex of these sequences and contains a varied facies of carbonate, mixed carbonate-siliciclastic, and siliciclastic rocks that reflect differential uplift, subsidence, and transgression of the sea.</p><p>Uplift, graben formation, and gradual shallowing of the sea are reflected within the bathyal-dominated sedimentary facies of the Kingshill Limestone in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Reef-tract limestone beds of Pliocene age were subject to exposure, resubmergence, and meteoric leaching of aragonitic skeletal debris; these beds contain patchy lenses of dolomite that are restricted to a small, structurally-controlled embayment.</p><p>The South Coast aquifer, the principal water-bearing unit of Puerto Rico's South Coast ground-water province, consists of boulder- to silt-size detritus formed by large and small coalescing fan deltas of Pleistocene to Holocene age. Deep well data indicates that it is possible to vertically separate and group a highly complex and irregular-bedded detrital sequence that underlies distal parts of the fan-delta plain into discrete water-bearing units if correlated with 30- to 40-meter thick, eustatically-controlled depositional cycles. Lithofacies maps show that greatest hydraulic conductivity within the fan-delta plain is generally associated with proximal fan and midfan areas. Distal and interfan areas are least permeable. Alluvial valley aquifers located in the western part of the South Coast ground-water province are important local sources of water supply and appear to contain some of the same physical and hydraulic characteristics as the South Coast aquifer. Older sedimentary rocks within the basin are poor aquifers; conglomeratic beds are well-cemented, and carbonate beds do not contain well-developed solution features, except locally where the beds are overlain by alluvium. Ground-water occurs under unconfined conditions in proximal and midfan areas. Confined conditions within deeper parts of the system and in interfan and some midfan areas are created largely by the intercalated nature of discontinuous fine-grained beds that retard vertical ground-water movement.</p><p>The development of water resources in southern Puerto Rico has modified the hydrologic system of the South Coast aquifer considerably. Under predevelopment conditions, the South Coast aquifer was recharged in the unconfined, proximal fan and some midfan areas by infrequent rainfall and seepage from streams near the fan apex. Discharge occurred as seabed seepage, baseflow discharge along the lower coastal reach of streams, seepage to coastal wetlands, or evapotranspiration in areas underlain by a shallow water table. Under development conditions, seepage from irrigation canals and areal recharge from furrow irrigation represented a principal mechanism for recharge to the aquifer. Increased ground-water withdrawals in the 1960's and 1970's resulted in declines in the water table to below sea level in some places and intrusion of salt water into the aquifer. By the middle 1980's, a reduction in ground-water withdrawals and a shift from furrow irrigation to drip-irrigation techniques resulted in the recovery of water levels. Under present-day (1986) conditions, regional ground-water flow is coastward but with local movement to some well fields. In addition to the discharge mechanisms described above, ground-water discharges also to coastal canals.</p><p>The North Coast limestone aquifer system consists of limestone, lesser amounts of dolomite, and minor clastic detritus of Oligocene to Pliocene age that form an unconfined upper aquifer and a confined lower aquifer; these aquifers are separated by a clay, mudstone, and marl confining unit. Topographic relief and incision of carbonate coastal plain rocks by streams are the principal factors controlling the direction of ground-water flow. The North Coast limestone aquifer system is recharged principally by precipitation that enters the upper and lower aquifers where they crop out. Regional groundwater movement from the upper aquifer is to the major rivers, wells, coastal wetlands, coastal, nearshore, and offshore springs, or as seabed seepage. Regional discharge from the lower aquifer is to the major rivers along its unconfined parts or where the confining unit has been breached by streams. Discharge from the lower aquifer also occurs in the San Juan area where the Mucarabones Sand provides an avenue for diffuse upward ground-water flow. Transmissivity within the upper limestone aquifer appears to be largely regulated by the thickness of the freshwater lens. The lens is thickest and transmissivity is greatest in interstream areas that lie in a zone that closely corresponds to the landwardmost extent of the underlying saltwater wedge. Hydraulic conductivity of the upper aquifer generally increases in a coastward direction and reflects lithologic control, karstification in the upper 30 to 100 meters of the section, and enhanced permeability in a zone of freshwater and saltwater mixing. Transmissivity of the lower aquifer is an order of magnitude smaller than that of the upper aquifer; highest transmissivities in the lower aquifer largely correspond to a coarse grainstone-packstone and coral-patch-reef depositional facies contained within the outcropping parts of the Montebello Limestone Member and its subsurface equivalents. Porosity within the North Coast limestone aquifer system is high in grainstone-packstones and low in wackestone and marl. Dolomitized zones and moldic grainstone-packstone strata are the most porous carbonate rocks, but occur in thin beds that usually are only a few meters thick. Processes of karstification that include the development of caverous zones and large vugs, and dissolution along possible regional fracture sets has enhanced permeability within the upper part of the aquifer system. Stratigraphic and lithologic control play an important role controlling permeability within the lower part of the system.</p><p>The Kingshill aquifer of St. Croix, in large part, is composed of deepwater limestone that contains only microscopic pores and is poorly permeable; however, the upper part of the aquifer, a shallow-water skeletal and reef limestone, is fairly permeable, but restricted in areal extent. Permeability within these uppermost beds of the aquifer has been enhanced by meteoric leaching, dissolution within a mixing zone of saltwater and fresh water, and dolomitization. However, most large-yield wells completed in the Kingshill aquifer are also screened in alluvium that overlies or infills incised channels. The alluvial deposits serve as a temporary storage zone for rainfall, runoff, and ground water slowly entering the Kingshill aquifer.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1419","usgsCitation":"Renken, R.A., Ward, W.C., Gill, I.P., Gómez-Gómez, F., and Rodríguez-Martínez, J., 2002, Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands aquifer system of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1419, Report: ix, 139 p.; 5 Plates: 42.00 × 50.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1419.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 139 p.; 5 Plates: 42.00 × 50.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405228,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54502.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3982,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1419/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120562,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1419.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -64.55429077148438,\n              17.748686651728807\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.67926025390625,\n              18.320633115866578\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.70809936523438,\n              18.394927021680232\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.918212890625,\n              18.428804841695072\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.40435791015625,\n              18.375379094031825\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.79025268554688,\n              18.432713391700858\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.016845703125,\n              18.47960905583197\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.15255737304688,\n              18.539512627214105\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.29949951171875,\n              18.367559302479318\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.22396850585936,\n              17.947380678685217\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.64581298828125,\n              17.901648443590073\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.96902465820312,\n              17.679353156672477\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.77951049804688,\n              17.647948051340578\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.55429077148438,\n              17.748686651728807\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":235412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, W. C.","contributorId":8925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, I. P.","contributorId":68064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":47456,"text":"pp1590 - 2002 - Habitat and environment of islands: primary and supplemental island sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:38","indexId":"pp1590","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1590","title":"Habitat and environment of islands: primary and supplemental island sets","docAbstract":"The original intent of the study was to develop a first-order synopsis of island hydrology with an integrated geologic basis on a global scale. As the study progressed, the aim was broadened to provide a framework for subsequent assessments on large regional or global scales of island resources and impacts on those resources that are derived from global changes.\r\n\r\nFundamental to the study was the development of a comprehensive framework?a wide range of parameters that describe a set of 'saltwater' islands sufficiently large to\r\n\r\nCharacterize the spatial distribution of the world?s islands; \r\nAccount for all major archipelagos; \r\nAccount for almost all oceanically isolated islands, and \r\nAccount collectively for a very large proportion of the total area of the world?s islands whereby additional islands would only marginally contribute to the representativeness and accountability of the island set. \r\nThe comprehensive framework, which is referred to as the ?Primary Island Set,? is built on 122 parameters that describe 1,000 islands. To complement the investigations based on the Primary Island Set, two supplemental island sets, Set A?Other Islands (not in the Primary Island Set) and Set B?Lagoonal\r\nAtolls, are included in the study. \r\n\r\nThe Primary Island Set, together with the Supplemental Island Sets A and B, provides a framework that can be used in various scientific disciplines for their island-based studies on broad regional or global scales.\r\n\r\nThe study uses an informal, coherent, geophysical organization of the islands that belong to the three island sets. The organization is in the form of a global island chain, which is a particular sequential ordering of the islands referred to as the 'Alisida.'\r\n\r\nThe Alisida was developed through a trial-and-error procedure by seeking to strike a balance between 'minimizing the length of the global chain' and 'maximizing the chain?s geophysical coherence.' The fact that an objective function cannot be minimized and maximized simultaneously indicates that the Alisida is not unique. Global island chains other than the Alisida may better serve disciplines other than those of hydrology and geology.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1590","isbn":"0607995084","usgsCitation":"Matalas, N.C., and Grossling, B.F., 2002, Habitat and environment of islands: primary and supplemental island sets: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1590, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1590.","productDescription":"112 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3983,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/pp1590/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1590.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matalas, Nicholas C.","contributorId":34535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matalas","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossling, Bernardo F.","contributorId":61797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossling","given":"Bernardo","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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