No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99508","isbn":"0607971614","usgsCitation":"Locker, S.D., Hine, A.C., Brooks, G.R., Davis, R.A., and Gelfenbaum, G., 2002, West-central Florida coastal transect #4: Indian Rocks Beach (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-508, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99508.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393484,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54127.htm"},{"id":4103,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-508/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Indian Rocks Beach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.14659118652344,\n 27.847576211806295\n ],\n [\n -82.84103393554688,\n 27.847576211806295\n ],\n [\n -82.84103393554688,\n 27.885818492821045\n ],\n [\n -83.14659118652344,\n 27.885818492821045\n ],\n [\n -83.14659118652344,\n 27.847576211806295\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Locker, Stanley D. 0000-0002-8008-0279 slocker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-0279","contributorId":63061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"Stanley","email":"slocker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hine, A. C.","contributorId":21197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, G. R.","contributorId":96312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, R. A.","contributorId":83488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50521,"text":"ofr02351 - 2002 - Shaded relief, topographic slope, and land use planning in the Los Altos Hills area, California - an example of the use of elevation data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-02T12:45:59","indexId":"ofr02351","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-351","title":"Shaded relief, topographic slope, and land use planning in the Los Altos Hills area, California - an example of the use of elevation data","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02351","usgsCitation":"Brooks, S.K., Lachenbruch, A.H., and Wentworth, C.M., 2002, Shaded relief, topographic slope, and land use planning in the Los Altos Hills area, California - an example of the use of elevation data (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-351, 12 p., 1 table, 8 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02351.","productDescription":"12 p., 1 table, 8 refs","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4333,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-351/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f42d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Suzanna K.","contributorId":77183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Suzanna","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wentworth, Carl M. 0000-0003-2569-569X cwent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":1178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"Carl","email":"cwent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159112,"text":"70159112 - 2002 - Historical and future land use effects on N2O and NO emissions using an ensemble modeling approach: Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands as an example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-15T13:09:56","indexId":"70159112","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical and future land use effects on N2O and NO emissions using an ensemble modeling approach: Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands as an example","docAbstract":"[1] The humid tropical zone is a major source area for N2O and NO emissions to the atmosphere. Local emission rates vary widely with local conditions, particularly land use practices which swiftly change with expanding settlement and changing market conditions. The combination of wide variation in emission rates and rapidly changing land use make regional estimation and future prediction of biogenic trace gas emission particularly difficult. This study estimates contemporary, historical, and future N2O and NO emissions from 0.5 million ha of northeastern Costa Rica, a well-documented region in the wet tropics undergoing rapid agricultural development. Estimates were derived by linking spatially distributed environmental data with an ecosystem simulation model in an ensemble estimation approach that incorporates the variance and covariance of spatially distributed driving variables. Results include measures of variance for regional emissions. The formation and aging of pastures from forest provided most of the past temporal change in N2O and NO flux in this region; future changes will be controlled by the degree of nitrogen fertilizer application and extent of intensively managed croplands.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001GB001437","usgsCitation":"Reiners, W.A., Liu, S., Gerow, K., Keller, M., and Schimel, D.S., 2002, Historical and future land use effects on N2O and NO emissions using an ensemble modeling approach: Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands as an example: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 16, no. 4, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001437.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309937,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-10-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ce75e4b06217fc478aea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiners, William A.","contributorId":147117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reiners","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":149250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerow, K.G.","contributorId":17003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerow","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, M.","contributorId":149251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keller","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schimel, D. S.","contributorId":84104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":69649,"text":"i2592 - 2002 - Geologic map of the Sauk River 30- by 60-minute quadrangle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:32","indexId":"i2592","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2592","subseriesTitle":"Geologic Investigation Series","title":"Geologic map of the Sauk River 30- by 60-minute quadrangle, Washington","docAbstract":"Summary -- The north-south-trending regionally significant Straight Creek Fault roughly bisects the Sauk River quadrangle and defines the fundamental geologic framework of it. Within the quadrangle, the Fault mostly separates low-grade metamorphic rocks on the west from medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Cascade metamorphic core. On the west, the Helena-Haystack melange and roughly coincident Darrington-Devils Mountain Fault Zone separate the western and eastern melange belts to the southwest from the Easton Metamorphic Suite, the Bell Pass melange, and rocks of the Chilliwack Group, to the northeast. The tectonic melanges have mostly Mesozoic marine components whereas the Chilliwack is mostly composed of Late Paleozoic arc rocks. Unconformably overlying the melanges and associated rocks are Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks, mostly infaulted along the Darrington-Devils Mountain Fault Zone. These younger rocks and a few small Eocene granitic plutons represent an extensional tectonic episode.\r\n\r\nEast of the Straight Creek Fault, medium to high-grade regional metamorphic rocks of the Nason, Chelan Mountains, and Swakane terranes have been intruded by deep seated, Late Cretaceous granodioritic to tonalitic plutons, mostly now orthogneisses.\r\n\r\nUnmetamorphosed mostly tonalitic intrusions on both sides of the Straight Creek fault range from 35 to 4 million years old and represent the roots of volcanoes of the Cascade Magmatic Arc. Arc volcanic rocks are sparsely preserved east of the Straight Creek fault, but dormant Glacier Peak volcano on the eastern margin of the quadrangle is the youngest member of the Arc. \r\n\r\nDeposits of the Canadian Ice Sheet are well represented on the west side of the quadrangle, whereas alpine glacial deposits are common to the east. Roughly 5000 years ago lahars from Glacier Peak flowed westward filling major valleys across the quadrangle.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2592","isbn":"0607968710","collaboration":"See geospatial database at DS 188","usgsCitation":"Tabor, R.W., Booth, D.B., Vance, J., and Ford, A.B., 2002, Geologic map of the Sauk River 30- by 60-minute quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2592, 1 map : col. ; 56 x 75 cm., on sheet 104 x 135 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.; 1 data sheet (64 x 92 cm.); 1 pamphlet (67 p : map; 28 cm.). , https://doi.org/10.3133/i2592.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 56 x 75 cm., on sheet 104 x 135 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.; 1 data sheet (64 x 92 cm.); 1 pamphlet (67 p : map; 28 cm.). ","costCenters":[{"id":229,"text":"Earth Surface Processes Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110371,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53957.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"53957"},{"id":191632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7822,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2592/i2592p.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":7821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2592/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,48 ], [ -122,48.5 ], [ -121.5,48.5 ], [ -121.5,48 ], [ -122,48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68873d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tabor, R. W.","contributorId":16002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Booth, D. B.","contributorId":42223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vance, J.A.","contributorId":51361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vance","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50568,"text":"ofr02458 - 2002 - Tabulation of asbestos-related terminology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:12","indexId":"ofr02458","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-458","title":"Tabulation of asbestos-related terminology","docAbstract":"The term asbestos has been defined in numerous publications including many State and Federal regulations. The definition of asbestos often varies depending on the source or publication in which it is used. Differences in definitions also exist for the asbestos-related terms acicular, asbestiform, cleavage, cleavage fragment, fiber, fibril, fibrous, and parting. An inexperienced reader of the asbestos literature would have difficulty understanding these differences and grasping many of the subtleties that exist in the literature and regulatory language. Disagreement among workers from the industrial, medical, mineralogical, and regulatory communities regarding these definitions has fueled debate as to their applicability to various morphological structures and chemical compositions that exist in the amphibole and serpentine groups of minerals. This debate has significant public health, economic and legal implications. This report summarizes asbestos-related definitions taken from a variety of academic, industrial, and regulatory sources. This summary is by no means complete but includes the majority of significant definitions currently applied in the discipline.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02458","usgsCitation":"Lowers, H., and Meeker, G., 2002, Tabulation of asbestos-related terminology (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-458, 70 p., 9 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02458.","productDescription":"70 p., 9 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4378,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-458/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db68735c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":52609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meeker, Greg","contributorId":20802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Greg","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50554,"text":"ofr02422 - 2002 - Levi Noble; geologist; his life and contributions to understanding the geology of Death Valley, the Grand Canyon, and the San Andreas Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:15","indexId":"ofr02422","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-422","title":"Levi Noble; geologist; his life and contributions to understanding the geology of Death Valley, the Grand Canyon, and the San Andreas Fault","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02422","usgsCitation":"Wright, L., and Troxel, B.W., 2002, Levi Noble; geologist; his life and contributions to understanding the geology of Death Valley, the Grand Canyon, and the San Andreas Fault (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-422, p. 38, illus. incl. sects., strat. col., geol. sketch map, 45 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02422.","productDescription":"p. 38, illus. incl. sects., strat. col., geol. sketch map, 45 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4364,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-422/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Lauren A.","contributorId":33760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Lauren A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troxel, Bennie W.","contributorId":42092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troxel","given":"Bennie","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50576,"text":"ofr02470 - 2002 - Evaluation of airborne image data for mapping riparian vegetation within the Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T10:20:12","indexId":"ofr02470","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-470","title":"Evaluation of airborne image data for mapping riparian vegetation within the Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"This study examined various types of remote-sensing data that have been acquired during a 12-month period over a portion of the Colorado River corridor to determine the type of data and conditions for data acquisition that provide the optimum classification results for mapping riparian vegetation. Issues related to vegetation mapping included time of year, number and positions of wavelength bands, and spatial resolution for data acquisition to produce accurate vegetation maps versus cost of data. Image data considered in the study consisted of scanned color-infrared (CIR) film, digital CIR, and digital multispectral data, whose resolutions from 11 cm (photographic film) to 100 cm (multispectral), that were acquired during the Spring, Summer, and Fall seasons in 2000 for five long-term monitoring sites containing riparian vegetation. Results show that digitally acquired data produce higher and more consistent classification accuracies for mapping vegetation units than do film products. The highest accuracies were obtained from nine-band multispectral data; however, a four-band subset of these data, that did not include short-wave infrared bands, produced comparable mapping results. The four-band subset consisted of the wavelength bands 0.52-0.59 µm, 0.59-0.62 µm, 0.67-0.72 µm, and 0.73-0.85 µm. Use of only three of these bands that simulate digital CIR sensors produced accuracies for several vegetation units that were 10% lower than those obtained using the full multispectral data set. Classification tests using band ratios produced lower accuracies than those using band reflectance for scanned film data; a result attributed to the relatively poor radiometric fidelity maintained by the film scanning process, whereas calibrated multispectral data produced similar classification accuracies using band reflectance and band ratios. This suggests that the intrinsic band reflectance of the vegetation is more important than inter-band reflectance differences in attaining high mapping accuracies. These results also indicate that radiometrically calibrated sensors that record a wide range of radiance produce superior results and that such sensors should be used for monitoring purposes.
\nWhen texture (spatial variance) at near-infrared wavelength is combined with spectral data in classification, accuracy increased most markedly (20-30%) for the highest resolution (11-cm) CIR film data, but decreased in its effect on accuracy in lower-resolution multi-spectral image data; a result observed in previous studies (Franklin and McDermid 1993, Franklin et al. 2000, 2001). While many classification unit accuracies obtained from the 11-cm film CIR band with texture data were in fact higher than those produced using the 100-cm, nine-band multispectral data with texture, the 11-cm film CIR data produced much lower accuracies than the 100-cm multispectral data for the more sparsely populated vegetation units due to saturation of picture elements during the film scanning process in vegetation units with a high proportion of alluvium. Overall classification accuracies obtained from spectral band and texture data range from 36% to 78% for all databases considered, from 57% to 71% for the 11-cm film CIR data, and from 54% to 78% for the 100-cm multispectral data. Classification results obtained from 20-cm film CIR band and texture data, which were produced by applying a Gaussian filter to the 11-cm film CIR data, showed increases in accuracy due to texture that were similar to those observed using the original 11-cm film CIR data. This suggests that data can be collected at the lower resolution and still retain the added power of vegetation texture. Classification accuracies for the riparian vegetation units examined in this study do not appear to be influenced by season of data acquisition, although data acquired under direct sunlight produced higher overall accuracies than data acquired under overcast conditions. The latter observation, in addition to the importance of band reflectance for classification, implies that data should be acquired near summer solstice when sun elevation and reflectance is highest and when shadows cast by steep canyon walls are minimized.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02470","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., Staid, M.I., Plescia, J.B., and Johnson, J., 2002, Evaluation of airborne image data for mapping riparian vegetation within the Grand Canyon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-470, Report: PDF, 65 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02470.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 65 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"65","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4384,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0470/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02470.jpg"},{"id":283915,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0470/pdf/of02-470.pdf"},{"id":283916,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0470/of02-470.txt"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.1505,35.2274 ], [ -114.1505,37.1516 ], [ -110.9985,37.1516 ], [ -110.9985,35.2274 ], [ -114.1505,35.2274 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faeab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staid, Matthew I.","contributorId":79761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staid","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plescia, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":48995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plescia","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":71688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jeffrey R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45092,"text":"wri024054 - 2002 - Fecal-indicator bacteria in the Yakima River Basin, Washington: An examination of 1999 and 2000 synoptic-sampling data and their relation to historical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T22:29:02.630468","indexId":"wri024054","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4054","title":"Fecal-indicator bacteria in the Yakima River Basin, Washington: An examination of 1999 and 2000 synoptic-sampling data and their relation to historical data","docAbstract":"The Yakima Basin National Water-Quality Assessment Program collected fecal-coliform bacteria samples during three synoptic samplings to identify and quantify the cause, source, transport, and effects of fecal-indicator bacteria in Yakima River Basin streams. The August 1999 synoptic sampling targeted the Yakima River main-stem and tributary sites, while the July and October-November 2000 synoptic samplings targeted small- and intermediate-sized agricultural watersheds during irrigation and nonirrigation season, respectively. Quality-assurance results indicated that variability in fecal-coliform concentrations is large and, therefore, a difference of an order of magnitude or more between sites or between times is required for the values to be significantly different 90 percent of the time.
\nThe August 1999 synoptic sampling results indicated that (1) 44 percent of the sites visited, including all the main-stem Yakima River sites, met the Class A fecal-coliform 90th percentile standard of 200 colonies per deciliter, (2) tributaries were the likely source of fecal contamination to the main stem, and (3) tributaries with high fecal-coliform concentrations typically also had high suspended-sediment concentrations. Results of the July and October-November 2000 synoptic samplings indicated that (1) 36 and 81 percent of the sites sampled, respectively, met the standard, (2) during the nonirrigation synoptic sampling, four of the six sites not meeting the standard were from the Granger and Sulphur subbasins, and (3) fecal-coliform concentrations during the irrigation season were generally higher than during the nonirrigation season.
\nSeveral levels of temporal variability were examined. The short-term variability observed during a synoptic sampling was found to be site specific, with some sites fairly consistent, while others were rather variable. Seasonally, most sites from the 2000 synoptic samplings showed higher concentrations during irrigation than during nonirrigation. Historically, 13 of the 22 sites sampled during both the July 1988 and August 1999 synoptic samplings had higher concentrations in 1999. The three sites with the highest concentrations in July 1988, however, all had decreases in August 1999. When compared against historical (1972-85) minimum and maximum summer-month medians, the August 1999 synoptic-sampling concentrations generally were between these values.
\nInstantaneous fecal-coliform bacteria loads were calculated for the August 1999 synoptic sampling in an effort to study the dynamics of bacterial transport. Tributaries affected by agricultural, urban, and hobby farm activities were generally the major sources of bacteria to the main-stem Yakima River during this time. When these August 1999 synoptic-sampling loads in the lower basin reach from the Yakima River at river mile 72 to Kiona (river mile 29.9) were compared to those from the July 1988 synoptic sampling, most sites had higher loads in 1999.
\nA nonparametric Spearman test was used to detect correlations between fecal-coliform concentrations and physical and chemical data collected during the synoptic samplings. Results for the August 1999 synoptic sampling, which included many mouths of tributaries, showed strong significant correlations with almost every variable. In contrast, only some of the nutrient concentrations showed strong significant correlations during the July and October-November 2000 synoptic samplings, which included small and intermediate- sized agricultural streams.
\nLooking forward relative to future monitoring goals, research needs, and best management practice development, four hypotheses that deal with processes and sources of bacteria were identified: (1) overland runoff transports bacteria from land surfaces to streams, (2) bacteria in the water column tend to associate with suspended matter, (3) with increasing densities of warm-blooded animals, the likelihood of fecal-coliform contamination in streams also increases, and (4) identifi- cation of bacterial sources is difficult, but must be attempted for remediation to be possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024054","collaboration":"USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Morace, J.L., and McKenzie, S.W., 2002, Fecal-indicator bacteria in the Yakima River Basin, Washington: An examination of 1999 and 2000 synoptic-sampling data and their relation to historical data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4054, 32 p.","productDescription":"viii, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423549,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53977.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4054/cover.jpg"},{"id":3937,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4054/wri02-4054.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.2489745346941,\n 46.262276767486384\n ],\n [\n -119.71868079140395,\n 46.573512665451716\n ],\n [\n -120.0835011849648,\n 46.589113508425584\n ],\n [\n -120.18382679319427,\n 46.81124704197978\n ],\n [\n -120.63073177530654,\n 47.277373162502755\n ],\n [\n -121.10955854185542,\n 47.39170863679644\n ],\n [\n -121.40141485670418,\n 47.10070691844439\n ],\n [\n -121.24636618944064,\n 46.27171504543068\n ],\n [\n -120.91802783523576,\n 46.00281006018693\n ],\n [\n -120.54408693183575,\n 45.89850915843371\n ],\n [\n -119.45190587861255,\n 46.1422933543444\n ],\n [\n -119.1714502010626,\n 46.05696368358997\n ],\n [\n -119.12584765186745,\n 46.202341413252384\n ],\n [\n -119.2489745346941,\n 46.262276767486384\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
Cloud or fog water collected by forest canopies of any elevation could represent significant sources of required moisture and nutrients for forest ecosystems, human consumption, and as an alternative source of water for agriculture and domestic use. The physical characteristics of fogs and other clouds have been well studied, and this information can be useful to water balance or canopy–cloud interaction model verification and to calibration or training of satellite-borne sensors to recognize atmospheric attributes, such as optical thickness, albedo, and cloud properties. These studies have taken place above-canopy or within canopy clearings and rarely amid the canopy. Simultaneous physical and chemical characteristics of clouds amid and above the trees of a mountain forest, located about 3.3 km southwest of Mt. Mitchell, NC, were collected between 13 and 22 June 1993. This paper summarizes the physical characteristics of the cloud portions amid the trees. The characteristic cloud amid the trees (including cloud and precipitation periods) contained 250 droplet/cm3 with a mean diameter of 9.5 μm and liquid water content (LWC) of 0.11 g m−3. The cloud droplets exhibited a bimodal distribution with modes at about 2 and 8 μm and a mean diameter near 5 μm during precipitation-free periods, whereas the concurrent above-canopy cloud droplets had a unimodal distribution with a mode near 6 μm and a mean diameter of 6 μm. The horizontal cloud water flux is nonlinearly related to the rate of collection onto that surface amid the trees, especially for the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC) sampling device, whereas it is linear when the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) are is used. These findings suggest that statements about the effects clouds have on surfaces they encounter, which are based on above-canopy or canopy-clearing data, can be misleading, if not erroneous.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00112-6","usgsCitation":"DeFelice, T.P., 2002, Physical attributes of some clouds amid a forest ecosystem's trees: Atmospheric Research, v. 65, no. 1-2, p. 17-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00112-6.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339737,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cbe4b08144348b7e1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeFelice, Thomas P.","contributorId":103831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFelice","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185666,"text":"70185666 - 2002 - Microbial transformation of elements: The case of arsenic and selenium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:40:22","indexId":"70185666","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5337,"text":"International Microbiology ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial transformation of elements: The case of arsenic and selenium","docAbstract":"Microbial activity is responsible for the transformation of at least one third of the elements in the periodic table. These transformations are the result of assimilatory, dissimilatory, or detoxification processes and form the cornerstones of many biogeochemical cycles. Arsenic and selenium are two elements whose roles in microbial ecology have only recently been recognized. Known as \"essential toxins\", they are required in trace amounts for growth and metabolism but are toxic at elevated concentrations. Arsenic is used as an osmolite in some marine organisms while selenium is required as selenocysteine (i.e. the twenty-first amino acid) or as a ligand to metal in some enzymes (e.g. FeNiSe hydrogenase). Arsenic resistance involves a small-molecular-weight arsenate reductase (ArsC). The use of arsenic and selenium oxyanions for energy is widespread in prokaryotes with representative organisms from the Crenarchaeota, thermophilic bacteria, low and high G+C gram-positive bacteria, and Proteobacteria. Recent studies have shown that both elements are actively cycled and play a significant role in carbon mineralization in certain environments. The occurrence of multiple mechanisms involving different enzymes for arsenic and selenium transformation indicates several different evolutionary pathways (e.g. convergence and lateral gene transfer) and underscores the environmental significance and selective impact in microbial evolution of these two elements.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10123-002-0091-y","usgsCitation":"Stolz, J., Basu, P., and Oremland, R., 2002, Microbial transformation of elements: The case of arsenic and selenium: International Microbiology , v. 5, no. 4, p. 201-207, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-002-0091-y.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"207","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/IM/article/view/9383","text":"External Repository"},{"id":338374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da251ce4b0543bf7fda816","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stolz, J.","contributorId":189866,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stolz","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basu, P.","contributorId":35527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, R.","contributorId":26831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58062,"text":"wri014121 - 2002 - Monitoring and analysis of combined sewer overflows, Riverside and Evanston, Illinois, 1997-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:13","indexId":"wri014121","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4121","title":"Monitoring and analysis of combined sewer overflows, Riverside and Evanston, Illinois, 1997-99","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected and analyzed flow data in combined sewer systems in Riverside and Evanston, northeastern Illinois, from March 1997 to December 1999. Continuous 2- and 5-minute stage and velocity data were collected during surcharged and nonsurcharged conditions at 12 locations. Mass balances were calculated to determine the volume of water flowing through the tide-gate openings to the Des Plaines River and the North Shore Channel and to determine the volume of water flowing past the sluice gate to the deep tunnel.\r\nThe sewer systems consist of circular pipes ranging in diameter from 0.83 feet to 10.0 feet, elliptical siphon pipes, ledges, and tide and sluice gates. Pipes were constructed of either brick and mortar or concrete, and ranged from having smooth surfaces to rough, pitted and crumbling surfaces. One pipe was noticeably affected by water infiltration from saturated ground.\r\n\r\nDuring data analysis, many assumptions were necessary because of the complexity of the flow data and sewer-system configurations. These assumptions included estimating the volume of water entering an interceptor sewer at the ''Gage Street pipe'' at Riverside, the effect of infiltration on the ''brick pipe'' at Riverside, and the minimum velocity required for the meter to make an accurate velocity determination. Other factors affecting the analysis of flow data included possible non-instrumented sources of inflow, and backwater conditions in some pipes, which could have caused error in the data analysis. Variations of these assumptions potentially could cause appreciable changes to the final massbalance calculations.\r\n\r\nMass-balance analysis at Riverside indicated a total inflow volume into chamber 3 of approximately 721,000 cubic feet (ft3) during April 22-26, 1999. Outflow volume to the Des Plaines River at Riverside through the tide gate was approximately 132,000 ft3; outflow volume to the deep tunnel through the sluice gate was approximately 267,000 ft3. The mass-balance analysis at Evanston indicated a total inflow volume into chamber 3 of approximately 5,970,000 ft3 during April 21-26, 1999. The outflow volume to the North Shore Channel through the tide gates at Evanston was approximately 2,920,000 ft3; outflow volume to the deep tunnel through the sluice gates was approximately 3,050,000 ft3.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014121","usgsCitation":"Waite, A.M., Hornewer, N.J., and Johnson, G.P., 2002, Monitoring and analysis of combined sewer overflows, Riverside and Evanston, Illinois, 1997-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4121, v, 41 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm. + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014121.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm. + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5989,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=01-4121","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6281a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, Andrew M. awaite@usgs.gov","contributorId":2215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"Andrew","email":"awaite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornewer, Nancy J. njhornew@usgs.gov","contributorId":910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornewer","given":"Nancy","email":"njhornew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gary P. 0000-0003-0363-9873 gjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-9873","contributorId":2959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary","email":"gjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44688,"text":"fs11902 - 2002 - Precipitation history of the Colorado Plateau region, 1900-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"fs11902","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"119-02","title":"Precipitation history of the Colorado Plateau region, 1900-2000","docAbstract":"The Colorado Plateau covers 210,000 km 2 (130,000 mi 2) of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Management of this region?s resources requires an understanding of how its climate has varied in the past and may change in the near future. Recent studies by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other scientists suggest that the region may become drier for the next 2 to 3 decades, in a pattern similar to the drought of 1942?1977. The region?s population has increased fourfold since the mid-1950s, creating the possibility of severe consequences if such a drought were repeated.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs11902","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., Webb, R., and Graham, S., 2002, Precipitation history of the Colorado Plateau region, 1900-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 119-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11902.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_119_02.bmp"},{"id":3774,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs119-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db681069","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":230261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graham, Scott","contributorId":38208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45095,"text":"wri024212 - 2002 - Probability distributions of hydraulic conductivity for the hydrogeologic units of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"wri024212","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4212","title":"Probability distributions of hydraulic conductivity for the hydrogeologic units of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"The use of geologic information such as lithology and rock properties is important to constrain conceptual and numerical hydrogeologic models. This geologic information is difficult to apply explicitly to numerical modeling and analyses because it tends to be qualitative rather than quantitative. This study uses a compilation of hydraulic-conductivity measurements to derive estimates of the probability distributions for several hydrogeologic units within the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, a geologically and hydrologically complex region underlain by basin-fill sediments, volcanic, intrusive, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Probability distributions of hydraulic conductivity for general rock types have been studied previously; however, this study provides more detailed definition of hydrogeologic units based on lithostratigraphy, lithology, alteration, and fracturing and compares the probability distributions to the aquifer test data. Results suggest that these probability distributions can be used for studies involving, for example, numerical flow modeling, recharge, evapotranspiration, and rainfall runoff. These probability distributions can be used for such studies involving the hydrogeologic units in the region, as well as for similar rock types elsewhere.\r\n\r\nWithin the study area, fracturing appears to have the greatest influence on the hydraulic conductivity of carbonate bedrock hydrogeologic units. Similar to earlier studies, we find that alteration and welding in the Tertiary volcanic rocks greatly influence hydraulic conductivity. As alteration increases, hydraulic conductivity tends to decrease. Increasing degrees of welding appears to increase hydraulic conductivity because welding increases the brittleness of the volcanic rocks, thus increasing the amount of fracturing.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024212","usgsCitation":"Belcher, W., Sweetkind, D., and Elliott, P.E., 2002, Probability distributions of hydraulic conductivity for the hydrogeologic units of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4212, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024212.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3940,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024212","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660b9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belcher, Wayne R.","contributorId":79446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Peggy E. 0000-0002-7264-664X pelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7264-664X","contributorId":3805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Peggy","email":"pelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":231100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44692,"text":"fs14102 - 2002 - Effects of wildfire on the hydrology of Frijoles and Capulin canyons in and near Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-12T10:38:23","indexId":"fs14102","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"141-02","displayTitle":"Effects of Wildfire on the Hydrology of Frijoles and Capulin Canyons in and near Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","title":"Effects of wildfire on the hydrology of Frijoles and Capulin canyons in and near Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","docAbstract":"In June 1977, the La Mesa wildfire burned 15,270 acres in and near Frijoles Canyon in Bandelier National Monument (BNM) and the adjacent Santa Fe National Forest, New Mexico. In April 1996, the Dome wildfire in BNM burned 16,516 acres in and near Capulin Canyon and the surrounding Dome Wilderness area. Both Frijoles and Capulin Canyon watersheds are characterized by archeological artifacts that could be affected by increased runoff and accelerated rates of erosion, which typically occur after a fire. In response to this concern, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Park Service, conducted a study to monitor and document the wildfire effects on streamflow after the 1996 Dome fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs14102","usgsCitation":"Veenhuis, J.E., and Bowman, P.R., 2002, Effects of wildfire on the hydrology of Frijoles and Capulin canyons in and near Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 141-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14102.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359786,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0141/fs14102.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.69 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
Although droughts are normal, recurring climate phenomena, they challenge our current ability to plan, predict, monitor, and provide relief to drought stricken areas. Because of the spatial and temporal variability of droughts, we need to improve the tools available to map and monitor them on many scales from local to national. A team of researchers from the US Geological Survey’s EROS Data Center, the National Drought Mitigation Center, and the High Plains Regional Climate Center are developing a prototype system for regional-scale drought monitoring for the conterminous US. This project is in its first year of development. The ultimate goal is to deliver near real-time geo-referenced information (in the form of maps and data) about drought-impacted areas in the US, using the Internet as a primary delivery mechanism.
For the pilot study, the project team is developing methods to integrate satellite data and traditional climate data over the central US. Although, these two information sources reflect different spatial resolutions they should prove complementary for the mapping goals of the project. During the summer of 2002, much of the Great Plains and the Southwest U.S. experienced drought conditions. We initiated a case study in South Dakota and Nebraska to develop and test methods.
Droughts are natural hazards with varying patterns in space, time, and intensity. Their dynamic character challenges our ability in planning, predicting, monitoring, and providing relief to affected areas. Because of the spatial and temporal variability and multiple impacts of droughts, we need to improve the tools and data available for mapping and monitoring this phenomenon on all scales. A team of researchers from the US Geological Survey’s EROS Data Center, the National Drought Mitigation Center, and the High Plains Regional Climate Center are developing methods for regional-scale mapping and monitoring drought conditions for the conterminous U.S. Currently in its first year, the project is focusing on developing a prototype model for the central U.S. The ultimate goal of the project is to deliver timely geo-referenced information (in the form of maps and data) about areas where the vegetation is impacted by drought, using the Internet as the primary delivery mechanism. Data collected from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor provide synoptic, near real time measurements of surface conditions. Previous studies have established significant relationships between climate variables and satellite-derived vegetation indices over non-irrigated croplands and grasslands. We are researching methods for integrating information provided by satellite-derived metrics on seasonal vegetation performance and climate-based drought indicators to produce a timely and spatially-detailed drought monitoring product. Eventually, this information, coupled with map products of key drought indicators, will be available to many end users for making critical and timely decisions, from farm to regional scale.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"15th William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing","conferenceDate":"November 10–15, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Denver, Colorado","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.F., Reed, B.C., Hayes, M., Wilhite, D.A., and Hubbard, K.G., 2002, A prototype drought monitoring system integrating climate and satellite data, in Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale, Denver, Colorado, November 10–15, 2002, Paper 00074; 10 p.","productDescription":"Paper 00074; 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bfe65e5e4b0815414ca610b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Jesslyn F. 0000-0002-9976-1998 jfbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":3241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jesslyn","email":"jfbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":752256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Michael J.","contributorId":197222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayes","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[{"id":34856,"text":"National Drought Mitigation Center, Unversity of Nebraska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilhite, Donald A.","contributorId":210837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilhite","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34856,"text":"National Drought Mitigation Center, Unversity of Nebraska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hubbard, Kenneth G.","contributorId":177373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70189690,"text":"70189690 - 2002 - Is it More Important to Characterize Heterogeneity or Differences in Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-20T11:20:07","indexId":"70189690","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Is it More Important to Characterize Heterogeneity or Differences in Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements?","docAbstract":"As a first step toward understanding the role of sedimentary structures in flow and transport through porous media, this work deterministically examines how transport simulations compare to observed transport through simple, artificial structures in a laboratory experiment. Small-scale laboratory-measured values of hydraulic conductivity were used to simulate transport in an intermediate-scale (10-m long), two-dimensional, heterogeneous porous medium (s 2 lnK=1.26, mlnK = 4.18, where K is cm hr-1 ). Results were judged based on how well the simulated transport matched observed transport through the tank. Permeameter and column experiments produced laboratory measurements of hydraulic conductivity for each of the five sands used in the intermediate-scale experiments. Despite explicit numerical representation of the heterogeneity, predictions using the laboratory-measured values under-estimated the mean arrival time by as much as 35%. The significance of differences between simulated and observed mean arrival time was investigated by comparing variability of transport predictions using the different measurement methods to that produced by different realizations of the heterogeneous distribution. Results indicate that the variations in measured hydraulic conductivity were more important to transport than variations between realizations of the heterogeneous distribution of hydraulic conductivity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"”Bridging the gap between measurements and modelling”, Special issue with selected papers from the IAHR International Groundwater","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Bridging the Gap Between Measurement and Modeling - Groundwater 2002","conferenceDate":"March 2002","language":"English ","publisher":"International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research","usgsCitation":"Barth, G., Hill, M.C., Illangasekare, T.H., and Rajaram, H., 2002, Is it More Important to Characterize Heterogeneity or Differences in Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements?, in ”Bridging the gap between measurements and modelling”, Special issue with selected papers from the IAHR International Groundwater, March 2002, 8 p. .","productDescription":"8 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sspa.com/conference-proceedings"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5971c1c7e4b0ec1a4885daf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barth, G.","contributorId":7069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Illangasekare, Tissa H.","contributorId":194933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Illangasekare","given":"Tissa","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rajaram, Harihar","contributorId":61328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rajaram","given":"Harihar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70206479,"text":"70206479 - 2002 - Mapping the Nuuanu and Wailau landslides in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-06T12:55:49","indexId":"70206479","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-06T12:51:34","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mapping the Nuuanu and Wailau landslides in Hawaii","docAbstract":"This chapter contains sections titled: introduction seafloor surveys of the nuuanu and wailau landslides discussion
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives, Giant Landslides Northeast of O‘ahu: When, Why and How?","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GM128p0223","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Clague, D.A., 2002, Mapping the Nuuanu and Wailau landslides in Hawaii, chap. of Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives, Giant Landslides Northeast of O‘ahu: When, Why and How?, v. 128, p. 223-244, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM128p0223.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"244","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clague, D. A.","contributorId":190950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70229421,"text":"70229421 - 2002 - Magnetobiochronologic synthesis of ODP Leg 178 rise sediments from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean: Sites 1095, 1096, and 11011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-07T17:11:20.072603","indexId":"70229421","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-06T10:43:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5640,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","onlineIssn":"1096-7451","printIssn":"0884-5891","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"178","chapter":"36","title":"Magnetobiochronologic synthesis of ODP Leg 178 rise sediments from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean: Sites 1095, 1096, and 11011","docAbstract":"During Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 178, eight holes were drilled at three sites (1095, 1096, and 1101) on the continental rise along the western Antarctic Peninsula. The rise sediments proved to be good paleomagnetic recorders and provided continuous magnetostratigraphic records at all three sites. Biosiliceous microfossils, particularly diatoms and radiolarians, were present in the upper Miocene through lower Pliocene sections. In the upper Pliocene to Pleistocene sections, biosiliceous microfossils were rare but calcareous nannofossils and foraminifers were present. This paper summarizes the biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of Leg 178 continental rise sites and is the first attempt at direct calibration of Antarctic biostratigraphic events to the geomagnetic polarity timescale in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.178.236.2002","usgsCitation":"Iwai, M., Acton, G.D., Lazarus, D., Osterman, L.E., and Williams, T., 2002, Magnetobiochronologic synthesis of ODP Leg 178 rise sediments from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean: Sites 1095, 1096, and 11011: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results 178, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.178.236.2002.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Antarctic Peninsula, Southern Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n -72.07391148820379\n ],\n [\n -51.8994140625,\n -72.07391148820379\n ],\n [\n -51.8994140625,\n -60.28340847828243\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n -60.28340847828243\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n -72.07391148820379\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iwai, Masao","contributorId":288085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iwai","given":"Masao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acton, Gary D.","contributorId":288086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Acton","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lazarus, David","contributorId":71877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazarus","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Osterman, Lisa E. osterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterman","given":"Lisa","email":"osterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Trevor","contributorId":70662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Trevor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70206236,"text":"70206236 - 2002 - Time‐lapse inversion of crosswell radar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T12:07:06","indexId":"70206236","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T12:02:24","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time‐lapse inversion of crosswell radar data","docAbstract":"The combination of differential radar tomography with conventional tracer and/or hydraulic tests facilitates high‐resolution characterization of subsurface heterogeneity and enables the identification of preferential flow paths. In dynamic imaging, each tomogram is typically inverted independently, under the assumption that data sets are collected quickly relative to changes in the imaged property (e.g., attenuation or velocity); however, such “snapshot” tomograms may contain large errors if the imaged property changes significantly during data collection. Acquisition of less data over a shorter time interval could ameliorate the problem, but the resulting decrease in ray density and angular coverage could degrade model resolution. To address these problems, we propose a new sequential approach for time‐lapse tomographic inversion. The method uses space‐time parameterization and regularization to combine data collected at multiple times and to account for temporal variation. The inverse algorithm minimizes the sum of weighted squared residuals and a measure of solution complexity based on an a priori space‐time covariance function and a spatiotemporally variable mean. We demonstrate our approach using a synthetic 2‐D time‐lapse (x,z,t) data set based loosely on a field experiment in which difference‐attenuation radar tomography was used to monitor the migration of a saline tracer in fractured rock. We quantitatively show the benefits of space‐time inversion by comparing results for snapshot and time‐lapse inversion schemes. Inversion over both space and time results in superior estimation error, model resolution, and data reproduction compared to conventional snapshot inversion. Finally, we suggest strategies to improve time‐lapse cross‐hole inversions using ray‐based inversion constraints and a modified survey design in which different sets of rays are collected in alternating time steps.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1527075","usgsCitation":"Day-Lewis, F.D., Harris, J.M., and Gorelick, S.M., 2002, Time‐lapse inversion of crosswell radar data: Geophysics, v. 67, no. 6, p. 1740-1752, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1527075.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1740","endPage":"1752","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368611,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Jerry M.","contributorId":4116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243093,"text":"70243093 - 2002 - Earthquake-volcano interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T13:36:48.735764","indexId":"70243093","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T08:32:17","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3065,"text":"Physics Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake-volcano interactions","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Our vision is that, by working with partners, we will provide the Nation with access to current, accurate, and nationally consistent digital data and topographic maps derived from those data. This synthesis of information, products, and capabilities, The National Map, will be a seamless, continuously maintained set of geographic base information that will serve as a foundation for integrating, sharing, and using other data easily and consistently.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01802","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, The National Map: Topographic Maps for the 21st Century (Supersedes FS 101-01): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 018-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01802.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0018/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59483,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0018/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Supersedes FS 101-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b00e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40017,"text":"fs09902 - 2002 - Using maps in genealogy","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5440,"text":"fs14099 - 1999 - Using maps in genealogy","indexId":"fs14099","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Using maps in genealogy"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":40017,"text":"fs09902 - 2002 - Using maps in genealogy","indexId":"fs09902","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Using maps in genealogy"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T10:42:11","indexId":"fs09902","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"099-02","title":"Using maps in genealogy","docAbstract":"In genealogical research, maps can provide clues to where our ancestors may have lived and where to look for written records about them. Beginners should master basic genealogical research techniques before starting to use topographic maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs09902","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Using maps in genealogy: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 099-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09902.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67753,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0099/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0099/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603cbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40016,"text":"fs06202 - 2002 - The National Map Pilot Projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-16T17:16:06","indexId":"fs06202","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"062-02","title":"The National Map Pilot Projects","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is developing The National Map to be a seamless, continuously maintained, and nationally consistent set of online, public domain, geographic base information. 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Urey showed that equilibrium constants of isotope exchange reactions for molecules that contain two or more atoms of the same element in equivalent positions are related to isotope fractionation factors by , where is n the number of atoms exchanged. This relation is extended to include species containing multiple isotopes, for example and , and to include the effects of nonideality. The equilibrium constants of the isotope exchange reactions provide a basis for calculating the individual isotope equilibrium constants for the geochemical modeling reactions. The temperature dependence of the individual isotope equilibrium constants can be calculated from the temperature dependence of the fractionation factors. Equilibrium constants are calculated for all species that can be formed from and selected species containing , in the molecules and the ion pairs with where the subscripts g, aq, l, and s refer to gas, aqueous, liquid, and solid, respectively. These equilibrium constants are used in the geochemical model PHREEQC to produce an equilibrium and reaction-transport model that includes these isotopic species. Methods are presented for calculation of the individual isotope equilibrium constants for the asymmetric bicarbonate ion. 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