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,{"id":70187856,"text":"70187856 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187856,"text":"70187856 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70187856","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"3B","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:53:31","indexId":"70187856","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"chapter":"3B","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","docAbstract":"<p>We examined the potential role of food limitation in constraining recovery of sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the &lt;i&gt;Exxon Valdez&lt;/i&gt; oil spill. The spill resulted in the removal of a large number of sea otters in 1989, and as of 1998, the portion of the population in the heavily oiled northern Knight Island region had not fully recovered. Between 1996 and 1998, prey consumption rate was higher and the condition of sea otters was better at northern Knight Island than in an unoiled area of the sound (Montague Island). Estimates of prey energy available per unit mass of sea otter were about 4 times higher at Knight than Montague Island, albeit not significantly different between the two areas. Over this same period, the number of sea otters remained constant at northern Knight Island but increased at Montague Island. These data suggest that food was at least as abundant at Knight than at Montague Island, and that recovery of sea otters via intrinsic population growth was limited by factors other than food. However, the availability of food, the prey consumption rate, and the condition of sea otters were all much lower at both Knight and Montague Islands than in areas newly occupied by sea otters where the population growth rate was near the theoretical maximum. It is possible that the relative short supply of food (compared to areas where sea otter population growth rate was high) may have inhibited immigration or interacted with other factors (e.g., oil-induced mortality or predation) to restrict sea otter population growth. Nonetheless, these data suggest that impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on large, often food-limited vertebrate predators can persist in spite of the availability of food resources that are sufficient for intrinsic population growth.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"<i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Dean, T.A., Bodkin, J.L., Fukuyama, A.K., Jewett, S.C., Monson, D., O’Clair, C.E., and VanBlaricom, G., 2002, Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. 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John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitaysky, Alexander S.","contributorId":13884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitaysky","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70191432,"text":"70191432 - 2002 - Across-shelf sediment transport: Interactions between suspended and bed sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-11T14:17:39","indexId":"70191432","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Across-shelf sediment transport: Interactions between suspended and bed sediment","docAbstract":"<p><span>We use a two-dimensional, time-dependent sediment-transport model to quantify across-shelf transport, deposition, and sorting during wave-driven resuspension events characteristic of those that dominate sediment transport on many continental shelves. Decreases in wave-orbital velocities as water depth increases, and the resulting cross-shelf gradient in bed shear stress favor a net offshore transport of sediment. On wide, flat shelves (slopes ∼0.1%percnt;), these gradients are low, and the depth to which the seabed is reworked depends mainly on bottom shear stress and local sediment availability. On narrow, steep shelves (slopes ∼0.5%percnt;), however, the gradient in bottom stress generates significant cross-shelf suspended sediment flux gradients that create regions of net erosion and deposition. While the magnitude of waves generally determines the water depth to which sediment can be resuspended, erosional and depositional patterns on narrow shelves are sensitive to cross-shelf gradients in wave energy, nonlocal sediment availability, and the direction and magnitude of the cross-shelf current. During energetic waves, cross-shelf divergence of suspended sediment flux can create a coarsened, erosional area on the inner shelf that abuts a region of fine-grained sediment deposition on the mid-to-outer shelf. If currents are strongly shoreward, however, flux divergence leads to erosion over the entire shelf.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2000JC000634","usgsCitation":"Harris, C.K., and Wiberg, P.L., 2002, Across-shelf sediment transport: Interactions between suspended and bed sediment: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 107, no. C1, p. 8-1-8-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000634.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"8-1","endPage":"8-12","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc000634","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":346509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"C1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59df1c86e4b05fe04ccd9a55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Courtney K.","contributorId":19620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Courtney","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6708,"text":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":712219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiberg, Patricia L.","contributorId":72716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":712220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194861,"text":"70194861 - 2002 - Synimpact-postimpact transition inside Chesapeake Bay crater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-17T14:41:25.427201","indexId":"70194861","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synimpact-postimpact transition inside Chesapeake Bay crater","docAbstract":"<p><span>The transition from synimpact to postimpact sedimentation inside Chesapeake Bay impact crater began with accumulation of fallout debris, the final synimpact deposit. Evi dence of a synimpact fallout layer at this site comes from the presence of unusual, millimeter- scale, pyrite microstructures at the top of the Exmore crater-fill breccia. The porous geometry of the pyrite microstructures indicates that they originally were part of a more extensive pyrite lattice that encompassed a layer of millimeter-scale glass microspherules—fallout melt particles produced by the bolide impact. Above this microspherule layer is the initial postimpact deposit, a laminated clay-silt-sand unit, 19 cm thick. This laminated unit is a dead zone, which contains abundant stratigraphically mixed and diagenetically altered or impact-altered microfossils (foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, dinoflagellates, ostracodes), but no evidence of indigenous biota. By extrapolation of sediment- accumulation rates, I estimate that conditions unfavorable to microbiota persisted for as little as &lt;1 k.y. to 10 k.y. after the bolide impact. Subsequently, an abrupt improvement of the late Eocene paleoenvironment allowed species-rich assemblages of foraminifera, ostracodes, dinoflagellates, radiolarians, and calcareous nannoplankton to quickly reoccupy the crater basin, as documented in the first sample of the Chickahominy Formation above the dead zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0995:SPTICB>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Poag, C., 2002, Synimpact-postimpact transition inside Chesapeake Bay crater: Geology, v. 30, no. 11, p. 995-998, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0995:SPTICB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"995","endPage":"998","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.79443359375,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.76171875,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.76171875,\n              39.62261494094297\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.79443359375,\n              39.62261494094297\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.79443359375,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a69a95ee4b06e28e9c81a90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, Claude (Wylie) 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":195779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"Claude (Wylie)","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70197396,"text":"70197396 - 2002 - The Gulf of Maine: Will the big investments in technology and science yield the return expected by investors?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T15:45:35.891078","indexId":"70197396","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2678,"text":"Marine Technology Society Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Gulf of Maine: Will the big investments in technology and science yield the return expected by investors?","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Marine Technology Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.4031/002533202787914034","usgsCitation":"Schubel, J.R., Lobecker, R.F., Jagoe, D., Snow Cotter, S., Hoskins, H., and Polloni, C.F., 2002, The Gulf of Maine: Will the big investments in technology and science yield the return expected by investors?: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 36, no. 2, p. 63-65, https://doi.org/10.4031/002533202787914034.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"65","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4031/002533202787914034","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":354640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.71923828125,\n              41.86956082699455\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.91796875,\n              43.46886761482925\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.20361328125,\n              44.11914151643737\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.23681640625,\n              45.10454630976873\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.0830078125,\n              45.336701909968134\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.3134765625,\n              45.166547157856016\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.0166015625,\n              45.089035564831036\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.25830078125,\n              44.63739123445585\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.35693359375,\n              44.35527821160296\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.818359375,\n              44.49650533109348\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.10400390625,\n              44.11914151643737\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.37841796875,\n              43.61221676817573\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7958984375,\n              42.73087427928485\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.94970703125,\n              42.342305278572816\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.51025390625,\n              42.00032514831621\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.2685546875,\n              41.82045509614034\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.71923828125,\n              41.86956082699455\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b158841e4b092d9651e217b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schubel, J. R.","contributorId":205337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schubel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lobecker, R. F.","contributorId":205338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lobecker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jagoe, D.","contributorId":205339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jagoe","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snow Cotter, S.","contributorId":205340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snow Cotter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoskins, H.","contributorId":64430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoskins","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Polloni, Christopher F.","contributorId":93087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polloni","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70185160,"text":"70185160 - 2002 - West Florida shelf circulation and temperature budget for the 1999 spring transition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T14:19:56","indexId":"70185160","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"West Florida shelf circulation and temperature budget for the 1999 spring transition","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mid-latitude continental shelves undergo a spring transition as the net surface heat flux changes from cooling to warming. Using in situ data and a numerical circulation model we investigate the circulation and temperature budget on the West Florida Continental Shelf (WFS) for the spring transition of 1999. The model is a regional adaptation of the primitive equation, Princeton Ocean Model forced by NCEP reanalysis wind and heat flux fields and by river inflows. Based on agreements between the modeled and observed fields we use the model to draw inferences on how the surface momentum and heat fluxes affect the seasonal and synoptic scale variability. We account for a strong southeastward current at mid-shelf by the baroclinic response to combined wind and buoyancy forcing, and we show how this local forcing leads to annually occurring cold and low salinity tongues. Through term-by-term analyses of the temperature budget we describe the WFS temperature evolution in spring. Heat flux largely controls the seasonal transition, whereas ocean circulation largely controls the synoptic scale variability. These two processes, however, are closely linked. Bottom topography and coastline geometry are important in generating regions of convergence and divergence. Rivers contribute to the local hydrography and are important ecologically. Along with upwelling, river inflows facilitate frontal aggregation of nutrients and the spring formation of a high concentration chlorophyll plume near the shelf break (the so-called ‘Green River’) coinciding with the cold, low salinity tongues. These features originate by local, shelf-wide forcing; the Loop Current is not an essential ingredient.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00085-1","usgsCitation":"He, R., and Weisberg, R.H., 2002, West Florida shelf circulation and temperature budget for the 1999 spring transition: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 5, p. 719-748, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00085-1.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"748","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.373046875,\n              24.086589258228027\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.3212890625,\n              24.086589258228027\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.3212890625,\n              32.39851580247402\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.373046875,\n              32.39851580247402\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.373046875,\n              24.086589258228027\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d3e4b0849ce97c86e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"He, Ruoying","contributorId":68029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"Ruoying","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weisberg, Robert H.","contributorId":147992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weisberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70187914,"text":"70187914 - 2002 - Horned Puffin (<i>Fratercula corniculata</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T12:52:38","indexId":"70187914","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5033,"text":"The Birds of North America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Horned Puffin (<i>Fratercula corniculata</i>)","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cornell Lab of Ornithology","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., and Kitaysky, A.S., 2002, Horned Puffin (<i>Fratercula corniculata</i>): The Birds of North America, HTML document.","productDescription":"HTML document","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science 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WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitaysky, Alexander S.","contributorId":13884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitaysky","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70195414,"text":"70195414 - 2002 - A fresh look at glacial floods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T19:29:04.301148","indexId":"70195414","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A fresh look at glacial floods","docAbstract":"<p>W<span>e tend to think of continental-scale ice sheets as rather ponderous affairs, inexorably advancing southward over the landscape and then slowly retreating to the north at the end of each ice age. Over the last 20 years, however, evidence has accumulated that this is a misconception. We now know that the Laurentide Ice Sheet—the largest ice-age glacier—was characterized by thin, marginal ice streams flowing rapidly on low-friction beds and was unstable through much of its history (</span><a id=\"xref-ref-1-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5571/1251#ref-1\" data-mce-href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5571/1251#ref-1\">1</a><span>–</span><a id=\"xref-ref-3-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5571/1251#ref-3\" data-mce-href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5571/1251#ref-3\">3</a><span>). The ice sheet periodically and abruptly discharged massive amounts of ice into the North Atlantic (</span><a id=\"xref-ref-4-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5571/1251#ref-4\" data-mce-href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5571/1251#ref-4\">4</a><span>), and abrupt coolings and warmings occurred throughout the last ice age (</span><a id=\"xref-ref-5-1\" class=\"xref-bibr article-ref-popup hasTooltip\" href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5571/1251#ref-5\" data-hasqtip=\"0\" aria-describedby=\"qtip-0\" data-mce-href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5571/1251#ref-5\">5</a><span>).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1073377","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., 2002, A fresh look at glacial floods: Science, v. 296, no. 5571, p. 1251-1252, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1073377.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1251","endPage":"1252","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"296","issue":"5571","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff0b71e4b0da30c1bfcf87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steve M.","contributorId":49807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70181782,"text":"70181782 - 2002 - Reducing Vulnerability of Ports and Harbors to Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T08:19:21","indexId":"70181782","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Reducing Vulnerability of Ports and Harbors to Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recent scientific research suggests the Pacific Northwest could experience catastrophic earthquakes in the near future, both from distant and local sources, posing a significant threat to coastal communities. Damage could result from numerous earthquake-related hazards, such as severe ground shaking, soil liquefaction, landslides, land subsidence/uplift, and tsunami inundation. Because of their geographic location, ports and harbors are especially vulnerable to these hazards. Ports and harbors, however, are important components of many coastal communities, supporting numerous activities critical to the local and regional economy and possibly serving as vital post-event, response-recovery transportation links. A collaborative, multi-year initiative is underway to increase the resiliency of Pacific Northwest ports and harbors to earthquake and tsunami hazards, involving Oregon Sea Grant (OSG), Washington Sea Grant (WSG), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Services Center (CSC), and the U.S. Geological Survey Center for Science Policy (CSP). Specific products of this research, planning, and outreach initiative include a regional stakeholder issues and needs assessment, a community-based mitigation planning process, a Geographic Information System (GIS) — based vulnerability assessment methodology, an educational web-site and a regional data archive. This paper summarizes these efforts, including results of two pilot port-harbor community projects, one in Yaquina Bay, Oregon and the other in Sinclair Inlet, Washington. Finally, plans are outlined for outreach to other port and harbor communities in the Pacific Northwest and beyond, using \"getting started\" workshops and a web-based tutorial.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Disasters Conference 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Coastal Disasters Conference 2002","conferenceDate":"February 24-27, 2002","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/40605(258)81","usgsCitation":"Wood, N.J., Good, J.W., and Goodwin, R.F., 2002, Reducing Vulnerability of Ports and Harbors to Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards, <i>in</i> Coastal Disasters Conference 2002, San Diego, CA, February 24-27, 2002, p. 949-963, https://doi.org/10.1061/40605(258)81.","productDescription":"15 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,{"id":70187859,"text":"70187859 - 2002 - Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187859,"text":"70187859 - 2002 - Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","indexId":"70187859","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","title":"Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T16:38:54","indexId":"70187859","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"chapter":"4","title":"Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","docAbstract":"<p>Following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, we studied the status of recovery of harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) populations during 1995-1998. We evaluated potential constraints to full recovery, including (1) exposure to residual oil, (2) food limitation, and (3) intrinsic demographic limitations on population growth rates. In this paper, we synthesize the findings from our work and incorporate information from other harlequin duck research and monitoring programs to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the response of this species to the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill. We conclude that harlequin duck populations had not fully recovered by 1998. Furthermore, adverse effects continued as many as 9 years after the oil spill, in contrast to the conventional paradigm that oil spill effects on bird populations are short-lived. These conclusions are based on the findings that (1) elevated cytochrome P450 induction on oiled areas indicated continued exposure to oil in 1998, (2) adult female winter survival was lower on oiled than unoiled areas during 1995-1998, (3) fall population surveys by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game indicated numerical declines in oiled areas during 1995-1997, and (4) densities on oiled areas in 1996 and 1997 were lower than expected using models that accounted for effects of habitat attributes. Based on hypothesized links between oil contamination and demography, we suggest that harlequin duck population recovery was constrained primarily by continued oil exposure. Full population recovery also will&nbsp;be delayed by the time necessary for intrinsic population growth to allow return to pre-spill numbers following cessation of residual oil spill effects. Although not all wildlife species were affected by the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill, and some others may have recovered quickly from any effects, harlequin duck life history characteristics and benthic, nearshore feeding habits make them susceptible to both initial and long-term oil spill effects.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"<i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Bowman, T.D., Trust, K.A., Ballachey, B.E., Dean, T.A., Jewett, S.C., and O’Clair, C.E., 2002, Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints, 31 p.","productDescription":"31 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,{"id":70187857,"text":"70187857 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187857,"text":"70187857 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","indexId":"70187857","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"3C","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:53:17","indexId":"70187857","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"chapter":"3C","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","docAbstract":"<p>We exploited the<i> Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, to evaluate effects of reduced sea otter densities on prey populations in sedimentary habitats. We considered the need for and characteristics of new models for trophic effects of sea otters on coastal marine benthic communities. We viewed evidence for nonlinear or uncertain patterns of prey response to varying sea otter density as particularly significant for new model structure. </p><p>We specifically examined responses of densities and size distributions of populations of mussels and clams (several taxonomic and habitat categories), all important sea otter prey in PWS, to reduction in sea otter density caused by the oil spill. We utilized two primary criteria for determining the consistency of prey demographic responses to reduced sea otter densities as predicted by null hypotheses consistent with existing published models. First, prey populations subject to reduced influence by sea otters should be denser and contain proportionately more large individuals than prey populations strongly influenced by sea otter predation. Second, response times of prey demography to reduced otter densities should be similar to response times of prey to increased otter densities, the latter as indicated in existing published models. &nbsp;</p><p>Results were disparate with regard to expectation for the six categories of prey evaluated. With few exceptions, density data indicated nonconformance with demographic expectations. In contrast, size data for prey indicated conformance with expectation in about half the categories evaluated. We suggest that lingering effects of the oil spill, nonlinear relationships of sea otters and prey that involve thresholds in otter density, uncertainties in prey recruitment patterns, spatial differences in natural disturbance rate, and differences between areas in effects of competing predators are the main factors possibly accounting for patterns in our data. Recruitment and disturbance effects in particular may include significant stochastic components, especially in a temporal context. We suggest that recovered sea otter populations and their prey do not necessarily exist in long-term stable equilibria, and that development of new models incorporating both trophic thresholds and trophic stochasticity will be important in understanding community-level responses to variable sea otter numbers.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"<i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"VanBlaricom, G.R., Fukuyama, A.K., O’Clair, C.E., Monson, D., Jewett, S.C., Gage, T.K., Dean, T.A., and Bodkin, J.L., 2002, Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats, 38 p.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"3C.1","endPage":"3C.38","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.evostc.state.ak.us/index.cfm?FA=searchresults.projectInfo&Project_ID=630"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.150390625,\n              59.72594656451894\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.7279052734375,\n              59.72594656451894\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.7279052734375,\n              60.98376689595989\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.150390625,\n              60.98376689595989\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.150390625,\n              59.72594656451894\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59254a70e4b0b7ff9fb361c6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Holland-Bartels, Leslie E. lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","contributorId":222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"Leslie","email":"lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":697831,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"VanBlaricom, Glenn R. glennvb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanBlaricom","given":"Glenn","email":"glennvb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fukuyama, Allan K.","contributorId":89472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fukuyama","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":621,"text":"Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jewett, Stephen C.","contributorId":94397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jewett","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gage, Tamara K.","contributorId":22875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gage","given":"Tamara","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":621,"text":"Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dean, Thomas A.","contributorId":187562,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dean","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70197326,"text":"70197326 - 2002 - Origin of the Lisburne Hills–Herald Arch structural belt: Stratigraphic, structural, and fission-track evidence from the Cape Lisburne area, northwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-29T16:16:14","indexId":"70197326","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the Lisburne Hills–Herald Arch structural belt: Stratigraphic, structural, and fission-track evidence from the Cape Lisburne area, northwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Tectonic evolution of the Bering Shelf-Chukchi Sea-Arctic Margin and adjacent landmasses","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2360-4.77","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Dumitru, T., Adams, K., Witebsky, S., and Harris, A., 2002, Origin of the Lisburne Hills–Herald Arch structural belt: Stratigraphic, structural, and fission-track evidence from the Cape Lisburne area, northwestern Alaska: GSA Special Papers, v. 360, p. 77-109, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2360-4.77.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"109","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"360","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b158841e4b092d9651e217d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Miller, E. L.","contributorId":75583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736685,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grantz, A.","contributorId":60378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736686,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumitru, T.A.","contributorId":24973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumitru","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, K.E.","contributorId":9410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Witebsky, S.N.","contributorId":205254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witebsky","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70197569,"text":"70197569 - 2002 - What governments are doing to reduce the consequences of landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T11:11:54","indexId":"70197569","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"What governments are doing to reduce the consequences of landslides","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Terrain – A Constraint to Development? Institution of Mining and Metallurgy","conferenceTitle":"Natural Terrain – a Constraint to Development?","conferenceDate":"November 14, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Hong Kong","language":"English","publisher":"IMM","publisherLocation":"Hong Kong","doi":"10.1144/1470-9236/00-004","usgsCitation":"Brabb, E.E., Howell, D.G., and Cotton, W.R., 2002, What governments are doing to reduce the consequences of landslides, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Terrain – A Constraint to Development? Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Hong Kong, November 14, 2002, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/00-004.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b47244ae4b060350a172b87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howell, D. G.","contributorId":52546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cotton, W. R.","contributorId":103739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":81068,"text":"gap11 - 2002 - GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T13:10:42","indexId":"gap11","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":30,"text":"GAP Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 11","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 11: GAP Bulletin 11, 150 p.","productDescription":"150 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38315,"text":"GAP Analysis Project","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gap/11/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91242,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gap/11/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b41cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207308,"text":"70207308 - 2002 - Dinosaurs that did not die: Evidence for Paleocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-02T15:11:20.787357","indexId":"70207308","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-16T15:06:40","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dinosaurs that did not die: Evidence for Paleocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>Palynologic and paleomagnetic data confirm a Paleocene age for the Ojo Alamo Sandstone (and its contained dinosaurs) throughout the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. The recently reported discovery of 34 skeletal elements from a single hadrosaur in the Ojo Alamo provides unequivocal evidence that these bones were not reworked from underlying Cretaceous strata. Geochemical studies of samples from several single-dinosaur-bone specimens from the Paleocene Ojo Alamo Sandstone and the underlying Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Kirtland Formation show that mineralized bones from these two rock units contain distinctly different abundances of uranium and rare-earth elements and demonstrate that Cretaceous and Paleocene bones were mineralized at different times when mineralizing fluids had distinctly different chemical compositions. These findings indicate that the dinosaur bone from the Paleocene Ojo Alamo is indigenous and not reworked. These data show that a relatively diverse assemblage of dinosaurs survived the end-Cretaceous asteroid-impact extinction event of 65.5 Ma. The San Juan Basin’s Paleocene dinosaur fauna is herein named the Alamoan fauna. Magnetic-polarity chronology shows that these survivors lived for about one million years into the Paleocene and then became extinct around 64.5 Ma. We suggest that a plausible survival mechanism for this Lazarus fauna may have been the large numbers of buried dinosaur eggs, laid just before the asteroid impact occurred. These buried eggs would have provided a safe haven for developing dinosaur embryos for the first one to two years after the impact, thereby making it possible for them to survive the worst of the impact’s early devastation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.307","usgsCitation":"Fassett, J.E., Zielinski, R.A., and Budahn, J.R., 2002, Dinosaurs that did not die: Evidence for Paleocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: GSA Special Papers, v. 356, p. 307-336, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.307.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.77014160156249,\n              36.01356058518153\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.07275390625,\n              36.01356058518153\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.07275390625,\n              37.483576550426996\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.77014160156249,\n              37.483576550426996\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.77014160156249,\n              36.01356058518153\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"356","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fassett, James E. jfassett@usgs.gov","contributorId":73590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fassett","given":"James","email":"jfassett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":777640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180952,"text":"70180952 - 2002 - Ongoing research experiments at the former Soviet nuclear test site in eastern Kazakhstan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-09T15:27:23","indexId":"70180952","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ongoing research experiments at the former Soviet nuclear test site in eastern Kazakhstan","docAbstract":"<p><span>Degelen mountain, located in </span><span class=\"searchword\">Eastern</span><span class=\"searchword\">Kazakhstan</span><span> near the city of Semipalatinsk, was once the Soviets most active underground </span><span class=\"searchword\">nuclear</span> <span class=\"searchword\">test</span> <span class=\"searchword\">site</span><span>. Two hundred fifteen </span><span class=\"searchword\">nuclear</span><span> tests were conducted in 181 tunnels driven horizontally into its many ridges--almost twice the number of tests as at any other </span><span class=\"searchword\">Soviet</span><span> underground </span><span class=\"searchword\">nuclear</span> <span class=\"searchword\">test</span> <span class=\"searchword\">site</span><span>. It was also the </span><span class=\"searchword\">site</span><span> of the first </span><span class=\"searchword\">Soviet</span><span> underground </span><span class=\"searchword\">nuclear</span> <span class=\"searchword\">test</span><span>--a 1-kiloton device detonated on October 11, 1961. Until recently, the details of testing at Degelen were kept secret and have been the subject of considerable speculation. However, in 1991, the Semipalatinsk </span><span class=\"searchword\">test</span> <span class=\"searchword\">site</span><span> became part of the newly independent Republic of </span><span class=\"searchword\">Kazakhstan</span><span>; and in 1995, the Kazakhstani government concluded an agreement with the U.S. Department of Defense to eliminate the </span><span class=\"searchword\">nuclear</span><span> testing infrastructure in </span><span class=\"searchword\">Kazakhstan</span><span>. This agreement, which calls for the \"demilitarization of the infrastructure directly associated with the </span><span class=\"searchword\">nuclear</span><span> weapons </span><span class=\"searchword\">test</span><span> tunnels,\" has been implemented as the \"Degelen Mountain Tunnel Closure Program.\" The U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, in partnership with the Department of Energy, has permitted the use of the tunnel closure project at the former nuclear test site as a foundation on which to support cost-effective, research-and-development-funded experiments. These experiments are principally designed to improve U.S. capabilities to monitor and verify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), but have provided a new source of information on the effects of nuclear and chemical explosions on hard, fractured rock environments. These new data extends and confirms the results of recent Russian publications on the rock environment at the site and the mechanical effects of large-scale chemical and nuclear testing. In 1998, a large-scale tunnel closure experiment, Omega-1, was conducted in Tunnel 214 at Degelen mountain. In this experiment, a 100-ton chemical explosive blast was used to test technologies for monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, and to calibrate a portion of the CTBT's International Monitoring System. This experiment has also provided important benchmark data on the mechanical behavior of hard, dense, fractured rock, and has demonstrated the feasibility of fielding large-scale calibration explosions, which are specified as a \"confidence-building measure\" in the CTBT Protocol. Two other large-scale explosion experiments, Omega-2 and Omega-3, are planned for the summer of 1999 and 2000. Like the Tunnel 214 test, the 1999 experiment will include close-in monitoring of near-source effects, as well as contributing to the calibration of key seismic stations for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. The Omega-3 test will examine the effect of multiple blasts on the fractured rock environment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute ","issn":"0074-848X","usgsCitation":"Leith, W.S., Kluchko, L.J., Konovalov, V., and Vouille, G., 2002, Ongoing research experiments at the former Soviet nuclear test site in eastern Kazakhstan, v. 9, no. 3, p. 1809-1813.","productDescription":"5","startPage":"1809","endPage":"1813","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589d8dd7e4b0efcedb7ae5d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leith, William S. 0000-0002-3463-3119 wleith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3463-3119","contributorId":2248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leith","given":"William","email":"wleith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kluchko, Luke J.","contributorId":179141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kluchko","given":"Luke","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konovalov, Vladimir","contributorId":94586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konovalov","given":"Vladimir","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vouille, Gerard","contributorId":179142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vouille","given":"Gerard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70209630,"text":"70209630 - 2002 -  Pliocene to middle Pleistocene lakes in the western Great Basin: Ages and connections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-17T17:57:31.44946","indexId":"70209630","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-11T09:16:43","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":" Pliocene to middle Pleistocene lakes in the western Great Basin: Ages and connections","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":" Great Basin aquatic systems history: Smithsonian contributions to earth sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution Press","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.5479/si.00810274.33.1","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M.C., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Reynolds, R.L., Repenning, C.A., and Mifflin, M.D., 2002,  Pliocene to middle Pleistocene lakes in the western Great Basin: Ages and connections, chap. <i>of</i>  Great Basin aquatic systems history: Smithsonian contributions to earth sciences, v. 33, p. 53-108, https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810274.33.1.","productDescription":"56 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.26855468749999,\n              34.59704151614417\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.90625,\n              34.994003757575776\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.9501953125,\n              36.27970720524017\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.4228515625,\n              37.54457732085582\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.3134765625,\n              39.470125122358176\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.1044921875,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.2470703125,\n              45.182036837015886\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.82910156249999,\n              44.24519901522129\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.76269531249999,\n              44.213709909702054\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.69628906249999,\n              44.402391829093915\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.76171875,\n              44.24519901522129\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9921875,\n              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Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. 0000-0002-0244-9149 asarna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":1046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"Andrei","email":"asarna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Repenning, C. A.","contributorId":119144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repenning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mifflin, Martin D.","contributorId":97148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mifflin","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70221505,"text":"70221505 - 2002 - Palynology and microstratigraphy of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-21T11:45:22.036129","indexId":"70221505","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T17:23:53","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5198,"text":"Geological Society of America Special Papers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynology and microstratigraphy of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>Palynology<span>&nbsp;is used to bracket or pinpoint the&nbsp;</span>Cretaceous<span>-</span>Tertiary<span>&nbsp;(K-T)&nbsp;</span>boundary<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;17 measured&nbsp;</span>sections<span>&nbsp;near the contact of the Hell Creek Formation and the Ludlow Member of the Fort Union Formation&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>southwestern<span>&nbsp;</span>North<span>&nbsp;</span>Dakota<span>. Palynostratigraphy is the most reliable method for locating the K-T extinction horizon - which defines the K-T&nbsp;</span>boundary<span>&nbsp;-&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;nonmarine rocks. The palynological database includes 110 taxa for which relative abundance or presence or absence data were recorded&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;more than 350 samples based on surveys of more than 700 000 specimens. These data from laterally extensive outcrops&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the badlands along the Little Missouri River provide a temporal framework for concurrent studies&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the area on megafossil paleobotany, vertebrate paleontology, lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and chemostratigraphy.&nbsp;</span>Palynology<span>&nbsp;demonstrates extinction of 30% or more of the Maastrichtian palynoflora, including characteristic Maastrichtian taxa (\"K taxa\"), at the K-T&nbsp;</span>boundary<span>. Most of the palynomorph taxa discussed probably represent higher-level plant taxa (botanical genera or families). The K-T&nbsp;</span>boundary<span>&nbsp;is shown to be coincident with the Hell Creek-Fort Union formational contact at only two localities; it is as much as 2.7mabove the base of the Fort Union Formation at others. Thus, a distinctive interval of Fort Union strata of&nbsp;</span>Cretaceous<span>&nbsp;age is recognized that is characterized by occurrences of numerous K taxa, usually&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;low percentage abundance, up to the K-T&nbsp;</span>boundary<span>. This interval documents a regional paleoenvironmental change that is independent of the extinction event and that is important to understanding the K-T transition throughout western&nbsp;</span>North<span>&nbsp;America.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.95","usgsCitation":"Nichols, D.J., and Johnson, K., 2002, Palynology and microstratigraphy of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota: Geological Society of America Special Papers , v. 361, p. 95-143, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.95.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"143","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.1953125,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.94335937499999,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.94335937499999,\n              48.980216985374994\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.1953125,\n              48.980216985374994\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.1953125,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"361","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Douglas J.","contributorId":87184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, K.R.","contributorId":28599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221502,"text":"70221502 - 2002 - Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-21T11:46:53.525192","indexId":"70221502","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T16:36:32","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5198,"text":"Geological Society of America Special Papers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Field surveys of the Upper Cretaceous&nbsp;</span>Hell<span>&nbsp;</span>Creek<span>&nbsp;</span>Formation<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>southwestern<span>&nbsp;</span>North<span>&nbsp;</span>Dakota<span>&nbsp;since 1986 have produced a total of 10124 specimens from 42&nbsp;</span>vertebrate<span>&nbsp;microsites and an additional 41 dinosaur skulls or partial skeletons or skulls from separate sites representing 61 taxa of vertebrates dominated by fish, dinosaurs, turtles, and crocodilians. Common elements of this diverse fauna occur to within 2.37 m of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. The stratigraphically highest fossil&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the study is a partial ceratopsian skeleton 1.77 m below the K-T boundary&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the basal Fort Union&nbsp;</span>Formation<span>. All dinosaurs that occur at more than two sites also occur at the highest level that yielded more than 500 specimens (8.40 m below the K-T boundary). The fine-grained uppermost 2 m of the&nbsp;</span>Hell<span>&nbsp;</span>Creek<span>&nbsp;is nearly devoid of all fossils, including taxa known to occur&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the overlying&nbsp;</span>formation<span>. The absence of channel deposits&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;this part of the&nbsp;</span>formation<span>&nbsp;may be the reason for the absence of fossil localities. The presence of marine-tolerant taxa suggests that the study area may have been adjacent to a previously unidentified seaway of latest Cretaceous age. Rarefaction analysis indicates no evidence for a decline&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>vertebrate<span>&nbsp;diversity through the&nbsp;</span>formation<span>&nbsp;or dinosaurian diversity&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the 3 m below the K-T boundary. Our results are not compatible with gradual&nbsp;</span>vertebrate<span>&nbsp;extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145","usgsCitation":"Pearson, D., Schaeffer, T., Johnson, K.R., Nichols, D.J., and Hunter, J.P., 2002, Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota: Geological Society of America Special Papers , v. 361, p. 145-167, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386595,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.810791015625,\n              44.04811573082351\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.580810546875,\n              44.04811573082351\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.580810546875,\n              45.920587344733654\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.810791015625,\n              45.920587344733654\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.810791015625,\n              44.04811573082351\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"361","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearson, Dean","contributorId":260402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearson","given":"Dean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaeffer, Terry","contributorId":260405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"Terry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Kirk R.","contributorId":16877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, Douglas J.","contributorId":87184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hunter, John P.","contributorId":260406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunter","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70046985,"text":"70046985 - 2002 - U.S. Geological Survey spatial data access","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T14:20:14","indexId":"70046985","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T14:14:36","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2325,"text":"Journal of Geospatial Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey spatial data access","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has done a progress review on improving access to its spatial data holdings over the Web. The USGS EROS Data Center has created three major Web-based interfaces to deliver spatial data to the general public; they are Earth Explorer, the Seamless Data Distribution System (SDDS), and the USGS Web Mapping Portal.  Lessons were learned in developing these systems, and various resources were needed for their implementation. The USGS serves as a fact-finding agency in the U.S. Government that collects, monitors, analyzes, and provides scientific information about natural resource conditions and issues.  To carry out its mission, the USGS has created and managed spatial data since its inception.  Originally relying on paper maps, the USGS now uses advanced technology to produce digital representations of the Earth’s features.  The spatial products of the USGS include both source and \nderivative data.  Derivative datasets include Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQ), Digital Elevation Models, Digital Line Graphs, land-cover Digital Raster Graphics, and the seamless National Elevation Dataset.  These products, created with automated processes, use aerial photographs, satellite images, or other cartographic information such as scanned paper maps as source data. With Earth Explorer, users can search multiple inventories through metadata queries and can browse satellite and DOQ imagery.  They can place orders and make payment through secure credit card transactions.  Some USGS spatial data can be accessed with SDDS.  The SDDS uses an ArcIMS map service interface to identify the user’s areas of interest and determine the output format; it allows the user to either download the actual spatial data directly for small areas or place orders for larger areas to be delivered on media.  The USGS Web Mapping Portal provides views of national and international datasets through an ArcIMS map service interface.  In addition, the map portal posts news about new map services available from the USGS, many simultaneously published on the Environmental Systems Research Institute Geography Network.  These three information systems use new software tools and expanded hardware to meet the requirements of the users.  The systems are designed to handle the required workload and are relatively easy to enhance and maintain.  The software tools give users a high level of functionality and help the system conform to industry standards. The hardware and software architecture is designed to handle the large amounts of spatial data and Internet traffic required by the information systems. Last, customer support was needed to answer questions, monitor e-mail, and report customer problems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geospatial Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Hong Kong Institution of Engineering Surveyors","usgsCitation":"Faundeen, J., Kanengieter, R.L., and Buswell, M.D., 2002, U.S. Geological Survey spatial data access: Journal of Geospatial Engineering, v. 4, no. 2, p. 145-152.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274888,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.lsgi.polyu.edu.hk/sTAFF/zl.li/vol_4_2/09_faundeen.pdf"}],"country":"United States","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e6e4b0d332bf22f3c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faundeen, John 0000-0003-0287-2921 faundeen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":3097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"John","email":"faundeen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kanengieter, Ronald L. ron@usgs.gov","contributorId":4537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanengieter","given":"Ronald","email":"ron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buswell, Michael D.","contributorId":63701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buswell","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70242831,"text":"70242831 - 2002 - Unique U.S. magnetic anomaly data base forthcoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T16:21:20.610344","indexId":"70242831","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T11:16:37","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unique U.S. magnetic anomaly data base forthcoming","docAbstract":"<p><span>The year 2004 will offer an exciting and cost-effective opportunity to acquire a new U.S. magnetic anomaly data base. High Altitude Mapping Missions Inc. (HAMM) is currently planning an airborne mission to collect high-resolution Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) imagery at an altitude of about 15 km, with a flight-line spacing of about 14 km over the conterminous United States and Alaska. Total and vector magnetic field data will also be collected with a “piggy-back” magnetometer system as a secondary mission objective. Because HAMM would fund the main flight costs of the mission, the geomagnetic community would acquire invaluable magnetic data at a nominal cost. These unique data will provide new insights on fundamental tectonic and thermal processes and give a new view of the structural and lithologic framework of continental areas and offshore regions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002EO000397","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T.G., Hinze, W.J., Keller, G.R., Labson, V.F., and Roest, W., 2002, Unique U.S. magnetic anomaly data base forthcoming: Eos Science News, v. 83, no. 49, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002EO000397.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"576","costCenters":[{"id":349,"text":"International Water Resources Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002eo000397","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  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,{"id":70257426,"text":"70257426 - 2002 - Application of GIS for assessing human vulnerability to cyclone in India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-15T15:58:42.994908","indexId":"70257426","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T10:53:21","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Application of GIS for assessing human vulnerability to cyclone in India","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents the use of GIS to assess human vulnerability due to cyclonic storm in India. Human vulnerability is conceptualized here as the exposure to hazard by external activity (e.g. cyclone) and coping capacity of the people to reduce the risk. The assessment looks at the potential exposure to people impacted by cyclonic activity in 32 Indian states and locates the vulnerable population. The paper also explores how the coping capacity of the people is related to reduce vulnerability. Integrating a variety GIS data like path of cyclone tracks, demographic distribution, and Poverty data, this study evaluates the vulnerability of the people living in cyclonic zones in India. GIS helps as a powerful tool of measuring and characterizing the potential harm to people arising from extreme variability. Through this application location of vulnerable population could be identified in a geographic domain, where the government and concerned agencies can pay special attention.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"2002 User conference proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"22nd Annual Esri International User Conference","conferenceDate":"July 8–12, 2002","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"ESRI","usgsCitation":"Nazmul Hossain, M., and Singh, A., 2002, Application of GIS for assessing human vulnerability to cyclone in India, <i>in</i> 2002 User conference proceedings, San Diego, CA, July 8–12, 2002, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":432774,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc02/pap0701/p0701.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[77.83745,35.49401],[78.91227,34.32194],[78.81109,33.5062],[79.20889,32.99439],[79.17613,32.48378],[78.45845,32.61816],[78.73889,31.51591],[79.72137,30.88271],[81.11126,30.18348],[80.47672,29.72987],[80.08842,28.79447],[81.0572,28.4161],[81.99999,27.92548],[83.30425,27.36451],[84.67502,27.2349],[85.25178,26.7262],[86.02439,26.63098],[87.22747,26.3979],[88.06024,26.41462],[88.1748,26.81041],[88.04313,27.44582],[88.12044,27.87654],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.83564,27.09897],[89.74453,26.7194],[90.37327,26.87572],[91.21751,26.80865],[92.03348,26.83831],[92.10371,27.45261],[91.69666,27.77174],[92.50312,27.89688],[93.41335,28.64063],[94.56599,29.27744],[95.4048,29.03172],[96.11768,29.4528],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.24883,28.41103],[97.32711,28.26158],[97.40256,27.88254],[97.05199,27.69906],[97.134,27.08377],[96.41937,27.26459],[95.12477,26.57357],[95.15515,26.00131],[94.60325,25.1625],[94.55266,24.67524],[94.10674,23.85074],[93.32519,24.07856],[93.28633,23.04366],[93.06029,22.70311],[93.16613,22.27846],[92.67272,22.04124],[92.14603,23.6275],[91.86993,23.62435],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.91509,24.13041],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.7996,25.14743],[90.87221,25.1326],[89.92069,25.26975],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.35509,26.01441],[88.56305,26.44653],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.87631,22.87915],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.88877,21.69059],[88.2085,21.70317],[86.9757,21.49556],[87.03317,20.74331],[86.49935,20.15164],[85.06027,19.47858],[83.94101,18.30201],[83.18922,17.67122],[82.19279,17.01664],[82.19124,16.55666],[81.69272,16.31022],[80.792,15.95197],[80.3249,15.89918],[80.02507,15.13641],[80.23327,13.83577],[80.28629,13.00626],[79.86255,12.05622],[79.858,10.35728],[79.34051,10.30885],[78.88535,9.54614],[79.18972,9.21654],[78.27794,8.93305],[77.94117,8.25296],[77.5399,7.96553],[76.59298,8.89928],[76.13006,10.29963],[75.74647,11.30825],[75.3961,11.78125],[74.86482,12.74194],[74.61672,13.99258],[74.44386,14.61722],[73.5342,15.99065],[73.11991,17.92857],[72.82091,19.20823],[72.82448,20.4195],[72.63053,21.35601],[71.17527,20.75744],[70.47046,20.87733],[69.16413,22.0893],[69.64493,22.45077],[69.3496,22.84318],[68.17665,23.69197],[68.8426,24.35913],[71.04324,24.35652],[70.8447,25.2151],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.16893,26.49187],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.6165,27.9892],[71.77767,27.91318],[72.82375,28.96159],[73.45064,29.97641],[74.42138,30.97981],[74.40593,31.69264],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.45156,32.7649],[74.10429,33.44147],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.2402,34.74889],[75.75706,34.50492],[76.87172,34.65354],[77.83745,35.49401]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"India\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nazmul Hossain, M.","contributorId":342743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nazmul Hossain","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":910327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singh, Ashbindu singh@usgs.gov","contributorId":5410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"Ashbindu","email":"singh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":910328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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