During the 1980s, the exponential growth of laughing gull (Larus atricilla) colonies, from 15 to about 7600 nests in 1990, in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge and a correlated increase in the bird-strike rate at nearby John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City) led to a controversy between wildlife and airport managers over the elimination of the colonies. In this paper, we review data to evaluate if: (1) the colonies have increased the level of risk to the flying public; (2) on-colony population control would reduce the presence of gulls, and subsequently bird strikes, at the airport; and (3) all on-airport management alternatives have been adequately implemented. Since 1979, most (2987, 87%) of the 3444 bird strikes (number of aircraft struck) were actually bird carcasses found near runways (cause of death unknown but assumed to be bird strikes by definition). Of the 457 pilot-reported strikes (mean = 23 ± 6 aircraft/yr, N= 20 years), 78 (17%) involved laughing gulls. Since a gull-shooting program was initiated on airport property in 1991, over 50,000 adult laughing gulls have been killed and the number of reported bird strikes involving laughing gulls has declined from 6.9 ± 2.9 (1983–1990) to 2.6 ± 1.3 (1991–1998) aircraft/yr; nongull reported bird strikes, however, have more than doubled (6.4 ± 2.6, 1983–1990; 14.9 ± 5.1, 1991–1998). We found no evidence to indicate that on-colony management would yield a reduction of bird strikes at Kennedy Airport. Dietary and mark–recapture studies suggest that 60%–90% of the laughing gulls collected on-airport were either failed breeders and/or nonbreeding birds. We argue that the Jamaica Bay laughing gull colonies, the only ones in New York State, should not be managed at least until all on-airport management alternatives have been properly implemented and demonstrated to be ineffective at reducing bird strikes, including habitat alterations and increasing the capability of the bird control unit to eliminate bird flocks on-airport using nonlethal bird dispersal techniques. Because the gull-shooting program may be resulting in a nonsustainable regional population of laughing gulls (>30% decline), we also recommend that attempts be made to initiate an experimental colony elsewhere on Long Island to determine if colony relocation is a feasible management option.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002670010219","usgsCitation":"Brown, K.M., Erwin, R., Richmond, M.E., Buckley, P.A., Tanacredi, J., and Avrin, D., 2001, Managing birds and controlling aircraft in the Kennedy Airport-Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge complex: The need for hard data and soft opinions: Environmental Management, v. 28, no. 2, p. 207-224, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010219.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"224","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"New York City","otherGeospatial":"Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Complex, Kennedy Airport","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.76855850219725,\n 40.62372500264782\n ],\n [\n -73.76632690429688,\n 40.62841532435382\n ],\n [\n -73.74778747558594,\n 40.635319920747456\n ],\n [\n -73.74727249145508,\n 40.64196329226261\n ],\n [\n -73.75448226928711,\n 40.649257213175055\n ],\n [\n -73.77799987792969,\n 40.66136857063693\n ],\n [\n -73.78726959228516,\n 40.66462393693607\n ],\n [\n -73.79344940185547,\n 40.666446872663194\n ],\n [\n -73.80529403686523,\n 40.66553541102791\n ],\n [\n -73.81439208984375,\n 40.663061380941045\n ],\n [\n -73.83284568786621,\n 40.665665620595604\n ],\n [\n -73.85087013244629,\n 40.67126439151552\n ],\n [\n -73.86940956115723,\n 40.668465064812096\n ],\n [\n -73.87181282043456,\n 40.666707287985304\n ],\n [\n -73.8636589050293,\n 40.655443396253155\n ],\n [\n -73.86005401611328,\n 40.6546620153016\n ],\n [\n -73.85644912719727,\n 40.650820092517755\n ],\n [\n -73.85258674621582,\n 40.650038657421916\n ],\n [\n -73.85001182556152,\n 40.6513410441644\n ],\n [\n -73.8512134552002,\n 40.64964793644236\n ],\n [\n -73.85310173034668,\n 40.6479547857615\n ],\n [\n -73.85215759277344,\n 40.64528473009714\n ],\n [\n -73.8489818572998,\n 40.64391709924125\n ],\n [\n -73.83636474609375,\n 40.645089355976346\n ],\n [\n -73.83722305297852,\n 40.64801990773587\n ],\n [\n -73.8313865661621,\n 40.647824541622086\n ],\n [\n -73.83061408996582,\n 40.64990841734959\n ],\n [\n -73.82623672485352,\n 40.64801990773587\n ],\n [\n -73.82589340209961,\n 40.64919209240809\n ],\n [\n -73.82494926452637,\n 40.64893160870472\n ],\n [\n -73.82391929626465,\n 40.64788966372356\n ],\n [\n -73.82168769836426,\n 40.648736245259954\n ],\n [\n -73.81911277770996,\n 40.64632671574881\n ],\n [\n -73.81370544433594,\n 40.64450323018245\n ],\n [\n -73.79928588867188,\n 40.63831603288429\n ],\n [\n -73.79267692565918,\n 40.6355804575753\n ],\n [\n -73.79138946533203,\n 40.63382181425697\n ],\n [\n -73.7896728515625,\n 40.6334309983399\n ],\n [\n -73.78340721130371,\n 40.629913552146945\n ],\n [\n -73.78581047058105,\n 40.62678677775824\n ],\n [\n -73.7896728515625,\n 40.62339927363116\n ],\n [\n -73.7882137298584,\n 40.621835752239576\n ],\n [\n -73.78503799438477,\n 40.62020704520565\n ],\n [\n -73.78392219543457,\n 40.620728235777136\n ],\n [\n -73.77928733825684,\n 40.62704734788225\n ],\n [\n -73.77696990966797,\n 40.627307916989615\n ],\n [\n -73.77242088317871,\n 40.623659856971564\n ],\n [\n -73.77139091491699,\n 40.622878103900476\n ],\n [\n -73.77224922180176,\n 40.620793384312655\n ],\n [\n -73.77190589904785,\n 40.61955555127281\n ],\n [\n -73.77044677734375,\n 40.61981614960841\n ],\n [\n -73.76830101013184,\n 40.62326898157972\n ],\n [\n -73.76855850219725,\n 40.62372500264782\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ab5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, K. M.","contributorId":16432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richmond, M. E.","contributorId":22729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buckley, P. A.","contributorId":69264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tanacredi, J.T.","contributorId":11562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanacredi","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Avrin, D.","contributorId":90854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avrin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5224062,"text":"5224062 - 2001 - Ground-nesting waterbirds and mammalian carnivores in the Virginia barrier island region: Running out of options","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:38","indexId":"5224062","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:48","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-nesting waterbirds and mammalian carnivores in the Virginia barrier island region: Running out of options","docAbstract":"We examined changing patterns of distribution of two large mammalian predators, the raccoon (Procyon lotor) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and beach-nesting terns and Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) along ca. 80 km of the Virginia barrier island landscape between the periods 1975-1977 and 1998. Based on evidence from trapping, scent stations, den observations and sightings of the two predators, there has been a marked increase in their island ranges. In 1975-77, only 6 of the 11 surveyed barrier islands definitely harbored at least one of the two mammals, but by 1998, 11 of 14 islands showed evidence of one or both during the spring and summer. Concurrently, annual beach-nesting bird surveys have been conducted since the mid 1970s during June. From 1977 to 1998, the number of colonies of terns [Common (Sterna hirundo), Gull-billed (S. nilotica), Least (S. antillarum), Royal (S. maxima), and Sandwich (S. sandvicensis)] and Black Skimmers declined from 23 colonies on 11 barrier islands to 13 colonies on 10 islands. In addition, the populations decreased dramatically for all species except the marginal Sandwich Tern and Least Tern. This pattern suggests that mammalian predation may be a major factor in colony site selection or success, although we have no data on success at most locations. The only consistently large colony over the years has been the Royal Tern colony on Fisherman Island, one of the few with no resident large mammals. Because these declining waterbirds appear to be running out of options for safe colony sites in coastal Virginia, we discuss the prospects of conducting limited predator removals on certain islands. In addition, considerations of strict management and enforcement of protection at critical manmade colony sites that now attract large numbers of certain species, are timely. Lastly, where dredged material disposal projects are planned, providing nesting sites for these colonial species and roosting sites for migrant birds may be appropriate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Truitt, B., and Jimenez, J., 2001, Ground-nesting waterbirds and mammalian carnivores in the Virginia barrier island region: Running out of options: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 17, no. 2, p. 292-296.","productDescription":"292-296","startPage":"292","endPage":"296","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d46f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truitt, B.R.","contributorId":85298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truitt","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jimenez, J.E.","contributorId":107399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jimenez","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224051,"text":"5224051 - 2001 - Conservation genetics of the endangered Shenandoah salamander (Plethodon shenandoah, Plethodontidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:35","indexId":"5224051","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:47","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":774,"text":"Animal Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation genetics of the endangered Shenandoah salamander (Plethodon shenandoah, Plethodontidae)","docAbstract":"The Shenandoah salamander (Plethodon shenandoah) is restricted to three isolated talus outcrops in Shenandoah National Park, VA, USA and has one of the smallest ranges of any tetrapod vertebrate. This species was listed as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act in 1989 over concern that direct competition with the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus), successional habitat changes, and human impacts may cause its decline and possible extinction. We address two issues herein: (1) whether extensive introgression (through long-term hybridization) is present between the two species and threatens the survival of P. shenandoah, and (2) the level of population structure within P. shenandoah. We provide evidence from mtDNA haplotypes that shows no genetic differentiation among the three isolates of P. shenandoah, suggesting that their fragmentation is a geologically recent event, and/or that the isolates are still connected by occasional gene flow. There is also no evidence for extensive introgression of alleles in either direction between P. cinereus and P. shenandoah, which suggests that P. shenandoah may not be in danger of being genetically swamped out through hybridization with P. cinereus.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S1367943001001147","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, D., Jung, R., and Sites, J., 2001, Conservation genetics of the endangered Shenandoah salamander (Plethodon shenandoah, Plethodontidae): Animal Conservation, v. 4, no. 2, p. 111-119, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943001001147.","productDescription":"111-119","startPage":"111","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17323,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1367943001001147","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":202064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, D.W.","contributorId":103390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jung, R.E.","contributorId":66213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sites, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":20450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sites","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224050,"text":"5224050 - 2001 - Flow and habitat effects on juvenile fish abundance in natural and altered flow regimes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T16:39:36.859746","indexId":"5224050","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:47","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow and habitat effects on juvenile fish abundance in natural and altered flow regimes","docAbstract":"Conserving biological resources native to large river systems increasingly depends on how flow-regulated segments of these rivers are managed. Improving management will require a better understanding of linkages between river biota and temporal variability of flow and instream habitat. However, few studies have quantified responses of native fish populations to multiyear (>2 yr) patterns of hydrologic or habitat variability in flow-regulated systems. To provide these data, we quantified young-of-year (YOY) fish abundance during four years in relation to hydrologic and habitat variability in two segments of the Tallapoosa River in the southeastern United States. One segment had an unregulated flow regime, whereas the other was flow-regulated by a peak-load generating hydropower dam. We sampled fishes annually and explored how continuously recorded flow data and physical habitat simulation models (PHABSIM) for spring (April-June) and summer (July-August) preceding each sample explained fish abundances. Patterns of YOY abundance in relation to habitat availability (median area) and habitat persistence (longest period with habitat area continuously above the long-term median area) differed between unregulated and flow-regulated sites. At the unregulated site, YOY abundances were most frequently correlated with availability of shallow-slow habitat in summer (10 species) and persistence of shallow-slow and shallow-fast habitat in spring (nine species). Additionally, abundances were negatively correlated with 1-h maximum flow in summer (five species). At the flow-regulated site, YOY abundances were more frequently correlated with persistence of shallow-water habitats (four species in spring; six species in summer) than with habitat availability or magnitude of flow extremes. The associations of YOY with habitat persistence at the flow-regulated site corresponded to the effects of flow regulation on habitat patterns. Flow regulation reduced median flows during spring and summer, which resulted in median availability of shallow-water habitats comparable to the unregulated site. However, habitat persistence was severely reduced by flow fluctuations resulting from pulsed water releases for peak-load power generation. Habitat persistence, comparable to levels in the unregulated site, only occurred during summer when low rainfall or other factors occasionally curtailed power generation. As a consequence, summer-spawning species numerically dominated the fish assemblage at the flow-regulated site; five of six spring-spawning species occurring at both study sites were significantly less abundant at the flow-regulated site. Persistence of native fishes in flow-regulated systems depends, in part, on the seasonal occurrence of stable habitat conditions that facilitate reproduction and YOY survival.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0179:FAHEOJ]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Freeman, M.C., Bowen, Z., Bovee, K., and Irwin, E., 2001, Flow and habitat effects on juvenile fish abundance in natural and altered flow regimes: Ecological Applications, v. 11, no. 1, p. 179-190, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0179:FAHEOJ]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Harris Dam, Harris Reservoir, Tallapoosa River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.92681884765624,\n 32.48428001059022\n ],\n [\n -85.84167480468749,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -85.39398193359375,\n 32.55607364492026\n ],\n [\n -85.3363037109375,\n 32.93953889877841\n ],\n [\n -85.16326904296874,\n 33.23639027157906\n ],\n [\n -84.6441650390625,\n 33.74946419232578\n ],\n [\n -84.81170654296875,\n 34.164090803573124\n ],\n [\n -85.32806396484375,\n 34.023071367612125\n ],\n [\n -85.6768798828125,\n 33.85673152928873\n ],\n [\n -85.72906494140625,\n 33.66263917576218\n ],\n [\n -85.792236328125,\n 33.463525475613785\n ],\n [\n -86.06414794921875,\n 33.26395335923739\n ],\n [\n -86.20147705078125,\n 32.89111950367499\n ],\n [\n -86.13555908203125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ],\n [\n -85.92681884765624,\n 32.48428001059022\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df58c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowen, Z.H.","contributorId":81045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Z.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bovee, K.D.","contributorId":15954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irwin, E.R.","contributorId":90269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224048,"text":"5224048 - 2001 - Forest fragmentation and bird community dynamics: Inference at regional scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T18:29:23.196554","indexId":"5224048","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:45","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forest fragmentation and bird community dynamics: Inference at regional scales","docAbstract":"With increasing fragmentation of natural areas and a dramatic reduction of forest cover in several parts of the world, quantifying the impact of such changes on species richness and community dynamics has been a subject of much concern. Here, we tested whether in more fragmented landscapes there was a lower number of area-sensitive species and higher local extinction and turnover rates, which could explain higher temporal variability in species richness. To investigate such potential landscape effects at a regional scale, we merged two independent, large-scale monitoring efforts: the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and the Land Use and Land Cover Classification data from the U.S. Geological Survey.
We used methods that accounted for heterogeneity in the probability of detecting species to estimate species richness and temporal changes in the bird communities for BBS routes in three mid-Atlantic U.S. states. Forest breeding bird species were grouped prior to the analyses into area-sensitive and non-area-sensitive species according to previous studies. We tested predictions relating measures of forest structure at one point in time (1974) to species richness at that time and to parameters of forest bird community change over the following 22-yr-period (1975–1996). We used the mean size of forest patches to characterize landscape structure, as high correlations among landscape variables did not allow us to disentangle the relative roles of habitat fragmentation per se and habitat loss.
As predicted, together with lower species richness for area-sensitive species on routes surrounded by landscapes with lower mean forest-patch size, we found higher mean year-to-year rates of local extinction. Moreover, the mean year-to-year rates of local turnover (proportion of locally new species) for area-sensitive species were also higher in landscapes with lower mean forest-patch size. These associations were not observed for the non-area-sensitive species group.
These results suggest that landscape structure may influence forest bird communities at regional scales through its effects on the total number of species but also on the temporal rates of change in community composition. Evidence for higher rates of local extinction and turnover in more fragmented landscapes suggests that bird communities function as metapopulations at a regional scale, and points out the importance of colonizations and recolonizations from surrounding landscapes to local community dynamics. Further, our results illustrate that the methods used to estimate the community parameters can be a powerful statistical tool in addressing questions relative to the dynamics of communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1159:FFABCD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Boulinier, T., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Sauer, J., Flather, C., and Pollock, K.H., 2001, Forest fragmentation and bird community dynamics: Inference at regional scales: Ecology, v. 82, no. 4, p. 1159-1169, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1159:FFABCD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1159","endPage":"1169","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae48a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boulinier, T.","contributorId":37845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulinier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flather, C.H.","contributorId":73161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flather","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5224081,"text":"5224081 - 2001 - Antibody response to rabies vaccination in captive and freeranging wolves (Canis lupus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-15T20:04:07","indexId":"5224081","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2514,"text":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antibody response to rabies vaccination in captive and freeranging wolves (Canis lupus)","docAbstract":"Fourteen captive and five free-ranging Minnesota gray wolves (Canis lupus) were tested for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) after vaccination with an inactivated canine rabies vaccine. Blood was collected from all wolves prior to vaccination and at 1 mo postvaccination (PV) and from all captive and three wild wolves at 3 mo PV. In addition, one free-ranging wolf was sampled at 4 mo PV, and two free-ranging wolves were sampled at 6 mo PV. All wolves were seronegative prior to vaccination. RVNA were detected in 14 (100%) captive wolves and in four of five (80%) free-ranging wolves. The geometric mean titer of the captive wolves at 1 mo PV was significantly higher (P = 0.023) than in the free-ranging wolves. Five of 13 (38.5%) captive wolves and none of the three (0%) free-ranging wolves had measurable RVNA at 3 mo PV. No measurable RVNA were detected in the serum samples collected from the free-ranging wolves at 4 and 6 mo PV. These results should be interpreted with caution because of the small number of free-ranging wolves tested. Further research is needed to properly assess immune function and antibody response to vaccination in captive wolves in comparison with their free-ranging counterparts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032[0127:ARTRVI]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"5739_Federoff.pdf","usgsCitation":"Federoff, N., 2001, Antibody response to rabies vaccination in captive and freeranging wolves (Canis lupus): Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. 32, no. 1, p. 127-129, https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032[0127:ARTRVI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"127-129","startPage":"127","endPage":"129","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269405,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032[0127:ARTRVI]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":201797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b3f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Federoff, N.E.","contributorId":50492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Federoff","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31491,"text":"ofr01424 - 2001 - Surficial geology of the lower Comb Wash, San Juan County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T13:00:19","indexId":"ofr01424","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-424","title":"Surficial geology of the lower Comb Wash, San Juan County, Utah","docAbstract":"The surficial geologic map of lower Comb Wash was produced as part of a master’s thesis for Northern Arizona University Quaternary Sciences program. The map area includes the portion of the Comb Wash alluvial valley between Highway 163 and Highway 95 on the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah. The late Quaternary geology of this part of the Colorado Plateau had not previously been mapped in adequate detail. The geologic information in this report will be useful for biological studies, land management and range management for federal, state and private industries.
\nComb Wash is a south flowing ephemeral tributary of the San Juan River, flanked to the east by Comb Ridge and to the west by Cedar Mesa (Figure 1). The nearest settlement is Bluff, about 7 km to the east of the area. Elevations range from 1951 m where Highway 95 crosses Comb Wash to 1291 m at the confluence with the San Juan River. Primary vehicle access to lower Comb Wash is provided by a well-maintained dirt road that parallels the active channel of Comb Wash between Highway 163 and Highway 95. For much of the year this road can be traversed without the aid of four-wheel drive. However, during inclement weather such as rain or snow the road becomes treacherous even with four-wheel drive. The Comb Wash watershed is public land managed by the Bureau of Land management (BLM) office in Monticello, Utah.
\nThe semi-arid climate of Comb Wash and the surrounding area is typical of the Great Basin Desert. Temperature in Bluff, Utah ranges from a minimum of –8° C in January to a maximum of 35° C in July with a mean annual temperature of 9.8° C (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999). The difference between day and nighttime temperatures is as great as 20° C. Between 1928 and 1998, annual rainfall in Bluff averaged 178 mm per year (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999). Annual rainfall in Comb Wash averaged 240 mm per year from 1991 to 1999 while Bluff received an average of 193 mm for the same 8 year period. Most precipitation is monsoonal, convective storms that bring moisture from the Gulf of Mexico beginning in early July and ending by October. Large frontal storms during December and January are responsible for most winter precipitation (Figure 2). The record from U.S. Geological Survey gauging station number 09379000 operated by the BLM from 1959 through 1968 indicates that Comb Wash flows in direct response to precipitation events. Most daily discharge and peak events occur in late July through September, coinciding with high intensity monsoon thunderstorms.
\nComb Wash supports a variety of vegetation typical of the Great Basin Desert and the northern desert shrub zone as described by Fowler and Koch (1982). On the lower alluvial terraces, bushes and shrubs dominate the vegetation, including: sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), winterfat (Eurotia lanata), greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), and shadscale (Atriplex concertifolia). Juniper trees (Juniperus osteosperma) can be found on the rocky colluvial slopes near Comb Ridge and on the higher terrace near Cedar Mesa. The floodplain contains an abundance of riparian vegetation including cottonwood (Populus fremontii), willow (Salix exigua), and tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima). Tamarisk is one of 7 non-native species present in the lower Comb Wash watershed.
\nAt least seven known species of noxious weeds have invaded the watershed, including Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), field bindweed (Convolvulus avensis), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens), tamarisk and camel thorn (Alhagi pseudalhagi). Of these, tamarisk or salt-cedar has most aggressively colonized the southwestern United States, including the San Juan watershed. Graf (1978) estimates that since the late 19th century, tamarisk has spread at a rate of 20 km per year. Tamarisk first appeared in Comb Wash during the mid to early 20th century based on photographs taken by Gregory in the early 1900’s (Gregory, 1938).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01424","usgsCitation":"Longpre, C.I., 2001, Surficial geology of the lower Comb Wash, San Juan County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-424, Pamphlet: 17 p.; Map: ; Readme: PDF and TXT files; Metadata; Database; Map: PostScript file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01424.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 17 p.; Map: ; Readme: PDF and TXT files; Metadata; Database; Map: PostScript file","numberOfPages":"17","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2663,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282895,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/cw_readme.txt"},{"id":282896,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/pdf/cw_readme.pdf"},{"id":282897,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/cw_met.txt"},{"id":282898,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/cw_export.tar"},{"id":282899,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/pdf/cw_map.pdf"},{"id":282900,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/cw_map.eps"},{"id":282901,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/pdf/cw_pamph.pdf"}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"San Juan County","otherGeospatial":"Comb Wash","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.956,37.1588 ], [ -109.956,37.7142 ], [ -109.6003,37.7142 ], [ -109.6003,37.1588 ], [ -109.956,37.1588 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68897e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Longpre, Claire I.","contributorId":90355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longpre","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50395,"text":"ofr2001139 - 2001 - Geochemical analysis of soils and sediments, Coeur d'Alene drainage basin, Idaho: sampling, analytical methods, and results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-29T14:42:49","indexId":"ofr2001139","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-139","title":"Geochemical analysis of soils and sediments, Coeur d'Alene drainage basin, Idaho: sampling, analytical methods, and results","docAbstract":"This report presents the locations, descriptions, analytical procedures used, and an inter-lab comparison of over 1100 geochemical analyses of samples of soil and sediment in and downstream of a major lead-zinc-silver mining district in the Coeur d'Alene (CdA) drainage basin of northern Idaho. The samples fall in 3 broad categories: (1) samples from vertical profiles of floodplain soils in the valley of the main stem of the CdA River (767 samples) and of the South Fork of the CdA River (38 samples), (2) size fractionated surficial samples of sediment bedload within the channel of the South Fork of the CdA River (68 samples), and (3) samples from vertical profiles of sediment bedload within the channel of the main stem of the CdA River (260 samples).
\nFive different laboratories contributed geochemical data for this report. Four of the five laboratories employed analytical methods that require sample dissolution prior to analysis; one laboratory (US Geological Survey) used analytical instrumentation (energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence [EDXRF]) that is applied to pulverized samples. Some dissolution procedures use four acids (hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, and hydrofluoric; Eastern Washington University [EWU] Geochemical Laboratory and XRAL Laboratories, Inc.), others use two acids (nitric acid and aqua regia; CHEMEX Labs, Inc.), and some use only concentrated nitric acid (ACZ Laboratories, Inc.). Most analyses of dissolved samples were done by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or by ICP - MS (Mass Spectroscopy). Some analyses for Ag and K were done by Flame Atomic Absorption (FAA).
\nInter-laboratory comparisons are made for 6 elements: lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron\n(Fe), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). In general inter-laboratory correlations are better for samples within the compositional range of the Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Analyses by EWU are the most accurate relative to the NIST standards (mean recoveries within 1% for Pb, Fe, Mn, and As, 3% for Zn and 5% for Cd) and are the most precise (within 7% of the mean at the 95% confidence interval). USGS-EDXRF is similarly accurate for Pb and Zn. XRAL and ACZ are relatively accurate for Pb (within 5-8% of certified NIST values), but were considerably less accurate for the other 5 elements of concern (10-25% of NIST values). However, analyses of sample splits by more than one laboratory reveal that, for some elements, XRAL (Pb, Mn, Cd) and ACZ (Pb, Mn, Zn, Fe) analyses were comparable to EWU analyses of the same samples (when values are within the range of NIST SRMs). These results suggest that, for some elements, XRAL and ACZ dissolutions are more effective on the matrix of the CdA samples than on the matrix of the NIST samples (obtained from soils around Butte, Montana). Splits of CdA samples analyzed by CHEMEX were the least accurate, yielding values 10-25% less than those of EWU.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2001139","usgsCitation":"Box, S.E., Bookstrom, A.A., Ikramuddin, M., and Lindsay, J., 2001, Geochemical analysis of soils and sediments, Coeur d'Alene drainage basin, Idaho: sampling, analytical methods, and results (Online version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-139, Report: 70 p.; ReadMe; Complete digital data package; Metadata; 7 Appendices: xls and dbf files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001139.","productDescription":"Report: 70 p.; ReadMe; Complete digital data package; Metadata; 7 Appendices: xls and dbf files","numberOfPages":"206","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2001139.PNG"},{"id":10780,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-139/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":291343,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-139/of01-139.pdf"},{"id":291344,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-139/readme.txt"},{"id":291345,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-139/of01-139.zip"},{"id":291346,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-139/of01-139.met.txt"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur D�alene Drainage Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.733333,47.466667 ], [ -116.733333,47.583333 ], [ -115.716667,47.583333 ], [ -115.716667,47.466667 ], [ -116.733333,47.466667 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Box, Stephen E. 0000-0002-5268-8375 sbox@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-8375","contributorId":1843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"Stephen","email":"sbox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bookstrom, Arthur A. 0000-0003-1336-3364 abookstrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1336-3364","contributorId":1542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bookstrom","given":"Arthur","email":"abookstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ikramuddin, Mohammed","contributorId":46115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikramuddin","given":"Mohammed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindsay, James","contributorId":34993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsay","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162163,"text":"70162163 - 2001 - Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:33:30","indexId":"70162163","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem","docAbstract":"A primary focus of coastal science during the past 3 decades has been the question: How does anthropogenic nutrient enrichment cause change in the structure or function of nearshore coastal ecosystems? This theme of environmental science is recent, so our conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem continues to change rapidly. In this review, I suggest that the early (Phase I) conceptual model was strongly influenced by limnologists, who began intense study of lake eutrophication by the 1960s. The Phase I model emphasized changing nutrient input as a signal, and responses to that signal as increased phytoplankton biomass and primary production, decomposition of phytoplankton-derived organic matter, and enhanced depletion of oxygen from bottom waters. Coastal research in recent decades has identified key differences in the responses of lakes and coastal-estuarine ecosystems to nutrient enrichment. The contemporary (Phase II) conceptual model reflects those differences and includes explicit recognition of (1) system-specific attributes that act as a filter to modulate the responses to enrichment (leading to large differences among estuarine-coastal systems in their sensitivity to nutrient enrichment); and (2) a complex suite of direct and indirect responses including linked changes in: water transparency, distribution of vascular plants and biomass of macroalgae, sediment biogeochemistry and nutrient cycling, nutrient ratios and their regulation of phytoplankton community composition, frequency of toxic/harmful algal blooms, habitat quality for metazoans, reproduction/growth/survival of pelagic and benthic invertebrates, and subtle changes such as shifts in the seasonality of ecosystem functions. Each aspect of the Phase II model is illustrated here with examples from coastal ecosystems around the world. In the last section of this review I present one vision of the next (Phase III) stage in the evolution of our conceptual model, organized around 5 questions that will guide coastal science in the early 21st century: (1) How do system-specific attributes constrain or amplify the responses of coastal ecosystems to nutrient enrichment? (2) How does nutrient enrichment interact with other stressors (toxic contaminants, fishing harvest, aquaculture, nonindigenous species, habitat loss, climate change, hydrologic manipulations) to change coastal ecosystems? (3) How are responses to multiple stressors linked? (4) How does human-induced change in the coastal zone impact the Earth system as habitat for humanity and other species? (5) How can a deeper scientific understanding of the coastal eutrophication problem be applied to develop tools for building strategies at ecosystem restoration or rehabilitation?
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps210223","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., 2001, Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 210, p. 223-253, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps210223.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"253","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps210223","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314342,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"210","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cfe4b0fbd3f7fa4c55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185773,"text":"70185773 - 2001 - Occurrence and distribution of contaminants in bottom sediment and water of the Barron River Canal, Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T08:57:30","indexId":"70185773","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1672,"text":"Florida Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and distribution of contaminants in bottom sediment and water of the Barron River Canal, Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida","docAbstract":"Trace elements and organic contaminants in bottom-sediment samples collected from 10 sites on the Barron River Canal and from one site on the Turner River in October 1998 had patterns of distribution that indicated different sources. At some sites on the Barron River Canal, lead, copper, and zinc, normalized to aluminum, exceeded limits normally considered as background and may be enriched by human activities. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and p-cresol, normalized against organic carbon, had patterns of distribution that indicated local sources of input from a road or vehicular traffic or from an old creosote wood treatment facility. Phthalate esters and the traces elements arsenic, cadmium, and zinc were more widely distributed with the highest normalized concentrations occurring at the Turner River background site, probably due to the high percentage of fine sediment (74% less than 63 micrometers) and high organic carbon concentration (42%) at that site and the binding effect of organic carbon on trace elements and trace organic compounds. Low concentrations of pesticides or pesticide degradation products were detected in bottom sediment (DDD and DDE, each less than 3.5 µg/kg) and water (9 pesticides, each less than 0.06 µ/L), primarily in the northern reach of the Barron River Canal where agriculture is a likely source. Although a few contaminants approached criteria that would indicate adverse effects on aquatic life, none exceeded the criteria, but the potential synergistic effects of mixtures of contaminants found at most sites are not included in the criteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"Florida Academy of Sciences","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., and McPherson, B.F., 2001, Occurrence and distribution of contaminants in bottom sediment and water of the Barron River Canal, Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida: Florida Scientist, v. 64, no. 1, p. 1-19.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338511,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24321027"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Barron River Canal, Big Cypress National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.41006469726562,\n 25.61304787081554\n ],\n [\n -80.7440185546875,\n 25.61304787081554\n ],\n [\n -80.7440185546875,\n 26.28602752888521\n ],\n [\n -81.41006469726562,\n 26.28602752888521\n ],\n [\n -81.41006469726562,\n 25.61304787081554\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc802e4b02ff32c6856d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Ronald L.","contributorId":103245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McPherson, Benjamin F.","contributorId":17965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185167,"text":"70185167 - 2001 - Marine recreation and public health microbiology: Quest for the ideal indicator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-24T18:08:29.716197","indexId":"70185167","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine recreation and public health microbiology: Quest for the ideal indicator","docAbstract":"Four-fifths of the population of the United States live in close proximity to the oceans or Great Lakes, and approximately 100 million Americans use the marine environment for recreation each year (Thurman 1994). Consequently, contamination of lakes, rivers, and coastal waters raises significant public health issues. Among the leading sources of chemical and biological contamination of these waters and associated beaches are sewer systems, septic tanks, stormwater runoff, industrial wastes, wastewater injection wells, cesspits, animal wastes, commercial and private boat wastes, and human recreation. In 1997, 649 beach closings or advisories were caused by sewage spills and overflows (NRDC 1998). In Florida alone, approximately 500 million gallons of sewage were released along the coast each year during the late 1980s (Neshyba 1987). Thus one of the primary concerns in public health is the risk that humans using the marine environment for recreational activities will encounter microbial pathogens.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0817:MRAPHM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D., Lipp, E.K., McLaughlin, M.R., and Rose, J.B., 2001, Marine recreation and public health microbiology: Quest for the ideal indicator: BioScience, v. 51, no. 10, p. 817-825, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0817:MRAPHM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"817","endPage":"825","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0817:mraphm]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337662,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52ffe4b0849ce97c874e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W.","contributorId":23668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipp, Erin K.","contributorId":73823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipp","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLaughlin, Molly R. 0000-0001-6962-6392 mmclaughlin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-6392","contributorId":4089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Molly","email":"mmclaughlin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, Joan B.","contributorId":81791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170568,"text":"70170568 - 2001 - Biography of Dr. John L. Fryer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T14:42:14","indexId":"70170568","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2286,"text":"Journal of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biography of Dr. John L. Fryer","docAbstract":"A National Association of Geoscience Teachers Far Western Section (NAGT-FWS) field conference is an ideal forum for learning about the geology and natural history of the San Francisco Bay area. We visit classic field sites, renew old friendships, and make new ones. This collection of papers includes field guides and road logs for all of the Bay-area trips held during the NAGT-FWS 2001 Fall Field Conference and supplemental chapters on other aspects of the area’s natural and human history. The trips touch on many aspects of the geology and natural hazards of the Bay area, especially urban problems associated with living on an active tectonic plate margin: earthquake faults, coastal erosion, landslides, and the utilization of land and natural resources. We hope this conference not only provides a two-day learning opportunity for conference participants but that students and educators will use this field guidebook for future teaching and research.
Many thanks are due to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and San José State University (SJSU) for cohosting the conference. We are grateful to each of the field trip leaders for preparing the trips and writing the accompanying guides. We especially appreciate the many hours put in by the guidebook reviewers, Robert I. Tilling (USGS) and Paula Messina (SJSU), and to the USGS Western Publications Group for editing, layout, and web posting. Additional guidebook contributions include articles by John Galloway, Scott Starratt, Page Mosier, and Susan Toussaint. During the conference guest speakers include Robert I. Tilling (USGS Volcano Hazards Team) and Ross Stein (USGS Earthquake Hazards Team). Workshops prepared for the conference include GIS in the classroom, using USGS data by John Vogel (USGS) and Paula Messina (SJSU), and The Best of BAESI (Bay Area Earth Science Institute), a teacher training organization under the direction of Ellen Metzger (SJSU) and Richard Sedlock (SJSU). The conference provides an opportunity to showcase USGS scientific and education resources with self-guided tours of the USGS Library, the Earth Science Information Center (ESIC), the Visitor Center, and various laboratories on the USGS campus and includes a half-day participatory tour of the USGS research vessel the R/V Polaris and the USGS Marine Facility at the Port of Redwood City under the direction of Cynthia L. Brown, Francis Parchaso, and Tara Schraga. Beyond the names mentioned above, a host of USGS and SJSU staff, SJSU students, and NAGT-FWS members contributed to the preparation and orchestration of the conference. We couldn’t have done it alone. Leslie C. Gordon (USGS), Philip W. Stoffer (USGS), and Deborah Harden (SJSU) NAGT-FWS 2001 Fall Field Conference Organizers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/b2188","usgsCitation":"2001, Geology and natural history of the San Francisco Bay area: A field-trip guidebook: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2188, iv, 194 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2188.","productDescription":"iv, 194 p.","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9400,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2188/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402224,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44849.htm","text":"The geology from Santa Cruz to Point Ano Nuevo -- the San Gregorio fault zone and Pleistocene marine terraces","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481165,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44850.htm","text":"A geologic excursion to the east San Francisco Bay area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481166,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44851.htm","text":"Geology of the Golden Gate headlands","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481167,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44852.htm","text":"San Andreas fault and coastal geology from Half Moon Bay to Fort Funston: crustal motion, climate change, and human activity","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481168,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44853.htm","text":"Elements of engineering geology on the San Francisco Peninsula -- challenges when dynamic geology and society's transportation web intersect","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481169,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44854.htm","text":"The Calaveras and San Andreas faults in and around Hollister","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -121.59667968749999,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -121.59667968749999,\n 38.07404145941957\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 38.07404145941957\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 36.914764288955936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686ced","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stoffer, Philip W.","contributorId":32559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffer","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725224,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, Leslie C. lgordon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Leslie","email":"lgordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5072,"text":"Office of Communication and Publishing","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725225,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206484,"text":"70206484 - 2001 - Analysis of late Quaternary faulting in San Diego Bay and hazard to the Coronado Bridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-06T14:22:45","indexId":"70206484","displayToPublicDate":"2001-11-06T14:17:41","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1154,"text":"California Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of late Quaternary faulting in San Diego Bay and hazard to the Coronado Bridge","docAbstract":"Southern California is transected by numerous pervasive northwest-trending Quaternary fault zones. Together they form the broad transform-fault boundary along which the Pacific and North America crustal plates move irregularly past one another in a right-lateral sense at a rate of about 5 centimeters (cm)/year. The city of San Diego, which lies adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the southwestern-most corner of California, is cut by one such fault zone -- the Rose Canyon Fault Zone. Oblique movement on faults within the Rose Canyon Fault Zone has, over time, led to the development of San Diego Bay, which separates the metropolitan area of San Diego from Coronado and North Island. The Coronado Bridge spans San Diego Bay and connects the cities of San Diego and Coronado. A principal concern regarding the bridge's earthquake safety involves its proximity, especially of its foundation piers, to potential shallow fault rupture. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify and accurately locate Holocene faults (those younger than about 12,000 years) and (2) to determine the time of the most recent movement on these faults and, therefore, their potential hazard to the Coronado Bridge.
","language":"English","publisher":"California Division of Mines and Geology","issn":" 0026-4555","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, M.P., and Clarke, S.H., 2001, Analysis of late Quaternary faulting in San Diego Bay and hazard to the Coronado Bridge: California Geology, v. 54, no. 4, p. 4-17.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368990,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, Michael P.","contributorId":63469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, Samuel H. Jr.","contributorId":23610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Samuel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33066,"text":"b2201E - 2001 - Petroleum geology and resources of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, Ukraine and Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T10:55:22.655334","indexId":"b2201E","displayToPublicDate":"2001-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2201","chapter":"E","title":"Petroleum geology and resources of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, Ukraine and Russia","docAbstract":"The Dnieper-Donets basin is almost entirely in Ukraine, and it is the principal producer of hydrocarbons in that country. A small southeastern part of the basin is in Russia. The basin is bounded by the Voronezh high of the Russian craton to the northeast and by the Ukrainian shield to the southwest. The basin is principally a Late Devonian rift that is overlain by a Carboniferous to Early Permian postrift sag. The Devonian rift structure extends northwestward into the Pripyat basin of Belarus; the two basins are separated by the Bragin-Loev uplift, which is a Devonian volcanic center. Southeastward, the Dnieper-Donets basin has a gradational boundary with the Donbas foldbelt, which is a structurally inverted and deformed part of the basin.\r\nThe sedimentary succession of the basin consists of four tectono-stratigraphic sequences. The prerift platform sequence includes Middle Devonian to lower Frasnian, mainly clastic, rocks that were deposited in an extensive intracratonic basin.\r\n1\r\nThe Upper Devonian synrift sequence probably is as thick as 4?5 kilometers. It is composed of marine carbonate, clastic, and volcanic rocks and two salt formations, of Frasnian and Famennian age, that are deformed into salt domes and plugs. The postrift sag sequence consists of Carboniferous and Lower Permian clastic marine and alluvial deltaic rocks that are as thick as 11 kilometers in the southeastern part of the basin. The Lower Permian interval includes a salt formation that is an important regional seal for oil and gas fields. The basin was affected by strong compression in Artinskian (Early Permian) time, when southeastern basin areas were uplifted and deeply eroded and the Donbas foldbelt was formed. The postrift platform sequence includes Triassic through Tertiary rocks that were deposited in a shallow platform depression that extended far beyond the Dnieper-Donets basin boundaries.\r\nA single total petroleum system encompassing the entire sedimentary succession is identified in the Dnieper-Donets basin. Discovered reserves of the system are 1.6 billion barrels of oil and 59 trillion cubic feet of gas. More than one-half of the reserves are in Lower Permian rocks below the salt seal. Most of remaining reserves are in upper Visean-Serpukhovian (Lower Carboniferous) strata. The majority of discovered fields are in salt-cored anticlines or in drapes over Devonian horst blocks; little exploration has been conducted for stratigraphic traps. Synrift Upper Devonian carbonate reservoirs are almost unexplored.\r\nTwo identified source-rock intervals are the black anoxic shales and carbonates in the lower Visean and Devonian sections.\r\nHowever, additional source rocks possibly are present in the deep central area of the basin. The role of Carboniferous coals as a source rock for gas is uncertain; no coal-related gas has been identified by the limited geochemical studies. The source rocks are in the gas-generation window over most of the basin area; consequently gas dominates over oil in the reserves.\r\nThree assessment units were identified in the Dnieper-Donets Paleozoic total petroleum system. The assessment unit that contains all discovered reserves embraces postrift Carboniferous\r\nand younger rocks. This unit also contains the largest portion of undiscovered resources, especially gas. Stratigraphic and combination structural and stratigraphic traps probably will be the prime targets for future exploration. The second assessment\r\nunit includes poorly known synrift Devonian rocks. Carbonate reef reservoirs along the basin margins probably will contain most of the undiscovered resources. The third assessment\r\nunit is an unconventional, continuous, basin-centered gas accumulation in Carboniferous low-permeability clastic rocks. The entire extent of this accumulation is unknown, but it occupies much of the basin area. Resources of this assessment unit were not estimated quantitatively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2201E","usgsCitation":"Ulmishek, G.F., 2001, Petroleum geology and resources of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, Ukraine and Russia (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2201, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2201E.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":462805,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2201/E/b2201-e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3239,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2201/E/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687ead","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulmishek, Gregory F.","contributorId":48971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulmishek","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58058,"text":"wri20014194 - 2001 - Water-quality characteristics in the Black Hills area, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:13","indexId":"wri20014194","displayToPublicDate":"2001-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4194","title":"Water-quality characteristics in the Black Hills area, South Dakota","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the water-quality characteristics of ground-water and surface-water in the Black Hills area. Differences in groundwater quality by aquifer and differences in surfacewater quality by water source are presented. Ground-water characteristics are discussed individually for each of the major aquifers in the Black Hills area, referred to herein as the Precambrian, Deadwood, Madison, Minnelusa, Minnekahta, and Inyan Kara aquifers. Characteristics for minor aquifers also are discussed briefly. Surface-water characteristics are discussed for hydrogeologic settings including headwater springs, crystalline core sites, artesian springs, and exterior sites.\r\n\r\nTo characterize the water quality of aquifers and streams in the Black Hills area, data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System water-quality database were examined. This included samples collected as part of the Black Hills Hydrology Study as well as for other studies within the time frame of October 1, 1930, to September 30, 1998. Tables of individual results are not presented in this report, only summaries. Constituents summarized and discussed include physical properties, common ions, nutrients, trace elements, and radionuclides. Comparisons of concentration levels are made to drinking-water standards as well as beneficial-use and aquatic-life criteria.\r\n\r\nGround water within the Black Hills and surrounding area generally is fresh and hard to very hard. Concentrations exceeding various Secondary and Maximum Contaminant Levels may affect the use of the water in some areas for many aquifers within the study area. Concentrations that exceed Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL's) generally affect the water only aesthetically. Radionuclide concentrations may be especially high in some of the major aquifers used within the study area and preclude the use of water in some areas. The sodiumadsorption ratio and specific conductance may affect irrigation use for some wells.\r\n\r\nHigh concentrations of iron and manganese are the only concentrations that may hamper the use of water from Precambrian aquifers. The principal deterrents to use of water from the Deadwood aquifer are the high concentrations of radionuclides as well as iron and manganese. Iron, manganese, and hardness may deter use of water from the Madison aquifer as well as dissolved solids and sulfate in downgradient wells (generally deeper than 2,000 feet). Iron, manganese, and hardness may also deter use of the Minnelusa aquifer. Water from the Minnekahta aquifer generally is suitable for all water uses although it is hard to very hard. High concentrations of dissolved solids, iron, sulfate, and manganese may hamper the use of water from the Inyan Kara aquifer. In the southern Black Hills, radium-226 and uranium concentrations also may preclude use of water from the Inyan Kara aquifer. Suitability for irrigation may be affected by high specific conductance and sodium-adsorption ratio for the Inyan Kara.\r\n\r\nSurface-water quality within the Black Hills and surrounding area generally is very good but the water is hard to very hard. Concentrations of some constituents in the study area tend to be higher exterior to the Black Hills, primarily due to influences from the Cretaceous-age marine shales, including dissolved solids, sodium, sulfate, selenium, and uranium. Headwater springs have relatively constant discharge, specific conductance, dissolved solids, and concentrations of most other constituents.\r\n\r\nConcentrations at crystalline core sites are very similar to those found in samples from Precambrian aquifers. Some high nitrate concentrations greater than the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) have occurred at Annie Creek near Lead, which have been attributed to mining impacts. Trace elements generally are low with the exception of arsenic, for which 60 percent of samples exceed the proposed MCL of 10 ug/L (micrograms per liter) and one sample","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20014194","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the \r\nSouth Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the West Dakota Water Development District ","usgsCitation":"Williamson, J., and Carter, J.M., 2001, Water-quality characteristics in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4194, 196 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014194.","productDescription":"196 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5987,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014194/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fafad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williamson, Joyce E. jewillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":1964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Joyce E.","email":"jewillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185188,"text":"70185188 - 2001 - Impacts of heterogeneous organic matter on phenanthrene sorption--Different soil and sediment samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:23:35","indexId":"70185188","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of heterogeneous organic matter on phenanthrene sorption--Different soil and sediment samples","docAbstract":"Organic petrography has been proposed as a tool for characterizing the heterogeneous organic matter present in soil and sediment samples. A new simplified method is proposed as a quantitative means of interpreting observed sorption behavior for phenanthrene and different soils and sediments based on their organic petrographical characterization. This method is tested under singe solute conditions and at phenanthrene concentration of 1 μg/L. Since the opaque organic matter fraction dominates the sorption process, we propose that by quantifying this fraction one can interpret organic content normalized sorption distribution coefficient (Koc) values for a sample. While this method was developed and tested for various samples within the same aquifer, in the current study the method is validated for soil and sediment samples from different sites that cover a wide range of organic matter origin, age, and organic content. All 10 soil and sediment samples studied had log Koc values for the opaque particles between 5.6 and 6.8. This range of Koc values illustrates the heterogeneity of opaque particles between sites and geological formations and thus the need to characterize the opaque fraction of materials on a site-by-site basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es010654n","usgsCitation":"Karapanagioti, H.K., Childs, J., and Sabatini, D.A., 2001, Impacts of heterogeneous organic matter on phenanthrene sorption--Different soil and sediment samples: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 23, p. 4684-4690, https://doi.org/10.1021/es010654n.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"4684","endPage":"4690","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba41fe4b0849ce97dc766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karapanagioti, Hrissi K.","contributorId":189380,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karapanagioti","given":"Hrissi","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Childs, Jeffrey","contributorId":189381,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Childs","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sabatini, David A.","contributorId":189382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sabatini","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30932,"text":"wri014119 - 2001 - Hydrologic budgets for the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers, Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, water years 1987-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:04","indexId":"wri014119","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4119","title":"Hydrologic budgets for the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers, Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, water years 1987-96","docAbstract":"The Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are two of the most important aquifers in the Black Hills area of South Dakota and Wyoming. Quantification and evaluation of various hydrologic budget components are important for managing and understanding these aquifers.\r\n\r\nHydrologic budgets are developed for two scenarios, including an overall budget for the entire study area and more detailed budgets for subareas. Budgets generally are combined for the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers because most budget components cannot be quantified individually for the aquifers. An average hydrologic budget for the entire study area is computed for water years 1987-96, for which change in storage is approximately equal to zero. Annual estimates of budget components are included in detailed budgets for nine subareas, which consider periods of decreasing storage (1987-92) and increasing storage (1993-96).\r\n\r\nInflow components include recharge, leakage from adjacent aquifers, and ground-water inflows across the study area boundary. Outflows include springflow (headwater and artesian), well withdrawals, leakage to adjacent aquifers, and ground-water outflow across the study area boundary. Leakage, ground-water inflows, and ground-water outflows are difficult to quantify and cannot be distinguished from one another. Thus, net ground-water flow, which includes these components, is calculated as a residual, using estimates for the other budget components.\r\n\r\nFor the overall budget for water years 1987-96, net ground-water outflow from the study area is computed as 100 ft3/s (cubic feet per second). Estimates of average combined budget components for the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are: 395 ft3/s for recharge, 78 ft3/s for headwater springflow, 189 ft3/s for artesian springflow, and 28 ft3/s for well withdrawals.\r\n\r\nHydrologic budgets also are quantified for nine subareas for periods of decreasing storage (1987-92) and increasing storage (1993-96), with changes in storage assumed equal but opposite. Common subareas are identified for the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers, and previous components from the overall budget generally are distributed over the subareas. Estimates of net ground-water flow for the two aquifers are computed, with net ground-water outflow exceeding inflow for most subareas. Outflows range from 5.9 ft3/s in the area east of Rapid City to 48.6 ft3/s along the southwestern flanks of the Black Hills. Net groundwater inflow exceeds outflow for two subareas where the discharge of large artesian springs exceeds estimated recharge within the subareas.\r\n\r\nMore detailed subarea budgets also are developed, which include estimates of flow components for the individual aquifers at specific flow zones. The net outflows and inflows from the preliminary subarea budgets are used to estimate transmissivity of flow across specific flow zones based on Darcy?s Law. For estimation purposes, it is assumed that transmissivities of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are equal in any particular flow zone. The resulting transmissivity estimates range from 90 ft2/d to about 7,400 ft2/d, which is similar to values reported by previous investigators. The highest transmissivity estimates are for areas in the northern and southwestern parts of the study area, and the lowest transmissivity estimates are along the eastern study area boundary.\r\n\r\nEvaluation of subarea budgets provides confidence in budget components developed for the overall budget, especially regarding precipitation recharge, which is particularly difficult to estimate. Recharge estimates are consistently compatible with other budget components, including artesian springflow, which is a dominant component in many subareas. Calculated storage changes for subareas also are consistent with other budget components, specifically artesian springflow and net ground-water flow, and also are consistent with water-level fluctuations for observation wells. Ground-water budgets and flowpaths are especially complex i","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014119","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., Driscoll, D.G., Hamade, G.R., and Jarrell, G., 2001, Hydrologic budgets for the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers, Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, water years 1987-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4119, 53 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014119.","productDescription":"53 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2888,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri01-4119","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":204388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, Daniel G. dgdrisco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Daniel","email":"dgdrisco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamade, Ghaith R.","contributorId":20774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamade","given":"Ghaith","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jarrell, Gregory J.","contributorId":27899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrell","given":"Gregory J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70214409,"text":"70214409 - 2001 - Frequently co‐occurring pesticides and volatile organic compounds in public supply and monitoring wells, southern New Jersey, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T18:57:39.20074","indexId":"70214409","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-25T13:46:10","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frequently co‐occurring pesticides and volatile organic compounds in public supply and monitoring wells, southern New Jersey, USA","docAbstract":"One or more pesticides were detected with one or more volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in more than 95% of samples collected from 30 public supply and 95 monitoring wells screened in the unconsolidated surficial aquifer system of southern New Jersey, USA. Overall, more than 140,000 and more than 3,000 unique combinations of pesticides with VOCs were detected in two or more samples from the supply and monitoring wells, respectively. More than 400 of these combinations were detected in 20% or more of the samples from the supply wells, whereas only 17 were detected in 20% or more of the samples from the monitoring wells. Although many constituent combinations detected in water from the supply and monitoring wells are similar, differences in constituent combinations also were found and can be attributed, in part, to differences in the characteristics of these two well types. The monitoring wells sampled during this study yield water that typically was recharged beneath a single land‐use setting during a recent, discrete time interval and that flowed along relatively short paths to the wells. Public supply wells, in contrast, yield large volumes of water and typically have contributing areas that are orders of magnitude larger than those of the monitoring wells. These large contributing areas generally encompass multiple land uses; moreover, because flow paths that originate in these areas vary in length, these wells typically yield water that was recharged over a large temporal interval. Water withdrawn from public supply wells, therefore, contains a mixture of waters of different ages that were recharged beneath various land‐use settings. Because public supply wells intercept water flowing along longer paths with longer residence times and integrate waters from a larger source area than those associated with monitoring wells, they are more likely to yield water that contains constituents that were used in greater quantities in the past, that were introduced from point sources, and/or that are derived from the degradation of parent compounds along extended flow paths.
During the early 1990s (but echoing studies by S.T. Harding at the University of California, from as early as the 1930s), several lines of paleoclimate evidence in and around the Sierra Nevada Range have provided the water community in California with some real horror stories. By studying ancient tree stumps submerged in Lake Tahoe and Tenaya Lake, stumps that were emerging from Mono Lake during its recent decline, and stumps that were exhumed in the Walker River bed during the floods of 1997, paleoclimatologists like Scott Stine of California State University, Hayward, assembled a picture of epic droughts in the central Sierra Nevada during the medieval period. These droughts had to be severe to drop water levels in the lakes and rivers low enough for the trees to grow in the first place, and then had to last for hundreds of years to explain tree-ring counts in these sizeable stumps. Worse yet, the evidence suggested at least two such epic droughts, one ending close to 1100 and the other close to 1350. These epic droughts challenged paleoclimatologists, as well as modern climatologists and hydrologists, to understand and, ultimately, to determine the likelihood that such droughts might recur in the foreseeable future. The first challenge, however, was to verify that such droughts were more than local events and as extreme as suggested. At this year’s Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, held March 18–21, 2001, at Asilomar (Pacific Grove, Calif.), special sessions brought together scientists to compare paleoclimatic reconstructions of ancient droughts and pluvial (wet) epidodes to try to determine the nature of decadal and centennial climate fluctuations in western North America, with emphasis on California. A companion session brought together modern climatologists to report on the latest explanations (and evidence) for decadal climate variations during the instrumental era of the 20th century.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., 2001, Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 14, no. 3, p. 51-53.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"53","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325160,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/2001/IEPNewsletterSummer2001.pdf"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2caee4b0589fa1c9809d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120623,"text":"70120623 - 2001 - A spatially referenced regression model (SPARROW) for suspended sediment in streams of the Conterminous U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-19T23:23:51.512546","indexId":"70120623","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-15T10:38:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A spatially referenced regression model (SPARROW) for suspended sediment in streams of the Conterminous U.S.","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment has long been recognized as an important contaminant affecting water resources. Besides its direct role in determining water clarity, bridge scour and reservoir storage, sediment serves as a vehicle for the transport of many binding contaminants, including nutrients, trace metals, semi-volatile organic compounds, a nd numerous pesticides (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000a). Recent efforts to addr ess water-quality concerns through the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) process have iden tified sediment as the single most prevalent cause of impairment in the Nation’s streams a nd rivers (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000b). Moreover, sediment has been identified as a medium for the tran sport and sequestration of organic carbon, playing a potentia lly important role in understa nding sources and sinks in the global carbon budget (Stallard, 1998).
A comprehensive understanding of sediment fate a nd transport is considered essential to the design and implementation of effective plans for sediment management (Osterkamp and others, 1998, U.S. General Accounting Office, 1990). An exte nsive literature addr essing the problem of quantifying sediment transport has produced a nu mber of methods for estimating its flux (see Cohn, 1995, and Robertson and Roerish, 1999, for us eful surveys). The accuracy of these methods is compromised by uncertainty in the concentration measurements and by the highly episodic nature of sediment movement, particul arly when the methods are applied to smaller basins. However, for annual or decadal flux es timates, the methods are generally reliable if calibrated with extended periods of data (Robertson and Roerish, 1999). A substantial literature also supports the Universal Soil Loss Equation (U SLE) (Soil Conservation Service, 1983), an engineering method for estimating sheet and rill erosion, although the empirical credentials of the USLE have recently been questioned (Tri mble and Crosson, 2000). Conversely, relatively little direct evidence is available concerning the fate of sediment. The common practice of quantifying sediment fate with a sediment deliv ery ratio, estimated from a simple empirical relation with upstream basin area, does not artic ulate the relative importance of individual storage sites within a basin (Wolman, 1977). Rates of sediment deposition in reservoirs and flood plains can be determined from empirical measurement s , but only a limited number of sites have been monitored, and net rates of deposition or loss from other potential sinks and sources is largely unknown (Stallard, 1998). In particular, little is known about how much sediment loss from fields ultimately makes its way to stream channels, and how much sediment is subsequently stored in or lost from th e streambed (Meade and Parker, 1985, Trimble and Crosson, 2000).
This paper reports on recent progress made to a ddress empirically the question of sediment fate and transport on a national scale. The model pres ented here is based on the SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attr ibutes (SPARROW) methodology, fi rst used to estimate the distribution of nutrients in str eams and rivers of the United Stat es, and subsequently shown to describe land and stream processes affecting the delivery of nutrients (Smith and others, 1997, Alexander and others, 2000, Preston and Brakeb ill, 1999). The model makes use of numerous spatial datasets, available at the national level, to explain long-term sediment water-quality conditions in major streams and rivers throughou t the United States. Sediment sources are identified using sediment erosion rates from the National Resources I nventory (NRI) (Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2000) and apportioned over the landscape according to 30- meter resolution land-use information from th e National Land Cover Data set (NLCD) (U.S. Geological Survey, 2000a). More than 76,000 reservoirs from the National Inventory of Dams (NID) (U.S. Army Corps of Engin eers, 1996) are identified as pot ential sediment sinks. Other, non-anthropogenic sources and sinks are identified using soil in formation from the State Soil Survey Geographic (STATSGO) data base (Schwarz and Alexander, 1995) and spatial coverages representing surficial rock t ype and vegetative cover. The SPA RROW model empirically relates these diverse spatial datasets to estimates of long-term, mean annual sediment flux computed from concentration and flow measurements co llected over the period 1985 -95 from more than 400 monitoring stations maintained by the Na tional Stream Quality Accounting Network (Alexander and others, 1998), the National Wa ter Quality Assessment Program, and U.S. Geological Survey District offices (Turcios and Gray, in press). Th e calibrated model is used to estimate sediment flux for over 60,000 stream segments included in the River Reach File 1 (RF1) stream network (Alexander and others, 1999).
SPARROW uses statis tical methods to calibrate a simple, structural model of riverine water quality, one that imposes mass ba lance in accounting for changes in contaminant flux. As applied here, the mass-balance approach facilitates the interpretation of model results in terms of physical processes affecting sediment transport, and makes possible the estimation of various rates of sediment generation and loss associated with stream channels and features of the landscape. The statistical approach provides a basi s for assessing the error of these inferred rates and of the error in extrapolated estimates of sediment flux made for streams in the RF1 network. An important implication of the holistic modeling approach adopted in this analysis is that estimates of sediment production and loss ar e based on, and therefore consistent with, measurements of in-stream flux. Other ancillary information, such as direct measurements of long-term sediment storage and release from rese rvoirs (Steffen, 1996), is incorporated into the analysis by specifying additional equations expl aining these ancillary variables. The imposition of cross-equation constraints affords this info rmation a statistically consistent weight in explaining in-stream sediment flux. Thus, the me thodology described here represents a general framework for synthesizing a wide spectrum of available information relevant to the understanding of sediment fate and transport.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Seventh Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, March 25 to 29, 2001, Reno, Nevada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"7th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceDate":"Mar 25-29, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Schwarz, G., Smith, R.A., Alexander, R.B., and Gray, J.R., 2001, A spatially referenced regression model (SPARROW) for suspended sediment in streams of the Conterminous U.S., in Proceedings of the Seventh Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, March 25 to 29, 2001, Reno, Nevada, v. II, Reno, NV, Mar 25-29, 2001, p. 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wilderness","docAbstract":"The decline of amphibian species has emerged as a major global conservation issue in the last decade. Last year, the Department of the Interior (DOI) initiated a major national initiative to detect trends in amphibian populations and research the causes of declines. The program, conducted principally by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), emphasizes lands managed by DOI, but collaboration with the Forest Service is encouraged to increase the scope of inference about population trends. Although amphibians are not usually the first group of animals that comes to mind when one thinks of wilderness, conservation of amphibian populations is clearly a wilderness issue.
","publisher":"International Wilderness Leadership Foundation","publisherLocation":"Ojai, CA","usgsCitation":"Corn, P., 2001, Perspectives from the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute: Amphibians and wilderness: International Journal of Wilderness, v. 7, no. 2, p. 25-25.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311592,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ijw.org/wp-content/uploads/2001/08/Vol-07.No-2.Aug-01small.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Global","volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56505250e4b0f162148c5d19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corn, Paul Stephen 0000-0002-4106-6335","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-6335","contributorId":107379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"Paul Stephen","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156758,"text":"70156758 - 2001 - Evaluation of the Liu model for predicting rainfall interception in forests world-wide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-27T13:02:01","indexId":"70156758","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the Liu model for predicting rainfall interception in forests world-wide","docAbstract":"Simple but effective models are needed for the prediction of rainfall interception under a full range of environmental and management conditions. The Liu model was validated using data published in the literature and was compared with two leading models in the literature: the Rutter and the Gash models. The Liu model was tested against the Rutter model on a single-storm basis with interception measurements observed from an old-growth Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest in Oregon, USA. Simulated results by the Liu model were close to the measurements and comparable to those predicted by the Rutter model. The Liu model was further tested against the Gash model on a multistorm basis. The Gash and Liu models successfully predicted long-term interception losses from a broad range of 20 forests around the world. Results also indicated that both the Gash and the Liu models could be used to predict rainfall interception using daily rainfall data, although it was assumed in both models that there is only one storm per rain day. The sensitivity of the Liu model to stand storage capacity, canopy gap fraction and evaporation rate from wet canopy surface during rainfall was investigated. Results indicate that the Liu model has the simplest form, least data requirements and comparable accuracy for predicting rainfall interception as compared with the Rutter and the Gash models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.264","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., 2001, Evaluation of the Liu model for predicting rainfall interception in forests world-wide: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 2, p. 2341-1360, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.264.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2341","endPage":"1360","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-08-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034b8e4b0f42e3d040e0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shu-Guang sliu@usgs.gov","contributorId":984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shu-Guang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}