The lack of concurrent water-quality and hydrologic data on riparian wetlands in the Midwestern United States has resulted in a lack of knowledge about the water-quality functions that these wetlands provide. Therefore, Little Bean Marsh, a remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River, was investigated in 1996 and 1997 primarily to determine the magnitude and character of selected water-quality benefits that can be produced in such a wetland and to identify critical processes that can be managed in remnant or restored riparian wetlands for amelioration of water quality.
Little Bean Marsh averages 69 hectares in size, has a maximum depth of about 1 meter, and the majority of the marsh is covered by macrophytes. In 1997, 41 percent of the water received by Little Bean Marsh was from direct precipitation, 14 percent was from ground-water seepage, 30 percent from watershed runoff, and 15 percent was backflow from Bean Lake. Although, Little Bean Marsh was both a ground-water recharge and discharge area, discharge to the marsh was three times the recharge to ground water. Ground-water levels closely tracked marsh water levels indicating a strong hydraulic connection between ground water and the marsh. Reduced surface runoff and ground-water availability are stabilizing influences on marsh hydrology and probably contribute to the persistence of emergent vegetation. The rapid hydraulic connection between Little Bean Marsh and ground water indicates that the hydrologic regime of most wetlands along the lower Missouri River is largely a function of the altitude of the marsh bottom relative to the altitude of the water table.
More water was lost from the marsh through evapotranspiration (59 percent) than all other pathways combined. This is partially because the transpiration process of abundant macrophytes can greatly contribute to the evapotranspiration above that lost from open water surfaces. Surface outflow accounted for 36 percent and ground-water seepage accounted for only 5 percent of the losses. Large residence times allows the marsh to greatly affect water quality before water escapes as ground-water recharge or surface outflow.
The shallowness of Little Bean Marsh and ion exclusion during ice formation caused the highest specific conductances of 1,100 to 1,300 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius to occur during the winter. This concentration of dissolved solutes under ice can make wetlands more vulnerable to toxic contaminants than deeper surface-water bodies.
Dissolved oxygen was less than 5 mg/L (milligrams per liter) for 3 to 4 months and near 0 mg/L for about 1 month in summer. Despite depths of less than 1 meter, temperature stratification persisted more than 3 months during the summers of 1996 and 1997, preventing mixing and contributing to periods of anoxia. Shallow depths and extended periods of anoxia in the marsh limit the ability of some organisms to escape high-temperature stress.
Turbidity in Little Bean Marsh usually was low for several reasons: sediment loadings from the largely flood-plain drainage were low, emergent vegetation shade out algae and shield the water from wind, and high concentrations of bivalent cations increase flocculation rates of inorganic suspended material. The high concentrations of bivalent cations was largely because of a substantial amount of ground-water seepage into the marsh.
Dissolved organic nitrogen was the dominant nitrogen species in Little Bean Marsh. Denitrification and biotic uptake kept more than 62 percent of nitrate (NO3) and 43 percent of ammonium (NH4) concentrations in marsh samples less than a detection limit of 0.005 mg/L. This contrasts with the Missouri River where inorganic NO3 dominates. Consequently, artificial flood-plain drainage that bypasses riparian wetlands likely deliver substantially more biotically available inorganic nitrogen to receiving waters than surface water that has been routed through a remnant wetland. Average total nitrogen concentrations in Little Bean Marsh were substantially less than those at other Missouri River wetlands, roughly one-half the mean concentrations in the Missouri River, but roughly twice the average nitrogen values in reservoirs of the glaciated plains of Missouri.
The largest concentrations of nearly all species of nitrogen and phosphorus and the most intense period of hypereutrophy coincided with a phytoplankton bloom and senescence of River Bulrush (Scirpus fluviatilis) and common cattail (Typha latifolia) in September 1997. The rapid leaching of nitrogen that occurs soon after macrophyte senescence combined with a recent destratification of the marsh probably provided nitrogen to the nitrogen-limited open-water areas and triggered a phytoplankton bloom. Despite the rarity of runoff events, surface runoff from the watershed, combined with atmospheric deposition, contributed more than seven times the 530 kg (kilograms) of nitrogen that escaped Little Bean Marsh in surface outflow during 1997. Atmospheric deposition alone was more than 530 kg. Seepage to ground water contained less than 1.5 percent of the nitrogen leaving the marsh in surface outflow. The slow decay rate of Scirpus fluviatilis and reducing conditions in bottom sediments make burial of organic nitrogen a substantial sink of nitrogen.
Denitrification experiments indicate that denitrification rates were limited by NO3 in the water column. Consequently, decomposition and nitrification of NH4 and organic nitrogen are the rate limiting steps of nitrogen removal in Little Bean Marsh. The NO3-limited rates of denitrification also indicate that Little Bean Marsh has a large unused capacity for nitrogen removal. These data indicate that the vast extent of riparian marshes along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers may have had a substantial role in limiting NO3 loads to the Gulf of Mexico before agricultural development of flood plains. Drainage and removal of riparian marshes may be a major cause of the increased NO3 loads to the Gulf of Mexico.
Periods of anoxia had much larger effects on phosphorus release than the other variables. The largest concentrations of phosphorus occurred in late summer and corresponded with senescing macrophytes, periods of anoxia, and a large algal bloom in Little Bean Marsh. Low water levels prevented the escape of phosphorus in surface outflow during these periods of highest phosphorus concentrations. Dry weather in late summer is typical and probably makes the correspondence of low water levels, anoxia, and consequent low phosphorus release a common occurrence in marshes along the Missouri River. Little Bean Marsh retained more than 95 percent of the phosphorus it received. The amount of phosphorus in surface inflows to the marsh were more than one order of magnitude greater than that escaping in surface outflows. The long hydraulic residence time of the marsh and large contributions of iron from ground water (that provide many sorption sites for phosphorus) make the marsh an effective sediment and phosphorus trap.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045171","usgsCitation":"Blevins, D.W., 2004, Hydrology and cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in Little Bean Marsh: A remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River in Platte County, Missouri, 1996–97: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5171, vii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045171.","productDescription":"vii, 78 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6221,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394836,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70818.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Platte County","otherGeospatial":"Little Bean Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.0389,\n 39.475\n ],\n [\n -95.0083,\n 39.475\n ],\n [\n -95.0083,\n 39.5167\n ],\n [\n -95.0389,\n 39.5167\n ],\n [\n -95.0389,\n 39.475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":281494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69902,"text":"wri034197 - 2004 - Loads and yields of selected constituents in streams and rivers of Monroe County, New York, 1984-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T11:03:07","indexId":"wri034197","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4197","title":"Loads and yields of selected constituents in streams and rivers of Monroe County, New York, 1984-2001","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data collected in Monroe County since the 1980s and earlier, including long-term records of streamflow and chemical loads, provide a basis for assessment of water-management practices. All monitored streams except Northrup Creek showed a slight (nonsignificant) overall decrease in annual streamflow over their period of record; Northrup Creek showed a slight increase.
The highest yields of all constituents except chloride and sulfate were at Northrup Creek; these values exceeded those of the seven Irondequoit Creek basin sites and the Genesee River site. The highest yields of dissolved chloride were at the most highly urbanized site (Allen Creek), whereas the highest yields of dissolved sulfate were at the most upstream Irondequoit Creek sites -- Railroad Mills (active) and Pittsford (inactive). Yields of all constituents in the Genesee River at the Charlotte Pump Station were within the range of those at the Irondequoit Creek basin sites.
The four active Irondequoit Creek basin sites showed significant downward trends in flow-adjusted loads of ammonia + organic nitrogen, possibly from the conversion of agricultural land to suburban land. Two active sites (Allen Creek and Blossom Road) and one inactive site (Thomas Creek) showed downward trends in loads of ammonia. All active sites showed significant upward trends in dissolved chloride loads. Northrup Creek showed a significant downward trend in total phosphorus load since the improvement in phosphorus removal at the Spencerport wastewater-treatment plant, and upward trends in dissolved chloride and sulfate loads. The Genesee River at the Charlotte Pump Station showed significant downward trends in loads of ammonia + organic nitrogen and chloride, and an upward trend in loads of orthophosphate.
The improved treatment or diversion of sewage-treatment-plant-effluent has produced decreased yields of some constituents throughout the county, particularly in the Irondequoit Creek basin, where the loads of nutrients delivered to Irondequoit Bay have been decreased.
","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, D.A., 2004, Loads and yields of selected constituents in streams and rivers of Monroe County, New York, 1984-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4197, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034197.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4197/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":6222,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4197/wri20034197.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4197"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.3792,43.2748],[-77.3756,43.1898],[-77.3731,43.1221],[-77.3719,43.0329],[-77.4866,43.0321],[-77.4822,42.9431],[-77.5805,42.9438],[-77.635,42.9443],[-77.6374,42.9397],[-77.7582,42.9404],[-77.7602,42.9426],[-77.7583,42.9445],[-77.7527,42.9455],[-77.747,42.9438],[-77.7378,42.9476],[-77.7321,42.9449],[-77.7309,42.9468],[-77.7343,42.9549],[-77.7311,42.9554],[-77.7279,42.9532],[-77.7244,42.9592],[-77.7265,42.9655],[-77.7235,42.9719],[-77.7185,42.9715],[-77.718,42.9738],[-77.7213,42.9797],[-77.7326,42.9818],[-77.731,42.9882],[-77.9101,42.9877],[-77.9098,43.0141],[-77.9068,43.0369],[-77.9527,43.0392],[-77.9083,43.132],[-77.9981,43.1321],[-77.9985,43.2818],[-77.9959,43.3656],[-77.9921,43.3657],[-77.9877,43.3662],[-77.9827,43.3677],[-77.9771,43.3687],[-77.9701,43.3679],[-77.9562,43.3668],[-77.9365,43.3626],[-77.9327,43.3604],[-77.9251,43.3587],[-77.9168,43.3575],[-77.908,43.3572],[-77.9004,43.3565],[-77.8985,43.3551],[-77.894,43.3534],[-77.8902,43.3526],[-77.8737,43.3501],[-77.8592,43.3486],[-77.8523,43.3487],[-77.8333,43.3458],[-77.8149,43.343],[-77.7909,43.3398],[-77.7827,43.3394],[-77.777,43.34],[-77.7733,43.341],[-77.7702,43.3415],[-77.7677,43.3424],[-77.7645,43.3425],[-77.7594,43.3412],[-77.755,43.339],[-77.7486,43.3355],[-77.7409,43.3329],[-77.7339,43.3316],[-77.725,43.3277],[-77.7186,43.3255],[-77.7148,43.3233],[-77.7128,43.3202],[-77.7121,43.3179],[-77.712,43.3161],[-77.712,43.3147],[-77.7126,43.3147],[-77.7145,43.3147],[-77.7152,43.3165],[-77.7178,43.3183],[-77.7216,43.3191],[-77.7247,43.3186],[-77.7278,43.3176],[-77.7291,43.3172],[-77.7284,43.3158],[-77.7252,43.3154],[-77.7214,43.3145],[-77.7189,43.3137],[-77.7176,43.3123],[-77.7181,43.3105],[-77.7181,43.3092],[-77.7105,43.3079],[-77.7079,43.307],[-77.7074,43.3084],[-77.7087,43.3102],[-77.7081,43.3107],[-77.7049,43.3098],[-77.6953,43.3041],[-77.676,43.2916],[-77.6619,43.2832],[-77.6555,43.2797],[-77.6479,43.2775],[-77.639,43.275],[-77.6243,43.2679],[-77.6166,43.2635],[-77.6032,43.256],[-77.5821,43.2463],[-77.5643,43.2393],[-77.5535,43.2367],[-77.5428,43.2351],[-77.539,43.2356],[-77.5359,43.2356],[-77.5272,43.2385],[-77.5135,43.2451],[-77.508,43.2479],[-77.5055,43.2489],[-77.5017,43.2494],[-77.4973,43.249],[-77.4873,43.2505],[-77.4779,43.2538],[-77.4717,43.2562],[-77.4586,43.2587],[-77.4448,43.2616],[-77.4318,43.2673],[-77.4262,43.2701],[-77.4199,43.2697],[-77.4105,43.2703],[-77.403,43.2713],[-77.3961,43.2746],[-77.3886,43.2761],[-77.3792,43.2748]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Monroe\",\"state\":\"NY\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
An 11-year (1990-2001) study of the Ellison Park wetland, a 423-acre, predominantly cattail (Typha glauca) wetland at the mouth of Irondequoit Creek, was conducted to document the effects that flow modifications, including installation of a flow-control structure (FCS) in 1997 and increased diversion of stormflows to the backwater areas of the wetland, would have on the wetland's ability to decrease chemical loads transported by Irondequoit Creek into Irondequoit Bay on Lake Ontario. The FCS was designed to raise the water-surface elevation and thereby increase the dispersal and detention of stormflows in the upstream half of the wetland; this was expected to promote sedimentation and microbial utilization of nutrients, and thereby decrease the loads of certain constituents, primarily phosphorus, that would otherwise be carried into Irondequoit Bay. An ecological monitoring program was established to document changes in the wetland's water levels, biota, sedimentation rates, and chemical quality of water and sediment that might be attributable to the flow modifications.
Water-level increases during storms were mostly confined to the wetland area, within about 5,000 ft upstream from the FCS. Backwater at a point of local concern, about 13,000 ft upstream, was due to local debris jams or constriction of flow by bridges and was not attributable to the FCS.
Plant surveys documented species richness, concentrations of nutrients and metals in cattail tissues, and cattail productivity. Results indicated that observed differences among survey periods and between the areas upstream and downstream from the FCS were due to seasonal changes in water levels—either during the current year or at the end of the previous year's growing season—that reflected the water-surface elevation of Lake Ontario, rather than water-level control by the FCS. Results showed no adverse effects from the naturally high water levels that prevail annually during the spring and summer in the wetland, nor from the short-duration increases in water levels that result from FCS operation. Fish surveys documented the use of the wetland by 44 species, of which 25 to 29 species were found in any given year. Community composition was relatively consistent during the study, but seasonal and year-to-year variations in dominant resident and nonresident species were noted, and probably reflected natural or regional population patterns in Lake Ontario and Irondequoit Bay. The FCS allowed fish passage at all water levels and had no discernible adverse effect on the fish community.
Bird surveys documented the use of the wetland by more than 90 species for breeding, feeding, and migration. Ground-nesting birds were unaffected by the FCS. Seasonally high water levels, rather than short-duration increases caused by the FCS, might have caused the scarcity or absence of certain wetland species by limiting the extent of breeding habitat for some species and the exposure of mud flats that attracted other species. Some noticeably scarce or absent species also were rare or absent elsewhere along the south-central shore of Lake Ontario.
Benthic-macroinvertebrate studies were of minimal use for evaluating the effect of the FCS because no surveys were conducted after FCS installation. The precontrol results allowed assessment of the ecological quality of the wetland on the basis of biotic indices, and generally indicated moderately to severely impaired conditions. Differences between the macroinvertebrate communities in the southern part of the wetland and those in the northern part were attributed to habitat differences, such as substrate composition, water depth, and density of submerged aquatic vegetation.
Sedimentation rates in the areas upstream and downstream from the FCS increased after the flow modifications, more in the area upstream from the FCS than in the downstream area. The concurrent downstream increase and the dynamic patterns of deposition and scour indicated that although the FCS and the other flow modifications undoubtedly were major factors in the postcontrol upstream increase in sedimentation rates, other factors, such as the magnitude, frequency, and the timing (season) of peak flows, might also have contributed.
Periodic analyses of sediment samples from three longterm depositional sites in the wetland documented the concentrations of major and trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine and organophosphate compounds. The concentrations of most constituents showed no substantial fluctuation or consistent upward or downward trend during the years sampled, nor did they identify any change after FCS installation. Comparison of the measured concentrations with sediment-quality guidelines that are used to assess the ecological quality of substrate environments indicated that the wetland was moderately to severely impaired—an assessment consistent with the benthic-macroinvertebrate biotic indices.
During the precontrol period (1990–96), the wetland was a sink for particulate constituents (removal efficiencies for total phosphorus and total suspended solids were 28 and 47 percent, respectively), but had little effect on conservative constituents (chloride and sulfate). The wetland was a source of orthophosphate and ammonia (removal efficiencies were -38 and -84 percent, respectively).
During the postcontrol period (1997–2001), the wetland continued to be a sink for particulate constituents (removal efficiencies for total phosphorus and total suspended solids were 45 and 52 percent, respectively); the exportation of orthophosphate by the wetland decreased (by 7 percent), whereas that of ammonia increased (by about 70 percent). The outflow loads of orthophosphate and ammonia represented about 15 and 2.3 percent of total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads, respectively. Changes in the loads of conservative constituents were negligible, and the overall removal efficiencies for other constituents during the precontrol period differed from those of the postcontrol period by no more than 5.4 percent.
Statistical analyses of monthly inflow and outflow loads indicated significant differences between inflow and outflow loads of most constituents during the pre- and postcontrol periods. Load data were adjusted to remove the effects of dissimilar hydrologic conditions that prevailed during the pre- and postcontrol periods, and to isolate the water-quality-improvement effect that could be attributed solely to the FCS. Results indicated that the FCS contributed significantly to the decrease in total phosphorus loads, and slightly to a decrease in ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen loads, but had little or no significant effect on loads of other constituents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034224","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., 2004, Effects of flow modification on a cattail wetland at the mouth of Irondequoit Creek near Rochester, New York: Water levels, wetland biota, sediment, and water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4224, viii, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034224.","productDescription":"viii, 90 p.","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428015,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_69639.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":6223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4224/wri20034224.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4224"},{"id":191795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4224/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"Rochester","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.54322052001953,\n 43.13519076565569\n ],\n [\n -77.49910354614258,\n 43.13519076565569\n ],\n [\n -77.49910354614258,\n 43.17764207509921\n ],\n [\n -77.54322052001953,\n 43.17764207509921\n ],\n [\n -77.54322052001953,\n 43.13519076565569\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Mangroves are tropical/subtropical communities of primarily tree species that grow in the intertidal zone. These tidal forests are important coastal ecosystems that are valued for a variety of ecological and societal goods and services. Major local threats to mangrove ecosystems worldwide include clearcutting and trimming of forests for urban, agricultural, or industrial expansion; hydrological alterations; toxic chemical spills; and eutrophication. In many countries with mangroves, much of the human population resides in the coastal zone, and their activities often negatively impact the integrity of mangrove forests. In addition, eutrophication, which is the process whereby nutrients build up to higher than normal levels in a natural system, is possibly one of the most serious threats to mangroves and associated ecosystems such as coral reefs. Scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at the National Wetlands Research Center are working to more fully understand global impacts on these significant ecosystems.
Changes in climate and other factors may also affect mangroves, but in complex ways. Global warming may promote expansion of mangrove forests to higher latitudes and accelerate sea-level rise through melting of polar ice or steric expansion of oceans. Changes in sea level would alter flooding patterns and the structure and areal extent of mangroves. Climate change may also alter rainfall patterns, which would in turn change local salinity regimes and competitive interactions of mangroves with other wetland species. Increases in frequency or intensity of tropical storms and hurricanes in combination with sea-level rise may alter erosion and sedimentation rates in mangrove forests. Another global change factor that may directly affect mangrove growth is increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), caused by burning of fossil fuels and other factors. Elevated CO2 concentration may increase mangrove growth by stimulating photosynthesis or improving water use efficiency, but the consequences of this growth enhancement for the ecosystem are unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043125","usgsCitation":"McKee, K.L., 2004, Global change impacts on mangrove ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3125, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043125.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3125.jpg"},{"id":6187,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/2004-3125.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":10921,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/2004-3125/2004-3125.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674e26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Karen L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":8927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69848,"text":"fs20043053 - 2004 - Natural restoration basics for wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-15T10:45:08","indexId":"fs20043053","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3053","title":"Natural restoration basics for wetlands","docAbstract":"Around the world, dams, diversions, and drainage systems reengineer rivers for navigation, farming, and urban development, and this has caused vast changes in the environmental conditions of the flood plains adjacent to these rivers (Middleton, 2002). Even though “flood pulses,” the periodic overflow of these rivers, were once the most important hydrological factor regulating all functions of the flood plain (Junk and others, 1986), now they have been reduced or eliminated along many of the world’s waterways (Sparks and others, 1998). These changes in river channels have created a hydrologic setting on flood plains that has not been conducive to restoration and nature conservation (Middleton, 2002). Consequently, USGS scientists are studying the long-term effects of hydrologic changes on flood plains, such as how the restoration of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) swamps has been hindered because seeds cannot disperse or germinate without the seasonally driven high and low water levels associated with the flood pulse.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043053","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B.A., 2004, Natural restoration basics for wetlands: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3053, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043053.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3053.jpg"},{"id":6183,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/2004-3053.pdf","size":"531","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":10923,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/2004-3053/2004-3053.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629f17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69847,"text":"fs20043015 - 2004 - Development of a long-term sampling network to monitor restoration success in the southwest coastal Everglades: Vegetation, hydrology, and sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-02T14:50:08.357037","indexId":"fs20043015","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3015","displayTitle":"Development of a Long-term Sampling Network to Monitor Restoration Success in the Southwest Coastal Everglades: Vegetation, Hydrology, and Sediments","title":"Development of a long-term sampling network to monitor restoration success in the southwest coastal Everglades: Vegetation, hydrology, and sediments","docAbstract":"Hurricane Andrew, a Category 5 storm, crossed the southern Florida peninsula on the morning of August 24, 1992. Following the storm, the National Park Service conducted an environmental damage assessment to gauge the storm's impacts on the natural resources of south Florida Park Service holdings. Although hurricanes have impacted Park Service lands such as the Everglades in the past, no systematic, permanent sampling scheme has been established to monitor long-term recovery (or lack thereof) following disturbance.
In October 1992, vegetation monitoring plots were established in heavily damaged areas of mangrove forest on the southwest coast of the Everlgades, along the Lostmans and Broad Rivers. As the permanent plot network was being established, funding was awarded for the South Florida Global Climate Change project (SOFL-GCC). This led to the establishment of a network of hydrological monitoring stations. Finally, sediment elevation tables (SETs) were installed at many locations. SETs provide the means to measure very small changes (2 mm) in the sediment surface elevation accurately over time. We also set up marker horizons to measure accretion of sediment at each site. Sampling sites were located along three transects extending from upstream freshwater wetlands to downstream saltwater wetlands along the Shark, Lostmans and Chatham Rivers in Everglades National Park.
While we were developing our sampling network for basic scientific research needs, concern mounted over the health of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem and in particular over the influence of decreased freshwater flows. Ecosystem restoration planning was begun, resulting in the multi-agency, $8 billion Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). Our co-located sampling networks allow us to track the interaction of hydrology, sediment, and vegetation over time, and will provide the opportunity to monitor the progress of the Everglades restoration and to gauge its success. Our earlier research questions have been modified over time to place a major emphasis on CERP needs, while still recognizing the importance of other processes, including disturbance and sea-level rise.
Our research addresses processes relevant to the following restoration and related questions:
* How will increasing freshwater flow affect wetland primary production?
* Will increasing freshwater inflow alter nutrient availability?
* Does recovery following disturbance in mangroves depend on freshwater inflow?
* Will the position of vegetation ecotones change in response to upstream water management?
* What will be the influence of global climate change, such as sea-level rise, on the Everglades restoration?
* Will processes of wetlands soil formation be altered by sea-level rise and changed freshwater inflow?
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043015","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.J., 2004, Development of a long-term sampling network to monitor restoration success in the southwest coastal Everglades: Vegetation, hydrology, and sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3015, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043015.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3015.jpg"},{"id":362202,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3015/fs20043015.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.32 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2004-3015"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.727294921875,\n 25.100523057465217\n ],\n [\n -80.584716796875,\n 25.100523057465217\n ],\n [\n -80.584716796875,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -81.727294921875,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -81.727294921875,\n 25.100523057465217\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Discharge and water-quality data collection at East Branch Allen Creek from 1990 through 2000 provide a basis for estimating the effect of the Jefferson Road detention basin on loads and concentrations of chemical constituents downstream from the basin. Mean monthly flow for the 5 years prior to construction of the detention basin (8.71 ft3/s) was slightly lower than after (9.08 ft3/s). The slightly higher mean monthly flow after basin construction may have been influenced by the peak flow for the period of record that occurred in July 1998 or variations in flow diverted from the canal. No statistically significant difference in average monthly mean flow before and after basin installation was indicated.
Total phosphorus was the only constituent to show no months with significant differences in load after basin construction. Several constituents showed months with significantly smaller loads after basin construction than before, whereas some constituents showed certain months with smaller and some months with greater loads, after basin construction. Statistical analysis of the \"mean monthly load\" for all months before and all months after construction of the detention basin showed only one constituent (ammonia + organic nitrogen) with a significantly lower load after construction and none with higher loads.
Median concentrations of ammonia + organic nitrogen showed a statistically significant decrease (from 0.78 mg/L to 0.60 mg/L) after basin installation, as did nitrite + nitrate (from 1.50 mg/L to 0.96 mg/L); in contrast, the median concentration of dissolved chloride increased from 95.5 mg/L before basin installation to 109 mg/L thereafter. A trend analysis of constituent concentrations before and after installation of the detention basin showed that total phosphorus had a downward trend after installation.
Analysis of the data collected at East Branch Allen Creek indicates that the Jefferson Road detention basin, in some cases, provides an improvement (reduction) in loads of some constituents. These results are uncertain, however, because hydrologic conditions before basin installation differed from those in the 5 years that followed, and because inflow from the Erie-Barge canal may alter the water quality in the 1-mi reach between the basin outflow and the gaging station.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034301","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, D.A., 2004, Effects of Jefferson Road stormwater-detention basin on loads and concentrations of selected chemical constituents in East Branch of Allen Creek at Pittsford, Monroe County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4301, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034301.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6225,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4301/wri20034301.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.97 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4301"},{"id":191843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4301/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe County","city":"Pittsford","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
The importance of migration stopover sites in ensuring that migratory birds successfully accomplish their journeys between breeding and non-breeding ranges has come to the forefront of avian research. Migratory birds that breed in western United States (US) and Canada and overwinter primarily in western Mexico migrate across the arid region of northern Mexico and southwestern US. Many of these migrants use lowland riparian stopover habitats, which comprise less than 0.1% of the western U.S. landscape. These habitats represent a significant conservation priority.
\nRecognizing the importance of migration stopover habitats in the arid southwest, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Region 6 partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to support a project---“Migration stopover ecology of western avian populations: patterns of geographic and habitat distribution.” A primary objective of the project was to convene a workshop for avian researchers, conservation professionals, and land managers involved in stopover needs of migratory birds that breed in western North America. The workshop included presentations on our current state of knowledge regarding passerine migration in western North America, techniques and technologies potentially useful in researching migration, and efforts that agencies and other partners are conducting within the realm of migration. Workshop presentations provided a backdrop for subsequent discussions, the goals of which were to identify research needs and initiate a coordinated approach to research of western migration stopover ecology.
\nWorkshop presentations spanned a wide range of concerns and interests. Highlights included indications that mid- and high-elevation riparian and montane shrubland habitats may be as crucial to western migrants in fall migration as lowland riparian habitats are in spring migration. Comparisons of eastern versus western migration systems elucidated large differences in stopover habitats used and the intensity with which certain types are used, underscoring the potential need to develop separate management approaches for eastern and western stopover sites. Presentations on techniques and technology for migration research revealed that rate of lipid deposition can serve as an indicator of habitat quality; that genetics and stable isotope analyses of feathers can be valuable tools to elucidate linkages between breeding and wintering areas; that radar imagery can be used to track large-scale movement patterns and habitat use; and that there are analytical options for combining multiple sources of information. Other presentations focused on partnership perspectives (USFWS and Sonoran Joint Venture), the genesis of a western migration monitoring network, premises of Coordinated Bird Monitoring, and how collaborative efforts could benefit migration research (e.g., combined bird and bat migration studies; linking avian researchers with fluvial geomorphologists; linking research throughout western North America; linking surveys and banding).
\nPriority research needs and questions identified during the open discussions fell into three main categories: (1) habitat/landscape/climate relationships, (2) en route bird distribution patterns, and (3) general migration ecology. Tasks within these categories included: define the relative importance of various habitat types to migrants in spring and fall, determine what distinguishes high- from poor-quality stopover habitat; determine geographic patterns of loss in stopover habitats; model landscape attributes associated with species richness and abundance; identify effects of climate change and current climate anomalies on plant phonologies, associated insect flushes, and timing of migration; and determine effects of hydrologic changes on riparian vegetation, food availability, and stopover habitat quality.
\nWorkshop participants discussed a coordinated approach for addressing immediate research needs regarding migration patterns and crucial stopover sites and types. They envisioned a three-tiered, coordinated approach: (1) long-term research to address effects of climate change and other large-scale patterns, (2) intensive, short-term survey and monitoring efforts using a stratified random design within habitats of interest to elucidate regional patterns of distribution and habitat use, and (3) research conducted at existing survey and banding sites to address more in-depth questions (e.g., rates of lipid deposition, microhabitat use, isotope analyses). There was considerable interest in developing common research proposals to blend the broad expertise represented at this workshop. A second meeting is recommended to build on the momentum of these discussions, to facilitate collaborations, and further the goals of integrated approaches to broadscale research on migration stopover ecology.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041452","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., Melcher, C.P., and Hazelwood, R., 2004, Migration stopover ecology of western avian populations: A southwestern migration workshop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1452, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041452.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203848,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041452.PNG"},{"id":320281,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1452/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635551","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melcher, Cynthia P. 0000-0002-8044-9689 melcherc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8044-9689","contributorId":5094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"Cynthia","email":"melcherc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hazelwood, Rob","contributorId":19686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazelwood","given":"Rob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53804,"text":"wri034287 - 2004 - Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of surface-water flow and transport to Florida Bay through the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:20:55.689131","indexId":"wri034287","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T21:40:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4287","displayTitle":"Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Simulation of Surface-Water Flow and Transport to Florida Bay Through the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS)","title":"Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of surface-water flow and transport to Florida Bay through the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS)","docAbstract":"Successful restoration of the southern Florida ecosystem requires extensive knowledge of the physical characteristics and hydrologic processes controlling water flow and transport of constituents through extremely low-gradient freshwater marshes, shallow mangrove-fringed coastal creeks and tidal embayments, and near-shore marine waters. A sound, physically based numerical model can provide simulations of the differing hydrologic conditions that might result from various ecosystem restoration scenarios. Because hydrology and ecology are closely linked in southern Florida, hydrologic model results also can be used by ecologists to evaluate the degree of ecosystem restoration that could be achieved for various hydrologic conditions.\r\n\r\nA robust proven model, SWIFT2D, (Surface-Water Integrated Flow and Transport in Two Dimensions), was modified to simulate Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) hydrodynamics and transport conditions. Modifications include improvements to evapotranspiration and rainfall calculation and to the algorithms that describe flow through coastal creeks. Techniques used in this model should be applicable to other similar low-gradient marsh settings in southern Florida and elsewhere.\r\n\r\nNumerous investigations were conducted within the SICS area of southeastern Everglades National Park and northeastern Florida Bay to provide data and parameter values for model development and testing. The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service supported investigations for quantification of evapotranspiration, vegetative resistance to flow, wind-induced flow, land elevations, vegetation classifications, salinity conditions, exchange of ground and surface waters, and flow and transport in coastal creeks and embayments.\r\n\r\nThe good agreement that was achieved between measured and simulated water levels, flows, and salinities through minimal adjustment of empirical coefficients indicates that hydrologic processes within the SICS area are represented properly in the SWIFT2D model, and that the spatial and temporal resolution of these processes in the model is adequate. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the effect of changes in boundary conditions and parameter values on simulation results, which aided in identifying areas of greatest uncertainty in the model. The parameter having the most uncertainty (most in need of further field study) was the flow coefficient for coastal creeks. Smaller uncertainties existed for wetlands frictional resistance and wind. Evapotranspiration and boundary inflows indicated the least uncertainty as determined by varying parameters used in their formulation and definition. \r\n\r\nModel results indicated that wind was important in reversing coastal creek flows. At Trout Creek (the major tributary connecting Taylor Slough wetlands with Florida Bay), flow in the landward direction was not simulated properly unless wind forcing was included in the simulation. Simulations also provided insight into the major influence that wind has on salinity mixing along the coast, the varying distribution of wetland flows at differing water levels, and the importance of topography in controlling flows to the coast. Slight topographic variations were shown to highly influence the routing of water.\r\n\r\nA multiple regression analysis was performed to relate inflows at the northern boundary of Taylor Slough bridge to a major pump station (S-332) north of the SICS model area. This analysis allows Taylor Slough bridge boundary conditions to be defined for the model from operating scenarios at S-332, which should facilitate use of the SICS model as an operational tool.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034287","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.D., Wolfert, M.A., Bales, J.D., and Goodwin, C., 2004, Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of surface-water flow and transport to Florida Bay through the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4287, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034287.","productDescription":"56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034287/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":5217,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034287/wri03_4287_swain.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.90606689453124,\n 25.078136134310142\n ],\n [\n -80.20843505859375,\n 25.078136134310142\n ],\n [\n -80.20843505859375,\n 25.893820362797484\n ],\n [\n -80.90606689453124,\n 25.893820362797484\n ],\n [\n -80.90606689453124,\n 25.078136134310142\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
A leaking underground gasoline tank contaminated a crystalline bedrock aquifer in Montville, Connecticut, USA with MTBE and benzene. At the original residential bedrock supply wells, the median MTBE concentration was 165 micrograms per liter (mg/L), and the median benzene concentration was 320 mg/L. The maximum concentrations of MTBE and benzene were 4,300 mg/l and 1,700 mg/L, respectively. Because of the unavailability of a public water supply and the long-term expense of point-of-use (on-site) treatment systems, the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Leaking Underground Storage Tank Program considered drilling replacement wells for water supply, if suitable drill sites could be located. Borehole geophysical methods were used as part of the investigation to find suitable drill sites. The U.S. Geological Survey performed borehole radar logging in three of the most contaminated wells. Other geophysical logs were run in two of the wells to enhance the hydrogeological characterizations. These data, combined with straddle-packer testing provided by a drilling contractor, formed the basis of a conceptual model used in the search for discrete fractures with better water quality than provided by an open-hole sample.
At Property A, a single transmissive fracture was identified at the bottom of the well. This well, although having historically lower gasoline concentrations than the other two wells, had persistent high iron bacteria fouling of the filtration system. By 2002, concentrations of MTBE and benzene had decreased to 59 and 3 mg/L, respectively, and the water was treatable except for the iron. Because no water-bearing fractures were encountered above the well bottom, an alternate well site was selected based on a set of vertical fractures observed in a nearby outcrop, rather than on the geophysical data. The new well, sited along the strike of these fractures, yielded 9 gallons per minute (gpm) but was found to be more contaminated than the original well. MTBE and benzene were detected at 224 and 7 mg/L, respectively. At Property B, the isolated fractures associated with four radar reflections contained MTBE in concentrations ranging from 460 to 680 mg/L, with concentration increasing with depth. A new well site was selected based upon topography and physical limitations of the property. A target drilling depth was selected to avoid encountering the most contaminated fracture, as projected from the radar data in the contaminated well. A new well, drilled to the target depth, yielded 2 gpm, which was sufficient for domestic supply. No contaminants were detected during 7 years of annual sampling. Over the next 2 years, MTBE was detected twice at 2 and 8 mg/L. At Property C, the isolated fractures associated with 12 radar reflections and acoustic televiewer images yielded MTBE concentrations ranging from 47 to 1,200 mg/L and benzene concentrations from 6 to 1,000 mg/L, with concentrations generally increasing with depth. A new well site was selected based upon physical limitations of the site. A target drilling depth was chosen to avoid encountering the most contaminated fractures, as projected from the radar data in the contaminated well. A new well, drilled to the target depth, yielded 6 gpm. MTBE was detected at concentrations ranging from trace levels to 12 mg/L for 6 years. Benzene was not detected.
These case histories suggest that the combined use of borehole geophysics and discrete-fracture sampling can, in some cases, be used to predict the locations of less contaminated or uncontaminated fractures, at distances of tens of feet from contaminated bedrock wells. This information may be used to improve the chances of successfully siting alternate potable water wells. Likewise, the same data and approach potentially could be used for targeting specific fractures for remediation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA Fractured Rock Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA Fractured Rock Conference","conferenceDate":"September 13-15, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Portland, ME","language":"English","publisher":"EPA/NGWA","usgsCitation":"Green, A., Lane, J., Johnson, C.D., Williams, J., Mondazzi, R.A., and Joesten, P.K., 2004, Combined use of borehole geophysics and packers to site potable wells in a contaminated area in Montville, Connecticut, in Proceedings: 2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA Fractured Rock Conference, Portland, ME, September 13-15, 2004, p. 295-307.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"307","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368772,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/FracRock04_Green/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Montville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.22686767578125,\n 41.39689998354142\n ],\n [\n -72.0648193359375,\n 41.39689998354142\n ],\n [\n -72.0648193359375,\n 41.52785688696333\n ],\n [\n -72.22686767578125,\n 41.52785688696333\n ],\n [\n -72.22686767578125,\n 41.39689998354142\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, A.","contributorId":42333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, John H. 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mondazzi, Remo A.","contributorId":77898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mondazzi","given":"Remo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Joesten, Peter K. pjoesten@usgs.gov","contributorId":1929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"Peter","email":"pjoesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70206336,"text":"70206336 - 2004 - Time-series monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-10T16:57:44","indexId":"70206336","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T15:12:28","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Time-series monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers","docAbstract":"Time-lapse monitoring of subsurface processes is an emerging and promising area of hydrogeophysics. The combined use of non-invasive or minimally invasive geophysical methods with hydraulic and geochemical sampling is a cost-effective approach for aquifer characterization, long-term aquifer monitoring, and remediation monitoring. Time-lapse geophysical surveys can indirectly measure time-varying hydrologic parameters such as fluid saturation or solute concentration. Monitoring of time-varying hydrologic processes provides insight into aquifer properties and structure and aquifer responses to natural or induced stresses, such as seasonal fluctuations or fluid injection experiments for active remediation. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Office of Ground Water, Branch of Geophysics, in cooperation with USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Department of Defense, the University of Connecticut, and Stanford University researchers, has applied time-lapse geophysics for site characterization and remediation monitoring in a number of studies. Recent and ongoing examples of time-lapse monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers include: 1) application of attenuation-difference, boreholeradar tomography used to monitor a series of sodium chloride tracer injection tests in fractured crystalline rock; 2) application of attenuation- and velocity-difference tomography and radar-reflection data to monitor steam injection in a fractured limestone aquifer; 3) design of an electrical resistivity tomography investigation to monitor the injection of resistive water into brackish water in a fractured limestone aquifer for aquifer storage and recovery (ASR); and 4) combined application of borehole-geophysical logging with long-term discreteinterval monitoring of hydraulic head and water-chemistry in a fractured crystalline-rock aquifer. These investigations demonstrate the application of geophysical methods to provide quantitative information about the subsurface critical for characterizing aquifer structure, flow dynamics, and hydraulic processes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA fractured rock conference: State of the science and measuring success in remediation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA Fractured Rock Conference: State of the Science and Measuring Success in Remediation","conferenceDate":"September 13-15, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Portland, ME","language":"English","publisher":"EPA/NGWA","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.D., Lane, J., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2004, Time-series monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers, in Proceedings: 2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA fractured rock conference: State of the science and measuring success in remediation, Portland, ME, September 13-15, 2004, p. 295-307.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"307","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/FracRock04_Johnson-2/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Grafton County","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake, USGS Fractured-Rock Research site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.70132637023926,\n 43.94231330042362\n ],\n [\n -71.69900894165039,\n 43.94231330042362\n ],\n [\n -71.69900894165039,\n 43.94351841607096\n ],\n [\n -71.70132637023926,\n 43.94351841607096\n ],\n [\n -71.70132637023926,\n 43.94231330042362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184481,"text":"70184481 - 2004 - Comment on “Probabilistic risk analysis for a high-level radioactive waste repository” by B. L. Cohen in risk analysis, volume 23, 909–915","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:27:14","indexId":"70184481","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3300,"text":"Risk Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “Probabilistic risk analysis for a high-level radioactive waste repository” by B. L. Cohen in risk analysis, volume 23, 909–915","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.537_1.x","usgsCitation":"Ewing, R., Palenik, C., and Konikow, L.F., 2004, Comment on “Probabilistic risk analysis for a high-level radioactive waste repository” by B. L. Cohen in risk analysis, volume 23, 909–915: Risk Analysis, v. 24, no. 6, p. 1417-1419, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.537_1.x.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"1417","endPage":"1419","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337286,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c93ee4b0f37a93ee9b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewing, R.C.","contributorId":82908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewing","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palenik, C.S.","contributorId":187781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palenik","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198711,"text":"70198711 - 2004 - Organic materials in geology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T09:02:19","indexId":"70198711","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-08T09:51:04","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Organic materials in geology","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fundamentals of and applications to organic and organometallic compounds: The encyclopedia of mass spectrometry","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","isbn":"9780080438467","usgsCitation":"Peters, K.E., and Hostettler, F.D., 2004, Organic materials in geology, chap. of Fundamentals of and applications to organic and organometallic compounds: The encyclopedia of mass spectrometry, v. 4, p. 886-899.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"886","endPage":"899","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98c9d3e4b0702d0e846733","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nibbering, Nico","contributorId":207074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nibbering","given":"Nico","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742668,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Peters, K. E.","contributorId":17295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":742667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184592,"text":"70184592 - 2004 - Hydrogeology Journal in 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T12:37:53","indexId":"70184592","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology Journal in 2004","docAbstract":"Hydrogeology Journal continues to flourish. The increase in the size of our yearly volume attests to the success and growing international reputation of the journal. Until 2001, HJ produced about 600 printed pages each year. This number has steadily increased, and in 2005 and 2006, HJ will be allocated 800 pages per year by the publisher. Despite this good news, the journal is having some growing pains. Most pages in next year’s issues are already fully allocated with currently accepted articles and therefore, many accepted articles must now wait up to one year to appear in printed form. Clearly, this is not an acceptable situation for authors or readers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s10040-004-0418-1","usgsCitation":"Voss, C., Olcott, P., Schneider, R., and Watson, C., 2004, Hydrogeology Journal in 2004: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 12, no. 6, p. 611-612, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0418-1.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"611","endPage":"612","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0418-1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337349,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c93ee4b0f37a93ee9b17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Clifford","contributorId":63150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olcott, Perry","contributorId":188041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olcott","given":"Perry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watson, Christine","contributorId":188042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watson","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184486,"text":"70184486 - 2004 - Ground water recharge and discharge in the central Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-14T07:32:46","indexId":"70184486","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water recharge and discharge in the central Everglades","docAbstract":"Rates of ground water recharge and discharge are not well known in the central Everglades. Here we report estimates of ground water recharge and discharge at 15 sites in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project and in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A), along with measurements of hydraulic properties of peat at 11 sites. A simple hydrogeologic simulation was used to assess how specific factors have influenced recharge and discharge. Simulations and measurements agreed that the highest values of recharge and discharge occur within 600 m of levees, the result of ground water flow beneath levees. There was disagreement in the interior wetlands of WCA-2A (located > 1000 m from levees) where measurements of recharge and discharge were substantially higher than simulated fluxes. A five-year time series (1997 to 2002) of measured fluxes indicated that recharge and discharge underwent reversals in direction on weekly, monthly, and annual timescales at interior sites in WCA-2A. Ground water discharge tended to occur during average to moderately dry conditions when local surface water levels were decreasing. Recharge tended to occur during moderately wet periods or during very dry periods just as water levels began to increase following precipitation or in response to a pulse of surface water released from water-control structures by water managers. Discharge also tended to occur at sites in the wetland interior for ∼1 week preceding the arrival of the surface water pulse. We conclude that ground water recharge and discharge vary cyclically in the interior wetlands of the central Everglades, driven by the differential responses of surface water and ground water to annual, seasonal, and weekly trends in precipitation and operation of water-control structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02646.x","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J.W., Krupa, S.L., and Krest, J.M., 2004, Ground water recharge and discharge in the central Everglades: Groundwater, v. 42, no. 7, p. 1090-1102, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02646.x.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"1090","endPage":"1102","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Central Everglades ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 26.931865156388916\n ],\n [\n -80.496826171875,\n 26.799557733065328\n ],\n [\n -80.4583740234375,\n 26.72108039086171\n ],\n [\n -80.46936035156249,\n 26.598351182358293\n ],\n [\n -80.6121826171875,\n 26.441065564038418\n ],\n [\n -80.82092285156249,\n 26.500072915744372\n ],\n [\n -80.9088134765625,\n 26.46073804319089\n ],\n [\n -80.8319091796875,\n 26.25893609446839\n ],\n [\n -80.8758544921875,\n 25.760319754713887\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 25.730632525531913\n ],\n [\n -80.3814697265625,\n 26.086388149394875\n ],\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 26.298339726417737\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 26.73089302213736\n ],\n [\n -80.3485107421875,\n 26.966141794817037\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 26.931865156388916\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c93fe4b0f37a93ee9b1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krupa, Steven L.","contributorId":93558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krupa","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krest, James M.","contributorId":66785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184479,"text":"70184479 - 2004 - Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen transport to a coastal embayment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T14:18:00","indexId":"70184479","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen transport to a coastal embayment","docAbstract":"Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen reaction and loading to Popponesset Bay, a eutrophic coastal embayment on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are evaluated through hydrologic analysis of flow and transport. Approximately 10% of the total nitrogen load to the embayment is intercepted by fresh water ponds and delivered to the coast by connecting streams. For the nitrogen load not intercepted by ponds, we compare two steady-state methods of analyzing nitrogen loss in the aquifer, one using a constant-loss factor and the other time-dependent loss rates. The constant-loss method, which assumes that all similar land uses have the same per unit area loading rate to surface water regardless of location within the watershed, predicts that 42% of the nonpond watershed nitrogen load originated within the zero to 2 yr time-of-travel zone, which is 40% of the contributing area. The time-of-travel loss method calculates loss rates based on aquifer travel times and denitrification reaction kinetics, evaluated separately for carbon-unlimited and carbon-limited cases. Time-of-travel loss calculations for percent of nonpond load that originated within the area of < 2 yr aquifer residence time are 64% when carbon is not limiting, but only 49% when carbon limitation is included, not greatly different from the constant-loss method. A feature of the kinetics used is that carbon (and the denitrified nitrogen) is lost rather quickly in the aquifer travel path, after which carbon limitation stops denitrification altogether. Carbon limitation causes the time-of-travel loss model to approximate the constant-loss model such that in most of the watershed, a nearly constant fraction of the nitrogen input is lost in both models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02644.x","usgsCitation":"Colman, J.A., Masterson, J., Pabich, W.J., and Walter, D.A., 2004, Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen transport to a coastal embayment: Groundwater, v. 42, no. 7, p. 1069-1078, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02644.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1069","endPage":"1078","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c93fe4b0f37a93ee9b1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pabich, Wendy J.","contributorId":187775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pabich","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184424,"text":"70184424 - 2004 - Ground water beneath coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula: Ages and nutrients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T13:28:33","indexId":"70184424","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water beneath coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula: Ages and nutrients","docAbstract":"To complement a large-scale geophysical investigation of occurrence and discharge of fresh water beneath Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (Delmarva) coastal bays, we measured (1) salinity and nutrient concentrations in ground water samples from several offshore coring sites and (2) a suite of chemical and isotopic parameters, including age tracers, in ground water samples from a Delaware site. Samples were collected in a variety of Holocene and Plio-Pleistocene sediments in nearshore and offshore areas of the bays. Ground waters that were significantly fresher than overlying waters were found in plumes up to at least 15 m thick extending to more than 500 m offshore in some areas. Steep salinity and nutrient gradients occur within a few meters of the sediment surface in most locations studied. The zone of transition from deeper fresher waters to shallower brackish waters is generally thin near shore, but thickens and becomes more gradual offshore. Ground water ages at the Delaware site were mostly < 50 yr in both fresh waters and brackish waters up to 22 m below the bay bottom. Water chemistry and age data indicate that fresh water plumes beneath the estuary are active extensions of the surficial aquifer carrying nitrate from recharge areas on land, whereas brackish ground water surrounding the fresh water plumes is recharged beneath the estuary and contains ammonium and phosphate released by diagenesis of shallow estuarine sediments. Denitrification affects some of the fresh water nitrate before it mixes with brackish ground water or discharges to surface water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02641.x","usgsCitation":"Bratton, J.F., Böhlke, J., Manheim, F.T., and Krantz, D.E., 2004, Ground water beneath coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula: Ages and nutrients: Groundwater, v. 42, no. 7, p. 1021-1034, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02641.x.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1034","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Delmarva coastal bays","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.981689453125,\n 38.253279568348304\n ],\n [\n -74.937744140625,\n 38.31149091244452\n ],\n [\n -74.83337402343749,\n 38.655488159953\n ],\n [\n -75.069580078125,\n 38.76693348394693\n ],\n [\n -75.091552734375,\n 38.70265930723801\n ],\n [\n -75.1080322265625,\n 38.363195134453846\n ],\n [\n -75.322265625,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -75.82763671875,\n 37.35705927979369\n ],\n [\n -75.99517822265625,\n 37.0957168848389\n ],\n [\n -75.96633911132812,\n 36.91915611148194\n ],\n [\n -75.93338012695312,\n 36.56039393337068\n ],\n [\n -75.79879760742188,\n 36.551568887374\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n 37.03983207971425\n ],\n [\n -74.981689453125,\n 38.253279568348304\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12641e4b014cc3a3d34e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bratton, John F. 0000-0003-0376-4981 jbratton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-4981","contributorId":92757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"John","email":"jbratton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":1285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"John Karl","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T.","contributorId":26991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krantz, David E.","contributorId":9238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krantz","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70161807,"text":"70161807 - 2004 - Evaluating the effect of salinity on a simulated American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) population with applications to conservation and Everglades restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T13:07:01","indexId":"70161807","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the effect of salinity on a simulated American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) population with applications to conservation and Everglades restoration","docAbstract":"Everglades restoration will alter the hydrology of South Florida, affecting both water depth and salinity levels in the southern fringes of the Everglades, the habitat of the endangered American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). A key question is what the effects of these hydrologic changes will be on the crocodile population. Reliable predictions of the viability of endangered species under a variety of management scenarios are of vital importance in conservation ecology. Juvenile American crocodiles are thought to be sensitive to high salinity levels, suffering reduced mass, and potentially reduced survivorship and recruitment. This could negatively impact the population recovery. We addressed the management issue of how the crocodile population will respond to alterations in hydrology with a spatially explicit individual-based model. The model is designed to relate water levels, salinities, and dominant vegetation to crocodile distribution, abundance, population growth, individual growth, survival, nesting effort, and nesting success. Our analysis shows that Everglades restoration, through its effects on water flow to estuaries, may benefit crocodile populations if increased freshwater flow reduces the chance that regional salinity levels exceed levels where small individuals lose mass. In addition, we conclude that conservation priority should be placed on reducing anthropogenic sources of mortality on large individuals, such as road mortality. Finally, research should focus on estimates of annual survivorship for large individuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.04.038","usgsCitation":"Richards, P., Mooij, W.M., and DeAngelis, D., 2004, Evaluating the effect of salinity on a simulated American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) population with applications to conservation and Everglades restoration: Ecological Modelling, v. 180, no. 2-3, p. 371-394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.04.038.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"394","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.59364318847656,\n 25.179155709929173\n ],\n [\n -80.59364318847656,\n 25.224199006454462\n ],\n [\n -80.4971694946289,\n 25.224199006454462\n ],\n [\n -80.4971694946289,\n 25.179155709929173\n ],\n [\n -80.59364318847656,\n 25.179155709929173\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"180","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e48f8e4b0e7a44bc4190f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richards, Paul M.","contributorId":152087,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richards","given":"Paul M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooij, Wolf M.","contributorId":94169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"Wolf","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58250,"text":"sir20045139 - 2004 - A precipitation-runoff model for the analysis of the effects of water withdrawals and land-use change on streamflow in the Usquepaug–Queen River Basin, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T21:15:52.505074","indexId":"sir20045139","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5139","title":"A precipitation-runoff model for the analysis of the effects of water withdrawals and land-use change on streamflow in the Usquepaug–Queen River Basin, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The 36.1-square-mile Usquepaug–Queen River Basin in south-central Rhode Island is an important water resource. Streamflow records indicate that withdrawals may have diminished flows enough to affect aquatic habitat. Concern over the effect of withdrawals on streamflow and aquatic habitat prompted the development of a Hydrologic Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model to evaluate the water-management alternatives and land-use change in the basin.
Climate, streamflow, and water-use data were collected to support the model development. A logistic-regression equation was developed for long-term simulations to predict the likelihood of irrigation, the primary water use in the basin, from antecedent potential evapotranspiration and precipitation for generating irrigation demands. The HSPF model represented the basin by 13 pervious-area and 2 impervious-area land-use segments and 20 stream reaches. The model was calibrated to the period January 1, 2000 to September 30, 2001, at three continuous streamflow-gaging stations that monitor flow from 10, 54, and 100 percent of the basin drainage area. Hydrographs and flow-duration curves of observed and simulated discharges, along with statistics compiled for various model-fit metrics, indicate a satisfactory model performance.
The calibrated HSPF model was modified to evaluate streamflow (1) under no withdrawals to streamflow under current (2000–01) withdrawal conditions under long-term (1960–2001) climatic conditions, (2) under withdrawals by the former Ladd School water-supply wells, and (3) under fully developed land use. The effects of converting from direct-stream withdrawals to ground-water withdrawals were evaluated outside of the HSPF model by use of the STRMDEPL program, which calculates the time delayed response of ground-water withdrawals on streamflow depletion.
Simulated effects of current withdrawals relative to no withdrawals indicate about a 20-percent decrease in the lowest mean daily streamflows at the basin outlet, but withdrawals have little effect on flows that are exceeded less than about 90 percent of the time. Tests of alternative model structures to evaluate model uncertainty indicate that the lowest mean daily flows ranged between 3 and 5 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) without withdrawals and 2.2 to 4 ft3/s with withdrawals. Changes in the minimum daily streamflows are more pronounced, however; at the upstream streamflow-gaging station, a minimum daily flow of 0.2 ft3/s was sustained without withdrawals, but simulations with withdrawals indicate that the reach would stop flowing part of a day about 5 percent of the time.
The effect on streamflow of potential ground-water withdrawals of 0.20, 0.90, and 1.78 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) at the former Ladd School near the central part of the basin were evaluated. The lowest daily mean flows in model reach 3, the main stem of the Queen River closest to the pumped wells, decreased by about 50 percent for withdrawals of 0.20 Mgal/d (from about 0.4 to 0.2 ft3/s) in comparison to current withdrawals. Reach 3 would occasionally stop flowing during part of the day at the 0.20-Mgal/d withdrawal rate because of diurnal fluctuation in streamflow. The higher withdrawal rates (0.90 and 1.78 Mgal/d) would cause reach 3 to stop flowing about 10 to 20 percent of the time, but the effects of pumping rapidly diminished downstream because of tributary inflows. Simulation results indicate little change in the annual 1-, 7-, and 30-day low flows at the 0.20 Mgal/d pumping rate, but at the 1.78 Mgal/d pumping rate, reach 3 stopped flowing for nearly a 7-day period every year and for a 30-day period about every other year. At the 0.90 Mgal/d pumping rate, reach 3 stopped flowing about every other year for a 7-day period and about once every 5 years for a 30-day period.
Land-use change was simulated by converting model hydrologic-response units (HRUs) representing undeveloped areas to HRUs representing developed areas on the basis of development suitability and town zoning. About 55 percent of the basin is suitable for development; this area would accommodate about 4,300 new low-density residential homes under current zoning. Increases in storm volume and peak flows, and decreases in base flow, typically associated with urbanization, were not evident in buildout simulations because the effective impervious area was assumed to increase by only 2 percent. Under fully developed conditions, withdrawals from self-supply wells were estimated to reach 1.2 Mgal/d. Potential increases in water withdrawals for a fully developed basin have only a minor impact on the main stem streamflow, but the effects of urbanization could be more pronounced in localized areas where development is concentrated.
Streamflow-depletion rates were calculated for varying distances of a pumped irrigation well from a stream. For the irrigation rates and aquifer conditions tested, streamflow depletion, relative to the pumping rate, decreases rapidly as the pumped well was moved away from the stream. Streamflow depletion, relative to the peak withdrawal rate, decreased by about 60, 80, and 90 percent by locating the pumped well 500, 1,000, and 1,500 feet from the stream, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045139","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., and Bent, G.C., 2004, A precipitation-runoff model for the analysis of the effects of water withdrawals and land-use change on streamflow in the Usquepaug–Queen River Basin, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5139, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045139.","productDescription":"86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5139.jpg"},{"id":393882,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70097.htm"},{"id":5833,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045139/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Usquepaug–Queen River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.66107177734375,\n 41.47154438707647\n ],\n [\n -71.5167,\n 41.47154438707647\n ],\n [\n -71.5167,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -71.66107177734375,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -71.66107177734375,\n 41.47154438707647\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab677","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bent, Gardner C. 0000-0002-5085-3146 gbent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-3146","contributorId":1864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bent","given":"Gardner","email":"gbent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58167,"text":"sir20045160 - 2004 - Regression equations for estimating flood flows for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-Year recurrence intervals in Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-10T18:54:19","indexId":"sir20045160","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5160","title":"Regression equations for estimating flood flows for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-Year recurrence intervals in Connecticut","docAbstract":"Multiple linear-regression equations were developed to estimate the magnitudes of floods in Connecticut for recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 500 years. The equations can be used for nonurban, unregulated stream sites in Connecticut with drainage areas ranging from about 2 to 715 square miles. Flood-frequency data and hydrologic characteristics from 70 streamflow-gaging stations and the upstream drainage basins were used to develop the equations. The hydrologic characteristics?drainage area, mean basin elevation, and 24-hour rainfall?are used in the equations to estimate the magnitude of floods. Average standard errors of prediction for the equations are 31.8, 32.7, 34.4, 35.9, 37.6 and 45.0 percent for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence intervals, respectively. Simplified equations using only one hydrologic characteristic?drainage area?also were developed. The regression analysis is based on generalized least-squares regression techniques.\r\n\r\nObserved flows (log-Pearson Type III analysis of the annual maximum flows) from five streamflow-gaging stations in urban basins in Connecticut were compared to flows estimated from national three-parameter and seven-parameter urban regression equations. The comparison shows that the three- and seven- parameter equations used in conjunction with the new statewide equations generally provide reasonable estimates of flood flows for urban sites in Connecticut, although a national urban flood-frequency study indicated that the three-parameter equations significantly underestimated flood flows in many regions of the country. Verification of the accuracy of the three-parameter or seven-parameter national regression equations using new data from Connecticut stations was beyond the scope of this study.\r\n\r\nA technique for calculating flood flows at streamflow-gaging stations using a weighted average also is described. Two estimates of flood flows?one estimate based on the log-Pearson Type III analyses of the annual maximum flows at the gaging station, and the other estimate from the regression equation?are weighted together based on the years of record at the gaging station and the equivalent years of record value determined from the regression. Weighted averages of flood flows for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence intervals are tabulated for the 70 streamflow-gaging stations used in the regression analysis. Generally, weighted averages give the most accurate estimate of flood flows at gaging stations.\r\n\r\nAn evaluation of the Connecticut's streamflow-gaging network was performed to determine whether the spatial coverage and range of geographic and hydrologic conditions are adequately represented for transferring flood characteristics from gaged to ungaged sites. Fifty-one of 54 stations in the current (2004) network support one or more flood needs of federal, state, and local agencies. Twenty-five of 54 stations in the current network are considered high-priority stations by the U.S. Geological Survey because of their contribution to the longterm understanding of floods, and their application for regionalflood analysis. Enhancements to the network to improve overall effectiveness for regionalization can be made by increasing the spatial coverage of gaging stations, establishing stations in regions of the state that are not well-represented, and adding stations in basins with drainage area sizes not represented. Additionally, the usefulness of the network for characterizing floods can be maintained and improved by continuing operation at the current stations because flood flows can be more accurately estimated at stations with continuous, long-term record.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045160","usgsCitation":"Ahearn, E.A., 2004, Regression equations for estimating flood flows for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-Year recurrence intervals in Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5160, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045160.","productDescription":"68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5780,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5160/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahearn, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-5633-2640 eaahearn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5633-2640","contributorId":194658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahearn","given":"Elizabeth","email":"eaahearn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189685,"text":"70189685 - 2004 - Calibration strategies for a groundwater model in a highly dynamic alpine floodplain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-20T10:41:36","indexId":"70189685","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Calibration strategies for a groundwater model in a highly dynamic alpine floodplain","docAbstract":"In many subsurface situations where human health and environmental quality are at risk (e.g., contaminant hydrogeology petroleum extraction, carbon sequestration, etc.),scientists and engineers are being asked by federal agency decision-makers to predict the fate of chemical species under conditions where both reactions and transport are processes of first-order importance.
In 2002, a working group (WG) was formed by representatives of the U.S. Geological Survey, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Department of Agriculture, and Army Engineer Research and Development Center to assess the role of reactive transport modeling (RTM) in addressing these situations. Specifically the goals of the WG are to (1) evaluate the state of the art in conceptual model development and parameterization for RTM, as applied to soil,vadose zone, and groundwater systems, and (2) prioritize research directions that would enhance the practical utility of RTM.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2004EO440002","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., Yabusaki, S.B., Steefel, C., Zachara, J.M., Curtis, G.P., Redden, G.D., Criscenti, L.J., and Honeyman, B.D., 2004, Assessing conceptual models for subsurface reactive transport of inorganic contaminants: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 85, no. 44, p. 449-445, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004EO440002.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"449","endPage":"445","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004eo440002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338350,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da251be4b0543bf7fda804","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, James A.","contributorId":69289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yabusaki, Steven B.","contributorId":138798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yabusaki","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6727,"text":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steefel, Carl","contributorId":66932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steefel","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6670,"text":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zachara, John M.","contributorId":7421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zachara","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Curtis, Gary P. 0000-0003-3975-8882 gpcurtis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-8882","contributorId":2346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Gary","email":"gpcurtis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Redden, George D.","contributorId":189841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Redden","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Criscenti, Louise J.","contributorId":189842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Criscenti","given":"Louise","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Honeyman, Bruce D.","contributorId":189843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Honeyman","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":57987,"text":"sir20045021 - 2004 - Water-quality, biological, and physical-habitat conditions at fixed sites in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska, National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit, October 1998-September 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:14","indexId":"sir20045021","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5021","title":"Water-quality, biological, and physical-habitat conditions at fixed sites in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska, National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit, October 1998-September 2001","docAbstract":"The Cook Inlet Basin study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program comprises 39,325 square miles in south-central Alaska. Data were collected at eight fixed sites to provide baseline information in areas where no development has taken place, urbanization or logging have occurred, or the effects of recreation are increasing. Collection of water-quality, biology, and physical-habitat data began in October 1998 and ended in September 2001 (water years 1999-2001).\r\n\r\nThe climate for the water years in the study may be categorized as slightly cool-wet (1999), slightly warm-wet (2000), and significantly warm-dry (2001). Total precipitation was near normal during the study period, and air temperatures ranged from modestly cool in water year 1999 to near normal in 2000, and to notably warm in 2001. Snowmelt runoff dominates the hydrology of streams in the Cook Inlet Basin. Average annual flows at the fixed sites were approximately the same as the long-term average annual flows, with the exception of those in glacier-fed basins, which had above-average flow in water year 2001.\r\n\r\nWater temperature of all streams studied in the Cook Inlet Basin remained at 0 oC for about 6 months per year, and average annual water temperatures ranged from 3.3 to 6.2 degrees Celsius. Of the water-quality constituents sampled, all concentrations were less than drinking-water standards and only one constituent, the pesticide carbaryl, exceeded aquatic-life standards. Most of the stream waters of the Cook Inlet Basin were classified as calcium bicarbonate, which reflects the underlying geology. Streams in the Cook Inlet Basin draining areas with glaciers, rough mountainous terrain, and poorly developed soils have low concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon compared with concentrations of these same constituents in streams in lowland or urbanized areas. In streams draining relatively low-lying areas, most of the suspended sediment, nutrients, and dissolved organic carbon are transported in the spring from the melting snowpack. The urbanized stream, Chester Creek, had the highest concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sodium, most likely because of the application of de-icing materials during the winter. Several volatile organic compounds and pesticides also were detected in samples from this stream.\r\n\r\nAquatic communities in the Cook Inlet Basin are naturally different than similar sites in the contiguous United States because of the unique conditions of the northern latitudes where the Cook Inlet Basin is located, such as extreme diurnal cycles and long periods of ice cover. Blue-green algae was the dominant algae found at all sites although in some years green algae was the most dominant algae. Macroinvertebrate communities consist primarily of Diptera (true flies), Ephemeroptera (mayflies), and Plecoptera (stoneflies). Lowland areas have higher abundance of aquatic communities than glacier-fed basins. However, samples from the urbanized stream, Chester Creek, were dominated by oligochaetes, a class of worms. Most of the functional feeding groups were collector-gatherers. The number of taxa for both algae and macroinvertebrates were highest in water year 2001, which may be due to the relative mild winter of 2000?2001 and the above average air temperatures for this water year.\r\n\r\nThe streams in the Cook Inlet Basin typically are low gradient. Bank substrates consist of silt, clay, or sand, and bed substrate consists of coarse gravel or cobbles. Vegetation is primarily shrubs and woodlands with spruce or cottonwood trees. Canopy angles vary with the size of the stream or river and are relatively low at the smaller streams and high at the larger streams. Suitable fish habitat, such as woody debris, pools, cobble substrate, and overhanging vegetation, is found at most sites.\r\n\r\nOf the human activities occurring in the fixed site basins ? high recreational use, logging, and urbanizat","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045021","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., and Whitman, M.S., 2004, Water-quality, biological, and physical-habitat conditions at fixed sites in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska, National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit, October 1998-September 2001 (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5021, 118 p.; 6 tables in Excel file format, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045021.","productDescription":"118 p.; 6 tables in Excel file format","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5944,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045021/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6978d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitman, Matthew S.","contributorId":67961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitman","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7217,"text":"Bureau of Land Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":258106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58231,"text":"sir20045122 - 2004 - Simulated effects of the 2003 permitted withdrawals and water-management alternatives on reservoir storage and firm yields of three surface-water supplies, Ipswich River Basin, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:21","indexId":"sir20045122","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5122","title":"Simulated effects of the 2003 permitted withdrawals and water-management alternatives on reservoir storage and firm yields of three surface-water supplies, Ipswich River Basin, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Hydrologic Simulation Program\u0013FORTRAN (HSPF) model of the Ipswich River Basin previously developed by the U.S. Geological Survey was modified to evaluate the effects of the 2003 withdrawal permits and water-management alternatives on reservoir storage and yields of the Lynn, Peabody, and Salem\u0013Beverly water-supply systems. These systems obtain all or part of their water from the Ipswich River Basin. The HSPF model simulated the complex water budgets to the three supply systems, including effects of regulations that restrict withdrawals by the time of year, minimum streamflow thresholds, and the capacity of each system to pump water from the river. The 2003 permits restrict withdrawals from the Ipswich River between November 1 and May 31 to streamflows above a 1.0 cubic foot per second per square mile (ft3/s/mi2) threshold, to high flows between June 1 and October 31, and to a maximum annual volume. Yields and changes in reservoir storage over the 35-year simulation period (1961\u001395) were also evaluated for each system with a hypothetical low-capacity pump, alternative seasonal streamflow thresholds, and withdrawals that result in successive failures (depleted storage).\r\n\r\nThe firm yields, the maximum yields that can be met during a severe drought, calculated for each water-supply system, under the 2003 permitted withdrawals, were 7.31 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) for the Lynn, 3.01 Mgal/d for the Peabody, and 7.98 Mgal/d for the Salem\u0013Beverly systems; these yields are 31, 49, and 21 percent less than their average 1998\u00132000 demands, respectively. The simulations with the same permit restrictions and a hypothetical low-capacity pump for each system resulted in slightly increased yields for the Lynn and Salem\u0013Beverly systems, but a slightly decreased yield for the Peabody system.\r\n\r\nSimulations to evaluate the effects of alternative streamflow thresholds on water supply indicated that firm yields were generally about twice as sensitive to decreases in the November\u0013February or March\u0013May thresholds than to increases in these thresholds. Firm yields were also generally slightly less sensitive to changes in the November\u0013February than to changes in the March\u0013May thresholds in the Peabody and Salem\u0013Beverly water-supply systems. Decreases in the June\u0013October streamflow threshold did not affect any of the system's firm yield.\r\n\r\nSimulations of withdrawal rates that resulted in successive near failures during the 1961\u001395 period indicated the tradeoff between increased yield and risks. The Lynn and Peabody systems were allowed to near failure up to six times. At the sixth near failure, yields of these systems increased to 10.18 and 4.43 Mgal/d, respectively; these rates increased the amount of water obtained from the Ipswich River Basin (relative to the firm-yield rate), as a percentage of average 1998\u00132000 demands, from 68 to 96 percent and from 51 to 75 percent, respectively. The Salem\u0013Beverly system was able to meet demands after the third near failure. Reservoir storage was depleted about 6 percent of the time at the withdrawal rate that caused the sixth near failure in the Lynn and Peabody system and about 3 percent of the time at the withdrawal rate that caused the third near failure in the Salem\u0013Beverly system. Supply systems are at greatest risk of failure from persistent droughts (lasting more than 1 year), but short-term droughts also present risks during the fall and winter when the supply systems are most vulnerable. Uncertainties in model performance, simplification of reservoir systems and their management, and the possibility of droughts of severity greater than simulated in this investigation underscore the fact that the firm yield calculated for each system cannot be considered a withdrawal rate that is absolutely fail-safe. Thus, the consequences of failure are an important consideration in the planning and management of these systems.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045122","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., 2004, Simulated effects of the 2003 permitted withdrawals and water-management alternatives on reservoir storage and firm yields of three surface-water supplies, Ipswich River Basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5122, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045122.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5814,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5122/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f32d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}